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Journal articles on the topic 'Latin America; South America'
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1
Colburn, Forrest D. "Liberalism Takes Root in Central America." Current History 103, no. 670 (February 1, 2004): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.670.74.
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Central America's unlikely route to liberal democracy may not have been perceived as leading to durable regimes. However, democracy has been resilient and even stable in Central America. Indeed, Central Americans, accustomed to being perceived as poor and unstable by their Mexican and South American brethren, have been smug about the locus of Latin America's ills being shifted to South America.
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BETHELL, LESLIE. "Brazil and ‘Latin America’." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, no. 3 (August 2010): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x1000088x.
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AbstractThis essay, part history of ideas and part history of international relations, examines Brazil's relationship with Latin America in historical perspective. For more than a century after independence, neither Spanish American intellectuals nor Spanish American governments considered Brazil part of ‘América Latina’. For their part, Brazilian intellectuals and Brazilian governments only had eyes for Europe and increasingly, after 1889, the United States, except for a strong interest in the Río de la Plata. When, especially during the Cold War, the United States, and by extension the rest of the world, began to regard and treat Brazil as part of ‘Latin America’, Brazilian governments and Brazilian intellectuals, apart from some on the Left, still did not think of Brazil as an integral part of the region. Since the end of the Cold War, however, Brazil has for the first time pursued a policy of engagement with its neighbours – in South America.
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Marques, Ricardo Almeida. "Xavier, Lídia de Oliveira; Ávila, Carlos F. Domínguez; Fonseca, Vicente (Orgs.). Política, Cultura e Sociedade na América Latina: estudos interdisciplinares e comparativos - Volume 6. 1ª ed. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2020, 510 p., ISBN:978-85-444-3629-5." Mural Internacional 12 (March 19, 2021): e53943. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2021.53943.
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O livro é composto de vinte e dois capítulos, tendo por eixo principal a análise de diversos aspectos concernentes à América Latina, sobretudo relacionados a aspectos políticos, culturais e sociais. Ele possui devido valor para pesquisadores estudando a região, servindo de fonte para dados úteis, bem como de motivador para importantes questionamentos e reflexões pertinentes. Além disso, mostra-se uma leitura enriquecedora também para curiosos sobre o território latino-americano.Palavras-chave: América Latina; Sul Global; Política Latino-Americana. ABSTRACTThe book is composed of twenty-two chapters, the main axis being the analysis of several aspects concerning Latin America, mainly related to political, cultural and social aspects. It has due value for researchers studying the region, serving as a source of useful data, as well as a motivator for important questions and pertinent reflections. In addition, an enriching reading is also shown for those curious about the Latin American territory.Keywords: Latin America; Global South; Latin American Politics. Recebido em: 22 ago. 2020 | Aceito em: 19 mar. 2021.
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Chomsky, Noam. "Impacts of free market and US foreign policy on Colombian and Latin American revolution." Revista Guillermo de Ockham 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/22563202.1684.
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<p>After several coups assisted by US agencies since the fifties in Latin America, and deep economic crises in the eighties and the nineties in South America explained by “the rule of markets” enforced by multilateral organizations, the US leadership in the Americas has been lost, and democratic countries have turned against neoliberalism with wide popular support inside a new “South American revolution” with important projects of integration. Colombia has become the capital in South America for US leadership in economics and politics, and the only country that still has guerrillas, paramilitary armies, and internal conflict. What has been the role of the US in Colombian conflict? What is in stake with the new peace process in Colombia? How this process will affect the US leadership in Latin America? These are some questions that will be reviewed by Noam Chomsky, one of the most influential thinkers of our times.</p>
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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.
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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.
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Kempe, Deborah, Deirdre E. Lawrence, and Milan R. Hughston. "Latin American art resources north of the border: an overview of the collections of the New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC)." Art Libraries Journal 37, no. 4 (2012): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017673.
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The New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC), consisting of The Frick Art Reference Library and the libraries of the Brooklyn Museum and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), houses significant collections of material on Latin American art that document the cultural history of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America, as well as the foundation of New York City as an epicenter of US Latino and Latin American cultural production since the 19th century. Ranging from historic archeological photographs to contemporary artists’ books, the holdings of the NYARC libraries are varied in their scope and record the contributions of Latin American and Latino artists to the international art scene. With the creation of Arcade, the shared online catalog of the Frick, MoMA and Brooklyn Museum, the ‘collective collection’ of material about and from Latin America has been strengthened in ways both expected and unanticipated. Techniques for integrating Latin American bibliographic information into discovery platforms, strategies for increasing the visibility of these collections, and ideas for providing improved access to the Latin American subset of the NYARC collections are being explored, and many further opportunities exist to engage in co-operative collection development in this area, across the NYARC consortium and with other peer institutions.
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Kudeyarova, Nadezhda. "Europe ‒ Latin America: Migratory Space Development." Contemporary Europe 102, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220215062.
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The migration ties between Latin America and Europe at the beginning of the XXI century were manifested in a massive migration flow, resulting in the dramatic growth of the number of South American natives in Europe. The Migratory Space concept is applied to the current stage of transatlantic mobility, which makes it possible to determine the territorial limits of the involved states, to distinguish the transatlantic space from the general panorama of the Latin America migration movement as well as from the European migration context. At the present stage, the South American states are mainly the migration donors, while the European states are recipients. The historical ties between continents, their linguistic commonality and the social networks between migrants contributed to the transatlantic mobility. The majority of the Latin American migrants is localized in Spain and Italy. The high degree of integration into the host communities contributed to generally favorable public opinion about the migrants in the recipient countries. A large-scale migration presence also became an important factor in strengthening economic and political ties in the Iberoamerican Community of Nations.
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Rostagno, Irene. "Waldo Frank's Crusade for Latin American Literature." Americas 46, no. 1 (July 1989): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007393.
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Waldo Frank, who is now forgotten in Latin America, was once the most frequently read and admired North American author there. Though his work is largely neglected in the U.S., he was at one time the leading North American expert on Latin American writing. His name looms large in tracing the careers of Latin American writers in this country before 1940. Long before Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the Good Neighbor policy, Frank brought back to his countrymen news of Latin American culture.Frank went to South America when he was almost forty. The youthful dreams of Frank and his fellow pre-World War I writers and artists to make their country a fit place for cultural renaissance that would change society had waned with the onset of the twenties.1 But they had not completely vanished. Disgruntled by the climate of "normalcy" prevailing in America after World War I, he turned to Latin America. He started out in the Southwest. The remnants of Mexican culture he found in Arizona and New Mexico enticed him to venture further into the Hispanic world. In 1921 he traveled extensively in Spain and in 1929 spent six months exploring Latin America.
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Kudeyarova, N. Yu. "Latin America: Demographic Dynamics and the Migration Processes Transformation." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-1-7.
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Latin America is one of the high level migration activity regions. The mass migration flows are the part of the Western Hemisphere South nations history for more than a century and a half. Both the structure and direction of that flows have been significantly transformed during that period. While being the transatlantic flows recipients at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries, the Latin American States turned into donors of human resources in the second half of the XX century due to the profound demographic transformation. The aim of this paper is to analyse the demographic transformations impact on the emigration mobility models development in Latin America and the Caribbean countries. Demographic changes were manifested in different ways in countries with a large share of European migrants and those that were not affected by mass migrations flows at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The Central America countries and Mexico have experienced the most profound population explosion that subsequently affected the intensity of the migration movement to the United States. The paper examines the main migration directions of Latin America and the Caribbean residents, identifies two basic mobility source areas that demonstrate different strategies via different destination countries choice. While the United States has become the leading destination country for Latin American migrants, accounting for 93% of migrants from Central America and Mexico, the South American migration is mostly intraregional. The largest regional integration associations migration policies implementation reflects this difference. Spain has become a significant extra-regional migration destination for South America. At the end of the second decade of the XXI century, global economic transformations affect the migration dynamics of Latin American subregions, producing powerful migration crises and local tensions.
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Kheifets, L., and K. Konovalova. "Latin America in the South-South Cooperation Against the Background of Globalization Controversies." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 4 (2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-4-21-29.
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Received 05.11.2020. The research focuses on the participation of Latin American states in the South-South cooperation (SSC) against the background of the contradictions of the current stage of globalization. Analyzing the official documents, leaders’ speeches, using quantitative data, the authors consider three factors that model such involvement today: (a) a new context in Latin America, i. e. the growing popularity of the right-wing forces, financial and economic difficulties after the end of the commodities boom in the 2000s, (b) the rise of China and its deepening confrontation with the United States, (c) today’s global coronavirus crisis. According to the authors, all the mentioned factors affect the process of Latin America taking part in SSC in the following ways. First, due to internal and international changes, the foreign policy agendas and the way of self-identification of the Latin American countries in the global world are in transformation. While the cooperation with other developing nations, within the region and beyond, seems less relevant for the New Right, the South-South vector is still in demand as a foreign policy diversification tool. Second, the strategic partnership with China remains an indicator of the region’s actors’ commitment to the ideas of multilateralism, openness, and globalization as such, but at the same time, it goes against the principles of SSC as equal and horizontal by its nature and also because of the tensions between China and the US. As for the pandemic, although in discourse it revives the importance of international cooperation, including SSC, in practice it rather catalyzes the disconnecting trends that have developed in recent years in Latin America. Acknowledgements. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-014-00042 А “Latin America in the new world order: prospects and challenges”.
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Penny, H. Glenn. "Latin American Connections: Recent Work on German Interactions with Latin America." Central European History 46, no. 2 (June 2013): 362–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938913000654.
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German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile.
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Kuznetsov, Alexei. "RUSSIAN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2022): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.03.11.
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The article analyzes Russian direct investments in Latin America, their scale and structure. The study is based both on official statistics on foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks and on information about the investments of Russian MNEs in Latin American countries published on company websites and in the media (including trans-shipping FDI). It is shown that Latin America has attracted insignificant Russian FDI so far, and it looks modest even against the background of Africa which is also poorly developed by Russian MNEs in the Global South. Moreover, in Africa there are at least bridgeheads for further Russian investment expansion. There are several negative factors: the remoteness of Latin America from Russia, language barriers, the lack of sufficient awareness of potential investors about business development opportunities in the region and the general backlog accumulated over the past periods from Western and local investors-competitors in business activity in Latin America. Moreover, individual significant projects of Russian direct investors are still to a small extent related to the structure of commodity exports from Russia to various Latin American states. In 2022 conditions for new Russian direct investments in most countries of the region have not improved at all due to sanctions pressure on Russia from the United States and EU countries, traditionally dominant among investors in Latin America (along with mutual flows of FDI made by their own Latin American MNEs). At the same time, the article emphasizes that without the entry of Russian MNEs into the number of major players, at least in most countries of the region, it is impossible to talk about a full-fledged economic turn of the Russian Federation to the global South.
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Stepanova, O. "Piano culture of South and Latin America: features of formation and transformation." Culture of Ukraine, no. 74 (December 20, 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.074.11.
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The purpose of the article involves a thorough study of the original sources of the emergence in Latin and South America of such an instrument as the piano. In addition, it is necessary to trace the historical stages of the transformation of the composer’s style — from European classical to a new ideological and artistic musical embodiment of a specific Latin American culture.
The methodology. The main research method in the article is based on next principals: cultural-historical, comparative-typological, structural, analysis and synthesis and ascent from the abstract to the concrete.
The results. The conducted historical and musical analysis revealed the importance of the piano for the formation of the musical culture of South and Latin America. Thanks to touring artists from Europe, the piano gradually gained popularity. Its evolution has gone from European imitation to the formation of its own identity in world music culture. The path of Latin and South American composers to national identity took place through rethinking and interpreting the musical styles of past eras (baroque, classicism, romanticism) and folklore. During the period of experiments, study and introduction of national cultural elements, piano works by composers of Latin and South America had a high level of professionalism and popularity.
The scientific novelty. It is that the work is a comprehensive scientific study, which substantiates a holistic system of evolution and transformation of piano culture in South and Latin America.
The practical significance. The materials of the article can be used in further research on the phenomenon of Latin America piano culture, as well as in classes on the history of piano art and world music history.
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Cruz, Giovanni Molano. "A View from the South: The Global Creation of the War on Drugs." Contexto Internacional 39, no. 3 (December 2017): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390300009.
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Abstract The paper claims that it is necessary to seriously consider facts and phenomena beyond the ‘West’ in order to understand and theorise the complex social practices that shape the world. From a Latin American standpoint, it questions the traditional approach to a global matter: the War on Drugs. Researchers usually see this phenomenon in Latin America as reflecting US domination in the region. However, by identifying how and why the drug issue became a matter of security in Latin America and by specifying the collective countermeasures adopted, Latin American participation becomes more apparent in the construction of the international process that gave rise to the normative framework that holds up the War on Drugs: the 1988 Vienna Convention.
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Van Cott, Donna Lee. "Institutional Change and Ethnic Parties in South America." Latin American Politics and Society 45, no. 2 (2003): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00239.x.
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AbstractThe central question of this article is why indigenous social movements formed electorally viable political parties in Latin America in the 1990s. This development represents a new phenomenon in Latin America, where ethnic parties have been both rare and unpopular among voters. Institutional reforms in six South American countries are examined to see if the creation and success of these parties can be correlated with changes in electoral systems, political party registration requirements, or the administrative structure of the state. The study concludes that institutional change is likely to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the emergence and electoral viability of ethnic parties.
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Frederick Littrell, Romie, and Evangelina Cruz Barba. "North and South Latin America." Journal of Management Development 32, no. 6 (June 7, 2013): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-04-2013-0055.
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Lewis, Colin M. "The Cambridge history of Latin America, volume VIII: Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America." International Affairs 68, no. 4 (October 1992): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622834.
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Winn, Peter, and Leslie Bethell. "The Cambridge History of Latin America. Volume 8, Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America." American Historical Review 98, no. 3 (June 1993): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167758.
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Henderson, Paul, and Leslie Bethell. "The Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. VIII. Latin America Since 1930. Spanish South America." Bulletin of Latin American Research 11, no. 3 (September 1992): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338881.
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Mamalakis, Markos, and Leslie Bethell. "The Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 8. Latin America Since 1930: Spanish South America." Hispanic American Historical Review 74, no. 2 (May 1994): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517598.
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Mamalakis, Markos. "The Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 8, Latin America Since 1930: Spanish South America." Hispanic American Historical Review 74, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-74.2.353.
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Contipelli, Ernani, and Simona Picciau. "China’s Global Order: a New Paradigm in South to South Relations." Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 73 (August 1, 2015): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0012.
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Abstract This article analyses the evolution of Chinese political foreign policy and its strategy in approaching developing and less developed nations. In this context, the relationship between China and Latin America appears to reveal the practice of the Beijing Consensus when considering their interests: China needs natural resources and new markets for its products, and Latin America needs financial aid and loans to develop its infrastructure and provide social programmes. The absence of the US in the region and the rise of political movements denouncing the American imperialism of the Washington Consensus are all factors that contribute to the expansion of Chinese influence. All these considerations allow a discussion concerning the new role of China in developing countries as an expression of a new emerging order in which China is assuming an important role.
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Hajduk, Ryszard. "Theology of the family in the final documents of the General Latin American Episcopal Conferences." Forum Teologiczne, no. 22 (October 13, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.6923.
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The final documents from the General Conferences of the Latin American Bishops (CELAM) held in Medellín (1968), Pueblo (1979), Santo Domingo (1992) and in Aparecida (2007) present the fruits of reflecting on the situation of the family in South America, Central America and the Caribbean, as well as its role in the Church and its importance in shaping social life. Consequently, one can speak of a Latin American theology of the family, which draws its impetus from the teaching of the universal Church, and at the same time has specific features. It is distinguished by the emphasis placed on the subjectivity of families in the saving mission of the Church and treating them as a “theological key”, opening the way to getting to know God's mysteries. It is a practice-oriented theology that gives concrete guidelines to families and their pastors. The character of Latin American theology of the family is influenced by the pastoral context and theological trends, born in South and Central America (liberation theology, indigenous theology and theology of the people). Latin American theology of the family is therefore not a repetition of the contents of the Magisterium of the universal Church, but their original interpretation, taking into account the social situation and the needs of people living in it.
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León-Manríquez, José Luis. "Power Vacuum or Hegemonic Continuity?" World Affairs 179, no. 3 (December 2016): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820017690946.
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This article argues that the gradual decline of the United States’ economic presence in Latin America—and particularly in South America—reads as a manifestation of Washington’s hegemonic attrition in the world. Indeed, concerns over the Chinese incursion in Latin America and the increase of the pressures of the American hard line could transform the region into a scenario of geopolitical dispute between the two great powers. I first analyze the history of the relations between the United States and Latin America, which have followed a complex trajectory of interest, coercion, consensus, and carelessness. I then focus on bilateral relations since the 1990s and specify the political and economic transformations of Latin America in the first years of the twenty-first century and the consequent paralysis of the United States to understand these changes. The article then summarizes the contours of the dynamic commercial relations between Latin America and China, an emergent actor in the region. I conclude with an examination of the U.S. responses to Chinese presence in the Western hemisphere.
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Velasco, Simon. "U.S. Foreign Policy, the Evangelical Far Right and the Spanish-Speaking South American Evangelical Left from 1968–1974; Missions, Praxis, and Money." Florida Undergraduate Research Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55880/furj2.1.01.
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In the late 1960s through the mid-1970s, evangelicalism rose to prominence as a dominant Protestant movement within the United States and South America. As a result, evangelical figures were forced to confront the socio-political issues that faced South America through different tactics that would seek to resolve instability within the region. This essay offers an intersectional study into the approaches of the American and South American evangelical far-right that influenced Cold War South America from 1968 to 1974, which is not explored within the general body of literature in religious studies. Through the reading of literature produced by and about Billy J. Hargis, Peter Wagner, and René Padilla, this essay argues that theology is a continuation of politics as a mode of operation in religious discourse with historical developments in Latin America and evangelicalism as a whole.
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Duarte, German A., and Justin Michael Battin. "Latin America in Focus." Review of International American Studies 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.14917.
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A key distinction of Review of International American Studies is its commitment to the notion that the Americas are a hemispheric and transoceanic communicating vessel. This angle provides a unique path to de-center the American Studies discipline, which has become tantamount to studies of the United States. This angle also expands the discipline beyond its traditional literary roots, inviting critical investigations into other forms of communicative media, such as cinema, television, and photography. Informed and inspired by this conceptualization of the discipline, this issue of RIAS is composed of several pieces specifically focused on Latin America, each of which employs a unique interpretive approach of visual media to, collectively and comprehensively, articulate how this multilayered cultural landscape manifests in our contemporary social imaginary.
The arbitrary delineation of the globe through the notion of ‘the western world’ has, seemingly, transformed the Latin American continent a no man’s land. In its vast extension, this part of the planet seems condemned to exist between two worlds. Despite being part of the western hemisphere, and despite its deep Catholic tradition, this vast region is surprisingly excluded as a member of ‘the west.’ Yet, it was neither placed in ‘the east,’ nor on the other side of the wall, when the world was politically, culturally, and economically divided by the Iron Curtain. This land’s perpetual homelessness might be due to its consistent political instability, to the weakness of some of its democracies, or even its colonial past, one that bears no relation to the Commonwealth of Britain, a belonging that placed Australia in the topos of the West. These reasons, in addition to others, have fostered an understanding of Latin America as being generally alien to the ‘western world.’
Being a no man’s land, deprived of a hemisphere, and broadly unintelligible by the general imaginary of the western cultural industry, this continent, populated by almost 700-million people, was traditionally subjected to stereotypes formulated during the twentieth century, and that remained unchangeable in this new millennium. Latin America has become, for the global imaginary, a place of military juntas, a vast lowland displaying desertic features, a tropical yet savage jungle, a poverty-stricken favela, and a land fought over by romantic revolutionarios.
Certainly, the question remains if the obsolete model ‘western world,’ the also obsolete ‘third world,’ or ‘periphery,’ and even the in vogue ‘global south’ would be able to embrace and reproduce a closer image of this heterogenous and vast continent, and by extension if this generalization is able to denote a set of multiple series of social diversities. We doubt it. This doubt encouraged us to gather diverse scholars from diverse academic disciplines to contribute to this issue of Review of International American Studies. And this doubt, which was at a first glance only intuitive, brough us to avoid the topic of identity and representation as the main theme for this journal’s issue. Our initial plan was to structure the series of contributions on some problematics relating to the photographic medium, a medium that is widely regarded as exerting an objective representation of reality, yet also places the pictorial representation on an undetermined semiotic field. The choice of photography was also a choice of intuition that we quickly abandoned since, in our twenty-first century mediascape, photography represents only one element of a fast and global visual stream that shapes and refashions the collective imaginary of the Latin American continent. Thus, we expanded our scope to include other media such as films, paintings, and any visual-oriented human expression that could provide insights on the complex and chaotic mechanism that formulates and constructs the imaginary on the turbulent entity that we call society.
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Chirkin, S. A. "NEW NON-R EGI ONAL PARTNERS OF LATIN AMERICA: CHALLENGES AND LESSONS FOR RUSSIA." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-1-66-83.
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The article examines the trade and economic relations of Latin American countries with individual non-regional partners represented by Japan, South Korea, India and Turkey. The main focus is on the evolution of the foreign economic relations of these countries with the Latin American region and the efforts of the governments of these states to develop them. The main features and trends of bilateral economic cooperation are revealed. The main indicators of trade and economic interaction of the studied countries with the Latin American region are given. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation with the conclusion of bilateral trade agreements. There is a clear desire on the part of Turkey to develop a dialogue with Latin American countries in the field of military-technical cooperation. A comparative analysis of the level and content of foreign economic relations with Latin America of the mentioned countries and Russia is carried out. It is concluded that recently there has been a noticeable intensification of trade and economic cooperation between Latin America and Japan, South Korea, India and Turkey, which creates certain challenges for the Russian Federation in terms of increasing the supply of export products to the region. In conclusion, a number of recommendations are formulated to increase the pace of cooperation between Russia and Latin-American countries in the context of increasing competition in the region from other states.
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Ristori, Pablo, Lidia Otero, Yoshitaka Jin, Boris Barja, Atsushi Shimizu, Albane Barbero, Jacobo Salvador, et al. "Saver.net lidar network in southern South America." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 09011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817609011.
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The South American Environmental Risk Management Network (SAVER-Net) is an instrumentation network, mainly composed by lidars, to provide real-time information for atmospheric hazards and risk management purposes in South America. This lidar network have been developed since 2012 and all its sampling points are expected to be fully implemented by 2017. This paper describes the network’s status and configuration, the data acquisition and processing scheme (protocols and data levels), as well as some aspects of the scientific networking in Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). Similarly, the paper lays out future plans on the operation and integration to major international collaborative efforts.
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Febres-Cordero, Belen. "From the Margins to the Centre(s) of Social Change: An Exploration of the Contributions of Latin American Communication Research." Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication 10, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/strm.v10i2.236.
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Latin American communication research has a long history of considering communication as a participatory and horizontal process. However, this research is not necessarily widely known in the West. This paper analyzes the work of some of the main foundational and contemporary communication scholars from Latin America, and the contributions and limitations of this body of work in relation to global communication. This paper draws mainly from the work of foundational and contemporary scholars from Latin America. To a lesser extent, it draws from the work of scholars from other countries from the West and the Global South that can inform the understanding of communication research in Latin America. An exploration of the main work and thought of some of the foundational Latin American communication scholars indicates that most of this literature has focused on empirical contributions, assessing, questioning, re-contextualizing and adapting the theories from the West to the local settings, and that less emphasis has been placed on generating unique theoretical concepts and frameworks emerging from the region. However, a review of the work of some contemporary scholars from Latin America – especially the ones focusing on participation, decoloniality and the conceptualization of the margins – suggests that there could be a shift in the focus of Latin American communication research, and the contributions that it could have to the theory and practice of global communication. The analysis of the literature indicates that the work of some of the contemporary Latin American scholars focusing on decoloniality and the conceptualization of the margins could contribute to build theoretical work emerging from the region and, in this way, help increase, re-value, and distribute the literature making unique theoretical contributions to the study of communication from Latin America. This work could have important theoretical and empirical contributions to communication research in Latin America and beyond. Future research in the region should take these considerations into account, while also studying the possibilities and limitations of emerging information technologies in different contexts.
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Marcella, Gabriel. "Defense of the Western Hemisphere: Strategy for the 1990s." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165598.
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What should the strategic relationship between the United States and Latin America be in the next 10 years? This paper will try to provide an agenda for answering this question by trying to clarify some of the issues involved. It seeks to promote responsible dialogue on regional security matters based on realistic assessment of the national interests involved and the impact they have on one another.United States defense relations with Latin America over the last 40 years have revolved around two strategy frameworks: one East- West and the other North-South. During this time the United States has attempted to integrate Latin America into its East-West global strategy, subordinating Latin American interests to the overall requirement of containing Soviet power.
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Lipski, John M. "Trinidad Spanish: implications for Afro-Hispanic language." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002023.
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[First paragraph]The question of Spanish language usage among African-born slaves (known as bozales) and their descendents in Spanish America is the subject of much controversy, and has had a major impact on theories of Creole formation and the evolution of Latin American dialects of Spanish, Portuguese and French. Briefly, one school of thought maintains that, at least during the last 150-200 years of African slave trade to Spanish America, bozales and their immediate descendants spoke a relatively uniform Spanish pidgin or creole, concentrated in the Caribbean region but ostensibly extending even to many South American territories. This creole in turn had Afro-Portuguese roots, derived from if not identical to the hypothetical maritime Portuguese creole (sometimes also identified with the medieval Sabir or Lingua Franca) claimed to be the source of most European - based Creoles in Africa, Asia and the Americas.1 The principal sources of evidence come in 19th century documents from the Caribbean region, principally Cuba and Puerto Rico, where many (but not all) bozal texts share a noteworthy similarity with other demonstrably Afro-Portuguese or Afro-Hispanic Creoles in South America, Africa and Asia.
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Lawson, V., and T. Klak. "An Argument for Critical and Comparative Research on the Urban Economic Geography of the Americas." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 8 (August 1993): 1071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251071.
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The authors identify problems associated with the treatment of Latin American topics in the Anglo-American social science literature, particularly in geography. Latin American research has been peripheralized and the flow of concepts and learning between Latin and Anglo America has been almost entirely from North to South. To explain why research by Latin Americans, and by Latin Americanists, has had relatively limited influence on recent geographic debates over theory and method, the authors employ contemporary discourse analysis. This method assists us in (1) deciphering how development geography presents Latin America, (2) in posing questions about the character and origins of the concepts that shape writing and, indeed, thinking, and (3) in identifying the perspective biases that must be confronted for interregional dialogue to occur. This critical commentary on Latin and Anglo-American research is highly relevant to reconstructed regional geography. It, too, is confronting issues such as the role of theory in contextually grounded research, and how to operationalize research that spans several geographical scales of analysis.
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Abrosimova, Elena A. "Specific Features of Commercial and Contract Law in Latin America." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 10 (2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017565-2.
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The article analyzes the dualism of private law in Latin America with the examples of civil and commercial codes of individual states of the continent. A specific feature of the legislation governing trade activities is the incorporation of the customs of the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of South America into the colonial legal systems of continental Europe, which led to the formation of dualistic principles of trade and contractual regulation. The purpose of this article was to identify the common and distinctive features of contractual regulation of commercial relations in different countries of Central and South America in terms of defining the concept of a contract, the subject of the contract, the procedure for concluding a contract and individual contractual structures. The specificity of the legal regulation of contractual relations in Latin America is analyzed by means of historical, comparative legal research methods and the method of content analysis of the provisions of normative acts. Civil and commercial codes, as well as other regulations of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela, Bolivia and a number of other Latin American countries were used as empirical material. The following can be stated as the basic principles on which the Latin American system of Contractual law is built: the autonomy of participants in commercial relations, the social function of the contract and freedom of contract, good faith and equality of the parties in contractual obligations. The dualism of private law in Latin American countries leads to a different understanding of civil law contracts and commercial transactions concluded by participants in trade, which is reflected in the provisions of the civil and commercial codes and the definition of the subject of the contract. Separately, the article discusses the procedure for concluding an agreement through the offer-acceptance structure, as well as in the negotiation process.
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Monkiewicz, Anita Oberda. "Ameryka Łacińska w polityce zagranicznej Brazylii – niedokończony projekt przywództwa regionalnego." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 55 (March 21, 2020): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.55.21.
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The purpose of the article is to discuss the place and role of Latin America in Brazil’s foreign policy. The article leads to the conclusion that, starting from the 1990s, Latin America, a region that was marginalized for many years, gained an important place in Brazilian policy. The construction of the South American community has become an instrument of strengthening regional leadership, although due to the lack of a coherent strategy towards the direct neighbourhood, it proved to be short-lived.
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Selcher, Wayne A. "Current Dynamics and Future Prospects of Brazil's Relations with Latin America: Toward a Pattern of Bilateral Cooperation." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 2 (1986): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165774.
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Socio-Economic or General Cultural Similarities between Brazil and the rest of Latin America would seem sufficient to support similarities of interests and close cooperative relationships. Yet Brazil's Lusophone culture, the immensity of the country, the geographical distance of much of its population from Spanish American population centers, and middle and upper class fascination for things American or European led instead to a sense of separateness and distinctness which impeded serious Brazilian selfidentification, beyond rhetoric, as a Latin American nation despite its geographical location. Thus the question of how Brazil should relate to the rest of Latin America has been a topic of domestic and continental debate, with increasingly practical consequences as the South American development process continues. The recent shift toward more intense, collaborative relations, in particular, invites analysis of current trends and speculation on possible outcomes.
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Mereminskaya, Elina. "Latin America Isn’t ‘Going South’: A Qualitative Sampling Analysis." Journal of International Arbitration 39, Issue 3 (June 1, 2022): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2022020.
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This article analyses a qualitative sample of recent judicial decisions from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Peru. Almost all decisions in the sample show ordinary courts’ deference towards arbitration. As long as the courts operate within the framework established by the UNCITRAL Model Law or the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, arbitral awards enjoy a high level of autonomy and protection against unjustified attacks. This allows for conclusion that Latin America isn’t ‘Going South’ on its path into global arbitration realm. At the same time, in almost all jurisdictions included in the sample, Constitutional courts and Tribunals and constitutional actions for protection of fundamental rights play an extremely – indeed excessively – relevant role. Admittedly, these constitutional actions have been mainly unsuccessful and have not led to amendments of arbitral awards. Nonetheless, its sole availability generates legal uncertainty and undermines the reliability of arbitration as a mechanism of dispute resolution. It seems to be the last hurdle that Latin American countries will have to overcome before they are considered safe and appealing seats for international arbitration. Arbitration, Latin America, setting aside, recognition and enforcement, amparo, constitutionalization of arbitration
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Cameselle-Pesce, Pedro. "Italian-Uruguayans for Free Italy: Serafino Romualdi's Quest for Transnational Anti-Fascist Networks during World War II." Americas 77, no. 2 (April 2020): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2019.107.
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AbstractIn 1941, the well-known international Cold War actor Serafino Romualdi traveled to South America for the first time. As a representative of the New York-based Mazzini Society, Romualdi sought to grow a robust anti-fascist movement among South America's Italian communities, finding the most success in Uruguay. As Romualdi conducted his tour of South America, he began writing a series of reports on local fascist activities, which caught the attention of officials at the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA), a US government agency under the direction of Nelson Rockefeller. The OCIAA would eventually tap Romualdi and his growing connections in South America to gather intelligence concerning Italian and German influence in the region. This investigation sheds light on the critical function that Romualdi and his associates played in helping the US government to construct the initial scaffolding necessary to orchestrate various strategies under the umbrella of OCIAA-sponsored cultural diplomacy. Despite his limited success with Italian anti-fascist groups in Latin America, Romualdi's experience in the region during the early 1940s primed him to become an effective agent for the US government with a shrewd understanding of the value in shaping local labor movements during the Cold War.
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Dheyaa Shkara, Prof Nadia. "The Political and Economic Dimensions of China’s Relations with Latin America ( الابعاد السياسية والاقتصادية لعلاقات الصين مع امريكا اللاتينية )." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 11, no. 02 (February 12, 2020): 20224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i02.790.
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This research uses scientific analysis to look at China's relations with Latin American countries, especially its investment in those countries.
There are two objectives behind Chinese investments in South America.
The first is to solidify its position as the second largest economic power in the world after the United States of America. China's position is further ensured by its huge store of raw materials and energy sources that support its accelerating economic needs of energy to keep pace with the steady growth of its economy.
The second objective is to prevent and deter the United States of America from harming the growing Chinese interests in the world by restricting the effects of the American Containment and Pivot strategies, which revealed the determination of the American administration to besiege China, and its growing influence, economically & politically by alliances & treaties, and to besiege China militarily by American bases Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and others of China's neighbors.
Thus, China considered it only fair to retaliate by strengthening its relations with U.S.A. neighbors, especially the Latin American countries who are U.S.A.'s backyard and strategic backers, and who can restrict the American ability to harm China's vital interests.
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Preuss, Ori. "Discovering "os ianques do sul": towards an entangled Luso-Hispanic history of Latin America." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 56, no. 2 (December 2013): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292013000200009.
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The article reconstructs the largely forgotten role of key Brazilian intellectuals in the Latins-versus-Anglo-Saxons debates that developed around 1898, emphasizing the embeddedness of their thinking in the transnational crossings of men and ideas within South America. It thus challenges the common depiction of late-nineteenth-century Latin Americanism as a purely Spanish American phenomenon and of the United States as its major catalyst, allowing a more nuanced understanding of this movement' s nature.
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DE FRANQUEVILLE, H. "OIL PALM BUD ROT IN LATIN AMERICA." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001315.
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In South and Central America, tens of thousands of hectares of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are affected by bud-rot types of disease. Having destroyed entire estates in Panama, Colombia, Suriname, Brazil and Ecuador, they are holding back the development of oil palm cultivation in Latin America. The cause is unknown. Indeed, 30 years after these diseases first wreaked havoc on a large scale, it is still not known whether we are dealing with one or more diseases of infectious origin, or with a physiological disorder. Despite lengthy research launched in the early 1980s, no pathogens or insect vectors have been clearly identified. At present, genetics look likely to offer a solution in the medium- to long term, using traits of resistance transmitted by the native species on the American continent, Elaeis oleifera, to the interspecific hybrid E. oleifera×E. guineensis.
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STOCKTON, HANS. "Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia." Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 1 (February 2001): 94–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034001004.
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Institutionalized parties and party systems have traditionally been viewed as necessary conditions for democracies to function effectively. Although this area of research is germane to all democracies, most analyses have been divided by regional investigation. Seeking to bridge the gap, this article applies concepts and measures of institutionalization from the study of Latin America to Pacific Asia's two most prominent cases of democratic transition, South Korea and Taiwan. An effort is made to apply the approaches of Dix and Mainwaring and Scully on party and system institutionalization in Latin America to South Korea and Taiwan. Cross-national comparison reveals a curvilinear relationship between institutionalization and consolidation. Taiwan's path to consolidation has been predicated on a pattern very similar to those taken by Latin American cases, whereas South Korea, theoretically, should not be as close to consolidation as it is.
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Schembs, Katharina. "The invention of the “third-world city”: urban planning in Latin America in the 1960s and early 1970s." Esboços: histórias em contextos globais 28, no. 47 (March 30, 2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e75358.
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While the first half of the 20th century was mainly characterized by the importation of urban planning models from Europe and the USA to Latin America, the 1960s represent a turning point: In the context of different development theories, local planners first started to emphasize the supposed structural similarities of Latin American cities and then their parallels with other cities of the Global South. Social theorists, economists and urbanists of the time conceptualized cities not only as litmus tests of the developmental stage of the individual country, but also as motors to enable economic progress. Analyzing different Latin American architectural and urban planning publications, the article traces references toother Latin American and “Third-World” countries that grew in size in the course of the 1960s. In some cases, this even led to South-South contacts in the field of urban planning to the research of which this article is a start.
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Chasteen, John Charles. "Fighting Words: The Discourse of Insurgency in Latin American History." Latin American Research Review 28, no. 3 (1993): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016964.
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“What I suffer is pleasant because it shows that I am putting myself above the run of common men, that I am worthy of my Patria and of you…” Insurgent officer to his wife, 1893 The appeal of sacrifice so frequently encountered in expressions of nationalism is an equally familiar theme in the rhetoric of political warfare in Latin America. Stories of political warfare take up a considerable part of Latin American historiography. The intent of this exploratory article is to suggest how the rhetoric and narrative written about nineteenth-century insurgency can be read to illuminate the political history of Latin America. Two South American civil wars of the 1890s constitute the empirical starting point for my speculations, although they are scarcely a convincing sample of the hundreds of insurgencies that have occurred since independence. Consequently, these observations on a Latin American discourse of insurgency must largely be content to ask questions, raise issues, and suggest hypotheses.
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Felter, Peter. "Corporate Strategies in South America." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200209.
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A country review shows that Argentina has been the first Latin American country to respond pragmatically to financial pressure. Peru appears prepared to take a similar radical approach. Brazil, Mexico and to a letter extent Venezuela, still protect a monopolistic state-owned oil industry which is a deterrent to foreign investment.
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Heok Lee, Tae. "Regional institutions in global “south”: the rationale of regional institutionalization in south america since the 21st century." Revista de Economía del Caribe, no. 06 (June 29, 2022): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/ecoca.06.335.942.
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Particularly, beginning the 21st century the Political landscape saliently changed and shifted to debunk the notion of "the end of history" in South America. Several Latin American scholars including Bjorn Hettne, Osvaldo Sunkel, and Philippe De Lombaerde and the international organizations including United Nations for Latin American Economic Commission (UN ECLAC) have paid attention to the left-leaning governments which have eventually governed these states. In this vein, this study (as an initial step for the research proposal) attempts to understand the logic of (new) regionalism under globalism and particularly to contribute to its academic value. This study is mainly approaching the subject from a theoretical foundation in order to understand and then to apply the rationale of politically-oriented regional institutions.
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Clark, Mary A. "Transnational Alliances and Development Policy in Latin America: Nontraditional Export Promotion in Costa Rica." Latin American Research Review 32, no. 2 (1997): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100037857.
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In the 1980s, students and practitioners of the political economy of development in Latin America became enthralled with East Asia's spectacular economic performance. Researchers wrote cross-regional comparisons trying to discover where Latin America had gone wrong and how it could catch up to the “four dragons,” meaning South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong (see Deyo 1987; Gereffi and Wyman 1990; Haggard 1990). This quest to determine the key ingredients of East Asia's growth held particular policy relevance as many Latin American countries sought to escape from the “lost decade.” The best-known attempts to describe the political basis for East Asia's successful turn toward policies stressing export-led growth have emphasized two factors: initiative of state leadership and highly capable technocracies insulated from societal interference (Haggard 1990; Wade 1990). Among Latin America countries, Chile, the region's premier exporter, seemed to confirm these ideas.
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Orihuela, Sharada Balachandran. "Insurgent Afterlife: Latin America, the Left, and Contemporary U.S. Multiethnic Literature." Comparative Literature Studies 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 94–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.59.1.0094.
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ABSTRACT This article explores how a range of U.S. writers have generically, representationally, and linguistically engaged with radical left-wing social movements in the Global South. In staging their revolutions in Latin America and in employing insurgencies “from below” as a mode for imagining a political afterlife for the United States, these writers employ a deterritorialized and relational use of the term “Global South” to broadly refer to the kinds of “resistant political imaginaries” shared by persons of color and marginalized communities across the hemisphere and the world. However, this article argues the Global South in these multiethnic works is more than a simple device to connect to a collective memory shared by marginalized communities in the United States and populations who suffered under dictatorial regimes in Latin America. In fact, its deployment mimics the most effective counterinsurgency campaigns launched in the Global South. By taking the Global South as a dynamic framework for analyzing multiethnic U.S. literature, my essay prompts us to read the canon of U.S. multiethnic literature very differently and to see the long afterlife of the limits and failures of coopting Latin American social movements to imagine alternative futures in the United States.
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Vadell, Javier A., and Clarisa Giaccaglia. "Brazil’s Role in Latin America’s Regionalism." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02701007.
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Abstract At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Brazil became a crucial player as the principal advocate of South American integration. To Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) was added the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), reaffirming regional policies around the idea of “South America.” Today, however, the withdrawal of Brazilian leadership along with the reversals and loss of focus in UNASUR and Mercosur have damaged the credibility of the region’s initiatives, as well as finding South America’s common voice. Despite this, this article argues that Brazil has not entirely disengaged from the region or abandoned the principle of regionalism. Recognition of Latin America’s distinctive history the authors to construct a model that incorporates complexity and disorder in which Brazil’s institutional political development will have significant repercussions for the future of the region.
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Hogenboom, Barbara. "Latin America and China’s Transnationalizing Oil Industry: A Political Economy Assessment of New Relations." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 5-6 (October 8, 2014): 626–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341321.
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Chinese oil companies have recently started to set up operations in Latin America, and they are doing this at a rapid pace. This article aims to provide an overview of the increasing flows of oil and capital (fdiand credit) between Latin America and China, and to clarify how they interact with the broader Sino-Latin American relations as well as Latin America’s changing political landscape. In addition to regional trends, the cases of Venezuela, Brazil and Ecuador are discussed. The article combines an assessment of factual data with an analysis of the broader political economy context in which these new oil relations operate. Next to national differences, three general tendencies stand out: first, the type of arrangements and coordinated activities that Chinese companies, banks and government agencies deploy differ from those of other large oil-seeking nations; second, while the arrival of Chinese capital is welcomed by Latin American governments and pictured as part of non-imperialist South-South relations, Chinese oil companies and loans are sometimes criticized in local media by scholars, opposition andngos; and third, Chinese oil imports and investments have added to changing attitudes and policies towards strategic sectors under new political regimes, which allows for more social spending but which critics have labeled as the return to an ‘extractivist model.’
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Stahler-Sholk, Richard. "El Salvador's Negotiated Transition: From Low-Intensity Conflict to Low-Intensity Democracy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36, no. 4 (1994): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166318.
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Like the reports of Mark Twain's death, the claims of a wave of democratization sweeping Latin America may be exaggerated. Yet the resurgence of electoral politics and the receding of military rule since the 1980s are trends that hold significance both for the future of Latin America and for inter-American relations. The transitions from bureaucratic-authoritarian rule in South America, and from the oligarchy-military alliances in Central America, have been a major focus of recent US policy attention. From the human rights approach of the Carter administration to the Reagan rollback doctrine, US policy became more actively engaged in controversial attempts to define and impose “democracy” in the region. After the end of the Cold War, US action or inaction remained key factors in the events surrounding the 1989 elections in Panama and the 1990 elections in Haiti and Nicaragua.