Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Laundry detergents'

O imperativo mais urgente de nosso século atual é a preocupação com o meio ambiente. Sustentabilidade pode ser considerada como a solução chave para este problema universal. Vivendo em uma sociedade de consumo significa que as ações dos seres humanos sempre têm uma espécie de impacto sobre o nosso futuro comum. Isso, juntamente com as taxas de população em rápido crescimento, implica que algo tem que mudar o padrão de consumo em o mundo todo. Em geral, as economias emergentes são aqueles que, deste ponto de vista, assustam mais, devido as suas urbanização cada vez mais em aumento, juntamente com os seus enorme tamanho e o seus desenvolvimento industrial retrógrado e privo de regulamentações. Especificamente o Brasil, com o seu crescimento exponencial e as suas dimensões continentais, representa uma das maiores forças de consumo do planeta. Porque os estudos comportamentais sobre o consumo ecológico neste país concentram-se principalmente em alimentos orgânicos, este presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o mercado para produtos sustentáveis no cluster de Porto Alegre. Precisamente, o padrão de consumo em direção a detergentes para a roupa são inferidos, a fim de (a) identificar a oferta de detergentes para a roupa no mercado; (b) compreender como é que ocorre o processo de compra de detergentes para a roupa; e (c) definir valores e atitudes que impulsionam o comportamento dos consumidores verdes, investigando as possibilidades de penetração de um produto Italiano verde. Este trabalho é divulgado através de uma triangulação desenvolvida em três fases diferentes. A partir da delimitação teórica do comportamento do consumidor e do consumo verde, segue uma pesquisa qualitativa, de modo secundária como primária – através de entrevistas semiestruturadas – apoiadas por uma pesquisa quantitativa de Schwartz com o objetivo de inferir valores e atitudes dos segmentos de interesse. Resultados da pesquisa mostram um mercado que estaria pronto para considerar um produto mais verde entre as ofertas, quer devido à consciência ambiental, ou ligeiro desagrado da qualidade média do produto já comercializado. Ao mesmo tempo, os consumidores não estaria prontos para enfrentar um trade-off muito mais alto entre o preço e a qualidade, e estaria bastante inclinado a uma democratização da oferta verde. Este estudo melhora o conhecimento sobre o peso de essa consciência ecologia que, juntamente com considerações sociais e valores pessoais, influenciam o padrão de consumo, oferecendo uma descrição de um mercado potencial para detergentes de roupa ecológica.
The most urgent imperative of our current century is the concern about the Environment. Sustainability may be considered as the key solution to this universal problem. Living in a consumer society means that humans’ actions always have a sort of impact on what will be our common future. This, together with the fast growing population rates, implies that something have to change in the pattern of consumption worldwide. In general, emerging economies are those that from this point of view scare the most, due to their increasingly augmenting urbanization, together with their enormous size and their retrograde industrial development and regulations. Specifically Brazil, with its exponential growth and its continental dimensions represents one of the biggest consumption forces of the planet. Since behavioral studies among ecological consumption in this country are mainly concentrated on organic food, this present work aims to analyze the market toward sustainable products in the cluster of Porto Alegre. Precisely, the pattern of consumption toward laundry detergents are inferred, in order to (a) identify the offer of laundry detergents in the market; (b) understand how does the purchasing process of laundry detergents occurs; and (c) define values and attitudes that drives green consumers’ behavior, investigating the chances of penetration of an Italian green product. This work is disclosed through a triangulation of three different phases. Starting from the delimitation of the theoretical background both of consumer behavior and green consumption, it was then followed a qualitative research, either secondary and primary – via semi-structured interviews – supported by a quantitative Schwartz survey with the aim of inferring values and attitudes of the segments of interest.

This thesis presents work focused on developing established protein analysis methods for use in studying enzyme inactivation in laundry detergent systems. In a multi-billion dollar per year industry, basic, labour intensive procedures still dominate commercial stability studies, with extensive storage tests and activity assays remaining the industry standard. These methods are both inefficient and provide little insight into inactivation processes, leading to a 'trial and error' approach to product development. This slows the introduction new formulations and enzyme variants to the market. Furthermore, a valuable opportunity is being missed, harnessing available resources in the detergent industry to advance both protein analysis technologies and understanding of protein denaturation processes. Transfer from these basic, low throughput methods to those favoured by other protein-focused industries has been hindered by sample complexity and the presence of high concentrations of the surfactant, LAS. In this work, two novel approaches to enzyme analysis in LAS-rich media will be presented. The first employing an analogous surfactant, SDS, which yields similar effects on protein stability but does not affect UV detection, and the second, exploiting the irreversible nature of detergent enzyme unfolding to enable manipulation of formulations to within instrument specifications. These approaches will allow for incorporation of ultra-high throughput screening methods, such as DSF, as well as techniques which provide further insight into protein unfolding processes, such as CD, to the available suite of analytical techniques. Thermal data arising from this work were compared with rates of degradation obtained through conventional storage tests. Empirical fittings suggest a linear relationship between Tm values and long-term storage stability, enabling the use of thermal analysis as a tool for prediction of degradation rates. Further work is required to refine these models, however, before expanding to more complex systems.

Relationships between laundry practices, detergent knowledge, perception of water quality, and satisfaction with laundry results were determined in this study. The mail survey method was used to obtain information from Virginia Extension Homemakers in April 1986. Only respondents who did laundry in their own home or apartment were used. Two hundred and seventy-six respondents, from a sample of 370 homemakers, met the criterion. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was used to determine if relationships existed between the variables. Low correlations were found between the variables; therefore, definite conclusions regarding relationships between the variables could not be made. Some discrepancies between actual and recommended laundry practices were found. Data also revealed a lack of knowledge regarding functions of detergent ingredients and proper use with specific water conditions, and some lack of awareness and misperceptions of water quality were detected. However, satisfaction with laundry results was generally good, and most homemakers seemed relatively pleased. The findings suggested that educational programs should emphasize information about detergent formulations and water characteristics. More information on recommended laundry practices and how they should be modified according to water conditions and detergent use also was needed.
M.S.

This study presents findings on the effect of domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fibre reactive dyes applied to cotton. The study was carried out to elucidate the reasons for the accelerated colour loss of cotton garments washed under Australian domestic laundering conditions. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents and a laboratory formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for two hours in the wet state. Quantities of detergent used were in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Exposures were repeated fifteen times equivalent to 30 hours exposure. Colour loss and colour difference were measured after 5, 10 and 15 wash cycles and 10, 20 and 30 hours exposure. When the fabric was exposed wet the colour faded more rapidly than when exposed dry to light. Detergents increased the colour loss even when the fabric was not exposed to light. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate) in the detergent increased colour loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali and oxidising bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye-fibre bond causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. Water alone increased the fading of the dyes most likely due to presence of dissolved oxygen held within the fibre. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.

This master thesis studies environmental effects of a detergents' compactation project. The theoretical part describes negative environmental effects of detergents' use and foreign initiatives having successfully led to decrease of these effects. The analytical part evaluates the information campaign focused on customer behavior and detergent dosage through a market survey. Lower detergent consumption is a prerequisite of a decreased negative environmental impact. Market data showing real detergent consumption are compared to expected development. Results of the market survey and the market data analysis show that a change in consumer behavior was not sufficient; and therefore, the compactation project was not successful.

El Perú cuenta con resultados económicos positivos en los últimos años, inclusive mayores al promedio de la región. Una de las consecuencias del crecimiento económico del país es el incremento del consumo. Además, resalta el hecho de que los niveles socioeconómicos medios se encuentran muy dedicados al hogar, realizando más compras de artículos de primera necesidad, de cuidado personal y de limpieza, asegurándose de obtener la mejor calidad. Debido a este ambiente favorable, se decidió realizar un plan de introducción de detergente líquido al mercado peruano. El producto se ofrecerá a un mercado en constante desarrollo y con alto potencial de crecimiento: al NSE C y D. La rivalidad entre los competidores es considerable y el mercado se limita a pocas empresas con mucha participación. Sin embargo, la categoría es tan grande que se espera encontrar un espacio dentro de un mercado que está todavía en crecimiento sobre el cual desarrollar el producto, esto con una oferta volumen/precio satisfactoria y debidamente difundida mediante actividades promocionales. Esta introducción del producto será por medio de la importación, contando con una operación pequeña que sea eficiente y que sus actividades se apoyen con el uso de la tecnología. Este plan de introducción tendrá como orientación preliminar la penetración del producto en el mercado. Esto permite tener cierta rapidez en las decisiones, que serán necesarias si es que se quiere lograr un impacto y captar a los potenciales compradores con la estrategia de introducción.
Peru has had positive results in recent years, even over the regional average. One of the consequences of economic growth is the consumption increasing. Also, it´s important to emphasize that middle class socioeconomic levels are very dedicated to home; so, they are shopping more staple, personal care products as well as for cleaning. Middle class wants to be sure about getting best quality. Due to this favorable environment, it was decided to make a plan for introducing the liquid detergent to the Peruvian market. The product will be offered for a market in constant development and with high potential: to C and D socioeconomic level. Rivalry between the competitors is hard, so, the market is limited to a few companies with a large market share for each one. However, the product category is so large that it´s expected to find inside this a place for developing the product; all of these, taking advantage about a market that is still growing. This will be done with a satisfactory volume / price offer and it'll be disseminated through promotional activities. The product introduction will be done by imports, making a small operation which is efficient and whose activities are supported with use of technology. This introduction plan will have, as a preliminary orientation, the penetration of the product in the market. This allows to have the require speed in the taking of decisions, the ones will be used to make an impact and to get potential buyers with strategy of introduction.
Trabajo de investigación

Powdered laundry detergents are consumed in high volumes worldwide. Post use, they are directed toward water resources via wastewater treatment works or, as is the situation in many rural areas of South Africa, they enter the environment directly as a result of laundry washing activity undertaken alongside surface waters. Within wastewater treatment works, the main ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, the narcotic toxin linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is mostly removed, rendering the waste stream a negligible risk to the aquatic biota of receiving waters. In contrast, the biological and ecological impacts of direct LAS input to the aquatic environment, as a consequence of near-stream laundry washing, are yet to be fully realised. Consequently, this thesis posed two research questions: 1) 'What are the LAS concentrations in a small rural South African river'? and 2) 'Is the in-stream biological community negatively affected at these concentrations?' The chosen study area, the community of Balfour in the Eastern Cape Province, is like many rural areas of South Africa where inadequate provision of piped water to homesteads necessitates laundry washing alongside the nearby Balfour River. The first research question was addressed in two ways: by predicting LAS concentrations in Balfour River water by assessing detergent consumption and laundry washing behaviour of residents living alongside the river; and measuring actual in- stream LAS concentrations on different days of the week and during different seasons. Results indicated that LAS concentrations were highly variable temporally and spatially. High peak concentrations of LAS occurred infrequently and were limited to the immediate vicinity of near-stream laundry washing activity with the highest measured concentration being 342 μg.L ⁻¹ and the average 21 μg.L ⁻¹ over the sampling period. The second research question was addressed by integrating the chemical evidence, determined from the first research question, with the biological evidence of stress responses measured in macroinvertebrates collected downstream of near-stream laundry washing activity on the Balfour River. Predicted and measured LAS exposure concentrations from the Balfour River were compared to a water quality guideline for LAS (304 μg.L ⁻¹), specifically derived in this thesis. Biological stress responses were measured at different levels of organisation: two sub-cellular responses (lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase activity); three measures of macroinvertebrate tolerance to water quality impairment; five measures of community composition; three measures of community richness; and a surrogate measure of ecosystem function (functional feeding groups). Weight-of-evidence methodology was utilised to assess, integrate and interpret the chemical and biological evidence, and at its conclusion, determined no effect on the in-stream biological community of the Balfour River downstream of laundry washing activity.

Breathable water-repellent garments are common products on the outdoor market. There are many recommendations on how to wash and waterproof your garment in order to make sure that its water-repellence is cared for, but the advice given by different sources is inconsistent. Are expensive products really necessarily or are regular laundry products just as good? What waterproofing agents should one use in order to insure that the water-repellent layer is restored? Four different water-repellent wash-in products were tested on polyester and polyamide fabrics. Seven laundry products and two water-repellent wash-in products were tested on jackets with dendrimer based finishes and untreated polyamide fabrics. The results were evaluated by spray testing according to ISO EN 24920 and sessile drop tests. Not all wash-in products offer good water-repellence on polyamide and polyester fabrics. Two laundry detergents decreased the water-repellence of the jackets. The laundry detergents did not affect the function of wash-in waterproofing agents on the jackets. The water-repellence of one wash-in product was affected by the use of two different detergents on untreated fabric
Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

碩士
開南大學
商學院碩士在職專班
107
Exploring the decision-making factors for purchasing environmentally friendly laundry detergents from a consumer behavior perspective Abstract Laundry detergents are daily necessities for the family. In recent years, the Taiwan cleaning products market has also begun to appeal to environmental awareness, and has successively launched related green products. However, although consumers generally prefer environmentally friendly laundry detergents, the factors that influence consumers' purchases when purchasing related products are quite diverse. This study explores the key decision-making factors for consumers to purchase eco-friendly laundry detergents from the perspective of consumer behavior. Through the literature and expert interviews, this study has become a “Conditional Factor Questionnaire for Consumers to Buy Environmentally Friendly Laundry Cleaners”. The target group of this research is consumers who are over 20 years old and had experience in purchasing environmentally friendly laundry detergents in Taoyuan City. The total number of valid questionnaires is 468, effectively recycling. The rate is 93.6%. According to the results of the factor analysis, respondents believe that the decision-making factors for purchasing environmentally-friendly laundry detergents include: "environmental awareness and product function dimension", "marketing and word-of-mouth dimension", "price consideration dimension", and "add-on value structure dimension ", which including a total of 23 decision factors. ZA ｃｖｖｇｒ The results of the t-tests found that the respondents' perception of the purchase decision was that "products are being promoted", "brands are environmentally friendly", "good brand image", "products have government environmental certification marks", "will not cause the body "health hazard", "clean laundry ability", "easy to use", "I feel that buying this product will contribute to environmental protection", "the other party will like it when you buy it", "very satisfied with the previous use", there is significance difference. The results of the single factor analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the number of respondents at all ages, and the respondents had significant differences in the “price reasonable” items. Keywords：green products, laundry detergent, factor analysis

碩士
元智大學
光電工程學系
105
In this study, the visible spectrometer was applied to use for determining the concentration of the laundry detergent. To analyze the transmittance and absorbance at the specific wavelength, the concentration of the laundry detergent can be obtained. The results showed that the transmittance variation was inversely proportional the laundry detergent concentration at the wavelength of 664 nm and 703 nm; the absorbance variation was direct proportional the laundry detergent concentration at the wavelength of 677 nm. Furthermore, the best resolution can be obtained by monitoring transmittance at 703 nm or absorbance at 677 nm, in which the resolutions were approximated of 0.00214 % and 0.00022 %, respectively.

碩士
銘傳大學
經濟學系碩士班
97
In recent years, the consumer awareness are rising, consumers making purchasing decision, as far as possible take the types of product attributes intoconsideration, however, firms exposed to commodity holds ownership information, unless the consumer goods have their own assessment of the reference point, otherwise only provided by the manufacturers of the information to the selection; On the other hand, even if the firms has all the attributes information, as consumers we can not correctly judge whether the attributes of goods up to standard, so in this commodity decision-making under uncertainty will lead to consumer regret (elating) have effect. In study, we use of cojoint analysis model to measure the effectiveness of consumer dominant value, and then use probit model to measure when consumers purchase the goods received failed messages for the existence of regret effect, at this time, the implementation of low-price manufacturers fail marketing strategy, consumer purchase option will changes in the effect of regret are wishing to explore this study''s focus. The results showed that the attributes uncertainty for the purchase of regret(elating) effect after the decision-making, and when manufacturers fail to promote low-price marketing strategies, the effect is expected to be reduced. In this study, consumers infer attribute values for the "place" factor,it makes low-cost promotion of regret after the result is not significant.

碩士
銘傳大學
設計管理研究所
92
Both of the environmental protection and the green consumption are emphasized by the government and the corporation for sustainable development. Some environmental protection regulations and green procurement may encourage the consumer to buy green products. On the other hand, the green product is usually focusing on the technology and manufacturing, which has caused less attractiveness to the consumer and the market. Thus there is a need to probe the consumer recognition and buying behavior to the green product. Based on the literature review about the green consumption, the package visual design is the most effective approach to make the green product more commercialized and meet the consumer needs. So far, there is not much research related to this issue in Taiwan. The questionnaire was carried out in this study, which has focused on the consumer preference, recognition and behaviors about washing powder with the Eco- label. These factors have shown the influence to the package visual design, such as concepts of green consumption, demographic variables and purchase evaluation. The conclusion of the research is described in the following: 1.There are two main categories for package visual design. One is voluptuous factor which is significantly influent to consumer preference and buying the goods, the other one is the green demonstration factor. 2.There have significant differences between the group of high recognition of green consumption, and group of low recognition of package visual design in preference and consumer needs. 3.There is also a significant difference on age, marriage, level of education, and career for package visual design in preference and consumer needs. 4.If subjects are in low recognition of preference for this package visual design, it will reduce the desire of buying decision. 5.Eco-label of green product is a particular term for every consumer in green consumption, but most of the consumer still doesn’t know what purpose and the system for Eco-label in Taiwan. 6.Although the package visual design is an important factor for consumers who want to buy the green washing powder, but consumers still emphasize five other factors, such as cleaning effectiveness, protecting the skin, convenient, price, and the word-of-mouth. 7.This research has provided the influential factors to the package visual deign of washing powder, which may help visual communication designers to design package for green products.

by Monica Cheung Wai, Eppie Wong Yuen Yee.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990.
Bibliography: leaf 65.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS --- p.v
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- STUDY OF THE PURCHASE OF DETERGENT POWDER
Chapter 2.1 --- Market Situation for Detergent Powderin Hong Kong --- p.3
Chapter 2.2 --- Rationale of the Study --- p.4
Chapter 2.3 --- Scope of the Study --- p.5
Chapter 2 .4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.6
Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3.1 --- Relevance of Understanding Consumer Purchase Behaviour in the Marketing Concept --- p.8
Chapter 3.2 --- Howard Model of Consumer Behaviour --- p.8
Chapter 3.3 --- "Engel, Kollat and Blackwell Model" --- p.9
Chapter 3.4 --- Definition of Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.10
Chapter 3.5 --- Research Findings : Hoyer --- p.11
Chapter 3.6 --- Choice Tactics in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.13
Chapter 3.7 --- Product Information in Memory --- p.16
Chapter 3.8 --- Applicability of Hoyer's Research Findings --- p.17
Chapter 3.9 --- Relevance of Judgmental Models in Detergent Powder Purchase --- p.17
Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY AND FRAMEWORK FOR ATTACK
Chapter 4.1 --- The Pilot Study --- p.21
Chapter 4.2 --- The Observation Phase --- p.22
Chapter 4.3 --- The Questionnaire Survey --- p.23
Chapter V. --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
Chapter 5.1 --- Observation Survey --- p.27
Chapter 5.2 --- Salience of Various Evaluative Criteria --- p.28
Chapter 5.3 --- Propensity for Brand Switching --- p.29
Chapter 5.4 --- Consumers' Evaluation of the Product Attributes of their Current Brand --- p.32
Chapter 5 .5 --- Attitude --- p.34
Chapter 5.6 --- Difference in Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles --- p.35
Chapter 5.7 --- Demographic Profile of the Sample --- p.38
Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 6.1 --- Decision Process Behaviour and Advertising Strategy --- p.43
Chapter 6.2 --- Brand Switching Behaviour and Promotional Strategy --- p.45
Chapter 6.3 --- Satisfaction with Current Brand and Relevance of Promotional Efforts --- p.46
Chapter 6.4 --- Salience of Evaluative Criteria -- Pricing and Product --- p.47
Chapter 6.5 --- Purchase Behaviour among Consumers across Demographic Profiles -- and its Marketing Implications --- p.48
Chapter 6.6 --- Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Research --- p.49
APPENDICES
Chapter Appendix A: --- Observation Sheet --- p.51
Chapter Appendix B: --- Schedule of Questionnaire Survey --- p.52
Chapter Appendix C: --- The Questionnaire (English and Chinese versions) --- p.53
Chapter Appendix D: --- Research Data --- p.58
Chapter Appendix E: --- T-test Table- --- p.61
Chapter Appendix F: --- F-test Table --- p.63
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65