Journal articles: 'Latin America citie'

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Abramo, Pedro. "A cidade COM-FUSA: a mão inoxidável do mercado e a produção da estrutura urbana nas grandes metrópoles latino-americanas." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2007): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2007v9n2p25.

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Com a crise do fordismo urbano regulamentar, o mercado imobiliário voltou a ter um papel determinante no processo de coordenação social do uso do solo e de produção da estruturação intra-urbana. A mão inoxidável do mercado de solo está de volta. O trabalho apresenta uma leitura sobre a relação entre a produção da estrutura urbana e as formas de funcionamento dos mercados formais e informais de solo na América Latina. Propomos como hipótese que as cidades latino-americanas apresentam uma estrutura urbana particular quando comparada aos dois modelos tradicionais (cidade mediterrânea compacta e cidade anglo-difusa). O funcionamento do mercado de solo nas metrópoles latino-americanas produz simultaneamente uma estrutura urbana compacta e difusa. Essa estrutura urbana característica das grandes urbes latino-americanas nominamos “cidade COM-FUSA”.Palavras-chave: cidade informal; produção da estrutura urbana; mercado imobiliário informal e formal; mobilidade residencial. Abstract: With the crisis of regulatory urban Fordism, the real estate market has reemerged as a determining force in the social coordination process of land use and in the production of intra-urban structure. The steel hand of the market returned. This paper presents an analysis of the relation between the production of urban structure and the functioning modes of formal and informal land markets in Latin America. It proposes the hypothesis that, compared to the two traditional models: (compact mediterranean cities and the anglo saxon diffused cities), Latin American cities exhibit a particular urban structure. In these cities, the functioning of land markets produces simultaneously a compact and a diffused urban structure. This urban structure, characteristic of large Latin American cities, we designate as the "COM-FUSED" City. Keywords: informal and formal city; urban structure; informal and formal urban real estate; segregation; residential mobility.

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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.

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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.

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Meihy, José Carlos Sebe Bom. "Memória, oralidade e realismo fantástico: A tumba de Leo Kopp no Cemitério Central de Bogotá." Revista Observatório 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2016v2n1p24.

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Um dos temas mais sutis presente no panorama da cultura em tempos de globalização versa sobre o impacto da América Latina como polo gerador de conhecimento autêntico, com contornos próprios. Tal enunciado remete ao prestígio dos argumentos originais que caracterizariam a cultura local, latino-americana, lato sensu, pois afinal pergunta-se: pode-se falar de um modo cultural latino-americano? Caso afirmativo, de que matéria teria se constituído? Haveria unidade nas manifestações expressas pela cultura cunhada pelo padrão europeu? Nesta linha, situações específicas, como o caso colombiano, teriam relação direta com dinâmicas culturais vizinhas, mais amplas? Pensando nas sementes que fertilizam tais questionamentos - esboçados no passado, desde o peruano José Carlos Mariategui (1894-1930) - chega-se a Leopoldo Zea (1912-2004), pensador mexicano que mexeu de maneira decisiva com ideias estabelecidas sobre a projeção das antigas metrópoles europeias “criadas” nas colônias da América Latina. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: história; memória; oralidade; cultura. ABSTRACTOne of the most subtle present in the cultural panorama in times of globalization is about the impact of Latin America as polo authentic knowledge generator issues with its own contours. This statement refers to the prestige of the original arguments that characterize the local culture, Latin American, in the broad sense, because after all we ask: can one speak of a cultural mode Latin American? If so, the matter would have made? Would there be unity in the demonstrations expressed by culture coined by European standard? Along these lines, specific situations, such as the Colombian case, would have a direct relationship with neighboring cultural dynamics, wider? Thinking about the seed that fertilizes such questions - outlined in the past, since the Peruvian Jose Carlos Mariategui (1894-1930) - one comes to Leopoldo Zea (1912-2004), Mexican thinker who moved decisively to established ideas about projection of the ancient European cities "created" in the colonies in Latin America. KEYWORDS: History; memory; orality; culture. RESUMENUno de los más sutiles presentes en el panorama cultural en tiempos de globalización es sobre el impacto de América Latina como temas generadores de polo auténtico conocimiento con sus propios contornos. Esta afirmación se refiere al prestigio de los argumentos originales que caracterizan a la cultura local, latinoamericano, en el sentido amplio, porque después de todo nos preguntamos: ¿se puede hablar de un modo cultural de América Latina? Si es así, el asunto habría hecho? Habría unidad en las manifestaciones expresadas por la cultura acuñado por el estándar europeo? En este sentido, las situaciones particulares, como es el caso de Colombia, tendrían una relación directa con la dinámica cultural vecinos, en general? Pensando en la semilla que fecunda estas preguntas - se indica en el pasado, desde el peruano José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930) - uno llega a Leopoldo Zea (1912-2004), pensador mexicano que actuó con decisión a las ideas establecidas sobre la proyección las antiguas metrópolis europeas "creadas" en las colonias de América Latina. PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia; memoria; oralidad; cultura. Disponível em:Url:http://opendepot.org/2767/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

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Brand, Peter Charles. "A globalização liberal e a escala urbana: perspectivas latino-americanas." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2008v10n1p9.

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O processo de globalização implicou o ressurgimento da cidade-região como unidade geográfica chave no desenvolvimento econômico e o nascimento de um novo período de transformação urbana. A reorganização da economia mundial requereu, ao lado de novas formas de governo local, a reformulação das bases econômicas e também da infra-estrutura, de equipamentos e da própria imagem das cidades. Este processo, que se iniciou nos Estados Unidos e nos países da Europa Ocidental no começo dos anos 1980, levou uma década ou mais para se fazer sentir na América Latina. Enquanto as políticas urbanas avançavam neste sentido, a investigação acadêmica e a reflexão teórica, circunscrevendo-se essencialmente às pautas analíticas e interpretativas estabelecidas em contextos radicalmente distintos do sul-americano, permaneceram na retaguarda, limitadas aos aspectos operacionais da competitividade urbana e marcadas por velhas preocupações com a consolidação da democracia local. Este trabalho examina a cidade latino-americana à luz do debate sobre o “re-escalamento” como produto da globalização, ao mesmo tempo em que explora a contribuição representada por dito debate para a compreensão das estratégias de desenvolvimento urbano. Neste sentido, analisa-se a experiência de algumas cidades colombianas, com ênfase especial para o tema da relação com o Estado nacional e as questões que dizem respeito às políticas de planejamento, às práticas de governo urbano e à reconstrução urbanística. Pretende-se também, aqui, contribuir com algumas idéias que sirvam à elaboração de uma agenda de investigação para a América Latina.Palavras-chave: globalização; “re-escalamento” geográfico; neoliberalismo; desenvolvimento urbano; América Latina. Abstract: An integral part of the globalization process has been the resurgence of the city-region as a key geographical unit for economic development, with the consequent birth of a new period of urban transformation. The reorganization of the global economy and the global redistribution of industry required the restructuring of urban economies, infrastructures and images, as well as new forms of urban governance. This process, which began in the United States and Western Europe in the early 80s, took a decade or so to have a significant effect on Latin America cities. While urban policy has since consolidated considerably in this sense in Latin America, academic research and theoretical reflection has somewhat lagged behind, frequently circumscribed by analytic and interpretative frameworks imported from outside the Latin American context, limited to operative aspects of ‘urban competitiveness’ or dominated by regional concerns over local democracy. This paper examines the Latin American city in the light of the theoretical debate on the reconfiguration of scalar hierarchies and interrelations produced by globalization. It then goes on to review the recent experience of some Colombian cities, with special reference to the themes of state reorganization, planning policy, urban governance and spatial restructuring. The paper concludes with some suggestions concerning a research agenda.Keywords: globalization; geographic re-scaling; neoliberalism; urban development; Latin America.

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Fry, Dustin, Stephen J. Mooney, Daniel A. Rodríguez, Waleska T. Caiaffa, and Gina S. Lovasi. "Assessing Google Street View Image Availability in Latin American Cities." Journal of Urban Health 97, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00408-7.

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AbstractVirtual audits using Google Street View are an increasingly popular method of assessing neighborhood environments for health and urban planning research. However, the validity of these studies may be threatened by issues of image availability, image age, and variance of image age, particularly in the Global South. This study identifies patterns of Street View image availability, image age, and image age variance across cities in Latin America and assesses relationships between these measures and measures of resident socioeconomic conditions. Image availability was assessed at 530,308 near-road points within the boundaries of 371 Latin American cities described by the SALURBAL (Salud Urbana en America Latina) project. At the subcity level, mixed-effect linear and logistic models were used to assess relationships between measures of socioeconomic conditions and image availability, average image age, and the standard deviation of image age. Street View imagery was available at 239,394 points (45.1%) of the total sampled, and rates of image availability varied widely between cities and countries. Subcity units with higher scores on measures of socioeconomic conditions had higher rates of image availability (OR = 1.11 per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001) and the imagery was newer on average (− 1.15 months per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001), but image capture date within these areas varied more (0.59-month increase in standard deviation of image age per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001). All three assessed threats to the validity of Street View virtual audit studies spatially covary with measures of socioeconomic conditions in Latin American cities. Researchers should be attentive to these issues when using Street View imagery.

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Butow, David. "Latino Urbanism." Boom 6, no. 1 (2016): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2016.6.1.88.

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“Latino urbanism” describes the myriad ways that immigrants from Latin America are remaking American cities to feel more like the places from which they came. It describes a culture in many ways the opposite of the “intensely private” city Leon Whiteson described, with an emphasis much more on sociability and extending private and commercial realms outside and onto the street. Perhaps there’s no better example of this than LA’s CicLAvia-modeled on Bogotá’s Ciclovía-the open streets festival that brings tens of thousands of pedestrians and cyclists out onto temporarily closed streets. Latino urbanism is remaking California by adapting what already exists. David Butow’s photo essay captures this dynamic in action in California.

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Schembs, Katharina. "The invention of the “third-world city”: urban planning in Latin America in the 1960s and early 1970s." Esboços: histórias em contextos globais 28, no. 47 (March 30, 2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e75358.

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While the first half of the 20th century was mainly characterized by the importation of urban planning models from Europe and the USA to Latin America, the 1960s represent a turning point: In the context of different development theories, local planners first started to emphasize the supposed structural similarities of Latin American cities and then their parallels with other cities of the Global South. Social theorists, economists and urbanists of the time conceptualized cities not only as litmus tests of the developmental stage of the individual country, but also as motors to enable economic progress. Analyzing different Latin American architectural and urban planning publications, the article traces references toother Latin American and “Third-World” countries that grew in size in the course of the 1960s. In some cases, this even led to South-South contacts in the field of urban planning to the research of which this article is a start.

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Muñoz Sánchez, Carlos Mario, and Robert Ojeda Pérez. "Queer International Relations, Internationalization & Stellar Education: Characterizing Gayborhoods Latin America." Oralidad-es 6 (December 23, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53534/oralidad-es.v6a7.

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The LGBTQ+ movement has been advocating for their rights all over Latin America, thus each country had faced and still faces particular characteristics (legal, cultural, political and social) in order to advocate for the movement rights leading to different methodologies and theories, from anthropological narratives, to analyse it. For instance, Globalized Gayborhoods -as a typology- describe the LGBTQ+ rights status all over the world, specifically in capital cities, and therefore including some Latin-American cities. Regarding this typology, and by questioning it, we ask: How gayborhoods can be characterised in Latin America under Queer IR, internationalization, and narratives under the scope of Staller Education? Thus, we propose Gayborhoods Lat (Latin America) as places that characterise the status of the LGBTQ+ rights in the region based on Queer International Relations, internationalization, and some oral narratives from Stellar Education.

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Martinez, Brandon P., and Alejandro Portes. "Latin American Cities." Sociology of Development 7, no. 1 (2021): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2021.7.1.25.

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We summarize the history of Latin American urbanization with a focus on the evolution of cities from the colonial and post-colonial eras to the adoption of the import-substitution model of development and its subsequent replacement by a neoliberal adjustment model. Consequences for the urban system of both import-substitution and neoliberal policies are examined, with a focus on the evolution of the urban population and trends in several strategic areas. We examine indicators of unemployment and informal employment; poverty and inequality; and urban crime and victimization rates as they evolved from the import-substitution era to the implosion of the neoliberal model that replaced it in the early twenty-first century. The consequences for cities of the disastrous application of this model are summarized as a prelude to the analysis of more recent trends. Based on the latest statistical indicators available, we document a significant decline in unemployment and economic inequality in six Latin American nations that jointly comprise 80 percent of the population of the region. Employment in the informal sector also declined steadily, although it still comprises a large proportion of Latin American labor markets. Consequences of this situation for the citizenry and alternative government policies to address it are discussed.

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Coenen, Craig R. "Latin American Cities." Americas 51, no. 3 (January 1995): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500022641.

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Gocłowska-Bolek, Joanna. "The Role of Competitive Cities as a Response to Regional Challenges in Latin America." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejes-2018-0062.

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Abstract In the article, a phenomenon of urbanization of Latin America was analysed in terms of its impact on the level of competitiveness of the cities. A role that cities play in Latin America’s economy was emphasized. The author has examined a number of reliable reports on competitiveness of the cities and on this basis formulated its assessment of the level of competitiveness on a global basis, including identifying strengths and weaknesses of the cities, key areas for strong economic development and proposes recommendations. Based on the analysis of available data and source reports, the main trends in urbanization have been identified that may affect the dynamics of the Latin American city's competitiveness.

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Lewicz-Więcław, Marta. "La idea de ciudad-jardín de Ebenezer Howard y su contexto histórico-cultural en Europa y América Latina." Sztuka Ameryki Łacińskiej 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/sal202104.

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Ebenezer Howard’s idea of the garden-city and its historical-cultural context in Europe and Latin America This text analyses how the English urban and cultural heritage influenced the European and Latin American world of the 20th century, marked by the industrial revolution, in the context of the creation of new urban centres. The main question was how Ebenezer Howard’s idea of the garden city developed in Latin America and Europe. This article aims to analyse the historical and cultural context of their implementation in developed and developing countries. The research also aims to determine to how well this vision, described as utopian, has been realised in the studied cities, considered to be the most accurate realisations of Howard’s concept in both Europe and Latin America.

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Davis, Diane E., and José Carlos Fernández. "Collective Property Rights and Social Citizenship: Recent Trends in Urban Latin America." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000459.

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This article argues that efforts to implement collective property ownership via community land trusts (CLTs) in Latin America can be seen as a viable means for reducing socio-spatial inequalities, strengthening the urban poor’s ‘right to the city,’ and enabling more substantive social citizenship. It begins by arguing that, in Latin America, market models intended to strengthen individual property rights can increase urban inequality and spatial exclusion. It then examines recent measures undertaken to reverse the negative impacts of these patterns, focusing explicitly on the adoption of CLTs and how they serve as a means for strengthening urban citizenship. After highlighting the fact that CLTs have proliferated in the US and Europe but not Latin America, we explain how and why a few Latin American countries have nonetheless embraced CLTs. Building on deeper analysis of two cases in the region, Puerto Rico and Brazil, we show that despite the legal and governance constraints of Latin American cities, CLTs can materialise when local authorities join with citizens to embrace these models.

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Cederlöf, Gustav. "The Revolutionary City: Socialist Urbanisation and Nuclear Modernity in Cienfuegos, Cuba." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x19000920.

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AbstractDuring the Cold War, Havana symbolised the struggle for national liberation in Latin America. Yet in few other places on the island of Cuba did the Revolution's visions of development materialise as they did in the southern city of Cienfuegos. This article examines why two half-finished nuclear reactors and a decaying ‘nuclear city’ still remain in Cienfuegos. Through a comprehensive spatial and infrastructural transformation of Cuba, the revolutionary government sought to remedy the evils of dependency and unequal exchange. Cienfuegos, and its shifting place in the Cold War political economy, demonstrates how a radical critique of urbanisation merged with the spatiality of centralised energy infrastructure in the pursuit of ultimately-failed nuclear modernity. The history of Cienfuegos draws the academic gaze away from Latin America's major cities to broaden the ‘geographies of theory’ in urban, energy and Latin American studies.

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Retamal-Quijada, Florencia, and Javiera Pavez-Estrada. "La lucha urbana por la reconquista y la redefinición del espacio público en América Latina." Revista Urbano 24, no. 44 (November 30, 2021): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2021.24.44.08.

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Since its inception in ancient Greece, public space has played a key role in the politics and democracy of cities. Its role has been degraded in post-modernity, and reached its deepest crisis in the full maturity of the post-Fordist system (from 1990 onwards). This economic and representation depression, as well as institutional legitimacy, that States are experiencing, have promoted the emergence and resurgence of different social movements that flood cities globally. Here is where the concern of the Frente Urbano Amparo Poch y Gascón collective lies, formed by the authors, to recognize and characterize, from a socio-urban logic, these manifestations and the sustained occupation that public spaces have experienced in different Latin American cities during the last decade. This research, framed within the Virtual Latin American Meeting, Utopías Líquidas, is proposed starting from a mixed methodology of collective mapping, recognizing public spaces, and characterizing their occupation exercised by Latin American social movements, in the dispute to redefine them and regain their political character, and thus value the different Latin American social movements and their struggles, in an act that encourages resistance and solidarity.

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Davis, Diane. "The production of space and violence in cities of the global south: Evidence from Latin America." Nóesis. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 25, no. 49-1 (March 3, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20983/noesis.2016.12.1.

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Walteros, Jeymmy M., and Alonso Ramírez. "Urban streams in Latin America: Current conditions and research needs." Revista de Biología Tropical 68, S2 (October 22, 2020): S13—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68is2.44330.

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Introduction: Latin America is a highly urbanized region, with most of its population living in cities and urban centers. While information about urban streams in Latin America is rather limited, streams are expected to experience similar environmental impacts and conservation issues as urban streams in parts of the globe, including habitat loss, channelization, sewage discharge, trash, and loss of riparian habitats. Objective: We surveyed a network of researchers from approximately 80% of the countries in Latin America to obtain information on the condition, state of knowledge, and threats to urban streams in the region. Methods: Most participants were reached via the Macrolatinos@ network (www.macrolatinos.net). Results: We obtained 104 responses from researchers in 18 of the 23 Latin American countries. Most urban streams are impacted or degraded, and inputs of contaminants and wastewater discharges were considered major drivers of stream degradation. Most respondents indicated that stream channelization is common, with some streams completely channelized or buried. Sewage and rainfall runoff management were identified as a major factor degrading streams, with most respondents suggesting that streams are a primary destination for wastewater discharge, much of which is untreated. Major limitations to urban stream conservation in Latin America are the result of limited ecological knowledge, lack of citizen interest or political will to protect them. There are isolated efforts to restore urban streams and riparian zones, but these are initial steps that need further development. Conclusions: Our research network of Latin American scientists proved to be a valuable tool to assess a large number of urban rivers in a relatively understudied region. Urban streams in Latin America face a diversity of stressors and management challenges, and we propose three areas that would benefit from further research to improve our understanding and management of these systems: (1) Studies should focus on the watershed, rather than isolated reaches, (2) researchers should strive to attain a better understanding of ecosystem function and the services provided by urban streams to justify management and restoration efforts, and (3) studies that integrate economic models where downstream users pay for upstream protection and restoration could prove beneficial for many Latin American cities in attempting to address water conservation issues.

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Angotti, Tom, and Clara Irazábal. "Planning Latin American Cities." Latin American Perspectives 44, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16689556.

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Messina, Graciela, and Raúl Valdés-Cotera. "Educating cities in Latin America." International Review of Education 59, no. 4 (September 2013): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11159-013-9369-x.

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Sirkis, Gabriela, Otto Regalado-Pezúa, Orly Carvache-Franco, and Wilmer Carvache-Franco. "The Determining Factors of Attractiveness in Urban Tourism: A Study in Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Bogota, and Lima." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 6900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116900.

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This research aims to examine the tourist recognition of the different attractions of the four most populous Spanish-speaking cities in Latin America: Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Bogotá, and Lima, and determine the factors that group these attractions and evaluate their degree of importance. Factor analysis technique was used to reduce the perceptions into relevant factors. The methodology used is quantitative, transversal, and non-experimental. The results indicate that the tourist attraction of a city has four main factors: the nucleus, the tourism ecosystem, Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions/Events (MICE) and shows, and the related services. The research has theoretical implications because it determines that tourists perceive attractions at four levels in these Latin American cities, each of which is made up of tourist attractions different from those mentioned in the literature. The research has practical implications, since officials and those responsible for tourism in Latin American cities can improve their plans by considering the factors of tourist attraction that generate a greater influx of tourists in the cities examined.

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Bilal, Usama, Philipp Hessel, Carolina Perez-Ferrer, Yvonne L. Michael, Tania Alfaro, Janeth Tenorio-Mucha, Amelia A. L. Friche, et al. "Life expectancy and mortality in 363 cities of Latin America." Nature Medicine 27, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-01214-4.

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AbstractThe concept of a so-called urban advantage in health ignores the possibility of heterogeneity in health outcomes across cities. Using a harmonized dataset from the SALURBAL project, we describe variability and predictors of life expectancy and proportionate mortality in 363 cities across nine Latin American countries. Life expectancy differed substantially across cities within the same country. Cause-specific mortality also varied across cities, with some causes of death (unintentional and violent injuries and deaths) showing large variation within countries, whereas other causes of death (communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional, cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases) varied substantially between countries. In multivariable mixed models, higher levels of education, water access and sanitation and less overcrowding were associated with longer life expectancy, a relatively lower proportion of communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional deaths and a higher proportion of deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases. These results highlight considerable heterogeneity in life expectancy and causes of death across cities of Latin America, revealing modifiable factors that could be amenable to urban policies aimed toward improving urban health in Latin America and more generally in other urban environments.

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Darnton, Christopher. "Asymmetry and Agenda-Setting in U.S.-Latin American Relations: Rethinking the Origins of the Alliance for Progress." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (October 2012): 55–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00276.

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The Alliance for Progress anchored U.S. Cold War strategy in Latin America in the early 1960s, and policymakers nowadays still cite it as a model of success. Even so, the origins of the Alliance remain contested. Some scholars have attributed it mainly to the Kennedy administration, others to the Eisenhower administration, and still others to Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek, whose Operation Pan-America led to the 1960 Treaty of Bogotá. This article outlines the terms and stakes of the ongoing debate among scholars and U.S. decision-makers; it also emphasizes agenda-setting rather than regional power asymmetries to explain how Brazil influenced U.S. policy. Finally, drawing on archival research in the Brazilian and Argentine Foreign Ministries and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as on published Latin American policy documents and U.S. congressional records, the article shows that Kubitschek created partnerships with Argentina and Colombia and built a Latin American consensus within the OAS, thereby establishing the range of U.S. foreign policy options and setting the inter-American agenda.

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Orellana, Marjorie, María Meza, and Kate Pietsch. "Mexican Immigrant Networks and Home-School Connections." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.r613112065772466.

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As the 2000 census makes clear, the Latino population in the United States is growing faster than any other group. Much of the growth is due to immigration from Mexico and other countries in Latin America, and many immigrants are settling in cities and towns far from traditional "receiving communities," in areas of the country that have historically had little contact with non-English speakers.

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Fraile, Marta, and Raul Gomez. "Why Does Alejandro Know More about Politics than Catalina? Explaining the Latin American Gender Gap in Political Knowledge." British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 1 (February 4, 2015): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000532.

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This article tests contextual and individual-level explanations of the gender gap in political knowledge in Latin American countries. It suggests that this gap is impacted by political and economic settings through two interrelated mechanisms: gender accessibility (that is, the extent of available opportunities for women to influence the political agenda) and gender-bias signaling (that is, the extent to which women play important roles in the public sphere). Analyzing data from the 2008 Americas Barometer survey, this study shows that the gender gap in political knowledge is smaller among highly educated citizens, in rural areas (where both men and women know little about politics) and in bigger cities (where women’s levels of political knowledge are higher). More importantly, the magnitude of the gap varies greatly across countries. Gender differences in income, party system institutionalization and the representation of women in national parliaments are all found to play a particularly important role in explaining the magnitude of the gender gap in political knowledge across Latin America.

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Méndez-Chacón, Ericka. "Evaluación psicométrica de la escala de depresión de Yesavage en adultos mayores latinoamericanos." Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines 38, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.16888/interd.2021.38.2.7.

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Con el cambio en los patrones demográficos y las mejoras en los sistemas de salud, se espera un aumento de la población adulta mayor en el mundo y especialmente en América Latina. Esto genera un aumento en la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas; una de ellas es la depresión. La depresión supone costos sociales y financieros que pueden causar trastornos a la salud y a la vida cotidiana de quien la padece y de quienes están alrededor, ya que conduce a una morbilidad y mortalidad altas. El presente estudio pretende proporcionar más evidencia psicométrica sobre la idoneidad dela Escala corta de Yessavage (GDS-15) como instrumento para identificar síntomas depresivos en varias poblaciones de adultos mayores, sin patologías específicas, de diferentes países de Latinoamérica. Se utilizaron los datos de los estudios de la Encuesta sobre Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe (SABE) y Costa Rica, y el Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CRELES). Se hizo uso de la teoría clásica de los tests y un modelo de Rasch. Se encontró que la escala presenta buenos indicadores de consistencia interna con Alphas de Cronbach superiores a .8 en la mayoría de los países. Cuando se evalúa con el modelo de Rasch se identifican varios ítems que no ajustan al modelo, lo que podría relacionarse con los contextos culturales o al hecho de ser población general, por lo que se sugiere que se evalúe el efecto de factores sociales, demográficos, culturales, educativos, roles de género y red de apoyo social en un modelo multinivel.

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Doyle, Caroline. "Perceptions and Realities of Violence in Medellín, Colombia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 8, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i2.1010.

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Latin America is one of the most violent regions in the world, and this is particularly evident in its many cities. While urban violence scholars and policymakers generally rely on homicide rates to measure levels of violence in urban environments, these objective indicators often do not capture its realities. By drawing from over six months of fieldwork in the Latin American city of Medellín, Colombia, this paper shows how Medellín has experienced a significant reduction in homicides, but both real and perceived violence continues to have a significant effect on residents’ lives. The article contributes to the urban violence debate by highlighting its complexity in Latin America and how it is not fully quantifiable. The article has been kindly translated into Spanish by the author and can be viewed in both English and Spanish

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Stokes, Susan C. "Politics and Latin America's Urban Poor: Reflections from a Lima Shantytown." Latin American Research Review 26, no. 2 (1991): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100023761.

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In the early 1970s, Wayne Cornelius asked, “Are the migrant masses revolutionary? Definitely not, at least in Latin America and many other parts of the developing world.” These words summarized an emerging revisionist view of the political character of Latin America's new urban poor. Careful empirical research had proved wrong previous scholars and observers who had expected the new migrant populations in Latin America's cities to become sources of support for revolutionary political movements. A new picture of the inhabitants of Latin America's burgeoning shantytowns came into focus, showing these populations to be either passive or loyally engaged in the surrounding political system. According to this picture, squatters held considerable hope for individual advancement, forged clientelistic ties with government officials, and showed few signs of joining radicalized, class-conscious social movements.

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Edel, Matthew. "Latin American Cities: Recognizing Complexities." Latin American Research Review 23, no. 1 (1988): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100034774.

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Heffes, Gisela. "Reimagining Contemporary Latin American Cities." World Literature Today 83, no. 2 (2009): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2009.0242.

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Holloway, Thomas H. "Immigrants in Latin American Cities." Journal of Urban History 32, no. 1 (November 2005): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144205276992.

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ROBERTS, BRYAN R. "Globalization and Latin American Cities." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29, no. 1 (March 2005): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00573.x.

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Angotti, Tom. "Book Review: Cities in Latin America." Latin American Perspectives 33, no. 6 (November 2006): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x06294141.

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Piña, William Alfonso. "Urbanization: Concepts, Trends and Analysis in Three Latin American Cities." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0020.

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Abstract Explanatory models on the urban expansion process have focussed mainly on the dynamic of cities in the developed countries that are characterized by a strong institutional framework, a culture of urban planning, and compliance with the rules. This paper analyses the phenomenon of urban expansion in three Latin American cities (Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City), taking into account cities with a strong process of urbanization and where the local administration does not have enough control over the growth of cities due to the high rate of migration determining sub-urbanization, peri-urbanization, exo-urbanization, and counter-urbanization processes similar to developed countries. However, these processes may be related to hidden or displaced urbanization in rural areas of municipalities and metropolitan areas or intermediate cities due to the dynamics of urban consolidation. In every Latin American country, the participation and combination of these phenomena are different, although the results are similar: the advance of urban expansion with more segmented, disperse and distant patterns of large urban centres. This analysis determine the characteristics of the urbanization process taking into account physical and geographic aspects, urbanization trends and socioeconomic features in cities selected of Latin America and determines their impact determining the importance to formulate adequate policies that integrates environmental and socioeconomic aspects to achieve sustainable development in urban contexts.

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Ward, Peter M. "Contemporary issues in the government and administration of Latin American megacities." Revista de Administração de Empresas 36, no. 3 (September 1996): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-75901996000300006.

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This paper is the first to systematically analyze and compare the structures of city governance and administration for seven major cities in Latin America, four of which are megacities (population of over 10 million), and three others are large national capitals. U.S. and U. K. models of city administration are reviewed as baseline models against which differences in Latin American may be explored. Structures of Government in Latin America show several important features and trends: 1) the lack of metropolitan (cross jurisdictional) authority; 2) the existence of strong mayors and weak councils"; 3) high levels of partisanship; 4) overlapping rather than interlocking bureaucracies; 5) pressures towards the privatization of city services, but continuing tension over the desirability of public versus private control; 6) greater fiscal responsibility and autonomy; and 7), a continuing marginalization of public participation in megacity governance.In spite of these features, many cities throughout the region (regardless of whether they are megacity size or national capitals), are actively intensifying their efforts to develop more effective, accountable and democratic governance structures.

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Kauark-Fontes, Beatriz, César E. Ortiz-Guerrero, Livia Marchetti, Jaime Hernández-Garcia, and Fabio Salbitano. "Towards Adaptive Governance of Urban Nature-Based Solutions in Europe and Latin America—A Qualitative Exploratory Study." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 4479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054479.

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The concept and application of nature-based solutions (NBS) have been rapidly progressing in Europe and Latin America, reflecting a transition in the way that urban governance is perceived. There is a large call for the collaborative, polycentric, and interdisciplinary governance of NBS. However, research on options for operationalising these governance processes in different contexts is still insufficient. This study explores and analyses the operationalisation of NBS adaptive governance in Europe and Latin America. Seven cities that are part of the project EU-H2020 CONEXUS have been selected as case studies: Barcelona, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo, and Turin. This contribution aims to (i) understand how NBS governance processes are managed; (ii) identify the main positive and negative factors that influence NBS adaptive governance; and (iii) understand common factors and relationships that can hinder or drive forward adaptive governance for NBS in the investigated contexts. The results revealed common priorities indicating a shared pathway for Europe and Latin America; however, context-dependent specificities were also observed. These findings can be used to support cities in both European and American contexts in developing plans and actions for the more efficient enabling of NBS implementation and governance through adaptive governance.

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Benton, Lauren A. "Reshaping The Urban Core: The Politics of Housing in Authoritarian Uruguay." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 2 (1986): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910001596x.

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The problem of squatter settlements in Latin American cities has received far greater attention than any other theme in Latin American urban studies in the last fifteen years. The issues and debates at the heart of the field—the definition of the culture of poverty, the question of the marginality of the poor, and the concept of the urban informal sector—all have evolved out of and centered on discussing the plight of urban squatters. The sheer magnitude of the phenomenon of squatting in urban Latin America no doubt justifies this degree of attention. In addition, pursuit of the topic has provided a rich source of data for theorists interested in reinterpreting Latin American urban development from a Marxist perspective. The emphasis on squatting has also had some negative consequences, however. One result is that other important themes and other areas outside the urban periphery have received only superficial treatment; another is that the general applicability of the insights derived from the analysis of squatting has remained in doubt.

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Bélanger, Hélenne. "Will professionals return to the centre of Latin America cities? The residential aspirations of professional households in Puebla, México." Anuario de Espacios Urbanos, Historia, Cultura y Diseño, no. 12.2 (December 1, 2005): 232–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/kyku5526.

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Assis Comaru, Francisco de, and Marcia Faria Westphal. "Housing, Urban Development and Health in Latin America: Contrasts, Inequalities and Challenges." Reviews on Environmental Health 19, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2004): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2004-19-3-410.

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Abstract Since the outset of the 201 h century, growing urbanization and its contingent waxing populations in Latin America, including Brazil, have come to have alarming effects on the conditions of life, especially in the areas of housing and healthcare for such populations. In this paper, we present data describing and qualifying the process of urbanization and its consequences for Latin American countries and certain Brazilian cities. Arguments are presented about the effects of the urbanization process and the development of low-income human settlements (slums known as favelas and squatting in tenement housing) on health conditions, diseases, and the death rate. The first part of the paper is based on secondary and quantitative data about urbanization, housing, and health in Brazilian and other Latin American cities. Governmental and nongovernmental data are used to structure the problematic landscape of the Latin American region. In the second part of the paper, we focus on a case study of a Brazilian coast city that has registered an intense population growth. This study demonstrates that urban policy (housing, environmental, sanitation, and urban transportation) requires an integration of health and environmental public policy and demonstrates the importance of the role of popular participation in urban public policy-making, and the potential importance of the Bertiioga Healthy City Project from the perspective of a better integration of actions, policies, and programs.

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Wu, Su, Neema Simon Sumari, Ting Dong, Gang Xu, and Yanfang Liu. "Characterizing Urban Expansion Combining Concentric-Ring and Grid-Based Analysis for Latin American Cities." Land 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050444.

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Spatio-temporal characterization of urban expansion is the first step towards understanding how cities grow in space. We summarize two approaches used in urban expansion measurement, namely, concentric-ring analysis and grid-based analysis. Concentric-ring analysis divides urban areas into a series of rings, which is used to quantify the distance decay of urban elements from city centers. Grid-based analysis partitions a city into regular grids that are used to interpret local dynamics of urban growth. We combined these two approaches to characterize the urban expansion between 2000–2014 for five large Latin American cities (São Paulo, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bogotá, Columbia; Santiago, Chile). Results show that the urban land (built-up area) density in concentric rings decreases from city centers to urban fringe, which can be well fitted by an inverse S curve. Parameters of fitting curves reflect disparities of urban extents and urban form among these five cities over time. Grid-based analysis presents the transformation of population from central to suburban areas, where new urban land mostly expands. In the global context, urban expansion in Latin America is far less rapid than countries or regions that are experiencing fast urbanization, such as Asia and Africa. Urban form of Latin American cities is particularly compact because of their rugged topographies with natural limitations.

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Brown, Michael K. "Black and Multiracial Politics in America Edited by Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh and Lawrence J. Hanks. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 404p. $55.00 cloth, $21.00 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 3 (September 2002): 629–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402420369.

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The waves of immigrants arriving in the United States over the last 20 years, largely from Latin America and Asia, have settled in a few states—mainly California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey—and in big cities in those states. Like the migration of African Americans to northern cities in the twentieth century and the suburbanization of whites, this demographic transformation is remaking urban politics. Black and Multiracial Politics in America, a collection of original essays, addresses the implications of this change for “the practice and process of black and multiracial politics in American society” (p. xiii). The authors seek to forge a new link between the study of black and the study of multiracial politics.

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Portes, Alejandro. "Latin American Urbanization During the Years of the Crisis." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 3 (1989): 7–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100022986.

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The purpose of this article is to review recent trends in the process of urbanization in major Latin American cities. Abundant literature on Third World urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s painted a fairly coherent picture of the process during these decades. That image, which has been generally accepted in both academic and policy circles, serves as the backdrop against which contemporary trends will be evaluated here. The population in Latin America was becoming rapidly urbanized, but the process has been frequently described as “distorted” in a number of ways by the common condition of underdevelopment in which these countries found themselves.

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Soriano, Jose A., Luis A. Borba, Dylan Griswold, Laura Fernandez, and Andres Mariano Rubiano Escobar. "Global Neurosurgery Activities in the Latin American Region." JOURNAL OF GLOBAL NEUROSURGERY 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51437/jgns.v1i1.19.

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Latin America comprises 33 countries and 15 dependencies of other countries, having a population of over 630 million inhabitants(Tables 1 and 2). As one of the most urbanized regions worldwide and with many diverse cities, there is a large variability i n lifeexpectancy and mortality profiles. A recent study on the life expectancy and mortality in 363 Latin American towns published in Naturefound that Life expectancy at birth ranges from 74–83 years and 63–77 years in women and men. Regarding mortality profiles, theyfound proportionate mortality by violent injury from near 0%, like Italy, to almost 20%, identical to Iraq (1)

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Garza, Nestor. "Skyscrapers in Santiago: 300 meters of globalization agenda." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 35, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-05-2016-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess alternative economic explanations of buildings’ height in Latin America and Chile, inductively producing a theory about skyscrapers’ height in emerging countries. In the quest for height, global exposure as advertising guides developers located in emerging economies, while ego-building for investors. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses mixed methods triangulation (MMT). Findings with small sample econometrics for 38 cities from 13 different countries are re-interpreted by linguistically analyzing 11 semi-structured interviews with local experts in Santiago. Findings Globalization is the main determinant of skyscrapers height in the Latin American region, its interaction with the need to portray management and technical skills of developer firms, determines a process toward over-construction. Research limitations/implications Because of small sample bias, the quantitative results are not fully reliable, but this is precisely why it makes sense to use MMT. Practical implications Santiago offers a valuable case study because, on the one hand, Chile was the first Latin American country to undertake neoliberal type reforms, as early as 1973. On the other, the tallest Latin American skyscraper is to be completed in this city by 2015. The theory developed, derived from the evidence and the perceptions, has a Global South reach and can open-up an empirical research agenda. Originality/value This paper innovates in real estate research by using MMT, not just to confirm quantitative findings, but as an inductive theory building tool. It also analyses Latin America, a region with scarce presence in the literature.

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Tullis, LaMond. "Illicit drugs and vulnerable communities." International Review of the Red Cross 34, no. 301 (August 1994): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400078694.

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In the 1980s and 1990s vulnerable people worldwide have suffered assaults on their basic survival and civilized existence. Ethnic upheavals have convulsed the former Yugoslavia and new republics of the former USSR. The struggles have produced human tragedies beyond calculation in Rwanda. Political terrorists have operated freely in some Latin American, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries. Hunger, disease, ethnic strife, and praetorian governments continue to stalk much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Economic restructuring has marginalized citizens of some countries, placing people even further below already abysmal poverty lines. Families and civilized social values continue to disintegrate in the inner cities of the United States of America where income disparities between the poor and everyone else are increasing, threatening to create an underclass extending well beyond current geographical confines.

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Hernández-Hernández, Rafael, Honorio Silva, Manuel Velasco, Fabio Pellegrini, Alejandro Macchia, Jorge Escobedo, Raul Vinueza, et al. "Hypertension in seven Latin American cities: the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study." Journal of Hypertension 28, no. 1 (January 2010): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0b013e328332c353.

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N, Gouveia, Hernández A, Cortínez O’Ryan A, Rodriguez D, Texcalac J, Tapia Granados J, Ballester L, McClure L, Morales R, and Wang X. "Ambient PM2.5 in Latin American cities." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607280.86151.6c.

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Greenfield, Gerald Michael. "New Perspectives on Latin American Cities." Journal of Urban History 15, no. 2 (February 1989): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614428901500205.

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Kicza, John E., Louisa Schell Hoberman, and Susan Migden Socolow. "Cities and Society in Colonial Latin America." American Historical Review 92, no. 4 (October 1987): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864144.

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Quintero, Cristian. "The Geekiest Cities in Latin America [Editorial]." IEEE Potentials 36, no. 4 (July 2017): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpot.2017.2696178.

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Andrien, Kenneth J. "Cities and Society in Colonial Latin America." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-68.1.114.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Latin America citie'

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