Journal articles on the topic 'Latvian language Etymology Dictionaries'
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1
Skrivļa-Čevere, Jana. "THE WEREWOLF IN LATGALIAN FOLKLORE." Via Latgalica, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2008.1.1594.
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Latgale is the essentially most different and most peculiar Latvian region from the perspectives of language and culture and their interaction with the cultures of other nations. Hence, this article attempts to reveal how the images of werewolves in Latgalian folklore and the means of their expression used in traditional tales differ from the rest territory of Latvia. The aim of the article is to understand the use of this relatively little studied mythical image and the features of their characters in Latgalian folklore. Previously, the author studied the features of werewolf depictions in Latvian folklore in general, and also compared it to Lithuanian folklore. The main source used in the research are five tales of werewolves, which can be found in an electronic version of Pēteris Šmits’ collected fairy tales and tales on http://valoda.ailab.lv/folklora/pasakas/saturs.htm, recorded in the dialect of the Eastern part of Latvia. Different dictionaries and encyclopedias, for example the „Interpretative Dictionary of the Latvian Language” („Latviešu valodas skaidrojošā vārdnīca”) (http://www.ailab.lv/Vardnica/), the „Dictionary of Latvian Etymology” (“Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca”), the „Encyclopedia of Mythology” (“Mitoloģijas enciklopēdija”), and the „Dictionary of Foreign Words” (“Svešvārdu vārdnīca”) were used to describe the symbolical and etymological meaning of a werewolf image. The main methods used in the paper are semiotic and comparative. The semiotic method is used to explain the symbolical meaning of the werewolf image and the semantics of the word. The comparative method is used to compare the comprehension and interpretation of the werewolf image in the tales written in the Latvian and Latgalian languages, as well as to compare the structure of these tales and the use of artistic means of expression. As the result of the research, it is possible to conclude that the Latgalian tales of werewolves show features that both agree with and differ from tales of other regions. However, the means of expression in the Latgalian tales of werewolves are rather different from texts written in other regions. One of the major differences is the language which the tales are written in, as well as emotionally expressive elements in the colloquial speech of the narrators, such as the lexis of the region, dialectisms, similes, hyperbolization, and russicisms.Just like in the majority of tales from other regions, special introduction and conclusion formulas are used. The introduction formula takes the listeners into the world of fairy tales and magic, and the conclusion fromula brings them back into reality. In addition, the use of particular toponyms to gain the effect of credibility is quite common. The motive of shapeshifting wedding guests in a number of Latgalian tales is more characteristic and more common in Lithuanian folklore, but not in the folklore of other Latvian regions. Only in one of the analyzed tales a person turns into a werewolf of his own free will. What’s more, he is not a Latgalian, which subtextually implies dislike and prejudices against an alien, which is relatively typical of Latgalian folklore in general. Also, a special shapeshifting formula – a curse – is found in one tale only. Few techniques are mentioned for retrieving human form – jumping over another shot werewolf’s skin, eating a piece of bread given by a human, or cross-cutting a wolf’s skin. Among these methods the bread technique is the most common also in the tales from other Latvian regions. Also, it should be noted that the word „werewolf” is mentioned in one tale only and an expressive description of a werewolf’s appearance is missing. This probably means that this character was not very popular in Latgalian folklore, which is also proved by the small quantity of these texts. Only one tale is narrated by a man, whereas male narrators are predominant in the other regions. In addition, in some Latgalian tales there are relatively distinguished features of patriarchy, relationships between the rich and the poor, and a peculiar sense of humor for this region and its means of expression. Having conducted the research of the tales of werewolves it is quite safe to assert that the narrator’s place of residence and the region that he/she comes from has a relatively essential meaning in the choice of folkloristic motives. The social and cultural environment, the language, and mutual relations are those preconditions that form a person’s weltanschauung, perception of life and basic values. With their special mentality, emotionally colorful means of expression and an exciting, different language, the Latgalian tales are for sure distinctive from the other ones and are very important for Baltic folklore in general.
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Sviķe, Silga. "Mobile apps as language-learning tools." AILA Review 34, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.20006.svi.
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Abstract This contribution researches various translation dictionaries – mobile apps with Latvian that are available for free on the Google Play Store and sets out the experience of developing specialised translation dictionaries at Ventspils University of Applied Sciences (VUAS). The results encounter three different dictionary models that are compiled for the acquisition of Languages for Special Purposes (LSPs) to support vocabulary (term) learning, translation, reading, listening and writing skills during the foreign language-learning process. Dictionaries with grammatical information and rich, supportive data or encyclopaedic information added are more useful for understanding specific domain concepts and content, as well as for the translation practice. Thus, the dictionary user does not have to look for another application or other source to get this additional information. Each new app takes up some space on the user’s smart device; therefore, it is important to maximise the support provided by a single dictionary. The research provides insight into the range of dictionaries with Latvian available on the Google Play Store, gives a brief description, and explains the practical experience of VUAS when working on developing such dictionaries and applying them for language-learning purposes and specialised terminology courses for students. The study also provides an overview of challenges, problems and lexicographic and information technology solutions for mobile applications. The goal of the research is analysing and characterising those free-of-charge dictionaries in the form of mobile apps with Latvian as one of the translation languages. Surveys were used to gather and analyse research data. A survey of dictionary users and a survey of language learners using dictionary apps were carried out after the development of the specialised dictionaries.
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. "TRANSLATORS’ TOOLS: LATVIAN AND LITHUANIAN BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHICAL TRADITION COMPARED." Vertimo studijos 3, no. 3 (April 6, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2010.3.10595.
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Translation needs tools, the oldest and most widespread of which are (bilingual) dictionaries. In the absence of the necessary language pair dictionary, translators seek advice in foreign language dictionaries. Translators have frequently been the authors of dictionaries themselves. Latvian and Lithuanian nations and languages, though kindred, have had a rather different history. Both historically and politically, developments in Latvian have been more parallel to Estonian than Lithuanian as both fell under German and Lutheran influence while Lithuanian had a Polish-bound Catholic history. Yet the development of their writing, translation and lexicography has followed a remarkably similar process and testifies to the common space of knowledge (Wissensraum). As with their lexicography, their bilingual dictionaries grew out of a connection between translation and religion. Both countries underwent a national awakening/awareness in the 19th century that led to a greater variety of translations and dictionaries. Notably, monolingual Latvian and Lithuanian dictionaries appeared only in the 20th century, testifying to the importance of bilingual lexicography in ensuring language contact. Bilingual dictionaries have dominated the lexicography scene of Latvia and Lithuania from the start until the present day. The twentieth century, with its expanding translation needs, produced an even greater variety of translations and bilingual dictionaries in both countries.
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Peina, Elīna, and Anita Helviga. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN TERMINOGRAPHY: CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, OPPORTUNITIES." Proceedings of CBU in Social Sciences 2 (October 24, 2021): 286291. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pss.v2.236.
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While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it must be acknowledged that terminological dictionaries are issued very often. The present research examines 450 Latvian terminological dictionaries that have been published in the last 30 years. Terminological dictionaries represent 30–40 % of the entire Latvian lexicography. Their characterization has a wide variety, both in terms of the authors and publishers, in terms of language selection and in terms of target audience. In addition, there are dictionaries approved by the Terminology Commission and dictionaries that are not approved by any official institutions. There is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of term dictionary users. In addition, publications of criticism or analysis about the qualitative performance of such dictionaries are also rare and no criteria has been developed to fully analyse and evaluate the development of terminology’s theory and practice. In this article, the authors have focused on exploring the situation in order to clarify the main trends in the characteristics of the terminography of Latvia. This was done through interviews with representatives of leading publishers who confirmed that the publishing houses are losing interest in issuing terminological dictionaries and discussion with the Chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors have identified the main issues in organising the terminology process and determined answers to specific questions: what determines the dictionaries’ choice and credibility factor; how is feedback sought after a new dictionary is issued; what alternatives exist in areas where terminological dictionaries have been missing for decades, etc. Finally, the study analyses the new Latvian National Terminology Portal, which has been in operation for two years, with an aim to provide information on terms and to allow everyone to participate in the process of creating new terms.
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Nasipov, Ilshat. "Main Sources of Tatar Etymology." Journal of Global Social Sciences 2, no. 8 (December 1, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgss.v2i8.9.
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The article talks about the main works on the etymology of the Tatar language. The main sources of Tatar etymology are the works of the famous Turkologist Rifkat G. Akhmetyanov, author of numerous studies on the history of the Tatar language. The most important is the two-volume dictionary "Etymology of the Tatar language", which is the fruit of the scientist's many years of effort. The article provides a meaningful analysis of all editions of the etymological dictionaries of the Tatar language, compiled by Rifkat G. Akhmetyanov.
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Uibo, Udo. "Clupea harengus membras: about the etymology of a certain fish name in Estonian, Latvian, and Livonian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2012): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2012.3.1.09.
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In this article, the names of Clupea harengus membras will be considered in Estonian, (Salaca) Livonian and Latvian (respectively räim, reńǵand reņģe ‘Baltic herring’). It will be shown that the source of all of these words is the Estonian-Swedish strämg (sträηg), or its preceding word shape *sträimg. The Latvian reņģe is borrowed from Estonian-Swedish through Salaca Livonian. Paul Ariste proposed an adequate etymology for the Estonian räim as early as 1933
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Crevatin, F. "ITALO-ROMANCE ETYMOLOGY AND DICTIONARIES: A DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIP." International Journal of Lexicography 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 413–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/17.4.413.
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Tots, Silārds. "ONCE AGAIN TO THE QUESTION OF MEDIATED (INDIRECT) HUNGARIAN BORROWINGS INTO THE LATVIAN LANGUAGE: LATGALIAN KUNTUŽI." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2227.
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Previously more than 50 Hungarian borrowings into the Latvian language have been identified, among which kuntuži is purely a Latgalian word. During the 20th century kuntušs appeared in lexicographical sources of the Latvian language. In the interwar period the lexeme was lexicographized as a foreign word. At the beginning of the 20th century kontuscha is fixed as a lexeme of feminine gender. According to a widely accepted etymology the lexeme was borrowed from the Polish kontusz ~ dialectal kuntusz perhaps through the Lithuanian kuntušas or the Belarusian контушъ ~ кунтушъ where the Polish word originates from the Hungarian *köntüs ~ modern literary köntös. In addition to this explanation there are a number of Indo-European etymologies existing. The etymology of the lexeme becomes even more complicated due to the fact that it is internationalism.
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Waniakowa, Jadwiga. "Polish Etymology: Past, Present, Future." Studies in Polish Linguistics 17, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.22.004.16381.
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Celem artykułu jest opis i analiza zadań oraz perspektyw współczesnych badań etymologicznych w Polsce. Artykuł rozpoczyna się krótkim zarysem historii pierwszych słowiańskich słowników etymologicznych. Następnie omówiono pokrótce współczesne słowniki etymologiczne w Polsce oraz współczesną metodologię badań etymologicznych. Potem autor odwołuje się do przełomu cyfrowego w badaniach etymologicznych i opisuje współczesny model edukacji językowej w Polsce. Uważa się, że gwałtowny spadek liczby specjalistów w zakresie etymologii jest wynikiem wycofania przedmiotów historyczno-językowych i historyczno-porównawczych z programów uniwersyteckich. Autor proponuje różne sposoby zachęcania studentów do studiowania etymologii. Artykuł kończy się omówieniem wyzwań stojących przed etymologami, w tym badań nad pochodzeniem słownictwa dawnego, gwarowego, potocznego i środowiskowego oraz etymologią słownictwa języków zagrożonych, a także sugestiami, jak można tym wyzwaniom sprostać w przyszłości. ABSTRACT The aim of the article is to describe and analyse the tasks and perspectives within contemporary etymological research in Poland. The article begins with a brief outline of the first Slavic etymological dictionaries. Next, contemporary etymological dictionaries in Poland and the contemporary methodology of etymological research are briefly discussed. Then the author refers to the digital breakthrough in etymological research and describes the present-day model of linguistic education in Poland. A sharp decline in the number of specialists in etymology is argued to be a result of the withdrawal of historical-linguistic and historical-comparative subjects in university curricula and the author suggests various ways of encouraging students to study etymology. The article finishes with a discussion of the challenges facing etymologists, including research into the roots of ancient, dialectal, colloquial, and sociolectal vocabulary, as well as the origins of the vocabulary of endangered languages, followed by suggestions for how these can be overcome in the future.
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Kvašīte, Regīna. "ABOUT LATGALE IN LITHUANIAN: RENDERING PLACE-NAMES." Via Latgalica, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1677.
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<p>Rendering of foreign proper nouns as spelling of proper nouns of any language in a different language according to grammatical system and spelling rules of that language is an issue, which one has to deal with, when referring to foreign geographic objects in various publications. Theoretical approaches and their practical implementation differs in each country. In Lithuania there is a rule that foreign proper nouns in fiction, popular publications and publications addressed to children have to be spelled according to the pronunciation, but in other texts, such as scientific literature, advertising, information and special text in the language of origin. It must be said though, that these requirements are not always precisely met in practice, so there is a large variety of foreign proper names. This often leads to frustration and occasionally in the community rather sharp debate is breaking out on these issues. While the view on rendering of the Latvian language proper names in Lithuania is different: they are written in Lithuanian according to pronunciation resp. Lithuanized. However, difficulties arise in practice, when theoretical approaches have to be implemented. In addition, it should be stated that original spelling of proper names is increasingly encountered.</p><p>Article addresses Lithuanian use of place-names for one of the Latvian regions – Latgale. Purpose of the study – to find out what are trends in use of the Latgale place-names. Analysis is performed, what place names of Balvi, Daugavpils, Krāslava, Ludza, Preiļi and Rēzekne are included in editions of bilingual dictionaries: Latvian-Lithuanian, 1977 and 2003, and Lithuanian-Latvian, 1964 and 1995, and how these have to be used in travel guides and newsletters about the region, as well as in the Lithuanian press. Mainly newspapers in Siauliai district and city, some republican newspapers and magazines, as well as tourist guides are analyzed. From these editions attempts have been made to get as much as different information as possible resp. not taking into account the frequency of use of the place-names. The research was carried out by the descriptive and item methods, but data from dictionaries are not computed.</p><p>Latvian place-names usually are reproduced in Lithuanian in two ways: 1) those Lithuanian forms are given, which are used by local Lithuanians and 2) transcribed Latvian forms – when there are no Lithuanian forms or if they are not sufficiently tested, are infrequent. One part of the Lithuanized names are those known and used by the majority of Lithuanians, for example, Daugpilis (in Latvian Daugavpils). Unlike other Latvian place names, there are more names in Latgale that have to be used in Lithuanized forms because of its historical development path, which has been different from the rest of Latvia. This can be explained by the historically developed community with Lithuania, therefore also in their rendering traditional forms are common, an opportunity exists to select from several parallel forms.</p><p>Analysis of materials of the Latvian-Lithuanian and the Lithuanian-Latvian dictionaries are indicative of names from various semantic groups of Latgale place-names – towns and settlements, rivers and lakes and mountains - included in all four dictionaries. But apparently the size of section of the names of geographical objects has been of considerable significance. In Latvian-Lithuanian dictionaries these parts are larger, therefore there are more Latvian place- names in them: respectively, 562 Latvian place-names and 98 are from Latgale (LLKŽ 1977) and 231, of which 41 are from Latgale (LLKŽ 2003). A factor of no less importance, which could affect the number of place-names – language for translation wherefrom the dictionary is intended resp. there are more Latvian place-names is dictionary to translate from Latvian. While in the Lithuanian-Latvian dictionary in total there are 39 Latvian place-names, and only 4 from Latgale (LLV 1964), but in the latest edition 98 Latvian and 24 of them are place-names from Latgale (LLV 1995). It is also noted that this dictionary is not always exactly pointing to the object designated by the specific place-name - sometimes restricted to a single indication.</p><p>Name of the region in Lithuanian may be reproduced in two ways, but more popular is the traditional form of Latgala. Only in certain press publications form Latgalė is found, but in the symbolic names Latvian form Latgale is used.</p><p>Names of Latgale towns and settlements are recorded in dictionaries both in traditional and reproduced forms (often referred to more than one), but their practical use still tends to be inaccurate, since obviously theoretical approaches are insufficiently taken into consideration, as well as dictionaries are used. In the press we have to come into contact with declension problem of incorrectly reproduced (or even non-Lithuanized) place-names, as well as incorrect rendering of individual letters. There are comparatively many distortions of place-names in travel guides.</p><p>There are very few semantic groups of the river and lake names in the place-name dictionaries (only in the 1977 Latvian-Lithuanian dictionary there were 35 of them). While in the press and travel guides their numbers are much higher, especially wide spectrum is for the names of lakes (apparently attempts are made to show that Latgale is really the land of lakes).</p><p>Mountain names, although there are not many of them, are reproduced in a particularly creative way: both translation and original form reproduced side by side. Various forms of the same name are found, but not all of them meet the theoretical rendering rules. It could also be affected by the existence of versions in Latvian.</p>
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Laiveniece, DiÄna, and Linda Lauze. "TRANSLATION AND DICTIONARIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: THE CASE OF THE LATVIAN LANGUAGE." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1008.
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In modern linguodidactics, there is no uniform understanding of the necessity of translation in the acquisition of a foreign language. The aim of the research is to find out the language attitudes held by full-time and Erasmus exchange program foreign students towards translation in acquiring Latvian as a foreign language on language proficiency level A1 and A2.The research is based on a qualitative study dealing with the results of survey data as well as direct observations inferred from the work with foreign students. The questionnaire consists of 11 questions on translation and usage of dictionaries and a question about personal information. The answers of 35 respondents from 12 countries have been analyzed. 91.43 % of the respondents enjoy translation tasks, only 8.57 % of answers are negative. The highest evaluation was given for word translation, that is, 4.23 for translation from a foreign language (Latvian) into English (being the intermediary language) and 4.15 the other way round in a five point scale. Diverse linguistic experience, differences among language systems, students’ language attitudes establish the purposeful use of translation in foreign language acquisition.
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Leikuma, Lidija. "POSSIBILITIES FOR PRESENTING THE LATGALIAN LANGUAGE MATERIAL IN THE TRANSLATING TRILINGUAL DICTIONARIES." Via Latgalica, no. 5 (December 31, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1643.
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The article presents the conclusions the author has come to during the implementation of the project “Development of Research Infrastructure for Education in the Humanities in Eastern Latvia, Lithuania”) the code name of which is “LLIII-207 HipiLatLit”. On the basis of 1,000,000 (one million) word usage instances of “Frequency Dictionary of the Written Sources of the Lithuanian Language” (“Dažninis rašytinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (Compiler A. Utka; http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/publikacijos/Dazninis_zodynas.pdf) an original translating dictionary containing 10,000 units has been compiled. For the most frequently used words of the base (Lithuanian) language the counterparts have been given in the two standardised variants of the Latvian language – the Latvian literary language and the Latgalian written or literary language. The ways of searching and possibilities of fi nding the equivalents are shown by the insight into the laboratory of creation of the electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian- Latgalian Dictionary”, focusing on the Latgalian part of the dictionary in more detail. Since a wide-scale and linguistically correct collection of the Latgalian vocabulary is still not available, in the process of the development of the dictionary it was necessary to deal with a number of theoretical and practical problems. For solving of these problems the conclusions of the Latvian (Alīse Laua, Ruta Veidemane, Liene Roze, Inta Freimane) and non-Latvian (Valery Berkov, Vladimir Dubichinski, Evalda Jakaitienė) lexicologists and lexicographers have been applied. In the project much has been done for clearing up and specifying the semantic counterparts of the base language in accordance with the qualities of the corpus. The linguistic processing of the selected lexemes and homogeneous interpretation of the material needed multiple checking of the material as it is given in dictionaries and scrupulous comparison. The semantic structure coincides for unambiguous words, i.e. vocabulary of general use, for other cases translating and explaining equivalents have been searched for. Nowadays not everything corresponds any longer to the recordings in the earlier lexicographic sources (“The Lithuanian-Latvian dictionary” (1995), “The Latvian Literary Language Dictionary” (1972–1996)) – the languages have been changing. Also the Latgalian part of the dictionary presents the changes of the lexical composition and word meanings. It has been tried to display it with appropriate markings as to the restrictions of the word usage. Although in the Latgalian language at times there are no necessary terms or names for the abstract concepts, however, it is possible to find the necessary counterparts for everything. The lexicographic finish of the material enclosed is explained in more detail. The most important dictionaries for the project under implementation have been actualised. Up to now, two translating trilingual dictionaries have been published (Jānis Kurmins “Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski” (1858) and Eduards Kozlovskis “Krìwu- Latgališu-Wòcu wòrdinica” (1918)) where one of the languages is Latgalian; topical entries of these dictionaries have been dealt with in more detail. Also other developments have been analysed, namely those containing the Latgalian vocabulary, critical comments being given on potential neologisms, namely nonce-words. The majority of the collections of the Latgalian vocabulary are not extensive, and their producers have generally not been the Baltic linguists. The two former lexicographic sources have a normative nature: Pīters Strods “Pareizraksteibas vōrdneica" (1933) and Mikelis Bukšs and Juris Placinskis “Latgaļu volūdas gramatika un pareizraksteibas vōrdneica” (1973). In selecting the Latgalian counterparts for the new dictionary both the former normative sources have been taken into account and traditions have been observed, the area of the usage of lexemes, the significance of the word or the form, the frequency of the usage, etc. have been respected. The possibilities of the Latgalian language to present the semantic counterparts for the relevant lexemes of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages have been characterised in more detail. In compliance with the base language both the equivalent Latgalian vocabulary and that one having no direct equivalent have been shown, the principles for selection of synonyms and word variants have been explained, the necessity of inclusion of the word variants in the translating dictionary has been substantiated. The less the language has been cultivated, the higher number of variants it has, although the option of choice of variants is unsatisfactory mostly for practitioners. Some uncertainty in the Latgalian language at the moment is inevitable: due to uncertain status of the language and the variable use as regards the intensity of utilisation, the language has been standardised and codified deficiently up to now. In this article a special attention has been paid to the analysis of the very material of the Latgalian language, to the synonyms of the Latgalian equivalents, the explanations as regards indications of the restrictions on the word usage. Occasionally more detailed comments have been given for the relevant examples. Due to the rich use of marking “The Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” differs from the traditional translating dictionaries where appropriate signs are used less frequently, however, cultivation of the language is promoted just by evaluation of the vocabulary layers, analysis of potentials, predictions of the further changes. Such problem situations as, for example, usefulness of inclusion of a greater number of Slavisms, a lack of consequence as to indications of the stylistic shade of colloquial speech, the uncertain coherence between the colloquialisms and barbarisms have been discussed in the article. The place of the literarisms has been dealt with in the system of the Latgalian language, their fitting and “inevitability" nowadays have been analysed. Some of the uncertainties remained in the development of the dictionary have been outlined. Evaluation has also been provided for the selection of the Latgalian vocabulary, thus giving new, clearer and more certain impulses as to the content for cultivators of the Latgalian language. The compiled electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” will be useful both for practical use and research in lexicology and lexicography. Its Latgalian part can be used as a basis for the further lexicographic developments.
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Vlajic-Popovic, Jasna. "Etymology of the Serbian language: With a glance at the past and a look into the future." Juznoslovenski filolog 73, no. 3-4 (2017): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1704137v.
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After an introductory overview of previous achievements in the field, abroad and at home, during the 19th and 20th centuries, this paper deals with the present state of Serbian etymology (i.e. etymology of the Serbian language) among the Serbs which, for several decades now, has been closely related to the Etymological Department of the Serbian Language Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Following an explanation of elements of the etymological analysis, we offer a comparison of the methodologies applied in compiling the two dictionaries presently under development at the Department, a thesaurus-type Etimoloski recnik srpskoga jezika (ERSJ - Etymological Dictionary of the Serbian Language) and the concise Prirucni etimoloski recnik srpskoga jezika (PERSJ - Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Serbian Language). Finally, we present a preliminary projection of the future development of Serbian etymology with a suggested agenda.
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Kvašīte, Regīna. "Latvijas reģionu nosaukumi lietuviešu valodā." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.090.
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The aim of the research is to find out the rendering and usage of Latvian names of regions, singled out according to various criteria, in the Lithuanian language. Dictionaries, encyclopaedias, press issues, and information for tourists published in Latvia and other non-artistic texts, both written in Lithuanian or Latvian and translated into Lithuanian, were chosen as sources for the investigation. The names of the five regions of Latvia, Kurzeme, Latgale, Sēlija, Vidzeme, Zemgale, are characteristic of a quite diverse rendering and usage in the Lithuanian language. Systematically (and synchronically) assessing, the priority in giving a Latvian name of the region of Kurzeme the equivalent in Lithuanian Kuržemė as having a particular tradition of usage would be emphasised. However, recently, the growing popularity of the place name Kuršas in both historical and contemporary contexts is observed. Traditional and wide-spread equivalents are used in the following cases: the place name Vidzeme is rendered as Vidžemė and Latgale as Latgala; moreover, the usage of a Lithuanian equivalent Sėla being close to the name of the Latvian territory is suitable. A region of Southern Latvia, Zemgale, is most often named Žiemgala in Lithuanian. Nevertheless, in rare cases, other instances of the usage of these names, not always correct, were observed. The comparison of the names of regions demonstrates that the rendering of Latvian place names in Lithuanian is changing in both dictionaries and texts. Moreover, it is observed that it is difficult to render a Latvian word novads in Lithuanian since it is used as both a synonym of a borrowing reģions and a name of a territorial administrative division (in a colloquial meaning, the Lithuanian equivalent nuovadas would be suitable).
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Brewer, Charlotte. "Pronouncing the “P”." Historiographia Linguistica 34, no. 2-3 (November 13, 2007): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.2.04bre.
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Summary During the course of the 19th century, many English dictionaries carrying information on pronunciation directed that Greek-derived words beginning ps- should be pronounced with a silent initial p. In the relevant section of the OED, however (published 1909), the editor J. A. H. Murray (1837–1915) advised that, contrary to general practice, pronouncing the p was preferable, since it made clear the etymology of such words thus enhancing their intelligibility. Dictionaries after the OED have reported p as an optional pronunciation for many years subsequently — even as late as the 1970s — though their conflicting evidence supports the hypothesis that pronouncing the p was a dictionary chimaera never adopted by more than a handful of pedantic philologists. The article concludes that claims to descriptivism rather than prescriptivism, even by the most reputable dictionaries, should be taken with a pinch of salt.
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Mikelionienė, Jurgita. "Hybrids with Final Neoclassical Combining Forms in Baltic Languages." Studies About Languages, no. 37 (December 3, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.37.24325.
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The article presents some ideas about the hybrids that are made by combining the neoclassical elements or are mixed of Lithuanian or Latvian and foreign origin combining forms. The examples of hybrids found in English are also provided. This corpus-based investigation reveals that the formation of hybrids with final neoclassical combining forms in modern Baltic languages is a sufficiently active, productive and unobtrusive process of creativity and wit. The identified structural types of hybrids are the following: 1) the hybrids with the international elements of different classical or neoclassical origin; 2) the hybrids with the initial element of non-classical origin. They are almost identical in the analysed languages, suggesting that they are often borrowed and translated rather than created, but if they are created, then this is done by obvious analogy. Some Lithuanian and Latvian hybrids have long been used and included in various dictionaries, and their frequency in the linguistic corpus is quite high. However, most examples of hybrid origin do not exist and probably do not appear in dictionaries due to their rare use, uniqueness, distinctive form or irregularity. The knowledge of hybrid formation and usage can be relevant to the learners of Lithuanian, Latvian, and English, as well as translators, terminologists, and lexicographers.
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Krueger, Frederic. "Two Coptic Homographs and the Missing Link in the Etymology of et-Tôd." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 146, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2019-0016.
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Summary The commonly accepted etymology of the Arabic toponym et-Tôd as being directly descended from Ḏrtj is diagnosed as incomplete and complemented by a missing intermediate stage: (p') T(w)t(we) = ⲡⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, a pseudetymology “the Chapel/Temple” is first attested in a Demotic inscription of the Ptolemaic period and again in two Coptic ostraca of the 6th century CE, probably referring to the temple of et-Tôd and born of a desire to make new sense of the better attested variant ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲧ in which the original etymology was no longer recognizable. Ongoing coexistence of both forms might also explain Arabic variations. The etymology of et-Tôd furthermore shows that two distinct Demotic words for “image” and for “chapel/temple” survive but are obscured by their identical spelling in Coptic as ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, which dictionaries have identified only with the former.
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Vlajic-Popovic, Jasna. "The interrogative particle zar - from syntax and semantics to etymology." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 1-2 (2016): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1602065v.
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This paper deals with the Serbian interrogative particle zar/zar/zar ?num, forsan?, typically positioned at the beginning of a sentence (expressing surprise, wonder, disbelief, dissent, etc.) or at its end, coupled with ne and separated by a comma (in guided questions, affirmative and negative alike: Ti ga (ne) volis, zar ne?), yet also broadly attested in obsolete use (in the 19-20th-century literature) in modal function, where it is synonymous to valjda, mozda ?perhaps, maybe?. After a review of the ways zar is treated in modern Serbian grammars and descriptive dictionaries (including several dialectal dictionaries), and following research of Macedonian, Bulgarian and Turkish dictionaries, its etymology is discussed: Skok?s unconvincing idioglottal interpretation is refuted, and Resetar?s idea is reintroduced (prevoiusly rejected by Skok, questioned by Elezovic, accepted in the RJA) that zar, along with its obliterated forms zaer, zajer, zaher, should be traced back to Turkish zahir adv. ?apparently, clearly, evidently?, ?seemingly, perhaps, maybe?. The semantic-syntactic evolution of the loanword within the Serbian language is illustrated, and hence the alloglottal etymology corroborated, by a selection of quotes from folklore and eminent 19-20th-century writers. And finally, as the most likely, the paper offers the interpretation of this particle as a hybrid formation resulting from contamination by the Turkisms of an idioglottal zar, which could be related to archaic Polish za? < PSl. *za-ze.
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Fałowski, Adam, and Wiktoria Hojsak. "Z etymologii łemkowskich. Cz. I." LingVaria 13, no. 25 (May 30, 2018): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.13.2017.25.10.
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Lemko Etymologies. Part IResearch into the language of Lemkos has a long history, and many works have already been published: dictionaries, dictionaries of single villages, atlases, and linguistic descriptions, inlcuding etymological ones, but focusing primarily on the study of foreign influence on the Lemko vocabulary. However, an etymological dictionary is still missing, and its creation is an urgent need. This paper presents the preliminary results of the authors’ efforts in the area of Lemko etymology. Analysed here are words which have not as yet been looked into or which have been considered unclear, and also those cases where the newest etymological findings can provide a substantial addendum or correction of previous etymological attempts. This is the first part of a series of papers devoted to Lemko etymology where we present words beginning with the letters Б–В: банюр, баткати, беба, белей, біхреса, блиндати, бозуля, бортак, бундз, бурко, бурликати, валал, валушний, вантолити, верый, вірґ´ати, высюдати, выхырений, выхраяти ся, востожити.
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Kabašinskaitė, Birutė, and Gert Klingenschmitt. "Again on Lith. SPALVÀ: accent and etymology." Lietuvių kalba, no. 7 (December 20, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2013.22683.
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There is no doubt that Lith. spalvà (4) ‘colour’, Latv. spalva ‘feather, plumage; hair of quadrupeds, fur; bristle; colour of fur, colour of bristles’ and their cognate Latv. spilva ‘cotton grass, seed wool (e. g of cotton grass); [pl.] down’ is derived from the IE. root *(s)pelh- ‘to split, separate, sever’. Alternative suggestions, e. g. a connexion with IE. pel- ‘to cover’, which at first sight might seem more attractive from a semantic point of view, are doomed to fail because the underlying root must have ended in a laryngeal. This is indicated by the intonation of Latv. spal-va. There are several cases where accent class 4 of Lithuanian disyllabic ā-stems matches Latvian level or broken tone. It can be demonstrated that in these cases Latvian is more conservative than Lithuanian (e. g. Lith. kalvà [4] and Latv. kalva < *kolh-ṷah₂-). Already in the IE. parent language the root (s)pelh- must have developed the special meanings: 1. ‘to separate the useless from the usable parts’; 2. ‘to remove the skin from the body of an animal’, cf. on the one hand OLith. pẽlūs pl. ‘chaff’< *pelh-u-, OInd. palāva- pl. ‘chaff’ < *pelh-oṷ- (acc. sg. *pelh-oṷ-ṃ< *pélh-oṷ-ṃ), Pruss. pelwo ‘chaff’, Sl. *'pélva ‘chaff’ < *pélh-ṷah₂-; Lith. spãlis (2) ‘shive’ < *spolh-iḭo-; on the other hand Lat. spolium ‘the skin removed from the body of an animal’ < *spolh-iḭo n. The latter meaning first resulted in ‘(generally) skin’, whence ‘parts covering the skin’, ‘hair, bristle, feathers’ and finnaly also ‘colour of the bristles of animals’. The same holds true of Latv. spilva. It seems possible that in the case of Lithuanian the last stage of the semantic development, the transition to the abstract meaning ‘colour’ is artificial.
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Kvašīte, Regīna, and Kazimiers Župerka. "Lauku iedzīvotāju nosaukumi lietuviešu un latviešu valodā." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 25 (November 23, 2021): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2021.25.267.
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The aim of the research is to find out what words are used in Lithuanian and Latvian to name the rural population. The study was performed by applying descriptive, comparative and quantitative methods. The novelty of the article is the presentation of the Lithuanian language material in Latvian, as well as the analysis of the Latvian language material and the comparison of the meanings and use of Lithuanian and Latvian words. The study is sociolinguistic, not normative; therefore, not only systematic but also contextual, situational synonymy is important. Dictionaries and texts of literary and common languages, synonyms, slang and jargon, the text of the current Lithuanian language (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas) and the Latvian language text corpus (Latviešu valodas tekstu korpuss), are the main sources. A Lithuanian word kaimietis (‘a villager’), which has long been a neutral name for a rural resident or a person born in a village, is a synonym for both neutral and stylistically connoted words. The most common synonyms are sodietis (‘a homestead peasant’) and valstietis (‘a peasant’). In this synonym sequence, a peasant is a remote word that includes the concept “kaimo gyventojas” (‘a rural resident’) and the concept “žemdirbys” (‘an agriculturalist’), thus linking the synonym sequence of the word a villager to a word farmer in the sequence of synonyms ūkininkas (‘a farmer’), laukininkas (‘a field peasant’). Recently, the word kaimietis (‘a villager’) has acquired a second – pejorative – meaning: “sakoma apie neišsilavinusį, prasto skonio ir pan. žmogų, kuris nebūtinai kilęs iš kaimo” (‘it is said of an uneducated, a person of poor taste, and so on, a person who does not necessarily come from the countryside’). It is already recorded in the written dictionary of the common language, which indicates that the common connoted meaning in slang is codified. The word kaimietis (‘a villager’), used in a pejorative sense, appears in the order of words that have a systemic or contextual pejorative meaning, as well as in a despising way: prastuolis, prasčiokas, mužikas, runkelis. The name of the villager in Latvian – the word laucinieks (‘a villager’) – is stylistically neutral, its synonyms consist of the neutral words lauksaimnieks (‘a farmer’) and zemnieks (‘a peasant’). The word zemnieks, similarly to the valstietis (‘a peasant’) in Lithuanian, is the dominant in the order of distant synonyms zemkopis (‘an agriculturalist’) and zemesrūķis [?]. The approach to the synonym sādžinieks (‘a homestead peasant’) is ambiguous: its definition in current dictionaries associates the word either with Latgale or Russia, although according to its origin, it is considered to be a borrowing from the Lithuanian language. The word with root lauk- (from word ‘field’) lauķis [?] is used in a pejorative sense in Latvian (its shade is similar to the Lithuanian words prasčiokas (‘a hick’) and runkelis (‘a person as mindless as a beetroot’)), as well as slang word pāķis [?] and barbarisms – slavism mužiks (‘a kern’), Germanism bauris [?] (in jargon bauers). The material of Lithuanian and Latvian texts shows that in both Lithuanian and Latvian, the words of different connotations are used synonymously in different contexts.
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Petrov, Sergey Yu. "Vectors of language contacts: on the etymology of the “horse” lexeme." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-21.011.
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Being out to make his own attempt to etymologize the Russian word конь ‘a male horse, a steed’, and applying the theory of alteration of matres lectionis the author defined the ways of borrowing of the word from the Slavic to other languages, and revealed its lexical transformations in them. Using this theory which apparently opposes the commonly accepted PIE-based hypothesis of Indo-European languages vocabulary formation, and giving examples of vocabulary derivation from the word конь within the Slavic and other IE languages, the author found quite different ways of lexical formation in the languages which no one before had attempted. The results showed dramatic differences of the new etymologies from those suggested by national and foreign etymological dictionaries. Forasmuch as formal etymology of a significant part of the Russian core vocabulary in many ways remains inadequate and unsatisfying whereby resulting in wrong scientific conclusions and implications, the study is all too timely.
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Grachev, Mikhail. "The Lexicographic Problems of Compiling Argot Dictionaries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (April 2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.1.5.
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The article argues for the need to compile a new fundamental argotic dictionary on a scientific basis. Using the comparative and historical method, the paper provides the criticism of the previous lexicons reflecting the language of the criminal world. With respect to the mistakes and inaccuracies made by compilers of the available dictionaries, the author develops the principles of lexicographic representation of the Russian argot, determines the sources of the language material included in the dictionary (folklore, old Russian literature, speech of modern representatives of the criminal subculture), proposes criteria and methods of the qualifying a lexical unit as argot. The article describes the new dictionary structure that reflects complex characteristics of its constituent units (a headword with stress, reference articles, meaning interpretation, context of use, phraseological units, grammatical characteristics, etymology). It also identifies tendencies of the modern Russian argot evolution caused by the influence of changes in the Russian society in general and in the criminal world in particular, as well as the reasons for penetrating argot in the spoken language and media texts. Besides, the paper shows the possibilities of using the new qualitative linguistic dictionary to study the linguistic picture of the world of argot speakers, to form an objective evaluation of this phenomenon and to improve the speech culture of Russian society.
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Polubichenko, L. V. "GOD AND DEVIL IN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH (THE CASE OF MIKHAIL BULGAKOV’S THE MASTER AND MARGARITA AND ITS ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS)." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 18, no. 1 (2021): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-1-195-201.
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The article studies the specific semantics and pragmatics of the Russian words bog (god) and chert (devil) in Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel The Master and Margarita against the background of their popular use reflected in dictionaries of the Russian literary language; the etymology of the words as well as their various connotations and associations are also considered. Having put the translation strategies of foreignization and domestication to the test, the research reveals that none of them is adequate to convey Bulgakov’s creative vision to English-speaking audiences
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BADEA, Simina. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL TERM TORT." Studii și cercetări de onomastică și lexicologie 28, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2022): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/scol.2021.1-2.12.
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"Legal language is a specialized language. Certain terms acquire a meaning only in the particular field of law. They are referred to in various ways: ‘purely technical terms’, ‘terms exclusively pertaining to the legal field’, ‘strictly specialized legal terms’, etc. We have selected the term tort in an attempt to make a lexico-semantic and functional analysis of this term of art, while examining its etymology, legal content, definitions from general-purpose dictionaries and terminological dictionaries. Tort denotes a notion that is widely used in both common law and civil law countries, as well as in legal systems deriving from them. It designates a wrongful act, harmful behaviour, such as interference with the person of another causing physical harm, infringement of certain personal and property rights, damage to the reputation of another. A monosemic, monoreferential term, tort occurs in a hyponymy relation and is confined to legal contexts."
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Stafecka, Anna. "Ieskats baltu dialektu pētniecībā Latvijā un Lietuvā: paralēlais un atšķirīgais." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.150.
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Both Baltic languages, which are still alive, have preserved their historical territorial dialects. The article gives a brief insight into the research of Latvian and Lithuanian dialects, which are the continuation of ancient languages of Baltic tribes, perhaps with many changes and mutual influence. Only the Livonian dialect of Northern Kurzeme has to be mentioned as an exception because of the Livonian language and the Couronian tribe language as the basis of it. Subdialects, as the smallest territorial units of language in Latvia and Lithuania (points) had formed themselves during feudalism, when peasants did not have the right to change their place of residence. The first recordings of the peculiarities of Latvian and Lithuanian dialects have been known since the 17th-century dictionaries and grammars. The systematic classification of both Latvian and Lithuanian dialects began in the second half of the 19th century. In Latvia, the first who described all three Latvian dialects in his Lettische Grammatik was Gotthard Friedrich Stender. In Lithuania, both Lithuanian dialects were distinguished by August Schleicher. The first research in Latvian and Lithuanian dialectology and geolinguistics dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The first map of Lithuanian dialects was published by Friedrich Kurschat in 1876. The first geolinguistic maps of the Latvian language were developed by August Bielenstein. They were published in 1881 and 1892. The early programmes of collecting the cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lithuanian and Latvian folklore and language were published at the end of the 19th century. They are very different. The boundaries of the territorial dialects of Latvian, unlike the Lithuanian, are not determined by one or two dialectal features, but by a set of isoglosses, reflecting phonetic and morphological features. In Lithuanian dialectology, the system of settlements (points) was chosen – language material was collected within approx. 10–12 km radius around them. In the 1950s, geolinguistic research in Lithuania and Latvia are connected with the creation of national dialectal atlases. In 1977, for the first time in the history of Baltic geolinguistics, the material of Lithuanian and Latvian dialects was collected according to a united program for the Atlas linguarum Europae. In it, Latvian was represented with 36 subdialects and Lithuanian with 42 subdialects. At the beginning of the 21st century, Latvian and Lithuanian linguists have launched a joint project, the Atlas of the Baltic Languages. We can draw the conclusion that the research of dialects in Latvia and Lithuania for more than a century have been parallel but different, dialectal material was collected according to different programmes.
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Fomina, Liudmyla, and Hanna Senyk. "Names of an illegitimate child in modern Ukrainian language." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2022): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.03.057.
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The article deals with the composition of the lexical-semantic group “names of an illegitimate child” in the Ukrainian language, in particular in dialects, as well as with the word-forming structure, etymology and semantic processes that take place in it. Special attention is paid to the history and etymology of the lexemes байстрюк, бастард and копил. The active use of the word байстрюк in the modern literary Ukrainian language, in particular in its colloquial version, is emphasized. It was found that the Ukrainian nominations of an illegitimate child represent a very diverse range of motivational models: ʻlocus of conception or of a birth of a child’, ʻthe lewd nature of the mother’s behavior’, ʻabnormal appearance of the child in the family’, etc. The lexical implementation of these models differs significantly in different regions of Ukraine. Borrowed mainly from the Polish language or through its mediation, lexemes to denote an illegitimate child show a wide phonetic and word-forming variation in the process of adaptation to the system of the Ukrainian language or — more narrowly — to the peculiarities of certain dialects. Most names represent pejorative connotative semes — rude, abusive; but sometimes they show sympathy for an illegitimate child. Keywords: illegitimate child, Ukrainian dialects, dialect dictionaries, areal lexical variety
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Liepa, Dite, and Andrejs Veisbergs. "Vārds. Nozīme. Vārdnīca. Radioklausītajs uztraucas." Scriptus Manet: humanitāro un mākslas zinātņu žurnāls = Scriptus Manet: Journal of Humanities and Arts, no. 10/11 (September 2, 2020): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sm.2020.10.11.044.
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Latvian Radio offers an exchange of opinions and discussions on various subjects. Channel 1 has a show “Kā labāk dzīvot” (‘How to live better’), which among other issues addresses the use of Latvian. This paper is based on the questions covered in 15 broadcasts of the years 2017–2019. What are the listeners worried about? Usually, it is the question of whether the word or phrase is wrong. Does it correspond to the norms and conventions, can it be found in the dictionaries and how it is defined and explained. There is often a clash of opinions on the use between people of different generations. Many questions relate to grammar norms, their application and explanation. These are issues of declining of proper names, use of singular and plural, and gender. There is much uncertainty about the use of lexis often governed by rigid and conservative views. There seems to be more unanimity on issues of style. The impact of English and separate English loans attract numerous questions. English affects various levels of Latvian today. The paper views phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological, and syntactic influence. Lexical impact of English is the one felt most: nonce words, loans, translation loans, idioms can be met in both translated and original texts. A semantic broadening of many Latvian terms under the influence of English is widespread, often without any need and additional stylistic value. Borrowed synonyms for Latvian words are in no way detrimental, but they should not oust Latvian words. Many listeners enjoy the opportunity of gaining knowledge on the use of Latvian and thus improving their language competence. We cannot and should not try to control the development of the language, but every speaker can contribute to its perfection, enrichment, and innovation.
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Al-Homoud, Faisal. "Dictionary Use by Saudi EFL University Preparatory Program Students." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 4 (August 20, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i4.11103.
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t is undoubtedly true that dictionaries are an indispensable tool for language learners, as they are sources of information as well as aids to learning (Nation, 2001). More specifically, learners' dictionaries are considered reservoirs of treasures and jewels of information about words and their etymology, formation, behavior, and usage (Nakamura, 2000). The current study was set to explore dictionary use among Saudi EFL university students at preparatory programs. The study included 100 female and male students from seven different Saudi universities. A 42-item questionnaire was administered to tap the participants' behavior towards dictionary use in terms of a) the type of dictionary they own, b) language skills they tend to use the dictionary with, c) reasons that make them use a dictionary, and d) the types of information they look up. The results showed that the participants tended to use electronic dictionaries as well dictionaries available on the Internet more than paper-based or handheld electronic dictionaries. Moreover, the need to discover the meaning of a new word or to confirm the meaning of a previously met word was the most important reason for the current study's participants to look up a word. When the types of information sought was involved, checking the pronunciation and the spelling of a word obtained the highest scores. Finally, it was suggested that further research concerning the new emerging skills of dictionary look-ups due to the advancements of technology needs to be conducted.
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Kiss, Margit. "Egy nyelvújítási szó rejtőzködő élete: a burkony." Magyar Nyelv 116, no. 3 (2020): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18349/magyarnyelv.2020.3.329.
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The paper discusses the history of the word burkony based on a drama translation by János Arany. The word is now obsolete but it was a decidedly widespread word of the Hungarian language renewal in the second half of the 1800s. An examination of examples from press language and the specialized literature yields several consequences: first, the investigation clarifies the etymology of the word and enriches it with new results; second, the significant amount of material presented illustrates the structure and history of meaning of the word in a complex way. This material is still unrepresented in Hungarian dictionaries. Filling this gap, the paper reports on new results with re-spect to the specific semantic characteristics and history of this word.
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van Beek, Lucien. "‘Struck (with Blood)’. The Meaning and Etymology of παλάσσω and Its Middle Perfect πεπάλακτο." Mnemosyne 66, no. 4-5 (2013): 541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852512x617614.
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Abstract Among Homer’s bloody descriptions of battle scenes, we find the thrice-repeated phrase ἐγκέφαλος δὲ / ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλακτο (Il. 11.97 f., 12.185 f., 20.399 f.). The middle pluperfect of παλάσσω is interpreted by commentators and dictionaries either as ‘the brain was spattered (against the inside of the helmet)’, or as ‘the brain was sprinkled (with blood)’. Both interpretations of πεπάλακτο yield syntactic and/or semantic problems. In this paper, I discuss these problems and, after reconsidering the attestations of παλάσσω during the history of Greek, propose a new solution. It is argued that παλάσσω does not primarily mean ‘sprinkle, bespatter’, but (i) ‘strike’, out of which (ii) ‘soil, defile’ developed. In the problematic Homeric phrase, I suggest to translate πεπάλακτο with ‘was struck’. Moreover, I propose an etymology for παλάσσω, deriving the middle perfect πεπάλακτο (which I consider to be the oldest formation) from the same root as πλήσσω ‘strike’, viz., PIE *pleh2g-. This etymology is corroborated by the comparison between ἐµπαλάσσοµαι and ἐνιπλήσσω, both ‘be stuck (in)’.
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Bâgiu, Lucian Vasile, and Paraschiva Bâgiu. "The Indo-European Voice of Barbarians." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v1i1.17255.
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In our essay we shall focus on the analyses (cum grano salis) of a limited number of words from the introductory pages of the novel Barbarians (such as gorgan, grui, crap, fală, sfadă, etc.). Here, more than elsewhere the author makes use of a good amount of rather strange words in his stylistic attempt to conceive the realm of the Dacians. We shall make an analysis of the etymology of these rather uncommon words as designated in Vinereanu's Etymological Dictionary of Romanian Language (2008) (unlike the traditional Romanian dictionaries, a different vision). From the (probable) linguistic discrepancies and stylistic preferences, findings will be drawn and novelties will be suggested, concerned with Romanian language and culture.
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Volli, Ugo. "The transcendence of the face: A semiotic-linguistic path." Sign Systems Studies 49, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2021): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2021.49.3-4.02.
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This paper starts with an examination of the terms used to designate the face in different languages, in particular in Italian, comparing these with the definitions provided by some authoritative dictionaries as well as with their etymology. This exploration yields some remarkable results: firstly, it appears that the face is indeed a term that has a material meaning, but at the same time it is a social object; secondly, the importance of the communicative function emerges, which makes the face similar to the mask and in some ways to the arbitrariness of language. All this suggests that the philosophical status of the face is that of ‘transcendence’ which is a condition of that state of freedom that we attribute to ourselves and that can be defined as ‘human exception’.
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Kļavinska, Antra. "NAMES OF THE ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN LANGUAGE." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2234.
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Determination of the ethnonymic lexical semantics can be considered as one of the aspects of ethnic studies in linguistics. Who are the Latgalians, Latgals, Suits, Selonians and other ethnographic groups, according to the modern concepts? The answer to this question can be found in the Dictionary of Contemporary Latvian Language (MLVV), which is fully available on the Internet since 2014.The aim of the paper is to analyse the names of Latvian ethnographic groups and the principles of defining meanings in MLVV, especially focusing on issues related to names of Latgalian Latvians. Lexicographic data analysis and contextual approach are applied in this research with the help of which extralinguistic factors (linguistic and situative context) are revealed.One of the most important tasks in lexicographic work is the inventory of the material, in other words, selection of word entries, illustrative texts, collection and classification of information from preceding dictionaries. In the present paper, the electronic version of the eight-volume Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language (1972–1996) has been used for comparison. The Balanced Corpus of Modern Latvian, consisting of ~4.5 million word use cases, is applied to determine the contextual semantics and the usage frequency of the names of ethnographic groups.MLVV materials show that there is a lack of consequence in the designation of ethnographic groups and definition of their meaning. The names of ethnographic groups (as well as other ethnonyms) as entries are mostly provided in the plural, for instance, latgalieši, suiti, zemgalieši (Latgalians, Suits, inhabitants of Zemgale), etc., some of them in singular forms: kurzemnieks, vidzemnieks (inhabitant of Kurzeme, inhabitant of Vidzeme). In the previously published Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language, the names are provided in the plural, and the data of the modern Latvian language corpus show that all the analysed lexemes are used in plural form more often.The definitions of the meanings are lacking consistency. Firstly, the scope of definitions is broad: the territorial belonging to a certain Latvian ethnographic region is taken as a basis for all the explanations of the meaning; some definitions have references to linguistic and cultural peculiarity. Secondly, none of definitions has a reference that it is an ethnographic group of Latvians; only in one case, the designation of ethnic origin latvieši (Latvians) is provided. The explanation ‘inhabitants’ (of the region) is applied most often, which indicates the belonging of the lexeme to katoikonyms, not ethnonyms; also, the explanation ‘indigenous inhabitants’ (of the region) indicates indirectly that they might be Latvians.The novelty of the dictionary is that there are two meanings for the lexemes latgaļi (Latgalians) and sēļi (Selonians): the first one characterizes the Baltic tribes, the second – inhabitants/ natives of the cultural historical region (more precisely – ethnographic group of the Latvian nation). At the same time, it is not considered that lexemes latgalieši, kurzemnieki, vidzemnieki, zemgalieši (Latgalians, inhabitants of Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale) in contemporary Latvian also have at least two meanings: the meaning of ‘ethnographic group of the nation’ in modern texts, especially in the media, is complemented by a more general meaning of ‘inhabitant of the region’, in other words, the ethnonym becomes a katoikonym.The advantage of the electronic dictionary of contemporary Latvian is the possibility to edit it constantly; therefore, it is worth to pay attention to separate lexical semantic groups when developing the dictionary. In that way, it will be possible to avoid inconsistency in definitions of meanings. In order to separate ethnonyms from katoikonyms, in the definitions of the ethnonyms analysed in the paper, the designation of ethnic community ‘ethnographic group of Latvian nation’ can be applied as the main component, supplemented by semes indicating the connection with a certain territory, and possibly, the characterization of cultural, religious and linguistic peculiarity.
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Liepa, Dite, and Kristīne Mežapuķe. "Ieskats TV žurnālistu valodas lietojumā (2019–2020)." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 25 (November 23, 2021): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2021.25.094.
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As evidenced by the studies referred to in the introduction of the paper, television is the most popular mass medium both in Latvia and throughout the European Union, and it plays a key role in shaping the linguistic environment. Therefore, it is important that at least the speech of journalists and programme hosts on television corresponds to the norms of literary Latvian. Lately, viewers have been particularly concerned about the quality of language. The rather low quality of Latvian used in mass media stems from both the speech commonly used by the society and the journalists’ Latvian language skills. A knowledgeable journalist is regarded as an authority, and viewers put their trust in authoritative and erudite speech. However, journalists sometimes lack awareness of their role and influence on the wide audience watching, evaluating, and quoting them. Examples were gathered from the most popular television channels in Latvia that broadcast in Latvian – LTV1, TV3, Rīga 24TV, S-TV – and the following programmes: “Rīta Panorāma”, “900 sekundes” (broadcast on LNT in 2019), “TV3 Ziņas”, “Bez tabu”, “Tieša runa”, etc. The examples show that there are numerous errors, linguistic inaccuracies, and stylistic shortcomings, particularly regarding lexis. The aim of the paper is to focus on the most common errors, those being lexicostylistic errors and the widespread use of colloquial speech. Although a mixture of styles is common nowadays and colloquial speech has become an integral part of publicist style, its usage in TV programmes cannot always be justified. A short insight into new words coined by journalists is provided as well; however, these words are not included in dictionaries and are unlikely to become neologisms. The conclusion of the paper focuses on the causes of errors and advice regarding the improvement of the journalists’ language.
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Ozola, Ieva. "Tagadnes pasīvo divdabju substantivēšanās: dialektālo vārdnīcu dotumi." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 26 (November 23, 2022): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2022.26.107.
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In Latvian dictionaries, the word-formation has been analysed focusing on word-formation means different from those in written language, but there are few observations and conclusions about conversion. The dictionary of Vainiži subdialect and the dictionary of Nīca subdialect representing, respectively, the Livonian dialect (Vainiži – one of Vidzeme Livonian subdialects) and the Middle dialect (Nīca – one of Curonian dialects), have been used to establish similarities and differences in substantivization in two Latvian dialects. Notwithstanding substantial differences (differential/full type dictionary; publishing finished/unfinished), both dictionaries contain substantivizations of participles, which had been examined mostly using the descriptive method because quantitative methods could not be applied due to different types and scopes of the dictionaries. The process of participle substantivization has the potential for nomination – both the synonyms for already existing names and names for new facts and objects can be created on the grounds of the basic verb’s semantics. It is possible to create a name for a concrete object, e.g. dẽjamais ‘a tool for filling sausages’ in Nīca, uzliêkams ‘a compress’ in Vainiži, as well as create substantivized participles with the meaning of generalization, e.g. dzeramais, also dzerams ‘that what is drinkable; a beverage’ in Nīca, piêkuôžams ‘a snack’ in Vainiži. Differences in the use of present passive participles had been ascertained: in the dictionary of Nīca subdialect, the definite ending predominates, but the indefinite ending predominates in the dictionary of Vainiži subdialect. The conversion of compounds in the Livonian dialect is based on dialectal differences in word-formation, e.g. zâbakvȩlkams, zâbakvȩlkameš ‘a tool for taking off boots’ in Vainiži subdialect; whereas word-group names with a substantivized present passive participle are characteristic to the Middle dialect, e.g. linu laũzâmaîs in Nīca subdialect.
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Grigorieva, Olga, and Ni Jingsheng. "Gastronomic Italianisms in Modern Russian Language (Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects)." Philology & Human, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)1-09.
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The article examines the gastronomic vocabulary of Italian origin in the modern Russian language, clears out the linguistic, social and psychological factors that determined its introduction in different historical periods. Three lexical-semantic groups are distinguished basing on definition dictionaries and cookery-books: the names of food-stuffs, drinks and dishes, the etymology of the lexical units included in them is considered, the history of their origin is given, and a cultural commentary is provided in order to clarify the meaning of these words. Gastronomic Italianisms derived from proper names are of great interest. Special attention is paid to the words pasta and pizza. As the study shows, gastronomic Italianisms are actively used in the language of Russian fiction and modern advertising. The study of the functions performed by these words in texts of different stylistic slant allows us to better understand the mechanism of adaptation of such words in the modern Russian language.
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Henry, Kevin. "Les chengyu du chinois : caractérisation de phrasèmes hors norme." Yearbook of Phraseology 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2016-0006.
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Abstract Whereas Western scholars have been studying polylexical sequences in European languages for a long time, we cannot but recognise that the investigation into Chinese phrasemes, on the other hand, still needs further development: research on idioms is limited to compiling glossaries and adopts an approach more prescriptive than descriptive, while explanations in specialised dictionaries merely give paraphrase meanings, etymology and very few usage examples. Considering the multiplicity of viewpoints and the abundance of confusing terminology that have prevailed in Chinese phraseological studies, it appears crucial to make an assessment. In this article, after a brief review of the literature in China, we will set out on bringing a new light on one type of phrasemes that is generally considered as one of the most representative in Chinese language, namely sizige chengyu – which we will call “four-syllable idioms” or simply chengyu.
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Sīlis, Jānis. "Tradicionālie pētījumu virzieni Latvijas tulkojumzinātnē (2015–2020)." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 26 (November 23, 2022): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2022.26.297.
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This publication is a survey of Latvian translation scholars’ last five years’ contribution to translatology in domains of research that so far have been traditional in the almost 80 years-long development of the research discipline in Latvia. In the first months after the beginning of data collection at the end of December 2021, it is fairly impossible to create a list of priority directions and dominant trends arranged in a quantitatively descending order, as it was done in the author’s research covering previous decades. Nevertheless, it can already be observed that research continues in the fields of examining dictionaries that serve as translation aids, the constantly widening field of terminology topical for translation practice, the process of generation of translatological terms, translation quality assessment, adequacy of the source language and target language proper names in Latvian translations, linguistic and culture-specific translation problems, issues of simultaneous and consecutive interpreting. Research in some of the traditional domains is conducted by translation scholars having substantial past experience; some other directions have attracted the attention of translatologists who have started their research in translation studies during the last 5 to 7 years. Several important new trends in Latvian translatology of the period from 2015 to 2020–2022 will be described in a separate publication. The research directions mentioned above will form a foundation for a deeper analysis presented in a more voluminous publication several years later.
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Dias de Ávila, Maria Virgínia, and Ariel Novodvorski. "Indianist anthroponymy in Alencar's corpus: an etymological, fictional, and contextual analysis." Domínios de Lingu@gem 15, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 474–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/dl46-v15n2a2021-8.
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Drawing from the perspective of Contextual Fictional Etymology, in this paper we analyze four Indianist anthroponyms, namely, Irapuã, Coatiabo, Maranguab and Abaeté, found in the works O Guarani, Iracema and Ubirajara by José de Alencar. For this purpose, we draw from the theoretical framework of Onomastics (DICK, 1999), Contextual Fictional Etymology (AUTOR, 2018), Lexicology (BIDERMAN, 2001; VILELA, 1995) and Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2009; AUTOR, 2014). To extract the Indianist anthroponyms, we used the WordSmith Tools software (SCOTT, 2012) and some resources of the Genre/Historical version of Corpus do Português (DAVIES, 2006). We considered as Alencar’s anthroponymic etymons the indigenous names created by the author in his works. Towards this end, two criteria were considered: first, the words should not be part of exclusion dictionaries, which publication predates Alencar's works; second, the words should appear in the Corpus do Português (DAVIES, 2006) as having its first occurrence in texts written by Alencar. The creation of anthroponymic etymons by Alencar enabled him to attribute to the indigenous characters not only a name, but also the physical and/or psychological features intended by the author. Therefore, from the perspective of Contextual Fictional Etymology, the study of Alencar’s anthroponymies also entails some knowledge about the language possibilities and the author’s creativity, by means of a lexicon that enabled the expression of his ideals.
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Khamidova, Muborak. "PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF FRENCH AND UZBEK DEOPOETONYMS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/4/5.
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Introduction. In world onomatology, the weight of research devoted to the study of the lexicon of the French language, including the basics of the origin of deopoetonyms, structural and semantic conditioning, the scope of use in comparison with other languages is growing. As a logical consequence, the comparison of linguistic-stylistic, poetonymic, gender features of the French and Uzbek deopoetonyms in the language lexical-semantic, national-cultural, literary text has gained priority and relevance in the field of linguistics. Indeed, the definition of the semantic and stylistic potential of these units, the interpretation of general and differential motivational aspects of naming within different systematic languages serve to improve the system of representation of deopoetonyms in dictionaries, to determine the laws of functional equivalence and adequacy in the translation process. Research methods. In the use of words expressing the names of natural phenomena in literary texts, their special reliance on linguocognitive and linguocultural semantics is more clearly understood in the process of translation. In particular, reliance on denotative semaphores rather than expressive semaphores of deemoetonyms in artistic texts is one of the important aspects of the poetic skill of creators. This is especially the case in poetic texts. The translation process should take into account the etymology, methodological features, derivational properties, semantics (synonymy), formality (homonymy), ambiguity (polysemantic), hierarchy (graduonymic), semantic contradiction (antonymicity), etc. will be. When direct and indirect translations of some poetic texts written in French are observed, it becomes clear that deopoetonyms are preserved and expressed at different levels in them. Results and discussion. In dictionaries deopoetonyms are given in the system of el-yagyn names, but in the dictionaries compiled later their etymology, linguistic meanings, lexical-semantic semantics, formality, antonyms, hyphenation, hierarchical formation, methodological features, derivational properties, diachronic and synchronous forms, vital giving features such as denotative, connotative expression on the basis of concepts is necessary to achieve perfection of lexicographic interpretation. Conclusion. It is natural that there are still some problems with the lexicographic interpretation of deopoetonyms, which will cause some problems in the smooth implementation of translation work in this regard. Such problems are especially evident in the presentation of lexical graduonomic series related to them, in the expression of close concepts, connotative and denotative meanings
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Mezit, Anna E. "Hydroelectric Power Station Concept Explanation in Professional Language Picture of the World." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2020, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2020-2-52-62.
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The article discusses the features of the linguistic expression of the concept of a hydroelectric power station (HPS). The material for the study is the data of etymological and encyclopedic dictionaries, special educational literature, as well as data obtained during interviews of workers of various Russian hydroelectric power stations, and data from a linguistic experiment. The process of research revealed and described: etymology of the name of the concept; conceptual features of the concept; figurative layer (through the analysis of metaphorical names); evaluation layer of the concept. It has been established that the concept of hydroelectric power station (HPS) refers to gestalt concepts, since it is a conceptual system that combines different types of concepts. The professional linguistic picture of the world of hydropower is characterized by the conceptualization of the conceptual categories of «living – nonliving», «simple – complex», «natural – man-made». The axiological layer of the professional concept is poorly expressed against the background of the conceptual and figurative layers.
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Petrovic, Snezana. "Dahija and daija - "A tyrant" and "A hero"." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 66 (2010): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1066373p.
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The noun dahija ?head of the janissary; tyrant? is present in Serbian primarily as a title of the characters from the popular epic poetry and literature from the 19th century, although it is not frequently used in the standard language any more. A form daija ?hero, knight?, on the other hand, is attested only in two Serbian dialectal dictionaries from the region of Kosovo and Metohija. The paper analyzes forms, meanings and the etymology of those two words. Discussed are the reasons for the appearance of the non-etymological h in the widespread form dahija. Enlightened are historical, cultural and linguistic circumstances that lead to the borrowing of these two words in different, even opposite, meanings.
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Liparte, Evija. "Par luksofora krāsu nosaukumu polisēmijas paplašināšanos Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 26 (November 23, 2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2022.26.093.
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The article overviews the names for colours (red, yellow, green) used in traffic lights, which during the COVID-19 pandemic have acquired several new secondary meanings that general dictionaries do not contain, to differentiate: 1) restrictions of various severity to prevent the spreading of the disease (e.g. red restrictions or looser yellow restrictions), 2) areas with different risk levels of catching COVID-19 (e.g. the yellow list countries, the COVID-unsafe ‘yellow’ and ‘red’ list countries, the ‘green’ wave), 3) different safety levels of activities (e.g. ‘red’ environment, ‘yellow’ or ‘partly safe’ area or the so-called yellow activities, ‘green format’). Besides excerpts from the Internet in Latvian (material from public institutions, mass media portals (articles and commentaries), forums, and social networks), examples from other languages (Russian, German) with similar meanings and their explanations are included that are available in Corona-lexis related vocabularies, i.e. online databases. The descriptive method and partly also the comparative method are used. The work aimed to gather, classify and analyse the uses of specific colour names as attributes in concord, and to explain their new meanings. It led to the conclusion that to designate the new realia, secondary meanings to the universal symbolic meanings of the red and green colours are derived, e.g. green – safe, it is allowed; red – alarm, indicates danger, prohibition. However, the new meanings of the yellow colour are associated with the intermediate position between red and green (like in traffic lights): looser restrictions, partial safety, and moderate morbidity. As the described meanings of colour names are fairly new in the language, it is difficult to decide on their inclusion in general dictionaries (Thesaurus, Dictionary of Contemporary Latvian Language (MLVV)). Nevertheless, they should be included in a COVID-lexis glossary, if any will be compiled.
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Kļavinska, Antra. "PLACE NAMES IN THE PHRASEOLOGY OF BALTIC LANGUAGES: INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL AND LOCAL CULTURAL SIGNS." Via Latgalica, no. 7 (March 22, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2015.7.1213.
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<p><em>Contemporary researchers of proper nouns are increasingly paying attention to onym semantics in both theoretical discussions and practical research. Proper nouns, in the same way as foreign language components, are associated with various extralinguistic factors, and it is for this reason that they have been analyzed in culturohistorical, social, and cross-cultural communicative contexts. In addition, research has been conducted in many languages on proper nouns as phraseological structural elements, usually emphasizing the large number and importance of anthroponyms in phraseology.</em></p><p><em>Place names as phraseological unit components of semantics in Latvian and Lithuanian are analyzed in this article using the linguoculturological approach. Latvian and Lithuanian phraseological dictionaries are used in the study as primary source, with a catalogue of Latvian and Lithuanian proverbs utilized as a secondary source, providing a wider insight into phraseology.</em></p><p><em>A catalogue of Lithuanian-Latvian-Lithuanian parallel texts, in addition to online sources, was used to clarify the functionalities of idiomatic expressions.</em></p><p><em>Contemporary texts are dominated by toponymic phraseologisms, in addition to national cultural signs, while phraseologisms with place names of local interest are used relatively rarely in a given area. Today, discerning the meaning of less current phraseologisms is difficult or impossible; without knowing the motivation of the phraseologisms, their semantics are unclear.</em></p>
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Murmulaitytė, Daiva. "Use of the word barbekiu and its representation in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17481.
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The new borrowing barbekiu has not been included into dictionaries of the Lithuanian language so far, except for the Dictionary of Internationalisms (2001, 2008) and its internet version Interleksis. Due to the frequent use of the word, barbekiu is going to be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.The present paper analyses the semantic structure of the borrowing, its use and normative recommendations, investigates dictionary entries of barbecue and its synonym grill as given in a number of English, Latvian, Russian, and Polish dictionaries.The use of the borrowing barbekiu in the Lithuanian language shows a slightly different semantic structure of the word than that offered in the dictionaries of the donor (English) language. On the whole, the findings of this research show that the semantic structure of the borrowing barbecue in the recipient languages differs from its semantic structure in the English language.Finally, the paper offers several tentative dictionary entries for the word barbekiu and its Lithuanian equivalents, which could be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. In addition to the two meanings of the word that have already been discussed by language planners (i.e. barbecue as a ‘baking device’ and as a ‘certain steak’), the proposed dictionary entries would contain additional, more frequent meanings: ‘a way of preparing a certain kind of food’ and ‘a party in which food is prepared in this way’.
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Kozłowska-Doda, Jadwiga. "Да гісторыі ўжывання слоў талерантнасць, памяркоўнасць і цярплівасць у беларускай мове. Дыяхранічны аспект." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 3, no. XXIV (January 4, 2020): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4791.
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The Author of the article is taking over the meaning of the words талерантнасць (eng. tolerance), памяркоўнасць (eng. reasonableness), цярплівасць (eng. patience), which are used for the description of the term tolerance in Belarusian language. The Author is looking after its appearance at the Belarusian language dictionaries, analyzing its etymology, comparing synonyms, antonyms and hyperonyms. At the same time the Author specifies the time range of specific changes of the form and content. It is necessary to pay attention to the question concerning to the subject of tolerance from a concrete person whose characteristic features are: the acceptance of other people, kindness, understanding, appreciation and respect towards other people, social groups (especially religious and national), up to the characteristics of abstract conceptions, ideas. On the other hand I should admit the absence at the vocabulary database of the content ‘understanding and respect for the different sexual orientation groups’, which begins to appear just at modern texts at the tern of the XX and the XXI century (so text researches as analyses of the questionnaires which will be carried out among Belarusian youth will be done by the Author in the nearest feature). At the Belarusian language dictionaries nation is minimally characterized by the concept tolerance (refers to the joint subject). At the article the Author has used the methodology of cognitive definition, proposed by Jerzy Bartminski.
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Trumpa, Anta. "Names of Snakes in Latvian Texts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Acta Baltico-Slavica 44 (December 31, 2020): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2020.003.
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Names of Snakes in Latvian Texts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth CenturiesThis article analyses the naming of snakes in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latvian texts which are taken from the Corpus of Early Written Latvian Texts, containing the first Latvian dictionaries, religious texts, and some secular texts. The objective of the paper is to try to determine how precisely the translators of religious texts rendered names of snakes, and to ascertain whether any semantic changes have taken place, or whether religious texts show specific use. The study also aims to find out if taboo of dangerous animals, snakes in particular, and related euphemisation is reflected in early Latvian texts. The paper focuses on four Latvian words: čūska, odze, zalktis, and tārps; two of them, odze and zalktis, from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until present time, have undergone significant semantic changes, probably because of euphemisation triggered by taboo. Comparison with the Lithuanian language allows to conclude that such usage, different from Modern Latvian, is neither specificity of old texts, nor incompetence of translators, but rather historical language facts. It is also established that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries animals as well as plants were not so strictly separated in peoples’ minds, the borders between their names were more fluid, therefore any of snakes’ names could be attributed to any snake species in Latvia. Nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskichNiniejszy artykuł analizuje nazwy węży w szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych tekstach łotewskich, pochodzących z korpusu wczesnego piśmiennictwa łotewskiego, zawierającego pierwsze łotewskie słowniki, teksty religijne i świeckie. Autorka podejmuje próbę ustalenia, jak dokładnie tłumacze tekstów religijnych przekładali nazwy węży, oraz wyjaśnienia, czy zachodziły w tym zakresie zmiany semantyczne i czy teksty religijne zawierają specyficzne użycia. Artykuł ma również na celu ustalenie, czy tabu w odniesieniu do groźnych zwierząt, zwłaszcza węży, i związana z nim eufemizacja znajdują odzwierciedlenie we wczesnych tekstach łotewskich. Analiza skupia się na czterech łotewskich leksemach: čūska, odze, zalktis i tārps. W okresie od XVI i XVII wieku do czasów współczesnych, dwa z nich, odze i zalktis, uległy znacznym zmianom semantycznym, prawdopodobnie wywołanym eufemizacją wynikającą z tabu. Porównanie z językiem litewskim pozwala stwierdzić, że takie użycie, odmienne niż we współczesnej łotewszczyźnie, nie wynika ze specyfiki wczesnych tekstów łotewskich ani z braku kompetencji tłumaczy, lecz z historii języka. Jak wykazano, w XVI i XVII wieku poszczególne zwierzęta i rośliny nie były tak mocno wyodrębnione w ludzkiej świadomości, granice pomiędzy ich nazwami były bardziej płynne, a zatem wszystkie omawiane nazwy można przypisać wszystkim gatunkom węży występującym na Łotwie.
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Maksimov, S. A. "ETYMOLOGY AS ONE OF THE WAYS TO STREAMLINE TERMINOLOGY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOME UDMURT FISH NAMES)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 4 (August 26, 2022): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-727-735.
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One of the unresolved issues of Udmurt lexicology is terminology. This is especially true for the names of herbaceous plants, small birds and animals, as well as the names of fish. There is often confusion about the meanings of these groups of words: the same word is used to name several species, and at the same time, there are many names for one species, which are usually dialect doublets. Insufficient research of dialect vocabulary and lack of systematization of terminology lead to difficulties in compiling dictionaries of literary language. In particular, it concerns choosing the Udmurt lexical unit as an equivalent of the Russian term, due to the phonetic and semantic variation of the word, as well as the lack of information about its territorial distribution. One of the possible ways to solve this problem could be the study of the origin of the word. This article attempts to find variants of terms acceptable for the literary Udmurt language on the example of the etymologization of some names of fish (catfish, chub, ide, asp).
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Yarovikova, Y. V. "A Lexicographic Description of the Concept “Anger”." Язык и текст 7, no. 1 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070112.
Full textAbstract:
The paper seeks to outline the content of the concept “anger” as it is represented both in print and online lexicographic resources. The study is based upon the data gained directly from mono- and bilingual thesauruses, dictionaries of etymology, phraseology and idioms. The subject of the study is the semantic structure of the lexeme “anger” that names the corresponding concept in the English language. Etymological, definitional and contextual analyses revealed the lexeme’s diachronic transformations that underlie its semantics in Modern English. The data obtained in the analyses also contributed to identifying a wide range of usual cognitive characteristics that constitute the notional component of the concept. The choice of this issue is determined primarily by linguists’ continuing interest in representing a person’s interior by language means. The findings of the study make a contribution to the further development of issues relating to the linguistic expression of the human inner world in Modern Germanic languages from linguocognitive and anthropological perspectives.