Academic literature on the topic 'Latin American literature – Japanese influences'

This is a checklist of the more than 260 known published translations of Gray's poem, without restriction as to language or period, with supplementary information on the trasnslators, where their work may be found, etc. Forty different languages are involved, with Latin (44 translations), French (39), and Italian (28) numerically leading the list. Known translations peak in the Romantic era and continue to the present day. It has been claimed that all English and American poets owe something to the Elegy, but it has also been a singular influence on other languages, especially Indian, Japanese, and the languages of Eastern Europe.

Twenty years after the New London Group’s publication of A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, we present an analytical literature review that traces the routes and roots of multiliteracies scholarship in Latin America. We found high research activity in Latin America in the areas of literacy education and critical literacy; indigenous, bilingual, and intercultural education; and technology and digital literacy. We argue that the inclusion of scholarship from the global South is essential to the goal of recognizing epistemological diversity. Further, different theories of knowledge need to coexist to transform diversity into cognitive justice. This article is an intercultural effort to widen the scope of literacy education inquiry in historically marginalized areas of the world.

AbstractAlthough there is a substantial literature examining public confidence in the judiciary in developed nations, scholars have paid scant attention to analyzing judicial confidence in developing countries. Building on extant work regarding developed nations and introducing original hypotheses in the context of developing nations, this research explains influences on public confidence in Latin American judiciaries by developing a theory that focuses on the potential influences of institutional quality, experiences, and individual attitudes. The hypotheses are empirically tested with the rich individual-level data compiled by the Latin American Public Opinion Project 2006 survey. The results indicate that a variety of factors influence public confidence in Latin American courts; the role of context explains points of consistency and divergence with research on developed nations.

Abstract Enzensberger’s sustained engagement with Latin American thinkers and literary forms was central to his attempts to shift the parameters of West German debates on literature and politics in the 1960 s. Attention to Latin American exchanges and influences challenges simplistic criticisms of his Eurocentrism and demonstrates how the novel cultural constellations that underlie Enzensberger’s genre innovation engender productive inroads into transatlantic comparative projects.

During the seventeenth century, the Baroque was exported wholesale to the areas of the world being colonized by Catholic Europe. It is one of the few satisfying ironies of European imperial domination worldwide that the baroque worked poorly as a colonizing instrument. Its visual and verbal forms are ample, dynamic, porous, and permeable, and in all areas colonized by Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the baroque was itself eventually colonized. In the New World, its transplants immediately began to incorporate the cultural perspectives and iconographies of the indigenous and African laborers and artisans who built and decorated Catholic structures. Cultural heresies (and heretics) often entered unnoticed or were ignored for reasons of expediency. Asian influences arrived on the Nao de China (the Manila Galleon) with artifacts from Japan, China, the Moluccas, and the Philippines, destined for Europe but portaged across New Spain, thus joining the diverse cultural streams that over time came to constitute the New World baroque. And, in time, the baroque was also transformed in Europe by New World influences: its materials (silver from Mexico and Peru, ivory from the Philippines), its motifs (fauna and flora from the Caribbean, the Orinoco, the Amazon), and its methods (artistic, doctrinal, indoctrinating).

Export determinants and their interconnection with technological sophistication and exchange rates are a popular topic in foreign articles. This paper is devoted to relation between export sophistication and exchange rate, including disaggregation of the used data to the country level. Main hypothesis of the research can be formulated as follows: export sophistication moderates the influence of exchange rate risks on export volume. First of all, analytical review of literature over the period of 2009-2019 has been carried out. It includes such topics as influence of trade policy on wages and employment in developing countries, main determinants of export diversification, role of foreign direct investments in export sophistication, etc. Furthermore, articles devoted to experience of China, Korea, Singapore, Japan, ASEAN and Latin America countries have been studied. Second part of the research focuses on statistical and regression analysis of Japanese export partners’ data, and also evaluation of ESI and PSI according to R. Hausmann methodology. Moreover, three clusters of countries were outlined: first - the leader - the USA, second - countries with growing exports - China and Korea, third - other countries. The structure of Japanese exports inclines the focus on high and middle-high technological goods. This trend is more evident in case of ESI and PSI: middle and high technological goods retain minimal fluctuations in volumes since 2014. Finally, regression coefficients indicate that yen deflation stimulates export, this result can be explained by Japanese policy of division between internal and external markets.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if retail services have a transformative potential to improve the well-being of customers in a Latin American market. Transformative studies have been conducted mostly in developed countries, and consumer well-being in a Latin American supermarket context has not been addressed previously. Specifically, this study aims to understand if customer satisfaction with a supermarket experience in Chile leads to positive customer well-being. Additionally, it is examined if customer well-being influences firm outcomes, such as customer loyalty, word-of-mouth (WOM) communication or retailer equity. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual model was developed, and data was collected through an online survey from 866 customers of a large supermarket chain in Chile. Hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling. Findings The findings of this study support all the hypotheses of the model and confirm that customer satisfaction has direct and indirect effects on customer loyalty and other firm outcomes through customer well-being. Research limitations/implications This research is among the few studies in the academic literature that considers retail experience and well-being outcomes for supermarket customers in a Latin American context. Limitations derive from the cross-sectional nature of this study. Practical implications There are implications from this study contributing to the literature on customer retail experience, in terms of the potential to transform supermarket shopping in a Latin American country. This is particularly relevant in Latin America as the extent to which for-profit organizations acknowledge their relevancy of the individuals’ well-being is still at its infancy. Social implications This research provides empirical support to the importance of not only looking at traditional measures such as WOM, equity and loyalty but looking into the impact services have for customers’ life and well-being. Originality/value This study contributes to the services literature and addresses a gap in it by exploring the transformative potential of supermarket shopping on customer well-being and in turn the role of customer well-being in retail firm outcomes. The findings also contribute in considering Chile, a Latin American context that has been overlooked in the transformative services studies. This provides managerial implications for domestic and global companies that offer grocery retailing for consumers in this region.

Abstract The idea for this special issue was to contribute to the international literature on public sector accounting from a Latin-American perspective, exploring which forces influence Public Sector Accounting and Finance (PSA&F) artifacts and concepts in Latin America, and how they occur. There is evidence that later influences from countries such as Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand played a role in PSA&F developments in Latin-America. However, the roots and the associated effects (e.g., recent innovations, resistances, decoupling) of PSA&F are still unanswered questions. Such ‘recent innovations’ on public financial management processes include but are not limited to accrual accounting, convergence towards IPSAS, risk assessment, auditing, and budgeting. This special issue contains four articles capturing different perspectives of influences and mechanisms of PSA&F in the region.

Abstract The idea for this special issue was to contribute to the international literature on public sector accounting from a Latin-American perspective, exploring which forces influence Public Sector Accounting and Finance (PSA&F) artifacts and concepts in Latin America, and how they occur. There is evidence that later influences from countries such as Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand played a role in PSA&F developments in Latin-America. However, the roots and the associated effects (e.g., recent innovations, resistances, decoupling) of PSA&F are still unanswered questions. Such ‘recent innovations’ on public financial management processes include but are not limited to accrual accounting, convergence towards IPSAS, risk assessment, auditing, and budgeting. This special issue contains four articles capturing different perspectives of influences and mechanisms of PSA&F in the region.

L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de démontrer la valeur des œuvres poétiques des trois auteurs cubains contemporains Roberto Manzano Díaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) et Jesús David Curbelo (1965). L’œuvre de ces trois poètes a été peu étudiée et diffusée par la critique professionnelle et académique à l’échelle nationale et internationale. Bien que nous ayons abordé des textes poétiques provenant de divers recueils de poèmes publiés par ces poètes entre les années 90 et les deux premières décennies du XXIe siècle, le choix du corpus se concentre sur les livres Synergos (2005) de R. Manzano, HymNos de R. Almanza et El lobo y el centauro (2001) de J. Curbelo. Comme cadre théorique, nous avons tout d’abord employé la théorie des influences poétiques ou des rapports intra-poétiques d’Harold Bloom. Nous avons utilisé fondamentalement les concepts d’« angoisse ou anxiété de l’influence », de « lecture erronée », de « mauvaise lecture », de « mauvaise interprétation », de « malentendu poétique », de « défense », d’« agon », de « détour », de « clinamen », de « quotients » et de « comparaisons révisionnistes ». La théorie des influences poétiques nous permet de prouver comment les « poètes postérieurs » cherchent à rivaliser avec les « poètes précurseurs » afin de les égaler ou même de dépasser leurs valeurs esthétiques. C’est précisément dans cette rivalité que résident les possibilités d’occuper une position dans le canon et pas nécessairement dans d’autres facteurs extralittéraires qui orbitent autour du texte poétique. Deuxièmement, nous avons appliqué à la théorie de Bloom sa propre thèse, car nous avons fait un « détour » de celle-ci vers des questions formelles qui n’ont pas été priorisées par l’approche de Bloom. Nous avons donc étudié si les poètes du corpus font une révision formelle sur la façon de construire le vers hispanique. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la théorie du « vers d’accent variable » d’Oldřich Bělič. Cette théorie passe en revue les diverses systèmes de versification dans lesquelles le vers hispanique a été encadré jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À partir d’une étude comparative rigoureuse des types de versification dans douze autres langues, cette théorie propose le vers d’accent variable pour encadrer le vers hispanique. Cette recherche est complétée par trois annexes dont le but est la divulgation des valeurs de l’œuvre poétique de ces trois auteurs. La première annexe porte sur les biographies des poètes. La deuxième annexe expose un répertoire de formes métriques employées dans leurs textes poétiques. La troisième annexe est une anthologie poétique incluant les poèmes étudiés dans la thèse et ceux que nous croyons aussi représentatifs de leurs poétiques. Du point de vue méthodologique, l’observation des éléments signalant l’émulation intra-poétique comme le choix du lexique, les associations analogiques, la disposition typographique, entre autres, nous a permis d’établir par gradation à quel point ces poètes ont un potentiel pour accéder au canon, peu importe les circonstances autour du texte poétique qui leur ont empêché cet accès à travers le temps. Ainsi, cette thèse propose une restructuration du canon poétique cubain contemporain et, en conséquence, il s’agit évidemment d’une proposition contra canonique. D’autre part, l’étude de l’aspect formel sur la construction du vers nous a aussi permis d’employer la théorie révisionniste de Bloom dans un domaine plus formel de la recherche littéraire. En plus, cela nous permet de reconsidérer les bases théoriques d’au moins trois types de versification afin de comprendre de quelle façon le vers hispanique est construit. Dans les conclusions de cette étude, nous avons constaté que les poètes du corpus démontrent d’abord posséder un style clairement défini. Ils démontrent aussi une vaste et profonde maîtrise de divers types de vers, strophes et compositions avec une intention « obéissante » mais qui cherche en même temps la transgression formelle. Finalement, ils soutiennent systématiquement un étroit dialogue avec les valeurs esthétiques des poètes canoniques reconnus par la tradition des lecteurs. Ce constant échange a pour but de se placer à la hauteur des réalisations des poètes qui les ont précédés. Depuis une perspective formelle, nous avons aussi constaté que les textes poétiques étudiés sont mieux décrits à partir des concepts provenant de la théorie du vers d’accent variable. La pratique poétique de ces auteurs révise ainsi la façon dont le vers hispanique est construit. Elle contribue en même temps à la validation de la récente théorie de Bělič. L’ensemble de l’analyse formelle et non formelle nous a permis de corroborer la valeur des poétiques de ces trois auteurs et, par conséquent, cela montre à quel point le manque d’attention de la critique ne se justifie pas. Au contraire, l’étude de ces trois auteurs nous fait constater qu’il s’agit de poètes dont les œuvres poétiques atteignent un haut niveau de réalisation, ce qui leur permettra de figurer dans le canon.
The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to demonstrate the value of the poetic work of contemporary Cuban authors like Roberto Manzano Diaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) and Jesus David Curbelo (1965). These three poets’ work has been poorly studied or disseminated by the professional and academic critique, both at the national and international levels. While we used poetic texts from the diverse poetry published between the nineties and the first decades of the 21st century, we focused the selection of the corpus on the poem collections Synergos (2005), by R. Manzano; HymNos (2014), by R. Almanza; and El lobo y el centauro (2001), by J. D. Curbelo. The Harold Bloom's theory of poetic influences or intra-poetic relationships was primarily used as the theoretical framework. The main concepts used were ‘anxiety of influence’, ‘poetic misreading’ or ‘creative misreading’, ‘misinterpretation’, ‘poetic misprision’, ‘defense’, ‘agon', ‘swerve’, clinamen’, ‘revisionary ratios’ and ‘revisionary comparisons’. The theory of poetic influences shows us how ‘later poets’ emulate canonical ‘precursor poets’ in order to match or exceed their aesthetic values. The possibilities to reach a place in the canon depends precisely on that emulation and not on any other factors orbiting around the poetic text. Secondly, the Bloom’s thesis was applied to his own theory, which means performing a ‘swerve’ towards formal questions not prioritized by Bloom. We then investigated whether these poets formally revise the Hispanic verse construction. The Oldřich Bělič's theory of the “verse with variable accent” was used for this purpose. Based on a thorough comparative study on the types of versification in other twelve languages, this theory inspects the different types of versification that have framed the Hispanic verse to date and proposes the verse with variable accent as a new framing type of versification. The research was completed with three appendices. The first appendix consists of a brief biography of the three studied authors; the second appendix contains an inventory of the metrical forms used by them - the inventory is open since the works are still in progress; and the third appendix consists of an anthology of their poetic texts studied within the thesis, together with other texts representatives of these three author's poetry. From a methodological standpoint, observing the elements that indicate an intra-poetic emulation like lexical selection, analogical associations and typographic arrangement, among others, has allowed us to attempt to determine the extent to which these poets have the potential to access the canon, regardless of the circumstances around the poetic text that so far have prevented them from doing it. We are thus offering to restructure the contemporary Cuban poetic canon and, consequently, to develop an evident contra-canonical proposal. On the other hand, by analyzing the formal aspect of the verse construction in these authors, we have first been able to use Bloom's revisionist theory in the formalistic approach of literary research. Furthermore, we have been able to reconsider the extent to which the use of the theoretical bases of at least three types of versification supports the analysis of the Hispanic verse construction. This research allowed us to prove that the poets of the corpus have clearly defined stylistic features. It was also proved that these poets have broad in-depth knowledge of various meters, stanzas and compositions with, at the same time, an “obedient” and transgressive intent in the use of these formal elements. Finally, these poets maintain a systematic dialog with the aesthetic values that have been recognized by the tradition of readers, whether informed or not. This continuous exchange aims at raising them to the level of achievement of the canonical poets. From a formal perspective, it was also proved that the studied poetic texts are better described from the theoretical proposal of the verse with variable accent. Hence, their poetic practices revise the fashion in which the Hispanic verse is constructed and contribute to the validation of Bělič’s theory. In conclusion, both formal and informal analysis have allowed us to ascertain the value of these authors’ poetic proposals and, therefore, the unjustifiable little or no attention given by the national and international critique. On the other hand, the study has provided the possibility to prove that these authors’ poetic works are in general finely elaborated, which supports their presence in the canon.
El objetivo de esta tesis de doctorado es demostrar el valor de las obras poéticas de los autores cubanos contemporáneos Roberto Manzano Díaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) y Jesús David Curbelo (1965). Estos tres poetas han sido poco estudiados y difundidos por la crítica profesional y académica tanto nacional como internacional. Si bien utilizamos textos poéticos provenientes de diversos poemarios publicados entre los años noventa y las primeras décadas del siglo XXI por estos poetas, la selección del corpus se ha concentrado en los poemarios Synergos (2005) de R. Manzano, HymNos (2014) de R. Almanza y El lobo y el centauro (2001) de J. D. Curbelo. Como marco teórico hemos utilizado en primer lugar la teoría de las influencias poéticas o de las relaciones intra-poéticas de Harold Bloom. Nos hemos servido fundamentalmente de conceptos como “angustia o ansiedad de la influencia”, “lectura errónea”, “mala lectura”, “mala interpretación”, “equívoco poético”, “defensa”, “agon”, “desvío”, “clinamen”, “cocientes revisionistas” y “comparaciones revisoras”. La teoría de las influencias poéticas nos permite comprobar cómo los “poetas posteriores” emulan con los “poetas precursores” canónicos con el objetivo de igualar o superar sus valores estéticos. Es precisamente en esa emulación en la que residen las posibilidades de alcanzar un lugar en el canon y no en otros factores que orbitan en torno al texto poético. En segundo lugar, hemos aplicado a la teoría de Bloom su propia tesis, por lo que hemos llevado a cabo un “desvío” hacia cuestiones formales no priorizadas por Bloom. Hemos investigado por tanto si estos poetas revisan formalmente la construcción del verso español. Para ello, nos hemos valido de la teoría del “verso de acentuación variable” de Oldřich Bělič. Esta teoría pasa revista a los diferentes tipos de versificación en los que se han enmarcado el verso hispano hasta hoy y propone, a partir de un riguroso estudio comparativo con los tipos de versificación en otras doce lenguas, el verso de acentuación variable como un nuevo tipo de versificación para enmarcar el verso hispano. La investigación se complementa con tres anexos. En el primer anexo se expone una breve biografía de los tres autores estudiados; en el segundo, un inventario abierto, puesto que sus obras están aún en evolución, de formas métricas empleadas por ellos y, en el tercer anexo, una antología con sus textos poéticos estudiados en la tesis, más otros textos representativos de las poéticas de estos tres autores. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la observación de elementos que apuntan a la emulación intra-poética como la selección del léxico, las asociaciones analógicas, la disposición tipográfica, entre otros, nos ha permitido intentar graduar hasta qué punto estos poetas cuentan con un potencial para acceder al canon, cualesquiera que sean las circunstancias en torno al texto poético que se lo han impedido hasta hoy. De ahí que nuestra proposición sea una reestructuración del canon poético cubano contemporáneo y, por consiguiente, una evidente propuesta contra-canónica. Por otra parte, el análisis del aspecto formal de la construcción del verso en estos poetas nos ha posibilitado, en primer lugar, emplear la teoría revisionista de Bloom en el sector formalista de la investigación literaria. Además, nos ha permitido volver a considerar en qué medida se justifica la utilización de las bases teóricas de al menos tres tipos de versificación en el análisis de la construcción del verso en español. Al concluir esta investigación comprobamos que los poetas del corpus tienen unos rasgos estilísticos claramente definidos. Comprobamos también que estos poetas tienen un dominio amplio y profundo de variados metros, estrofas y composiciones con una intención al mismo tiempo “obediente” y transgresora en el empleo de estos elementos formales. Finalmente, estos poetas sostienen un sistemático diálogo con los valores estéticos reconocidos por la tradición de lectores avisados o no. Este constante intercambio tiene como objetivo poder situarse a la altura de las realizaciones de los poetas canónicos. Desde la perspectiva formal, comprobamos también que los textos poéticos estudiados se describen mejor desde la propuesta teórica del verso de acentuación variable. Sus prácticas poéticas revisan así el modo en que se construye el verso español y contribuyen a la validación de la teoría de Bělič. En conclusión, tanto el análisis formal como el no formal nos han permitido comprobar el valor de las propuestas poéticas de estos autores y, por lo tanto, lo injustificado de la poca o ninguna atención por parte de la crítica nacional e internacional. Al contrario, el estudio de sus obras nos ha posibilitado comprobar que se trata de autores cuyas obras poéticas gozan de modo general de una excelente factura, lo que los avala para prevalecer en el canon.

AbstractThis chapter shows how the teaching of multiplication is structured in national curriculum standards (programs) around the world. (The documents are distributed by national governments via the web. Those documents are written in different formats and depths. For understanding the descriptions of the standards, we also refer to national authorized textbooks for confirmation of meanings.) The countries chosen for comparison in this case are two countries in Asia, one in Europe, two in North America, and two in South America: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA (where the Common Core State Standards (2010) are not national but are agreed on by most of the states), Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, from the viewpoint of their influences on Ibero-American countries. (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards (published in 2000) and the Japanese and Singapore textbooks have been influential in Latin America. Additionally, Portugal was selected to be compared with Brazil). To distinguish between each country’s standard and the general standards described here, the national curriculum standards are just called the “program.” The comparison shows the differences in the programs for multiplication in these countries in relation to the sequence of the description and the way of explanation. The role of this chapter in Part I of this book is to provide the introductory questions that will be discussed in Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 to explain the features of the Japanese approach. (As is discussed in Chap. 1, the Japanese approach includes the Japanese curriculum, textbooks, and methods of teaching which can be used for designing classes, as has been explored in Chile (see (Estrella, Mena, Olfos, Lesson Study in Chile: a very promising but still uncertain path. In Quaresma, Winsløw, Clivaz, da Ponte, Ní Shúilleabháin, Takahashi (eds), Mathematics lesson study around the world: Theoretical and methodological issues. Cham: Springer, pp. 105–122, 2018). The comparison focuses on multiplication of whole numbers. In multiplication, all of these countries seem to have similar goals—namely, for their students to grasp the meaning of multiplication and develop fluency in calculation. However, are they the same? By using the newest editions of each country’s curriculum standards, comparisons are done on the basis of the manner of writing, with assigned grades for the range of numbers, meanings, expression, tables, and multidigit multiplication. The relationship with other specific content such as division, the use of calculators, the treatment of multiples, and mixed arithmetic operations are beyond the scope of this comparison. Those are mentioned only if there is a need to show diversity.

Most debates about what constitutes world literature put emphasis on movement and creation, on world literary originality or activity, thus drawing a skewed map of world-literary intensity. What if we paid attention to an equally important part of literary worlding, namely the capacity for receiving literary impulses from other cultures, the ability to translate, integrate, rewrite, and (re-)create? This essay challenges commonplaces of textual agency and espouses a methodology attentive to world-literary hospitality. It juxtaposes two examples of world-literary circulation from the early 1920s between Latin America and China: The first is Mexican writer José Juan Tablada’s (1871-1945) 1920 poetry collection Li-Po y otros poemas (Li-Po and Other Poems)—an experiment in visual poetry inspired by Chinese and Japanese culture. The second is one of the earliest translations of a Latin American literary text into Chinese: Mao Dun’s 1921 Chinese rendition of Nicaraguan writer Rubén Darío’s story “El velo de la reina Mab” (“The Veil of Queen Mab”), published originally in 1888. Rather than showing how Chinese literary texts can be read through the lens of world-literary approaches, I aim to read these texts as scenes of world-literary hospitality, and thus as experiments in proposing alternative world-literary patterns.

This chapter recovers the transnational and hemispheric interests and influences of the Catholic priest Félix Varela (1788–1853), who lived for almost thirty years in the US and was nicknamed the “Father of the Irish” during his lifetime. It challenges the fractured reading of Varela’s archive in the scholarly literature, where he is normally studied only as an influential Cuban philosopher, his impact on US history having passed almost without note, and fills this lacuna by illustrating the manner in which Varela played a key role in the Protestant-Catholic debates of the 1830s–1840s and in the secularization of the public school system of New York City. Varela’s religious-ethical works Cartas a Elpidio (1835, 1838) demonstrate how these debates facilitated the emergence of minority politics in the US and the important role of Latina/os to that emergence. Nowhere is this more evident than in Varela’s annotated translation of Thomas Jefferson’s Manual of Parliamentary Practice, which exhibits a hemispheric reach and significance. It was intended for Spanish-speaking residents of the US, for readers in the nascent republics of Latin America and in colonial Cuba. An examination of Varela’s US archive, beyond his supposed authorship of Jicoténcatl (1826), locates Varela, on a Latino Continuum that reveals these early Latina/o writers as cultural actors shaping the very foundation of US history while also engaging broader ideas in Latin American political and cultural life. It thereby fundamentally challenges contemporary scholars to rethink the still existing divides between American, Latin American, Cuban, and Latinx studies.

This poster looks at the circulation rate for literary primary texts, which constitute a unique area of collecting in academic libraries: while they do not in most cases meet immediate research needs, it is assumed that libraries ought to acquire them, for reasons including future research needs, preservation of the cultural record, and the ability of members of the intellectual community to stay current, those these remain primarily tacit. The circulation trends of contemporary literary works in ten areas of literature (English, American, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin American, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian) over the past twenty years at the University of Oregon Knight Library are presented and the circulation turnover rate (CTR), for each of these subject areas are presented. Sample graphs allow for the comparison of circulation rates and numbers of books across time, and serve as examples of the utility of such visualizations of the numbers. The key question raised by the study is what makes a good CTR for a particular region of the collection? The poster concludes by summarizing the considerations that bear on the interpretation of the CTR as an index of how the collection is “working.”