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Academic literature on the topic 'Latin language, dictionaries, german'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Latin language, dictionaries, german"

1

Claes, Frans M. W. "Über die verbreitung lexikographischer werke in den Niederlanden und ihre wechselseitige beziehungen mit dem ausland bis zum jahre 1600." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.03cla.

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Summary The earliest Netherlandic lexicographical works were not only strongly influenced by foreign vocabularies and dictionaries, but they also strongly influenced lexicography abroad. Adaptations of the earliest vocabularies, which mainly aimed at the learning of Latin, were produced in various countries, with the vernacular language adapted to the idiom of each country. In German speaking regions originated for instance the Vocabularius Ex quo (ca. 1400), the Liber Vagatorum> (ca. 1509) and the Synonymorum Collectanea (1513) of Hieronymus Cingularius (ca. 1464–1558), and in Italian speaking regions the polyglot Dilucidissimus Dictionarius (1477 Introito e porta), which afterwards in the Netherlands were provided with a Netherlandic text. In the middle of the 16th century Netherlandic lexicography was strongly influenced by the already modern looking, in a humanistic spirit fashioned and very copious dictionaries of the Italian Ambrosius Calepinus (ca. 1440–1510) and the Frenchman Robert Estienne (1503–1559). But it is also true that several Netherlandic lexicographical works were adapted into other languages. There are for instance German adaptations of the Latin-Netherlandic vocabularies Gemmula Vocabulorum (1484), Vocabularius Optimus (1495), Dictionarium Gemmagemmarum (1511) and Curia Palacium (ca. 1477–85), of the topical dictionary of Petrus Apherdianus (ca. 1520–1580) and of the conversation book of Simon Verepaeus (1522–1598), there are German and Czech adaptations of the topical dictionary of Johannes Murmellius (1480–1517) and German and English adaptations of the synonym dictionary of Simon Pelegromius (ca. 1507–1572). In the Netherlands originated polyglot works, such as the Vocabulare (ca. 1530) of Noel de Berlaimont (died 1531), the Nomenclator (1567) of Hadrianus Junius (1511–1575), as well as the Calepinus Pentaglottos (1545), experienced a large international diffusion. This survey suggests that the initial phase of lexicography in Western and Central European languages can only be adequately understood if seen within an international context.
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Novikova, Tatiana. "Etymological dictionaries about the sources of church Slavonic vocabulary." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine 29, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2021.238.

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The article analyses the Church Slavonic vocabulary, which in the Ukrainian language, according to etymological dictionaries, were gone in different ways: 1) directly from the Church Slavonic language or through the literary language of the period of Kievan Rus; 2) from the Church Slavonic language through other languages: Russian, Czech or Slovak; 3) from the Church Slavonic language by the method of tracing; 4) from other languages through Church Slavonic mediation: from Ancient Greek, from Middle Greek, from Modern Greek, from Latin, from Turkic, from Hebrew, from German. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of a comprehensive analysis of Church Slavonic, which is an organic component of the Ukrainian language. The urgency of this issue in modern Ukrainian linguistics is due not only to its insufficient coverage and a certain fragmentation of the results, but also to the fact that in addition to linguistic and historical and cultural aspects, it has a certain rehabilitation orientation. The following scientific methods were used in the study: descriptive, comparative, statistical. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the appearance of Church Slavonic borrowings in the modern Ukrainian language, the main ways of entry of Church Slavonic into the Ukrainian language are systematically described. The results of the work show that discussions on the emergence of Church Slavonic in the Ukrainian language continue among industry experts and linguists.
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Prillop, Külli, and Kristel Ress. "Vanade sõnastike veebiandmebaas ja mida sealt leida." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, no. 3 (December 18, 2013): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.3.08.

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Eesti keele kolm vanimat trükitud sõnastikku pärinevad 17. sajandist ja nende aines oli 21. sajandi alguseni uurijatele kättesaadav üksnes faksiimileväljaannetena. Tartu Ülikooli vana kirjakeele töörühmas on viidud need sõnastikud elektroonilisele kujule, märgendatud ja analüüsitud, samuti on publitseeritud kahe sõnastiku (Heinrich Stahli 1637. aasta saksa-eesti sõnastik, Heinrich Gösekeni 1660. aasta saksaladina- eesti sõnastik) uusväljaanded (vastavalt 2002, 2012). Uusväljaandeid koostades saadud andmekogu on rakendatud sõnastike veebiversioonide loomiseks olemasoleva vana kirjakeele andmebaasi juurde (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud). Artiklis kirjeldatakse Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatute põhjaeestikeelse ainese uurimise eripära, piiranguid ja tulevikuvaateid rõhuasetusega pooleliolevate veebisõnastike koostamisele. Tuuakse näiteid nii algsetest 17. sajandi sõnastikest kui ka nende uusversioonidest pabersõnastikuna ja veebis. Esimest korda esitatakse võrdlevaid arvandmeid nende kahe praeguseks põhjalikumalt läbi töötatud sõnastiku kohta. Antakse ülevaade Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatu märksõnadest, korduvatest ja ainukordsetest vastetest, sõnaliigilisest koosseisust ja muutevormidest.Online database of old Estonian dictionaries and what is to be found there. The three oldest printed dictionaries of Estonian originate from the 17th century. Their contents were available only in the form of facsimiles until the 21st century. The Old Literary Estonian working group of the University of Tartu has digitalised the dictionaries and published novel paper versions of two dictionaries (Stahl’s German-Estonian dictionary of 1637 and Göseken’s German-Latin-Estonian dictionary of 1660). The work was based on a methodology developed by the working group for the compilation of new versions with reversed language pairs. The data sets so created were used to produce the online versions of the dictionaries (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud) to offer enthusiasts more ways to access the unique subject matter of the dictionaries. This article describes the nature, limitations and prospects of studying the Estonian language material of the Stahl and Göseken dictionaries, focusing on the current compilation of online dictionaries. For the first time, comparative figures are provided on the two German-Estonian dictionaries, which have been thoroughly studied: an overview is given of keywords, recurring and unique matches, parts of speech and inflections.
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Morozov, Nikita V. "THE HISTORY OF BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC INTO RUSSIAN." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_2_69_78.

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Lexical level of a language is represented by authentic words and a number of loanwords from other languages. The present article focuses upon the Arabisms and the history of their appearance in the Russian language. The material for the study were etymological dictionaries. The result of the analysis enabled to compile a list of the indirect Arabisms consisting of 41 units for which it was possible to trace the stages of their introduction into Russian; these units were further sorted into subject groups. It was found that that introduction had occurred via Turkish, Latin, French, English, German, Spanish, Italian and Polish reflecting economic, political and cultural interaction of Russia with those countries. The sources of a number of Arabisms are still arguable and need further research.
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Haldenwang, Sigrid. "Zu den Bedeutungen einiger im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen bezeugten Substantive: Fisimatenten, Kramantes, Mäuse, Schnörkel, Spamponaden; Ambāgesz, Fortomäntul, Matāni (Matānyǝ)." Germanistische Beiträge 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2023-0010.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to elaborate on the nouns listed in the title based on selected vernacular records, which in a certain phrase, but also by themselves, express the meanings making troubles/difficulties and seeking excuses/evasions . First of all, Transylvanian Saxon and High German respectively the German colloquial language have these lexemes in common, as well as vernacular words that do not belong to this linguistic level. Furthermore, it should be clarified that these vernacular words are attested in different sound variants from case to case in the Rhenish, in the Palatine and in the Bavarian-Austrian vernaculars, in the same or similar meanings in corresponding vernacular dictionaries. Transylvanian Saxon proper vocabulary is represented by a borrowing from Latin and two borrowings from Romanian. The dialect documents presented in the article are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, its archive, the North Transylvanian Dictionary as well as from dialect and specialist literature. The etymological explanations respectively the etymological considerations of the analyzed lexemes have been prepared mainly based on relevant specialist dictionaries.
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Frenademez, Ulrike. "La redazione di dizionari bilingui. Confronto fra differenti sistemi linguistici sull’esempio dei recenti dizionari editi dall’Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü." Ladinia 48 (2024): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.103-117.

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Although the advantages of multilingualism are important, recent studies have shown that those who interact with several idioms on a daily basis may perceive insecurities in practising the languages they know. The daily confrontation of different idioms may even compromise the correct use of one’s own idiom, considering the many linguistic interferences. The article illustrates examples of this phenomenon by examining the editing of some entries in the latest bilingual dictionaries of the Istitut Ladin Micurá de Rü. The focus is on the comparison of different language systems – Ladin, Italian and German. Comparing the different idioms contributes to the development of greater metalinguistic capacity and a deeper analysis of one’s own language.
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Merše, Majda. "Bohoričev prispevek slovenskemu slovaropisju." Stati inu obstati, revija za vprašanja protestantizma 16, no. 32 (December 20, 2020): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2590-9754.16(32)247-267.

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Bohorič’s Contribution to Slovene Lexicography Lexicography was one of Bohorič’s central activities devoted to the 16th-century Slovene literary language. He is believed to be the author of three types of dictionaries: (1) a lost trilingual glossary with Latin as the source language, compiled for pedagogical use (Nomenclatura trium linguarum, ca. 1580); (2) the index in DB 1584 (perhaps also the shorter one in DB 1578), which contains also dialectal synonyms as well as equivalents from Croatian dialects and thus enables understanding of the central-Slovene lexicon; (3) six Slovene-Latin-German glossaries included in the grammar Arcticae horulae ſucciſivae (1584): the first three described nomina (nouns and adjectives) of all three genders, while the other three described verbs of the main three conjugation types (-am, -em, -im). In terms of their informativity, the glossaries included in the grammar are of several different types. In addition to grammatical information contributing to a better knowledge of the 16th-century Slovene literary language, they also provide lexicological information closely related to the modes of lexicographic presentation. Both features are an important contribution to the beginnings and further development of Slovene lexicography. Slovene headwords are semantically defined by their foreign-language equivalents. In addition, their semantic structure is outlined by one-word or phraseological subentries (with attested meanings, sub-meanings, and terms for specific types, such as štala ‘barn’—volovska štala ‘oxen barn’, ovčja štala ‘sheep barn’, kozja štala ‘goat barn’; set phrases with established use). Entries with subentries and the order of entries itself also bring into focus various types of semantic relations between lexical items, including synonymy, where pairs of loan and native synonyms stand out in particular (e.g. punt—zaveza ‘bond’, gmerati—množiti ‘to multiply’); antonymy (e.g. čast ‘honor’—nečast ‘disgrace’); the semantic difference between the source word and its derivative (e.g. kamen ‘stone’—kamčič ‘little stone’). Verbal entries with added subentries demonstrate various types of formation of aspectual pairs, e.g. sejati—obsejati ‘to sow’, nagniti—nagibati ‘to lean’. In cases where members of the pair differ by the type of action (e.g. gibati se—ganiti se ‘to move’), the semantic difference is added to the aspectual one. A re-comparison of Bohorič’s glossaries and Megiser’s dictionaries—his quadrilingual dictionary with German as the source language (MD 1592) and multilingual dictionary with Latin as the source (MTh 1603)—that included data on how widely the usage of this lexicon was spread, confirmed the hypothesis that the glossaries were one of Megiser’s main lexicographic sources of Slovene equivalents. (This data is one of the results of the complete excerption of the Slovene texts in book publications in the period of 1550–1603). Megiser’s consideration of Bohorič’s glossaries is most clearly evident in approximately 90 words that cannot be found in other works. In addition, the glossaries proved to be a useful reference work for citing widespread and commonly used lexicon. A typological difference between the compared lexicographic works is reflected in differences in their informativity as well as in the number of foreign-language equivalents and included Slovene equivalents. The increased number of Slovene synonyms in Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries was the result of Megiser’s inclusion of the Register (1584) and his ever-improving knowledge of the Slovene literary language and some Slovene dialects (e.g., Carinthian). Keywords: Adam Bohorič, lexicography, glossaries in Bohorič’s grammar, dictionary informativity, Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries
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Rusnak, Natalia, and Yulia Rusnak. "BORROWINGS IN THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF YUZHINETS DIALECT OF THE KITZMAN DISTRICT OF CHERNOVTSI REGION." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (June 30, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.3.

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In modern society there are two ambivalent trends – globalization and humanization. In the humanization line we observe an interest to such linguistic fields as dialectology. Research of dialect speech has become especially relevant. Nowadays dictionaries and monographic descriptions of individual dialects are made. The village Yuzhinets of the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region as part of Northern Bukovina has passed a difficult historical path. The course of historical events left traces in the vocabulary of Bukovinian dialects. A specific feature of Yuzhinets dialect vocabulary is borrowed dialectisms. In Yuzhinets dialect a lot of dialectisms which were borrowed from the Romanian, Polish, German languages function; they also have preserved the Turkic, Greek, Latin, Russian, Czech and Bulgarian elements. A large number of Yuzhinets dialectisms of the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region are original Ukrainian words whose source is the Pre-Slavic language, which testify to a single linguisticshaped world of the Ukrainian nation. Among the borrowed dialectisms of the village of Yuzhinets we can distinguish several groups: words which were borrowed with the same meaning and adapted to the phonetic and grammatical patterns of the dialect language; words, whose meaning was changed and adapted by the lexico-semantic dialect system. Some dialecticisms have come a long way in forming, getting from one language to another, changing their meaning. For some borrowed dialectictisms of the village of Yuzhinets the Bulgarian language has become an intermediary language.
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Dzhusupov, Mahabet. "Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language — heritage of the Russian and world linguistics (pro-Fasmer)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2019): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-19.068.

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The article deals with the problem of culture of scientific discussion on the material of antifasmer content of V.L. Pisanov’s article in the “Literaturnaya gazeta” “The mine, which was planted by Max Fasmer”. The author of the article attributes antirussism, adherence to fascist ideology, extensive to Indo-European bias of M. Fasmer in the process of creating four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language. All topics above do not content in the Dictionary. Compliance with a culture of the scientific discussion is the basis of a scientific development. It is observed in all works, including in V.V. Ivanov’s, O.O. Suleymenov’s investigations of the ancient origin of a word and script. The Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is the unique work, which was created by the great scientist, humanitarian scientist, who stands on a fundamental platform of objectivity and verity of science. M. Fasmer considers a science as supranational, supraindividual, supraideological occurrence of an attitude reality and its relation to humanity on the whole. M. Fasmer appeals to living and dead languages: Slavic, German, Roman, Turkic, Latin, Greek etc. to define an ethymon of a word. Ethymon of a word could be found not only in the Russian or another Slavic languages, but also in languages of other families (Indo-European, Ural-Altai etc.). Such objective scientific analysis, scientific search of M. Fasmer is necessity for carry outing an ethymological investigavtion, thus mutual action, mutual influence of languages and cultures rest indelible mark from the ancient times in modern national languages and cultures. Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language of M. Fasmer is a model for creating ethymological dictionaries on the material of other languages. Antifamerity of V.L. Pisanov in scientific terms is antiobjective, antievidential, anticultural, antihumane statement. M. Fasmer and his four-volume Ethymological dictionary of the Russian language is pro-Fasmer, pro-ethymology, pro-scientifity, pro-humanity.
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Alber, Birgit, Joachim Kokkelmans, and Stefan Rabanus. "Preconsonantal s-retraction in the Alps: Germanic, Romance, Slavic." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1022.

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Abstract Middle and Upper German dialects exhibit a phonological process of s-retraction neutralizing alveolar [s] to palatoalveolar [ʃ] in preconsonantal contexts. Based on a corpus of dialect data from own fieldwork, dialect atlases and dictionaries, we examine this process in Germanic, Romance and Slavic varieties of the Eastern Alps. It is attested in most Germanic varieties and in Ladin and Rumantsch, but not in other Romance varieties or in the Slovenian dialects of the region. We propose that the emergence of s-retraction may be supported by language contact, but crucially relies on specific diachronic changes affecting the sibilant inventories of the varieties displaying it.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Latin language, dictionaries, german"

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Wingate, Ursula. "An investigation into the effectiveness of different dictionary types for intermediate learners of German." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22805552.

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Muller, Peter O. "Deutsche Lexikographie des 16. Jahrhunderts Konzeptionen und Funktionen frühneuzeitlicher Wörterbücher /." Tübingen : Niemeyer, 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=1PJbAAAAMAAJ.

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McNamara, James David. "The portrayal of the Germani in German Latin textbooks : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/783.

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Mahler, Nara Cristina Sanseverino. "As colocações verbais em três dicionários bilíngues e bilemáticos de alemão-português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-03022010-095516/.

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A presente pesquisa pertence à área de conhecimento chamada Lexicografia e trata da inserção de colocações verbais em dicionários bilíngües e bilemáticos de alemão-português. Tendo em vista que a maioria dos livros didáticos de alemão como língua estrangeira não dá um tratamento adequado a elas, é necessário que o aprendiz procure-as nos dicionários, tanto no momento da decodificação, quanto no da codificação de textos. Essa pesquisa levantou certo número de colocações verbais consideradas fundamentais na formação de um vocabulário-base em situações rotineiras de comunicação, verificando em três dicionários se elas ocorrem e como ocorrem, na tentativa de estabelecer até que ponto tais dicionários se constituem numa ajuda efetiva não só na compreensão, como (principalmente) na produção de textos.
This research belongs to the area of knowledge called Lexicography and treats of the insertions of verbal collocations in bilingual and bilemmatical German- Portuguese dictionaries. Considering that the majority of the didactic books of German as foreign language does not treat them properly, it is necessary that the learner looks them up in dictionaries at the moment of the decoding as well as when coding texts. For this research we selected a certain number of verbal collocations considered fundamental to the formation of a basic vocabulary for routine communication situations, checking in three dictionaries if they occur and how they occur, in an attempt to establish how these dictionaries represent an effective help not only for comprehension but also for text production.
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Danielsson, Eva. "Der Bedeutung auf den Fersen : Studien zum muttersprachlichen Erwerb und zur Komplexität ausgewählter Phraseologismen im Deutschen." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Modern Languages, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7425.

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This thesis deals with idioms taken from contemporary newspapers. The purpose is to find out which idioms are known and used by native speakers of different ages and also to what extent the entries in the dictionaries offer accurate descriptions to the meaning of these idioms. We already know that idioms which have been modified, as often is the case in newspapers, are often more difficult to understand than others.

The study has been conducted by means of questionnaires answered by native speakers in Germany. In order to assess the ability that German native speakers have to understand and use these idioms, I have chosen informants from three age groups; the first two groups of informants are grammar school students at a German Gymnasium, in the 7 and the 10 form respectively and the last group consists of adult speakers in Germany with university education. This last group conforms to the final phase of language acquisition.

The results clearly show that younger generations - and to a certain extent older students and indeed educated adults - are less likely to understand idioms which have complex explanations in the dictionaries and/or whose meanings have been modified. Similarly, all age groups are more likely to understand idioms with simple explanations, those which appear frequently on the Internet and those whose meanings have not been modified, though there is a higher degree of “tolerance” when it comes to complex idioms among the adults.

It is also clear that the meaning of an idiom cannot always be fully explained out of context. In most cases dictionaries offer an explanation that functions in most contexts, yet it is not uncommon for the meaning of an idiom to be complex and to vary more or less depending on the context. As a way to find out how frequent the idioms are, I have compared their frequency in www.Google.de and found that there is a clear correlation between high frequency in Google and the knowledge displayed by the informants.

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Buchholz, Anna. "Recepción y análisis de las traducciones alemanas de dos obras principales de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz en el ámbito germanohablante: Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz y Primero sueño." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668502.

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En la presente tesis se indaga la recepción del Primero sueño y de la Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz en el ámbito germanohablante a lo largo del siglo XX por medio de las versiones alemanas de estas dos obras principales de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Mientras que en la primera parte se ofrece una síntesis del estado de la cuestión y de las líneas de interpretación predominantes en el ámbito académico a nivel internacional, así como una visión general del desarrollo de la recepción de la obra sorjuanina en Alemania, Austria y Suiza, la segunda parte está dedicada al análisis de las traducciones alemanas, encabezado por un capítulo donde se exponen la metodología empleada para dicho análisis y las teorías traductológicas en las que este se fundamenta. Además, se comentan los prefacios, los epílogos y las notas explicativas incluidos en las ediciones alemanas, junto a los artículos de revistas o periódicos cuya función consistía en popularizar los traslados entre un amplio público de lectores no especializados. De esta suerte, se muestra hasta qué punto estos paratextos fueron influidos no tanto por los juicios de algunos exégetas germanófonos renombrados, como Karl Vossler y Ludwig Pfandl, sino, primordialmente, por las hipótesis de Octavio Paz, que, gracias a la enorme reputación mundial de este premio nobel, repercutieron de forma visible en la exégesis de la obra de Sor Juana en el trascurso de varias décadas, no solo en el espacio hispanoamericano, sino también en otros países, ante todo, en Alemania. En lo que concierne al análisis de las diferentes versiones alemanas de las arriba mencionadas obras de esta autora novohispana, se someten a un examen distintos aspectos lingüísticos, estilísticos y semánticos de cada uno de los traslados: más exactamente, se expone, por un lado, cómo o de qué manera los traductores han imitado el estilo altamente erudito e idiosincrásico la Respuesta a Sor Filotea, y, por el otro, mediante qué técnicas estos han transmitido las metáforas, los símiles, las alegorías y los campos semánticos principales, que, en conjunto, constituyen el cariz singular de la famosa silva de esta escritora descollante del Siglo de Oro español. Partiendo de estos parámetros, se describe, en la medida de lo posible, el método traductor global, el cual, a su vez, se compone de la totalidad de las técnicas de traducción aplicadas con mayor frecuencia y las soluciones proporcionadas por cada traductor. A base de los resultados obtenidos en la parte analítica del presente trabajo, en el capítulo dedicado a las conclusiones, se realizan reflexiones sobre la pregunta de si algunas de las versiones alemanas pueden considerarse como manipulaciones o como las llamadas belles infidèles, sin que con ello se pretenda tacharlas de “erróneas” ni poner en tela de juicio su valor en cuanto documentos históricos y testimonios del deseo de facilitar a un numeroso círculo de lectores germanófonos el acceso a dos obras cardinales de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. En este contexto, se pondera, asimismo, de qué modo las diferentes traslaciones parecen haber sido acomodadas al horizonte de expectativas del respectivo público lector, el cual, de acuerdo con la concepción de Hans- Robert Jauss (1992), está constantemente evolucionando, y que, por lo tanto, ha cambiado con el paso del tiempo. Por último, en el anexo de esta tesis, se brinda una traducción propia de la loa para el auto sacramental El divino Narciso, junto con una explicación del método traductor, así como un sucinto estudio introductorio de este género de teatro breve y algunas notas aclaratorias que se adjuntarían en una posible edición suelta de esta versión.
This dissertation addresses the question of how the German versions of Primero sueño and Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz affected the reception of these two major works of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Whereas the first part provides a brief summary of the state of research and the main lines of investigation in the international academic world, as well as an overview of the critical tradition in the German speaking countries surrounding the writings of this distinguished author of the Spanish Golden Age, the second part focuses on the analysis of the translations as such, by examining how the different translators tried to imitate the idiosyncratic style of the well-known letter, and what techniques they used in order to transmit the metaphors, the similes, the allegories and the basic semantic fields—such as colours, sounds or “scientific” terms—, which constitute the unique character of the famous silva. Moreover, it explores how the forewords, the epilogues and the explanatory notes included in the German editions, along with the newspaper and journal articles, intended to spread them among the non-specialized German speaking readers, impacted the reception of this central figure of Hispanic baroque literature in the above mentioned regions. Drawing on the results obtained in the analytical section of this research, in the concluding chapter it will be discussed to what extent the different German versions may be considered as manipulations or if some of them can even be qualified as the so-called belles infidèles, which enjoyed a great popularity in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. For this purpose, it will be inquired in what way the translated texts seem to have been accommodated to the horizon of expectations—in the terminology of Hans-Robert Jauss—to the respective readership. The study concludes with an own translation of the loa for the auto sacramental El divino Narciso, preceded by an explanation of the applied translation method, a short introduction to this dramatic tradition and some guidance notes which would be included in a separate edition.
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Baker, Renan. "A study of a late antique corpus of biographies (Historia Augusta)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4722d4da-5f09-4306-837f-45c6cf69ec21.

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This thesis provides a fresh investigation of a collection of Roman imperial biographies conventionally known as the 'Historia Augusta'. The thesis supports the authenticity of the texts included in this corpus, in particular the claims they make about their dates, authorship, and scope, through philological, literary, prosopographical, and historical arguments. It shows that this corpus of texts, if the main conclusions are accepted, potentially improves our understanding of the tetrarchic-Constantinian era. It also explores the wider implications for the historiography of the fourth century; the transmission and formation of multi-author corpora in antiquity and the middle ages. It also suggests that the canon of Latin imperial biographies be widened. The thesis has two parts. Part I explores the actual state of the corpus, its textual transmission, and relation to other texts. It shows that the ancient and medieval paratexts presented the corpus as a collection of imperial biographies. The paratexts are compatible with the authorial statements in the main text. It then explores the corpus' medieval transmission, and the interest medieval scholars had in such texts. This part suggests that the corpus’s current state explains well the inconsistencies found in it. Finally, it shows that words and phrases, once thought peculiar to the corpus and the holy grail of the forgery argument, are intertextual links to earlier texts. Part II explores chronological statements and historical episodes relevant to the Diocletianic-Constantinan period. It establishes the actual dates of each author, and suggests that the confusion found in these biographies is similar to that of other contemporaries. The few apostrophes are shown to be authentic, and the historical and prosopographical passages are shown to represent, and improve our understanding of, the zeitgeist and history of the period. The final conclusion weaves the various arguments together, and emphasises the authenticity and significance of the corpus' texts. It suggests separating the composition of the texts from the disinterested formation of the corpus as a whole, as part of a new hypothesis and further lines of enquiry.
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Sacia, Laura Ellen. "The translation of 'you' an examination of German, Portuguese, and Vietnamese address terms and their treatment in dictionaries and L2 learning materials /." 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1158513971&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1264797670&clientId=23440.

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Books on the topic "Latin language, dictionaries, german"

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Dasypodius, Peter. Dictionarium latinogermanicum. 2nd ed. Hildesheim: Olms, 1995.

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Klaus, Grubmüller, and Schnell Bernhard, eds. Vocabularius Ex quo: Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Ausgabe. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988.

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Zhamsran, T︠S︡. Urgamal sudlalyn tolʹ: Oros, Mongol, Angli, German, Latin. Ulaanbaatar: "Uran Bishrėlt" Khėvlėkh U̇ĭldvėr, 2000.

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Zhamsran, T︠S︡. Urgamal sudlalyn tolʹ: Oros, Mongol, Angli, German, Latin. Ulaanbaatar: Uranbishrėlt, 2008.

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Wörterbuch der heutigen Rechts- und Politiksprache: Deutsch - Latein = Lexicon terminorum iuridicorum et politicorum de nostrae aetatis. Saarbrücken: Verl. Alma Mater, 2008.

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M, Wrobel, ed. Elsevier's dictionary of entomology: In Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001.

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Lexikon lateinischer Abkürzungen. Darmstadt: WBG, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.

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Eickmans, Heinz. Gerard van der Schueren: Teuthonista : lexikographische und historisch-wortgeorgraphische Untersuchungen. Köln: Böhlau, 1986.

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Schrader-Muggenthaler, Cornelia. The new historical dictionary. Munich, Germany: C. Schrader-Muggenthaler, 1991.

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Ernst, Bremer, and Ridder Klaus, eds. Vocabularius optimus. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Latin language, dictionaries, german"

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Green, Dennis. "Writing in Latin and the Vernacular: The Case of Old High German." In Spoken and Written Language, 227–38. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.usml-eb.5.100922.

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Tonietti, Tito M. "Between Latin, French, English and German: The Language of Transcendence." In And Yet It Is Heard, 227–325. Basel: Springer Basel, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0675-6_4.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Language and Religion." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”, 185–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_11.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the influence of religion and hegemony on language by concentrating on English, German and the Romance languages widely spoken in Europe and the Americas.Bible translations have helped to keep alive native languages. German and English are associated with the Reformation and have thus been highly influenced by the Bible. In turn, Roman languages are associated with the status quo of the Roman Empire, i.e. Roman Church-State. The Roman Church-State condemned—and sought to impede—any effort to bring the Holy Scriptures within reach of common people, in order to prevent what happened in Germany and England. Thus, the influence of the Bible on Latin languages has been limited.
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Sánchez, Alba Montes. "Medicine, wine, terminology and translation (German-Spanish)." In Text and Wine, 131–47. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.38.10san.

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This paper aims to study the terminology of the wine language in the context of traditional medicine from a translational perspective. The treatment of medical terminology, as well as its translation into Spanish, involves exceptional difficulty due to the level of specialization of this field. In doing so, the professional specialised in medical translation works with a highly specialized language, composed of broad-ranging set of technical terms. Subjected constantly to scientific updating, these terms are conditioned by the influence of other languages, as their long-lived Greco-Latin roots or the current English-speaking influence in health science. Likewise, wine consumption has a deep-rooted relationship with medicine, given its healing properties granted by traditional medicine throughout history and which nowadays also includes scientific medicine. Therefore, using research scientific documents, some aspects of the wine’s lexicon are analysed in this article, with the principal objective of proposing a translation from German to Spanish of the term and its context, rethinking the relevance of its correct treatment.
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Tamm, Ditlev. "Courts, Law, Language and Culture." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 37–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74851-7_3.

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AbstractThis article deals with some questions of legal language in the Nordic countries. It stresses the fact that, while there is no common legal language among these countries, there is still a strong common understanding even though each language (i.e., Danish, Norwegian and Swedish; Finnish is a different language) has also developed its own terminology. Nordic legal language has its roots in the first written form of the law in the years before and after 1200. Later, legal language was influenced by the German language, and, to some degree, more recently by English. The language of Nordic courts was always the vernacular. At the university, Latin was used until the eighteenth century (in dissertations still in the first part of the nineteenth century), but today studies of law are carried out in Nordic languages. There remains a great need for scholarly works on Nordic law in Nordic languages at a time when the balance between international orientation and the necessity of producing scholarly works in the national language is an issue to be discussed.
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Hagedorn, Jennifer. "Der Heros und die starken Frauen." In Übersetzungskulturen der Frühen Neuzeit, 237–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62562-0_12.

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ZusammenfassungThis paper takes a critical look at how the first German translation of Homer – Simon Schaidenreisser’s Odyssea from the sixteenth century – deals with the identity-forming categories of gender and divinity. The shifts in power structures within these categories, which occur in the transcultural target language-oriented translation, are examined in an intersectional analysis. For this purpose, the translation is contrasted with the Latin translation of the Odyssey by Raphael Volaterranus (1534), Schaidenreisser’s direct source, as well as with Homer’s Greek source text. The subjects of this analysis are the two powerful, antagonistic, female divinities of the Odyssey: Circe and Calypso. The paper illustrates how the depiction of the goddesses is reshaped in the Early Modern cultural context of the translation and how power structures shift within the narrative, resulting in a loss of power and intersectional complexity for the goddesses and a re-evaluation of the narrative’s hero, Ulysses.
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Donohue, Christopher. "“A Mountain of Nonsense”? Czech and Slovenian Receptions of Materialism and Vitalism from c. 1860s to the First World War." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 67–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_5.

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AbstractIn general, historians of science and historians of ideas do not focus on critical appraisals of scientific ideas such as vitalism and materialism from Catholic intellectuals in eastern and southeastern Europe, nor is there much comparative work available on how significant European ideas in the life sciences such as materialism and vitalism were understood and received outside of France, Germany, Italy and the UK. Insofar as such treatments are available, they focus on the contributions of nineteenth century vitalism and materialism to later twentieth ideologies, as well as trace the interactions of vitalism and various intersections with the development of genetics and evolutionary biology see Mosse (The culture of Western Europe: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Westview Press, Boulder, 1988, Toward the final solution: a history of European racism. Howard Fertig Publisher, New York, 1978; Turda et al., Crafting humans: from genesis to eugenics and beyond. V&R Unipress, Goettingen, 2013). English and American eugenicists (such as William Caleb Saleeby), and scores of others underscored the importance of vitalism to the future science of “eugenics” (Saleeby, The progress of eugenics. Cassell, New York, 1914). Little has been written on materialism qua materialism or vitalism qua vitalism in eastern Europe.The Czech and Slovene cases are interesting for comparison insofar as both had national awakenings in the middle of the nineteenth century which were linguistic and scientific, while also being religious in nature (on the Czech case see David, Realism, tolerance, and liberalism in the Czech National awakening: legacies of the Bohemian reformation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010; on the Slovene case see Kann and David, Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918. University of Washington Press, Washington, 2010). In the case of many Catholic writers writing in Moravia, there are not only slight noticeable differences in word-choice and construction but a greater influence of scholastic Latin, all the more so in the works of nineteenth century Czech priests and bishops.In this case, German, Latin and literary Czech coexisted in the same texts. Thus, the presence of these three languages throws caution on the work on the work of Michael Gordin, who argues that scientific language went from Latin to German to vernacular. In Czech, Slovenian and Croatian cases, all three coexisted quite happily until the First World War, with the decades from the 1840s to the 1880s being particularly suited to linguistic flexibility, where oftentimes writers would put in parentheses a Latin or German word to make the meaning clear to the audience. Note however that these multiple paraphrases were often polemical in the case of discussions of materialism and vitalism.In Slovenia Čas (Time or The Times) ran from 1907 to 1942, running under the muscular editorship of Fr. Aleš Ušeničnik (1868–1952) devoted hundreds of pages often penned by Ušeničnik himself or his close collaborators to wide-ranging discussions of vitalism, materialism and its implied social and societal consequences. Like their Czech counterparts Fr. Matěj Procházka (1811–1889) and Fr. Antonín LenzMaterialismMechanismDynamism (1829–1901), materialism was often conjoined with "pantheism" and immorality. In both the Czech and the Slovene cases, materialism was viewed as a deep theological problem, as it made the Catholic account of the transformation of the Eucharistic sacrifice into the real presence untenable. In the Czech case, materialism was often conjoined with “bestiality” (bestialnost) and radical politics, especially agrarianism, while in the case of Ušeničnik and Slovene writers, materialism was conjoined with “parliamentarianism” and “democracy.” There is too an unexamined dialogue on vitalism, materialism and pan-Slavism which needs to be explored.Writing in 1914 in a review of O bistvu življenja (Concerning the essence of life) by the controversial Croatian biologist Boris Zarnik) Ušeničnik underscored that vitalism was an speculative outlook because it left the field of positive science and entered the speculative realm of philosophy. Ušeničnik writes that it was “Too bad” that Zarnik “tackles” the question of vitalism, as his zoological opinions are interesting but his philosophy was not “successful”. Ušeničnik concluded that vitalism was a rather old idea, which belonged more to the realm of philosophy and Thomistic theology then biology. It nonetheless seemed to provide a solution for the particular characteristics of life, especially its individuality. It was certainly preferable to all the dangers that materialism presented. Likewise in the Czech case, Emmanuel Radl (1873–1942) spent much of his life extolling the virtues of vitalism, up until his death in home confinement during the Nazi Protectorate. Vitalism too became bound up in the late nineteenth century rediscovery of early modern philosophy, which became an essential part of the development of new scientific consciousness and linguistic awareness right before the First World War in the Czech lands. Thus, by comparing the reception of these ideas together in two countries separated by ‘nationality’ but bounded by religion and active engagement with French and German ideas (especially Driesch), we can reconstruct not only receptions of vitalism and materialism, but articulate their political and theological valances.
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Moss, Ann. "Dictionaries." In Renaissance Truth and the Latin Language Turn, 14–34. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249879.003.0002.

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Considine, John. "The Unfinished Business of Eighteenth-Century European Lexicography." In The Whole World in a Book, 1–16. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913199.003.0001.

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This chapter reviews the development and publication of dictionaries in Europe in the eighteenth century, covering advances in continental lexicography that had significant influence on the dictionaries that evolved in the nineteenth century and beyond. Dictionaries of Germanic and Romance languages; Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; and other world languages all abounded at the time. The remarkable lexicographical activity of the eighteenth century is evidenced by the vigour, high quality, and proliferation of the more prominent and scholarly dictionaries of the period discussed. The developments which took place at this level had their effect at humbler levels too, Considine argues, as the makers of modest dictionaries abridged, or drew more or less explicitly from, the flagship dictionaries of national and classical languages. But all this activity still left a number of challenges to be addressed by nineteenth-century lexicographers. Considine divides these into three groups: questions of the structure and contents of the dictionary entry; questions of the scope of the dictionary wordlist; and larger questions about the sorts of information which dictionaries should offer. In covering these three types of challenges in the course of his chapter, Considine delves into crucial issues that affected the formation of the dictionary genre and that continue to be discussed in lexicography today.
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Considine, John. "Polyglot dictionaries." In Sixteenth-Century English Dictionaries, 104–13. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832287.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 gives an account of the polyglot, or multilingual, dictionaries of the sixteenth century which included English. In all of these, English-language equivalents were added to existing dictionaries in continental European traditions. They might have subject-ordered macrostructure, like the Sex linguarum dictionarius of 1537, or alphabetical macrostructure, like the Colloques ou dialogues avec un dictionaire en six langues of 1576; they might include dialogues or phrasebook material. Their headwords might be Latin, and one of them, the Nomenclator of Hadrianus Junius, included some interesting post-classical Latin. A polyglot tradition based on the Dictionarium of Calepino matched English words with equivalents in ten other ancient and modern languages.
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Conference papers on the topic "Latin language, dictionaries, german"

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Denisova, Lyudmila. "LATIN LANGUAGE LESSON FOR GERMAN LANGUAGE STUDENTS." In GERMAN IN BASHKORTOSTAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/nyvb-2021-04-06.13.

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Momcilovic, Nikoleta, and Dina Petrovic. "ONLINE DICTIONARIES IN LEARNING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE - STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-217.

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Intensive development of new media poses new challenges in learning and teaching foreign languages. A number of tools and online materials that support the development of language skills are available for university teachers and students. The emergence of online dictionaries significantly changed the translation process, which is for today's students faster, easier, and daily available on mobile devices such as phones, laptops, tablets. The main objective of this paper is to explore students' opinions about the use of online dictionaries for learning the German language. The research sample consists of students from the Faculty of Philosophy in Nis who study German as a second foreign language. A structured interview was used as an instrument for data collection; processing and data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The results obtained confirm the initial hypothesis that the students use online dictionaries in learning the German language. The largest number of students used online dictionaries for translation of texts necessary for the preparation of examinations or tests, while a much smaller number of respondents use online dictionaries for the purpose of translating technical texts or materials that are not related to study purposes. The survey data show that students are informed about the benefits of using online dictionaries, such as speed, availability, better understanding, remembering new words for longer periods, as well as about the limitations relating to the lack of reliability, accuracy and precision. Conclusion is that online dictionaries are integral and indispensable part of learning foreign languages and that their use in the future most certainly will be on the rise. In this context, as the recommendation, the greater use of online vocabularies in foreign language teaching at universities is stated, which is in line with the requirements for the modernization of higher education.
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Kovaleva, Elizaveta Andreevna. "COMPARISON OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN LANGUAGE GESTURES." In Themed collection of papers from II Foreign International Scientific Conference «Science in the Era of Challenges and Global Changes» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). December 2023. – San Cristóbal (Venezuela). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231221.2023.79.80.015.

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The article examines the differences and similarities of gestures in Russian and German cultures. Based on the analysis of dictionaries, reference books, and practical experience, the author provides the most vivid and interesting examples of body language. The author draws attention to the fact that the interpretation of sign language is a success in understanding people of different cultures.
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Pavlenko, Anastasia N. "German dialect dictionaries: composition and its specialty." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-72.

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The principles of compiling dialect dictionaries of the German language are discussed. Based on the analysis of the dictionary entries of existing dictionaries, an assessment is made of the reflection of grammatical, phonetic, lexical, cultural information about the lemma in dialect dictionaries.
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Edlichko, Anzhela I. "CODIFICATION OF THE ORTHOEPIC NORMS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND CURRENT SITUATION." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.07.

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The article discusses the development of the lexicographic codification of pronunciation norms of German. It gives an overview of the orthoepic norm, its varieties and inherent features, relations between the norm and standard of pronunciation. Pronouncing dictionaries since the end of the 19th century have been studied as primary sources, some phonetic phenomena are also illustrated with the explanatory dictionaries of earlier periods. The lexicographic codification of the pronunciation norms in historical retrospect is briefly analyzed: from exaggerated articulation of actors in Germany to actual sound phenomena using in the pronunciation of professional radio and television announcers, which includes the pronouncing features of authentic oral media communication. Special attention is paid to the problem of codification of the orthoepic standard in different types of dictionaries in light of the pluricentricity of German, due to lack of empirical analyses. The article also represents the current orthoepic dictionaries, which include information about the sounds of three standards of German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Study of their structure and content features made it possible to identify some advantages and disadvantages. As a result of the study, the author concludes with changing approaches to the codification of pronunciation norms, such as transformation of the metalanguage, expansion of the empirical base, use of contemporary sociophonetic methods in its analysis, some structural and content changes in the dictionaries. These modifications are shown to be connected with the change of the lexicographic paradigm and the turn from monocentricity to pluricentricity due to sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. Refs 24.
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Alexandrova, Irina Leonidovna, and Marat Faritovich Nasrutdinov. "Service for hosting a collection of Tatar language dictionaries." In 25th Scientific Conference “Scientific Services & Internet – 2023”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/abrau-2023-29.

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The experience of creating software for organizing and sharing Tatar language dictionaries is described. The project started in 2018 under the leadership of the Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. The aim of the project is to create and develop a multifunctional electronic collection of Tatar language 4 dictionaries. The sources of the fund are language guides (previously presented only in paper form), created in previous years at the Institute of Language, Literature and Art. The fund contains dictionaries of various types: explanatory, bilingual and multilingual, general and particular, aspect. At the moment the collection contains 49 dictionaries. The article discusses the problems of organizing a search system and working with several alphabets (Cyrillic, Latin, Arabic), methods of markup in dictionaries to support end-to-end search across all sources.
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Kovaleva, Elizaveta Andreevna, and Marina Vladimirovna Stakanova. "TOPONYMS AS A MEANS OF FORMING CULTURAL AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE OF A PERSON (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE)." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. September 2023. – León (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230928.2023.15.32.007.

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The article discusses the role of toponyms in the formation of a multicultural personality. Based on the analysis of dictionaries, reference books, the author gives examples of the use of toponymic nicknames of cities and regions of Germany.
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8

Butseva, Taisia N., and Aleksandr V. Zelenin. "Problematic issues of the selection of lexemes in the «Dictionary of the Russian language of the XXI century» (based on neologisms)." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-47.

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The report is devoted to the identification and presentation of neologisms in 2000-2020s in explanatory normative dictionaries , sources of replenishment of their dictionaries with neologisms of the latest period, criteria for their selection, some cases that (borrowings with unstable spelling and hybrid Latin-Cyrillic formations).
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9

Abilova, Zulfiyya. "INFLUENCE OF OTHER LANGUAGES ON THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE." In Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25112020/7256.

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Many natural languages contain a large number of borrowed words, which usually enter the language as the result of cultural-historical, socio-economic and other relations between people. The article is devoted to the English language which, in the process of its historical development, was crossed with the Scandinavian languages and the Norman dialect of the French language. In addition, English almost, throughout its history, had linguistic interaction with Latin, French, Spanish, Russian, German and other languages of the world. This article examines the influence of Latin, French and Scandinavian languages as well as the development of English as the language of international communication.
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10

Klubkova, Tat’iana V. "JOHANN SEVERIN VATER AND SAMOYEDS." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.11.

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The purpose of the article is to show the process of formatting a new kind of linguistics, a contribution by A. Schlözer and I. S. Vater of their version of modern linguistics based on the Samoyed (Nenets) language research. The article demonstrates the way the researchers have arrived at their conclusions through careful selection of sources, both published and archived. The 18th century, the “age of systematics”, complete with a new division of sciences, arrived at the transformation of ethnography and linguistics into independent disciplines. Those were prerequisites for the emergence of comparative- historical linguistics. Using the Samoyed language studies as an example, the article examines Schlözer and Vater’s solution of the problems arising in identifying linguistic kinship: the lack of grammatical descriptions and the difficulties of reliable fixation of a non-written language. The works by Vater are the most significant precursors for the first grammar of the Samoyed language, i. e. The Samoyed Grammar by M. Castrén (1854). Schlözer insisted that the Samoyeds were an independent people, and that the section of his Northern History devoted to their community was a traditional comprehensive description of history, geography, customs, and language. The author determines the place of the Samoyed language among the neighboring peoples, critically analyzing the sources while offering a thematic Latin-Samoyed dictionary. Schlözer’s materials were later referred to in the Comparative Dictionaries… by P. S. Pallas. I. S. Vater, realizing the need for a new classification of sciences, headed the department of ethnography and linguistics, thus re-defining the object of linguistics. Regularly addressing the Samoyed language, as well as publishing texts, dictionaries and grammar notes in it, both addressing his informants and actively cooperating with the international academic community, Vater placed the Samoyed language into a rich academic context. The activities of the conscientious and impartial authors in their particular academic field demonstrates a long process of introducing their new information into circulation, together with changes of visual description: from a mixed description (by Schlözer) to the distinction between ethnography and linguistics (Vater). Refs 12.
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