Dissertations / Theses: 'Latex naturel'

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Gay, Gérard. "L'allergie immediate au latex naturel." Angers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ANGE1042.

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Wisunthorn, Pansook Suwaluk. "Etude de l'élaboration par séchage et des propriétés fonctionnelles de films à base de latex naturel d'Hevea brasiliensis." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20051.

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Alousque, Fanny. "Etude de la stabilité colloïdale du latex de caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066648.

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Cette thèse, menée en collaboration avec Michelin dans le cadre de la fabrication de matériaux composites, porte sur la stabilité colloïdale du latex de caoutchouc naturel (NR). Ce latex est une dispersion colloïdale polydisperse d'un polymère naturel dans un sérum aqueux. Les particules sont stabilisées par une couche complexe de phospholipides et de protéines. Cette dispersion peut être coagulée de façon irréversible par voie physique (sous cisaillement) ou par voie physico-chimique (ajout de cations divalents ou de particules hydrophobes). Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la coagulation du latex par les cations divalents. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des outils physico-chimiques : diagrammes de stabilité en présence de divers cations, suivi cinétique de l'agrégation des particules et mesures rhéologiques. Ensuite, nous avons sondé la surface de particules de NR, par électrophorèse, en présence de tensioactifs et aussi selon la taille des particules. Pour expliquer la coagulation, nous suggérons que l'augmentation de la force ionique écrante les interactions répulsives et que les cations forment des ponts ioniques entre les particules. Ces ponts les maintiennent au contact et l'irréversibilité du phénomène est assurée par l'adhésion entre les chaines de polymères proches de la surface. L'adsorption des tensioactifs modifie la surface des particules et la coagulation du latex. Une légère différence de charge de surface a été observée entre les particules de NR selon leur taille. Enfin, un phénomène de coagulation similaire a été obtenu avec un latex synthétique, ce qui ouvre la voie à l'exploitation industrielle de ce phénomène de coagulation
This work, in collaboration with Michelin for the fabrication of composite materials, deals with the colloidal stability of the latex of natural rubber (NR). The NR latex is a polydisperse colloidal dispersion of a bio-polymer in an aqueous serum. The particles are stabilized by a complex layer of phospholipids and proteins. This dispersion can be coagulated by a physical way (under shearing), or by a physical-chemical way (addition of divalent cations or hydrophobic particles). In this thesis, we studied the coagulation of the NR latex by divalent cations with physical-chemical tools (stability diagrams with different cations, aggregation kinetic of particles, rheological measuremments). Then, the surface of NR particles has been characterized by electrophoresis, firstly in the presence surfactants and secondly depending on the particles size. From the results of the first part we suggest that the coagulation with divalent cations is due to a screening effect because of the increase of ionic strength and that divalent cations can bridge the particles together. This allows keeping them in contact. Adhesion between polymer chains near the surface ensures the irrversible cohesion. In a second time, we saw that the adsorption of surfactants changes the particles surface and the coagulation of NR latex with cations. A small difference of surface charge is observed between the biggest and the smallest NR particles. Finally, a similar behavior has been obtained with a synthetic latex in presence of divalent cations. Our results could be used to develop an industrial process based on this coagulation phenomenon

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GIBAUD, BERTRAND. "Le latex de caoutchouc naturel et sa biocompatbilite (en particulier avec le tissu osseux)." Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT038M.

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Rubio, Alexandre. "Dépollution d'un effluent industriel complexe par filtration membranaire : propriétés du latex naturel de skim concentré." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0013.

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Le latex naturel d’hévéa (LCN) est une dispersion colloïdale aqueuse de caoutchouc naturel de polyisoprène (PI). Après concentration, le LCN (1,2 Mt/an) a de nombreuses applications (gants chirurgicaux, préservatifs) grâce aux propriétés de son composant principal, le PI. La centrifugation, méthode de concentration généralement utilisée, donne un co-produit (skim) pauvre en particules de caoutchouc (5 % massique) mais riche en composés non caoutchouc. Sa récupération actuelle (coagulation par H2SO4) conduit à un caoutchouc de basse qualité et l’effluent final est polluant pour les rivières (H2S). Des essais antérieurs de filtration avaient montré la faisabilité du concept, mais présentaient une faible productivité, des problèmes de coagulation, de colmatage.La thèse vise un procédé de concentration du skim par ultrafiltration (UF), récupérant le PI de qualité et réduisant la charge de l’effluent, destiné à l’application industrielle, dans le cadre du projet Filtexcol (ADEME). L’optimisation du procédé a inclus la caractérisation chimique et physicochimique des skims au-delà des seuls paramètres hydrodynamiques en unité pilote. La composition chimique (espèces non caoutchouc) des skims étudiés est variable (taux de lipides, protéines, tensioactifs (TA) anioniques, non ioniques). Leur stabilité au cisaillement est mesurée via un test rapide mis au point pour être utilisable en usine, adapté à la faible charge du milieu (PI ~3-5 %, non-PI ~2 %). L’aptitude d’un skim à l’UF peut être estimée via sa stabilité sous forte contrainte de cisaillement, paramètre principal limitant.La stabilité augmente avec le taux de protéines extractibles et de TA non ioniques. Elle est améliorée par des additifs à des taux précis sous peine d’obtenir l’effet inverse. Par contre, la stabilité n’est pas liée au potentiel Zêta. L’effet des TA non ioniques (mono-, diacylglycérols) formés par hydrolyse des lipides indique une stabilisation par répulsion stérique, mais la corrélation observée aussi avec les protéines, combinée aux TA anioniques (savons) en forte concentration et au pH optimal supérieur à 9,5, peut impliquer aussi la répulsion électrostatique. Nos résultats montrent une structure complexe différente de celle du LCN concentré. Ces résultats relatifs à la physicochimie contrôlant la stabilité du skim, combinés à la granulométrie, ont permis de choisir en pilote 10 L le type de pompe (équipement critique en raison du risque de fort cisaillement) et de membrane (ZrO2), de réaliser un pilote de 100L équipé d’un module membranaire multicanal pour l’industrie, de déterminer le domaine critique d’UF (pression transmembranaire, vitesse tangentielle, taux de retour rétentat) vis-à-vis du flux de perméat J (flux critique, flux limite) et les conditions partiellement optimisées via un plan d’expérience combiné à la simulation par réseau de neurones artificiels. Le contrôle du pH durant le nettoyage et le conditionnement de la membrane assure un J élevé dès le début de l’UF. Mais même hors du domaine critique, J initial est très inférieur J-eau (1/20), l’interaction rapide skim-membrane introduit la principale résistance hydraulique puis J reste stable, témoignant de l’absence d’interactions ultérieures. Le fait de concentrer le PI (rétentat) augmente proportionnellement la résistance jusqu’au facteur de concentration volumique ~3, au-delà elle évolue peu. J se stabilise à 20 L/h.m² après 20 h d’UF. Le régime de filtration recherché via la loi des puissances est de type SBM : faible colmatage de la membrane durant la concentration (bouchage partiel à l’intérieur de pores). La totalité du PI et les non-PI (protéines et lipides) associés aux particules sont retenus et concentrés en pilote 100 L jusqu’à ~40 % de matière sèche ; la demande chimique en oxygène du nouvel effluent (perméat) est divisée par 4. Ces performances ouvrent la voie à des essais à plus grande échelle et à des applications prometteuses
Natural rubber latex (LCN) is an aqueous colloidal dispersion of polyisoprene (PI) natural rubber. After concentration, LCN (1,2 Mt/an) has many applications (surgical gloves, condoms) thanks to the properties of its main component, PI. Centrifugation concentration is mainly performed, producing a co-product (skim) with low rubber particle content (5% weight) but rich in non-rubber compounds. Its current recovery (H2SO4 coagulation) leads to low-quality rubber and the final effluent is hazardous for rivers (H2S). Previous filtration tests have proven the feasibility of the concept, but showed low productivity, coagulation problems and clogging.The thesis aims for a skim concentration process by ultrafiltration (UF), recovering the valuable PI and reducing the load of the effluent - for industrial application – within the Filtexcol project (ADEME). The process optimization included chemical and physicochemical characterization beyond only hydrodynamic parameters with a pilot plant. The chemical composition (non-rubber compounds) of the studied skims varies (lipid content, protein, anionic and nonionic surfactants (TA)). Their shear stability is measured with a rapid test developed to be factory use compatible, adapted to low load medium (PI ~3-5% ; non-PI ~2%). The UF suitability of the skim can be estimated via its high shear stability, the main limiting factor. The stability increases with the extractible protein and the non-ionic TA content. It is improved by precise additive amounts otherwise leading to the opposite effect. However stability is not related to the Zeta potential. The effect of nonionic TA (mono and diacylglycerol) formed by lipid hydrolysis indicates stabilization by steric repulsion, but the correlation also observed with proteins combined to anionic TA (soaps) in high concentration and optimal pH above 9,5 can also involve electrostatic repulsion.Our results show a complex structure different from the concentrated LCN’s. These results related to physcochemistry controlling the stability of the skim, combined with granulometry, allowed to choose through a 10L pilot the pump type (critical equipment due to the risk of high shear) and the membrane (ZrO2), to build a 100L pilot with a multicanal industrial membrane module, to determine a critical UF area (transmembrane pressure, tangential speed, retentate return rate) regarding the permeate flux J (critical flux, limit flux) and the partially optimized conditions via an experimental plan combined with artificial neural network simulation.PH control during cleaning and membrane conditioning ensures high J since early UF operation. But even outside of the critical area, initial J is very inferior to J-water (1/20), the rapid skim-membrane interaction introduces the main hydraulic resistance then J remains stable, reflecting the absence of subsequent interactions. Concentrating PI (retentate) increases proportionally the resistance to the volume concentration factor ~3 after which it decreases only slightly.J stabilizes at 20 L/h.m² after 20h of UF. The filtration state searched by the power law is SBM : low membrane fouling during concentration (partial blockage inside the pores). The entire PI and the particle-associated non-PIs (proteins and lipids) are retained and concentrated into the 100L pilot until ~40% dry matter; the chemical oxygen demand of the new effluent is divided by 4. These performance open the way to larger-scale trials and promising applications

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Bellacicco, Sophie. "Etude de l’impact de l’origine clonale du latex d’Hevea brasiliensis sur la composition biochimique du latex et la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0003.

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Le caoutchouc naturel produit du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis a des propriétés remarquables qui n'ont jamais été égalées par ses homologues synthétiques. Toutefois, ce matériau d'origine naturel présente un désavantage : la variabilité non négligeable de ses propriétés. Cette dernière est partiellement attribuée aux 3 à 5 % de composés non isoprènes (lipides, protéines, sucres et minéraux) présents dans le caoutchouc naturel. Parmi les facteurs pouvant être tenus comme responsables de cette variabilité, l'origine clonale semble prépondérante. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact de l'origine clonale sur la variabilité en composition biochimique du latex (lipides, protéines, sucres et éléments minéraux) et sur les caractéristiques mésostructurales du caoutchouc naturel; puis d'étudier les relations pouvant exister entre le génotype, la composition biochimique du latex et la mésostructure du caoutchouc. Cette étude a été conduite sur 5 clones d'Hevea brasiliensis : GT1, RRIM600, PB235, PB217 et PB260. Des études préalables à la caractérisation clonale ont permis de déterminer les conditions d'échantillonnage à mettre en œuvre pour pratiquer des prélèvements de latex clonaux les plus représentatifs possible des clones. Le latex étant un matériau instable, il été choisi de travailler sur du latex lyophilisé pour l'analyse de tous les composés biochimiques du latex (autres que les lipides) et pour l'étude de la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel. Des protocoles d'extractions des protéines et des sucres sur lyophilisat de latex ont été développés en se basant sur les propriétés de solubilisation du caoutchouc naturel en milieu organique. L'extraction des lipides a été réalisée en suivant le protocole mis au point sur plantation sur latex frais par Liengrayoon (Liengprayoon, 2008). Les différents résultats obtenus au niveau de la composition biochimique du latex et de la mésostructure du caoutchouc ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importante de l'origine clonale des latex. L'étude des relations entre le génotype et la composition biochimique du latex (ACP) a clairement montré que l'origine clonale jouait un rôle important dans la variabilité totale des données biochimiques du latex. Les analyses des relations entre la biochimie du latex et la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel ont permis de mettre en évidence des corrélations intéressantes des lipides et des protéines avec la mésostructure (essentiellement Mn et I). Cette analyse biochimique clonale des latex s'est révélée pertinente pour étudier la diversité clonale et ses répercutions sur la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel. Cette approche de la diversité clonale d'Hevea brasiliensis, ainsi que les connaissances acquises lors de cette étude constituent une base de données solide à compléter par des études futures sur des plantations différentes, des clones différents et des analyses biochimiques et structurales plus poussées
Natural rubber produced from Hevea brasiliensis latex possesses remarkable properties which have not been matched by its synthetic counterparts. However, this natural origin material presents a disadvantage: the significant variability of its properties. This variability has been partly ascribed to the 3 to 5% non isoprene components (lipids, proteins, sugars and minerals) present in the natural rubber. Among the factors that could be held responsible for this variability, clonal origin seems to be decisive.The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clonal origin on the biochemical latex composition and on natural rubber mésostructural characteristics and also to study relationships between genotype, latex biochemical composition and rubber mesostructure. This study was conducted with five Hevea brasiliensis clones: GT1, RRIM600, PB235, PB217 and PB260. Before clonal characterization, preliminary studies were performed to determine the suitable sampling conditions in order to get the latex samples that represented as much as possible the clones. Fresh latex is an unstable material. It was decided to work on freeze-dried latex for the biochemical components analysis (except lipids) and for the natural rubber mesostructure study. Protocols for proteins and sugars' extractions on freeze-dried latex have been developed on the natural rubber solubilizing properties in organic media. Lipids extractions was performed according to the protocol developed by Liengrayoon (Liengprayoon , 2008) on fresh latex.The different results obtained on the latex biochemical composition and the natural rubber mesostructure allowed to clearly observe the clonal origin importance. Study of relationships between genotype and latex biochemical composition (PCA) has clearly shown that the clonal origin played an important role in the total variability of latex biochemical data. Analysis of relationships between latex biochemistry and natural rubber mesostructure helped highlight interesting correlations of lipids and proteins with mesostructure (mainly Mn and I).This biochemical analysis of clonal latex has proved to be appropriate for studying the clonal diversity and its repercussions on the natural rubber mesostructure. This approach of Hevea brasiliensis clonal diversity, and the knowledge gained from this study, provides a solid basis to be completed by further studies on different plantations, different clones and further biochemical and structural analyses

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Musigamart, Natedao. "Study of the role of lipids from maturated coagula from Hevea brasiliensis latex on natural rubber behavior in oxidative conditions." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0004/document.

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Le caoutchouc naturel (CN), un produit dérivé du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis, est connu pour ses propriétés mécaniques supérieures pour certaines à celles de ses concurrents synthétiques. Néanmoins, le haut degré d'insaturation du poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) le rend susceptible à la thermo-oxydation. Heureusement, le CN est doté de composés non-isoprènes dont certains ont des propriétés antioxydantes. Les lipides sont les plus importants non-isoprènes retenus dans le caoutchouc et contiennent des molécules à activité antioxydante en particulier les tocotriènols. Il est connu que durant la maturation de coagula de latex, la composition chimique et les propriétés du caoutchouc obtenu sont altérées, mais les mécanismes complexes de cette altération ne sont pas encore complètement élucidés. Dans cette étude, l'évolution de certaines molécules antioxydantes natives pendant la maturation a été suivie en relation avec certaines propriétés physiques du caoutchouc. Deux expérimentations de maturation ont été mises en œuvre. La première mettait en jeu des conditions non contrôlées de maturation suivies d'un procédé de confection du caoutchouc basé sur celui des feuilles fumées (RSS) ou non (USS). La seconde a été conduite dans un dispositif expérimental dédié permettant le contrôle des facteurs de l'environnement tels que l'humidité relative, la température et la concentration en oxygène. Le procédé de confection du caoutchouc était dans ce cas basé sur celui des caoutchoucs spécifiés techniquement (TSR). L'évolution des échantillons pendant la maturation a été étudiée à différentes échelles : propriétés en masse (P0, P30 et PRI), mésostructure (% gel, Mw and Mn) et composition biochimique (lipides). En parallèle, l'activité antioxydante in vitro des extraits lipidiques correspondants a été mesurée en utilisant une méthode DPPH optimisée. La quantité et la qualité des lipides extraits évoluent pendant la maturation, en particulier en aérobiose. La quantité totale de lipides décroit, avec, en début de maturation, une libération d'acides gras dont la quantité diminue ensuite, avec une disparation des espèces insaturées en premier. La quantité de γ-tocotrienol libres extraits change peu au cours de la maturation alors que sa forme estérifiée montre un enrichissement en acides gras saturés. L'activité antioxydante de l'extrait lipidique mesurée in vitro est corrélée avec la concentration de γ-tocotrienol libre mais pas avec les valeurs de P30 et PRI qui estiment la résistance du caoutchouc à la thermo-oxydation. Cette absence de corrélation pourrait être due à la différence des conditions de mesure in-vitro de celles existantes au sein du matériau caoutchouc. La localisation des antioxydants dans le caoutchouc et en particulier leur possibilité physique d'interagir avec les doubles liaisons du poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) ou avec des espèces oxydantes reste à étudier afin de comprendre ce qui régit la chute de P30 au cours de la maturation. Des lipides non extractibles ou des molécules non-isoprènes plus polaires (protéines, polyphénols, …) pourraient également influencer la résistance du caoutchouc à la thermo-oxydation
Natural rubber (NR), a derived product from H. brasiliensis latex, is known for its high mechanical properties that are, for some, superior to those of its synthetic counterparts. However, the high degree of unsaturation of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) makes it susceptible to thermo-oxidation. Fortunately, NR is endowed with non-isoprene components of which some have antioxidant properties. Especially, lipids, the main non-isoprene component retained in NR, have been reported to contain antioxidant substances, especially tocotrienols. It is well known that during the maturation of latex coagula, both NR physical properties and chemical composition are altered, but the complex mechanisms of this alteration are still to be elucidated. In the present work, the evolution of some native antioxidant molecules during maturation was followed in relation with some physical properties. Two experimental conditions of maturation were chosen. The first experiment involved uncontrolled conditions based on traditional unsmoked (USS) or ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) processing, while the second was performed in a dedicated maturation device with full control of environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature and oxygen content) followed by a processing based on that of Technically Specified Rubber (TSR). The evolution of samples during maturation was studied at different scales: bulk properties (P0, P30 and PRI), mesostructure (% gel content, Mw and Mn) and biochemical composition (lipids components). In parallel, in vitro antioxidant activity of NR lipid extracts was also investigated using an optimized DPPH method. Lipid quantity and quality evolved during maturation, especially under aerobic conditions. The total amount of lipid extract decreased, with a release of free fatty acids at early stage of maturation followed by a later decrease, unsaturated fatty acids being the first to disappear. The amount of extractable free γ-tocotrienol did not change much during maturation, while its esterified form was enriched in saturated fatty acids. The antioxidant activity measured in vitro correlated well with free γ-tocotrienol concentration but not with the resistance of rubber to thermo-oxidation assessed by P30 or PRI. Indeed, the in vitro conditions of measurement were far from those occurring inside rubber material. The localization of antioxidants in rubber and especially their physical possibility to interact with the double bonds of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) or with oxidant species should be further investigated to understand what drives the drop of P30 along maturation time. Non extractable lipids or more polar non-isoprene molecular species (proteins, polyphenols, etc…) could also influence the resistance to thermo-oxidation

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Salomez, Mélanie. "Etude du rôle des microorganismes dans les modifications biochimiques intervenant lors de la maturation des coagulums de latex d’Hevea brasiliensis : impact sur les propriétés du caoutchouc naturel sec." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0002.

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L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'étudier les mécanismes microbiens intervenant dans l'évolution de la structure et des propriétés du caoutchouc naturel produit à partir du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis lors de la maturation du latex et des coagula de tasse. Pour cela, trois niveaux d'analyses ont été réalisés sur des expériences de maturation en conditions contrôlées : analyse de la structure et des propriétés du caoutchouc sec, analyse des flores microbiennes et analyses biochimiques. Après une phase de mises au point méthodologiques permettant notamment d'optimiser les conditions de maturation en chambre contrôlée et de définir une méthode d'extraction d'ADN adaptée au latex et au sérum de coagulum, des échantillons de caoutchouc sec et de sérum ont été produits à différents temps de maturation et selon différents traitements faisant varier trois paramètres : la présence de microorganismes, la présence d'oxygène, et le mode de coagulation du latex. Les analyses sur caoutchouc sec se sont portées sur la macrostructure (P0, P30 et PRI) et sur la mésostructure (Mw, Mn et gel total). L'analyse des flores microbiennes s'est appuyée sur plusieurs méthodologies complémentaires : comptages sur boîtes, dosage de l'ADN total, clonage/séquençage et pyroséquençage 454. L'objectif était d'évaluer la diversité des flores sur plantation et dans le latex ainsi que de suivre la dynamique de leur évolution au cours de la maturation en milieu contrôlé. Diverses analyses biochimiques ont réalisées sur latex, sérum et caoutchouc sec (taux d'azote, protéines, lipides, sucres, québrachitol, acides organiques). Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été analysés en vue d'établir des corrélations et de proposer des mécanismes reliant l'évolution des propriétés du caoutchouc sec à celle de la biochimie du latex et des coagula et de leur évolution sous l'action des microorganismes et des enzymes, et de proposer quelques pistes en vue de l'amélioration des itinéraires techniques dans la filière
The overall objective of this thesis was to study the microbial mechanisms involved in the evolution of the structure and the properties of the natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis during the maturation of latex and cup-coagula. For this, three levels of analyses were performed on maturation experiments under controlled conditions: dry rubber structure and properties, biochemistry and microbial flora. After a methodology development phase aiming at (i) optimizing maturation conditions in a controlled chamber and (ii) defining suitable DNA extraction methods, samples of serum and dry rubber coagulum were produced at different times and under different maturation treatments varying three parameters: the presence of microorganisms, the presence of oxygen, and the latex coagulation method. Dry rubber analyses concerned macrostructure (P0, P30 and PRI) and mesostructure (Mw, Mn and total gel). The microbial flora was analyzed using several complementary methods: plate-counts, total DNA determination, cloning / sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing. The objective was to assess microbial diversity on field and in latex, and to follow the dynamics of their evolution during maturation in a controlled environment. Various biochemical investigations were performed on latex, serum and dry rubber (nitrogen content, proteins, lipids, sugars, quebrachitol, organic acids). The results were then analyzed for correlations to propose mechanisms linking changes in dry rubber properties, latex and coagula biochemistry, and their evolution under the action of microorganisms and enzymes. Some ideas for improving technical routes in the process are also proposed

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Schneider, Michael. "Renforcement de polymeres avec des particules composites de latex a base de caoutchouc naturel." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13216.

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L'evolution de nos travaux s'est deroulee selon une chronologie allant de la synthese en emulsion de particules composites a base de caoutchouc naturel et d'acrylate de butyle jusqu'a la mise au point de melanges binaires (polymere thermoplastique + particules) et ternaires (un polymere thermoplastique majoritaire + un second polymere thermoplastique minoritaire + particules). Cette etude avait pour objectif principal de definir les parametres qui gouvernent l'amelioration de la resistance aux chocs d'un melange modele dont on maitrise parfaitement la composition, la nature et l'interface de la phase dispersee. Les techniques de microscopie electronique a balayage et a transmission ont permis de correler la morphologie des particules renforcantes avec le mode de deformation des differentes matrices thermoplastiques utilisees

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CHALLIOUI, GILLET CAROLE. "Degradation du caoutchouc naturel en phase latex par oxydation controlee. Action du couple phenylhydrazine/oxygene sur un modele des structures polyisopreniques." Le Mans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LEMA1024.

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Ce memoire traite de l'etude de la degradation controlee du caoutchouc naturel en phase latex sous l'action du couple redox phenylhydrazine/oxygene. En se basant sur les resultats des travaux anterieurs et possedant a present, des methodes d'analyses plus performantes (rmn #1h 400mhz et cg/sm), notre travail a consiste a identifier de maniere plus sure et plus complete les fonctions d'extremites de chaine apres degradation. Pour cela, nous avons cherche dans un premier temps a alimenter notre reflexion en completant nos connaissances des processus d'oxydation et de degradation du polyisoprene par une etude bibliographique de l'autoxydation des acides gras insatures (chapitre i). Nous avons ensuite consacre le deuxieme chapitre a la modelisation de la procedure de degradation du caoutchouc naturel en phase latex par une reaction de degradation d'une molecule modele, le 4,8-dimethyldodeca-4,8-diene, en emulsion. La synthese de molecules modeles supposees se former et l'analyse des melanges de degradation ont permis de preciser (chapitre iii): 1) la nature des extremites de chaine apres scission ; 2) les differents modes de fragmentation ; 3) les phenomenes de modification chimique sans rupture de chaines. En etudiant l'evolution en fonction du temps des produits de degradation (chapitre iv), les etapes successives de la reaction ont pu etre reconstituees: 1) fragmentation des chaines et formation d'extremites carbonyle ; 2) reaction d'une partie de ces fonctions carbonyle avec la phenylhydrazine residuelle pour donner des phenylhydrazones tres reactives avec l'oxygene. Les structures d'oxydation alors formees sont susceptibles de se decomposer plus ou moins rapidement ; 3) degradation par recurrence des extremites carbonyle (aldehydes et cetones). Des hypotheses de mecanismes sont proposees pour l'ensemble de ces degradations

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Ritoit-Gillier, Sandrine. "Réactions de coupure de chaînes pour la valorisation des polyisoprènes sous forme de cis-1,4-oligoisoprènes téléchéliques : application au latex de caoutchouc naturel." Le Mans, 2001. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2001/2001LEMA1021.pdf.

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Cette thèse a pour premier objectif de valider des stratégies originales pour préparer des macromonomères de type oligoisoprène téléchélique à partir de cis-1,4-polyisoprènes synthétiques (PI) ou de caoutchoucs naturels (NR) et pour deuxième objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des processus de modification chimique des polymères lorsqu'ils sont dispersés dans des latex réactifs. Au plan appliqué, les oligoisoprènes téléchéliques ainsi obtenus peuvent présenter des avantages par rapport aux oligoisoprènes téléchéliques de synthèse en raison de leur haute teneur en structure cis-1,4 et la conduite des réactions dans des latex présentent un intérêt environnemental en permettant de s'affranchir des inconvénients liés à l'utilisation des solvants. Deux réactions de rupture de chaîne on été sélectionnées. La première, par métathèse croisée des structures alcène macromoléculaire avec des alcènes organiques a nécessité une adaptation du système catalytique permettant d'éviter les réactions secondaires par cyclisation cationique. Cependant le gain en spécificité qui a permis la transformation de PI de Mn = 2-3. 105 en cis-1,4 polyisoprènes de Mn = 10-25. 103, a entraîné une perte d'efficacité et cette méthode n'a pas permis l'obtention maîtrisée de polymères téléchéliques. La deuxième, par clivage sélectif des oxiranes de cis-1,4-polyisoprènes époxydés a par contre été validée. Dans le THF, la spécificité et la sélectivité de la réaction de clivage des oxiranes avec l'acide périodique a permis de transformer le PI en cis-1,4-polyisoprènes carbonyl-téléchéliques de Mn directement reliées aux teneurs en époxyde. De plus, les études ont permis de définir des conditions de clivage des unités polyisopréniques par action directe de l'acide périodique, dans ce cas les Mn sont reliées aux proportions d'acide périodique. Les réactions sur le caoutchouc naturel ont été conduites dans des latex stabilisés par un tensioactif non ionique. Dans le but d'augmenter les vitesses de réactions, ont été définies les conditions limite de concentrations en réactifs et de température compatibles avec une stabilité colloïdale permettant d'éviter une coagulation prématurée. Dans ces conditions, l'époxydation du NR par le système -H2O2'/HCOOH a permis l'obtention de Iatex de caoutchoucs naturels époxydés (ENR) à différents taux et la réaction de clivage des oxiranes par l'acide périodique a fourni des caoutchoucs liquides (LNR) de Mn = 10-25. 103 constitués majoritairement d'unités cis-1,4 et accessoirement de motifs époxidés. Dans ces conditions, l'acide périodique n'agit plus seulement comme agent de clivage des oxiranes mais également comme co-oxydant dans des réactions d'époxydation entrant en compétition avec les réactions de clivage. Sur ces bases, il a été montré que cette méthode d'obtention de LNRs peut être adaptée à l'obtention de caoutchoucs liquides téléchéliques (TLNR) de Mn ajustables, par clivage en solution (THF) des oxiranes d'ENRs extraits des latex dans lesquels il ont été préparés.

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Zhang, Yi. "Identification des gènes impliqués dans la production et la détoxication des espèces activées de l'oxygène chez Hevea brasiliensis et leur caractérisation dans le latex." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG004/document.

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Hevea brasiliensis, un arbre tropical, est la source principale de caoutchouc naturel commercialement viable. La biosynthèse de caoutchouc se passe dans les cellules spécialisées appelées laticifères. Il représente jusqu’à 90% de la matière sèche du latex. Le latex, laiteux, s’écoule de l’encoche faite sur l’écorce de l’arbre jusqu’aux cellules laticifères. La collecte de latex, faite par saignée régulière tous 2-3 jours, est vraiment stressante pour l’arbre. Pour stimuler la production de latex, un générateur d’éthylène peut être appliqué sur le panneau de saignée. Le stress s’intensifie avec l’application hormonale. La production d’espèces activées de l’oxygène (ROS) se fait en réponse aux stress environnementaux ainsi que lors de l’exploitation de l’arbre. Au-delà d’un certain seuil, la production de ROS est massive dans les laticifères. De nombreuses études ont montré que les ROS entraîne une dégradation par peroxydation des lipides insaturés des membranes et ensuite une déstabilisation et lyse des organites. La lyse des lutoïdes permet la libération des facteurs de coagulation dans le latex entraînant la coagulation in situ des particules de caoutchouc dans l’écorce des arbres stressés. Ce syndrome physiologique, appelé syndrome de l’encoche sèche (TPD), est un des facteurs limitant la production de caoutchouc.Ce travail de thèse vise à identifier les gènes associés à la production et la neutralisation des ROS ainsi que leurs caractérisations dans les laticifères. Premièrement, nous avons fait une analyse bibliographique complète sur les gènes associés à la production et la neutralisation des ROS chez l’hévéa et les plantes modèles. La NADPH oxydase a été décrite comme la source principale de ROS chez les arbres stressés. Les enzymes antioxydantes et les antioxydants constituent le système de neutralisation des ROS. Deuxièmement, à partir d’une analyse à l’échelle du génome, 407 gènes impliqués dans la production des ROS et dans leur neutralisation ont été identifiés. Troisièmement, à partir d’une analyse du transcriptome, 164 gènes redox ont été détectés dans le latex du clone SP 217 et 161 dans celui du clone PB 260. Quatrièmement, à partir des petits ARNs et d’une analyse dégradome, 13 gènes ont été identifiés pour être clivés par 11 microARNs et 15 gènes clivés par 16 petits ARNs phasés dans le latex. Enfin, cette étude a mis en évidence des régulations spécifiques de la production des ROS et du système antioxydant dans le latex. HbRBOH2 a été identifié comme la source principale de ROS dans le latex. HbCuZnSOD4 pourrait être le contributeur majeur de la neutralisation des ROS dans le latex des arbres atteints de TPD
Hevea brasiliensis, a tropical tree, is the main commercial source of nature rubber. The rubber biosynthesis occurs in specialized latex cells of rubber tree. Up 90% dry weight of latex is nature rubber. The milky latex flows out from cut latex cells by tapping rubber tree trunk bark. Rubber exploitation by tapping every several days is very stressful for the bark of rubber tree. To stimulate latex production, ethylene releaser is applied during rubber exploitation in some cases. The stress is increased after hormone stimulation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated when plant suffers stresses from environment and harvesting activity. Over a certain limit of stress, ROS bursting is motivated in latex cell. A lots of the evidences showed that the ROS lead to the peroxidatic degradation of the unsaturated lipids of the membrane and then to destabilisation and lysis of the organelles. Lysis of the lutoids results in liberation of coagulating factors into latex and coagulation in situ of rubber particles in stressed trees. This serious physiology syndrome is tapping panel dryness (TPD) which is one of main factor limiting rubber production.This PhD aims at identifying ROS production and scavenging genes and their characterizations in latex cell. Firstly, we made a comprehensive bibliography study on ROS production and scavenging genes both in rubber tree and model plant. The NADPH oxidase was considered as the main source of ROS in the stressed trees. ROS scavenging enzymes and antioxidants constituted the ROS scavenging systems in latex. Secondly, based on a genome-wide analysis, 407 genes involved in ROS production and scavenging were identified. Thirdly, based on a transcriptome analysis, 164 redox-related genes were detected expressing in latex of clone SP217 and 161 genes expressing in latex of clone PB260. Fourthly, based on small RNA and degradome analysis, 13 genes were shown to be targeted by 11 microRNAs and 15 genes by 16 phased siRNA in latex. Lastly, this study illustrated specific regulation systems of ROS production and scavenging in latex. HbRBOH2 was identified as the main source gene of ROS in latex. HbCuZnSOD4 might be the most important ROS scavenging gene to detoxify the ROS in latex of TPD tolerant tree

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Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan. "Contribution à l'étude du latex de caoutchouc naturel par transfert de phase : application à la préparation d'alliages de polymères." Mulhouse, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MULH0194.

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La technique de transfert de phase a été utilisée pour déterminer la quantité totale des charges présentes à la surface des particules de latex. Cette technique permet d'assurer le passage direct des particules de la phase aqueuse dans la phase organique par addition de tensioactifs de charges opposées. Pour transférer le latex, la concentration du tensioactif doit atteindre la quantité critique de transfert (qct), exprimée en nombre de moles de tensioactif ajouté par gramme de latex sec. La qct est toujours du même ordre de grandeur que la quantité de tensioactif engagée lors de la synthèse du latex. Dans le cas des latex synthétiques, cette quantité ne dépend ni de la nature du tensioactif ajouté et ni de la nature de solvant organique. La détermination des tailles de particules avant et après transfert permet d'accéder à l'indice de gonflement. Ce transfert de phase a été ensuite appliqué aux latex de caoutchouc naturel. Ces latex ont tout d'abord été caractérisés du point de vue de leur granulométrie et de leurs propriétés de surface. La stabilité de ces latex peut être augmentée par l'ajout du copolymère triséquencé (POE-PI-POE). Par ailleurs, le transfert de phase de latex de caoutchouc naturel a été réalisé avec des tensioactifs cationiques comportant deux chaînes hydrophobes. Le procédé émulsion/transfert/polymérisation en masse a été utilisé pour la préparation d'alliages de caoutchouc naturel/polystyrène du type polystyrène choc

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Nozet, Quentin. "Structure et propriétés de matériaux composites obtenus par hétérocoagulation de latex de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS033.

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Cette thèse étudie le phénomène de durcissement qui a lieu pendant le stockage des composites de latex de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone fabriqués par hétérocoagulation. Ce procédé consiste à injecter à très grande vitesse une suspension aqueuse de noir de carbone dans du latex de caoutchouc naturel. Le matériau spongieux et très hydraté qui est obtenu est ensuite séché et mis en forme par malaxage ou pressage. Nous mesurons le durcissement des composites à l’aide de plusieurs méthodes rhéologiques parmi lesquelles la rhéologie de torsion et la viscosimétrie de Mooney. L’effet d’un grand nombre de paramètres est étudié : le mode de mise en forme des composites, l’environnement du stockage, la présence d’eau résiduelle, la température, la fraction massique de noir de carbone. Nous définissons des temps caractéristiques de durcissement dont la dépendance en température indique que le durcissement résulte d’un processus activé thermiquement. Les énergies d’activation sont peu dépendantes des paramètres expérimentaux et comparables à celle trouvée pour le caoutchouc naturel pur. Des expériences de gonflement en bon solvant montrent que le durcissement est associé à la formation d’un réseau de macromolécules interconnectées dont nous discutons l’origine en relation avec la microstructure du polyisoprène naturel et la présence de phospholipides et de protéines
This thesis investigates the storage hardening of natural rubber and carbon black composites made by heterocoagulation. Heterocoagulation is a process that consists in injecting a carbon black slurry at high speed into a colloidal suspension of natural rubber. We obtain a squishy and highly hydrated material that is subsequently dried and processed using an internal mixer or a mechanical press. The hardening is characterized using various rheological techniques among which torsional rheology and Mooney viscosimetry. Many parameters are investigated: the processing technique, the storage environment, the presence of residual water, temperature, the carbon black content. We define characteristic times of hardening whose temperature dependence indicates that the hardening results from a activated process. The energies of activation are nearly independent of the experimental parameters and compare well to that found in natural rubber. Swelling experiments in good solvent show that hardening is associated with the buildup of an interconnected network of macromolecules. We discuss the origin of this network in relation with the microstructure of natural polyisoprene and the presence of phospholipids and proteins

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Harmand, Béatrice. "Contribution a la compréhension des processus de transport de colloïdes en milieu naturel poreux ou fracturé : application à la rétention de particules de latex dans un sable." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_HARMAND_B.pdf.

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Dans le cadre de la problématique du stockage des déchets radioactifs, une approche du transport de radioéléments par des particules colloïdales à l'aide d'un modèle linéaire a permis de souligner l'effet d'accélération des colloïdes sur la migration des radio polluants dans la géosphère. L’influence des paramètres physico-chimiques (force ionique, pH, charge de surface), géométriques (diamètre de particules, longueur du milieu poreux) et de l'hydrodynamique (vitesse d'écoulement entre 0,8 et 50 m/j) sur le transport des colloïdes a été étudiée dans un système modèle particules de latex (de 0,11 à 0,79 micromètre) - sable quartzeux (dmoyen = 125 micromètre). Il est montré que les courbes de percée des particules sont bien représentées par un modèle à deux sites de capture. Le processus de capture vers chaque site est caractérisé par un temps de transfert optimisé sur les courbes expérimentales, la fraction de site étant fonction de l'accumulation de particules en surface du milieu poreux

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Chan, Alan Jenkin. "3D Time-Resolved Hetero-Coagulation of Soft Latex and Hard Colloidal Particles and the Structuration of the Resulting Gel Network." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS026.

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Le caoutchouc naturel (NR pour Natural Rubber) est une matière première indispensable à la fabrication de milliers de produits !Le choix du latex naturel tient principalement à ses propriétés physico-chimiques intrinsèques bien supérieures à celles des latex synthétiques. Industriellement, le NR est cependant rarement utilisé seul mais associé à des particules de renfort, appelées charges, pour former un matériau composite aux propriétés mécaniques grandement améliorées en particulier la résistance à l’usure.Des études récentes ont mis en évidence que la méthode conventionnelle consistant à introduire les charges sous forme de poudres fines au sein d’un bloc de NR solide ou fondu n’est pas la plus efficace. Une nouvelle approche consistant à mélanger les deux entités, NR et charges, en phase liquide avant séchage s’annonce prometteuse industriellement, mais la littérature à ce sujet est encore très limitée. Ce travail de thèse a visé à parfaire la compréhension des processus gouvernant les interactions NR-charges renforçantes en phase liquide. Pour ce faire nous avons (i) décrit les propriétés physico-chimiques de surface des particules NR en phase liquide, (ii) étudier les effets de la charge renforçante (en termes de taille, composition, fonctionnalisation de surface, concentration) et de la solution (ions valence) sur l'interaction NR-charge et (iii) quantifier les propriétés mécaniques des particules NR.Nous avons été en mesure d’identifier les paramètres clés qui permettent en phase aqueuse diluée, non seulement d’influencer l’interaction particule de NR-charge mais aussi de réguler la dynamique d'interaction et de contrôler la structure des hétéro-agrégats formés.Cette approche originale de l’hétérocoagulation NR-charge en phase liquide ouvre de nombreuses perspectives en vue d’améliorer les propriétés des matériaux composites NR-particules de renfort
Natural rubber (NR) is an indispensable raw material used in the manufacturing of more than 40,000 products primarily due to its excellent intrinsic physical properties. However, NR is seldom used in its raw state. Often, it needs to be reinforced with particulate fillers (nanoparticles) to further improve its physical strength required for most applications. The precise origin of this mechanical reinforcement effect remains unclear, however, optimal reinforcements appears to depend on the dispersion of filler in the NR matrix and the interaction of NR and filler.It was found that the conventional method of pouring fine powders in a solid block of rubber/melt is not the most efficient way to disperse the fillers. The new alternative approach in which the two components are first dispersed in liquid has shown promising results but available literature is still very limited. Furthermore, the microscopic mechanism involved in the interaction of NR and filler in liquid is still unknown. In this context, we (i) described the physico-chemical surface properties of NR particles in liquid, (ii) identified key filler (size, composition, surface activity, concentration) and solution (ion valence) related parameters to comprehend the structural, morphological, and dynamical evolution of the NR-filler interaction, and (iii) quantified the mechanical properties of the NR particles. With this approach we were able to provide the first reports on the physical processes involved in the interaction of NR and filler. More importantly, a recipe for the basic yet crucial parameters that controls and modulates NR-filler heteroaggregation was established. This could open the way to further understand the reinforcement effect

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Kuswanhadi. "Isolement et caractérisation des gènes ACS et ACO impliqués dans la biosynthèse de l’éthylène chez Hevea brasiliensis : évaluation de leur rôle dans la production de caoutchouc naturel." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20201.

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Thepchalerm, Chalao. "Influence of Hevea brasiliensis latex compartments on the storage hardening of natural rubber : study of the mesostructure by AF4-MALS and of the mineral element composition by ICP-MS." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0016/document.

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Le but de la présente étude était de vérifier l'influence de deux compartiments du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis, les lutoïdes et le sérum C, sur le durcissement au stockage et sur la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel (NR). L'implication des composants minéraux du latex a fait l'objet d'un focus spécial. La mésostructure du NR a été étudié par fractionnement par couplage flux-force à flux asymétrique couplé à un détecteur à diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (AF4-MALS) et par chromatographie d'exclusion de tailles équipée d'un détecteur de diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (SEC- MALS). La spectrométrie de masse couplée à une torche à plasma (ICP- MS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la composition en éléments minéraux du NR.L'AF4 - MALS et l'ICP-MS n'ayant jamais été utilisées pour l'analyse du NR, les méthodes ont été développées. Pour l'AF4 - MALS, la meilleure séparation entre les deux populations principales, chaînes de polyisoprène isolées (pelote statistique) et les microagrégats (Gel<1μ), a été obtenue avec une diminution linéaire, plutôt qu'exponentielle, du flux croisé. Pour l'ICP-MS, les optimisations réalisées concernent la quantité de NR à échantillonner, la méthodologie de solubilisation des cendres, la concentration des solutions de cendres et la gestion des interférences m/z . Tous les éléments, excepté le soufre, ont été analysés en utilisant un mélange H2/He comme gaz de collision-réaction (mode CCT H2/He). La teneur en soufre a été déterminée par le rapport m/z égal à 48 (32S16O+) en mode CCT O2.Les différents compartiments du latex des champs (crème, skim, sérum C et lutoïdes) ont été séparés par centrifugation à grande vitesse. L'évolution de la mésostructure des films obtenus à partir de ces trois latex; latex des champ (FL), le latex de crème (CL) et de latex de skim (SK), par un procédé de structuration lente (échantillons stockés à température ambiante dans le laboratoire pendant 3 mois) a été suivie par SEC- MALS. Le skim n'étant pas sensible au processus de structuration lente, le nombre des étapes de centrifugation a été réduit. La stabilité des lutoïdes a été étudiée par un paramètre qualitatif (état visuel des lutoïdes après centrifugation) et un paramètre quantitatif (indice d'éclatement ou BI). Bien que les deux méthodes n'aient pas donné de résultats strictement corrélées, le BI peut être un bon indicateur de la stabilité des lutoïdes. Pour les échantillons de FL, une bonne corrélation entre la stabilité des lutoïdes et le durcissement au stockage (P) a été observée. Pour déterminer si des composés du C-sérum étaient également impliqués dans le durcissement au stockage, des expériences supplémentaires ont été effectuées en ajoutant des quantités variables de sérum C ou de lutoïdes à des particules de caoutchouc purifiées. L'augmentation à la fois de les quantités de sérum C et des lutoïdes a entrainé une augmentation du durcissement au stockage (P).La mésostructure des films et des feuilles séchées de l'air (ADS) préparés à partir des FL et CL a été analysée par SEC-MALS et AF4-MALS. Pour les échantillons d'ADS, quelle que soit la technique utilisée, les échantillons de FL présentaient des Mw, Mn et Gel>1μ supérieurs aux échantillons de CL. Cette différence entre échantillons de FL et de CL n'a pas été observée pour les échantillons de films
The aim of the present work was to study the influence of two Hevea brasiliensis latex compartments, namely lutoids and C-serum, on the storage hardening and on mesostructure of natural rubber (NR). A special focus was done on the involvement of mineral components of latex. The NR mesostructure was studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to a multiangular light scattering detector (AF4-MALS) and by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangular light scattering detector (SEC-MALS). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral element composition of NR.As AF4-MALS and ICP-MS were never used for NR analysis, the methodologies were developed. For AF4-MALS, the best separation between the two main populations, namely isolated polyisoprene chains (random coil) and microaggregates (Gel<1µ) was given by a linear decrease, rather than exponential, of the cross-flow. For ICP-MS, the optimizations were in terms of amount of NR to be sampled, ash solubilisation methodology, ash solutions concentrations and m/z interference management. All elements, except sulfur, were determined using a mixture H2/He as collision-reaction gas (CCT H2/He mode). Sulfur content was determined through the m/z equal to 48 (32S16O+) in the CCT O2 mode.The different compartments of the whole field latex (cream, skim, C-serum and lutoids) were separated by high speed centrifugation. The mesostructure evolution of films obtained from these 3 lattices; whole field latex (FL), cream latex (CL), and skim latex (SK), by a slow structuring process (samples stored at room temperature in the laboratory for 3 months) was followed by SEC-MALS. As it was observed that the skim was not sensitive to the slow structuring, the centrifugation steps were reduced.Lutoid stability was studied by a qualitative parameter (visual lutoid status after centrifugation) and a quantitative parameter (bursting index or BI). Although the two methods could not provide strictly correlated results, BI can be a good indicator of lutoid stability. For the FL samples, a good correlation between the lutoid stability and storage hardening (ΔP) was observed. To determine if some compounds of C-serum are also involved in the storage hardening, additional experiments were done adding variable quantities of C-serum or lutoids to purified rubber particles. The storage hardening (ΔP) increased by the increase of both C-serum and lutoid quantities.The mesostructure of films and air dried sheet (ADS) made from FL and CL lattices (obtained from reduced centrifugation process) were analyzed by SEC-MALS and AF4-MALS. Concerning the ADS samples, whatever the technique used, FL samples exhibited a higher Mw, Mn, and Gel>1µ than CL samples. This difference between FL and CL samples was not observed for film samples. The microaggregates (Gel<1µ) were presented in all samples but the FL samples had more compact microaggregates, with a much higher Mw than the CL samples. Moreover, AF4 showed that the structure of microaggregates was very different between ADS and film samples. The Mw of microaggregates of ADS was 2 to 4 times higher than that of films. The mineral elements were determined only on samples from ADS (FL and CL). The main elements in NR were K, P, Mg, and S, in decreasing order. The purification of rubber particles affected the decrease in the element contents. During the storage of the latex at room temperature, only calcium content decreased, for both FL and CL samples

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Klinpituksa, Pairote. "Modification chimique au deuxième degré de polyisoprènes-1,4 : application à la fixation d'un stimulateur de production du latex par l'hévéa : l'acide naphtalène acétique." Le Mans, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LEMA1009.

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L'utilisation de polyisoprène-1,4 de synthèse et de caoutchouc naturel liquide époxides comme supports d'acide naphtalène acétique (ana), un stimulateur de production du latex par l'hévéa, a été étudiée. La modification chimique de ces polymères par l'ana, après époxydation par l'acide m-chloroperbenzoique, a été réalisée dans le chloroforme en présence de naphtalène acétate de tétraméthyl ammonium comme catalyseur. La vitesse d'addition augmente avec la durée de réaction, la température et la concentration des réactifs. Cependant, la concentration en acide a un effet néfaste sur l'addition. Le 4,5-epoxy-4-methyl octane, utilise comme molécule modèle des polymères époxides, montre une plus grande réactivité que les polymères, du fait de la plus grande accessibilite du site réactif. Des particules de polyisoprène réticule contenant de l'ana fixe et/ou dispersé ont été preparees par action de l'anhydride maléique sur le polyisoprène époxyde émulsifié en présence d'ana. La libération de l'ana a été étudiée à partir des différentes formes obtenues au cours de cette étude. La libération par hydrolyse de l'ana fixe sur polymère est lente. Elle est favorisée par une augmentation du ph. La libération rapide de l'ana à partir des particules contenant de l'ana dispersé depend également du ph. D'un point de vue applicatif, les particules contenant de l'ana libre et lié devraient se réveler intéressantes pour être testées in vivo sur l'hévéa.

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Agostini, Deuber Lincon da Silva. "Caracterização dos constituintes do látex e da borracha natural que estimulam a angiogênese /." Presidente Prudente, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94503.

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Orientador: Aldo Eloizo Job
Banca: Gabriel Pinto de Souza
Banca: Ana Maria Pires
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem carater institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp
Resumo: As membranas de borracha natural são usadas frequentemente como material biológico na indução de angiogênese e neoformação. Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos com objetivo de identificar os componentes do látex que são responsáveis pelo processo de angiogênese e neoformação. O látex, as fases centrifugadas do látex e as membranas da borracha natural, tratados termicamente em 60, 85 e 120ºC, foram liofilizados para a redução de água nos mesmos. A caracterização de tais materiais foi realizada por espectroscopia infravermelha (FTIR), micro-Raman, ressonância magnética nuclear (NMR - 1H e 13C), difração de raio x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), análise do termogravimétrica (TG) acoplado com infravermelho (TG/FT-IR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise dinâmico mecânica (DMA) e o método de Bradford. Nos resultados de espectroscopia no infravermelho, micro de Raman, NMR (1H e 13C), de raios x e TG/FT-IR; os componentes químicos do látex, das fases centrifugadas do látex e das membranas da borracha natural foram identificados. A técnica de TG foi utilizada para avaliar a estabilidade térmica e os resultados mostraram que as membranas obtidas a 60ºC possuem maior estabilidade. Nos resultados de DSC notou-se que a transição vítrea acontece em ~ -68ºC, para todos os materiais que contêm isopreno e a degradação estrutural ocorrem em torno de 376ºC. As transições de vítreas foram confirmadas através dos resultados de DMA. O látex centrifugado apresenta três fases: partículas de borracha (F1), lutóides (F2) e Frey-Wyssling (F3). Nas frações F2 e F3 o isopreno é ausente, ou apresenta pequena proporção, mas contêm diversos componentes químicos: proteínas, ácidos aminados e grupos funcionais que podem induzir o angiogênese e a neoformação em tecidos biológicos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Natural latex and natural rubber membranes are frequently used as biomaterial in the angiogenesis induction and neoformation of biological tissues. Our studies aimed to study and identify the latex components that are responsible for angiogenesis and neoformation processes. The natural latex, the centrifuged latex phases and the natural rubber membranes were thermally treated at 60, 85 and 120ºC and afterward all samples were lyophilized. The characterization of such materials were carried out using infrared (FT-IR), micro Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR - 1H e 13C), X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetry analysis coupled with infrared (TG/FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the method of Bradford. From the results of infrared and micro Raman spectroscopy, NMR (1H e 13C), X-rays and TG/FT-IR the chemical components present in the latex, in the centrifuged latex phases and in natural rubber membranes were identified. TG technique was used to evaluate the thermal stability and results showed that membranes obtained at 60ºC present greater stability, up to 350ºC. From DSC results it was found that the glass transition happens at -68ºC, for all materials containing isoprene, and the structural degradation occurs at 376ºC. Glass transitions were confirmed also by DMA results. Centrifuged latex presents three phases: rubber particles (F1), lutoids (F2) and Frey-Wyssling (F3). In the fractions F2 and F3 the isoprene is absent but they contain several chemical components: proteins, amino acids and functional groups that can induce angiogenesis and neoformation on biological tissues. The treated membrane 60ºC of natural rubber showed the highest angiogenesis and neoformation activities. Furthermore, membranes containing pores favor the cicatrization process and the vascularization processes.
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21

Gomes, Willian Pereira. "Prevulcanização do látex natural extraído da "hancornia speciosa gomes" (Mangabeira) e da "hevea brasiliensis" (seringueira) /." Ilha Solteira, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136022.

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Orientador: José Antonio Malmonge
Banca: Rosangela da Silva de Lauretiz
Banca: Rogério Manoel Biagi Moreno
Resumo: A borracha natural é um dos polímeros mais consumidos mundialmente, onde seu principal mercado é o setor pneumático com cerca de três quartos do consumo total. A seringueira é a mais importante produtora de borracha natural, sendo responsável por cerca de 99% da produção mundial A mangabeira é também uma arvore lactescente produzida quase em sua totalidade de forma extrativista e visada somente para a produção do seu fruto, a mangaba. Embora já ter sido utilizada comercialmente em períodos emergenciais, hoje a borracha natural provinda da mangabeira não tem qualquer utilização tecnológica, pois é considerada uma borracha de qualidade inferior. Neste trabalho foram produzidos filmes de borracha prevulcanizada com o látex de seringueira, de mangabeira e também com a mistura (m/m) do látex de mangabeira no látex de seringueira, nas proporções de 95/5, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 e 60/40. Os resultados mostraram que o número de ligações cruzadas, tensão na ruptura e dureza Shore A são dependentes do sistema de vulcanização convencional, semi-eficiente ou eficiente, e da temperatura e do tempo de cozimento do latex de ambas as fontes. Os valores dessas propriedades encontrados para a borracha da mangabeira foram inferiores ao da borracha da seringueira. O maior valor de tensão de ruptura, dureza Shore e deformação encontrada para a borracha de seringueira foi alcançado utilizando o sistema convencional com 3 horas de cozimento sob 80°C. Esses valores são: 22 MPa, 42 Shore A e 895% o que é aproximadamente 150%, 68% e 25%, respectivamente, maiores do que os maiores valores encontrados para a borracha da mangabeira (8,8 MPa, 25 Shore A e 714%) que foi obtido utilizando o sistema semi-eficiente. As borrachas obtidas da mistura dos látex apresentaram, para composições inferiores a 20%, em massa de borracha de mangabeira, um comportamento similar a da seringueira mostrando ser viável a sua utilização para fabricação...
Abstract: Natural rubber is one of the most consumed polymer in the worldwide and pneumatic industry is responsible for approximately three fourths of total consumption. Hevea brasiliensis is the most important producer of natural rubber, being responsible for 99% of global production. The Hancornia speciosa Gomes is also produces white latex that can be tapped from the tree similarly to Hevea. Although it has been used commercially in emergency periods, nowadays Hancornia rubber has no technology use due to its low production and rubber quality. The latex blend can be a viable alternative to the use of mangabeira latex as one additional income besides of fruit commercialization. In this sense, the proposal of this work was to evaluate the influence of prevulcanization condition in the Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira) and Hevea brasiliensis (seringueira) latexes and also in its mixture, on the rubber proprieties. The latexes were prevulcanizated by conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV) and efficient (EV) vulcanization systems under temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 ° C. The crosslinked quantity was investigated by the swelling technique and the mechanical proprieties were obtained from tensile experiments and shore A hardness. The results showed that the quantity of crosslinked, stress at break and shore hardness are dependent of prevulcanization condition. The values of these proprieties found for mangabeira rubber were lower than the values found for the seringueira rubber. The highest stress at break, shore hardness and strain to seringueira and mangabeira rubber were obtained using the CV and SEV systems, respectively, under temperature of 80° C for 3 hours. Theses value are: 22 MPa, 42 shore A and 895% that are around 150%, 68% e 25%, respectively, higher than found to mangabeira rubber (8,8 MPa, 25 Shore A and 714%). The rubbers obtained from mixture of latex have the mechanical proprieties closed to the seringueira rubber for blends ...
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22

Said, M. M. "Peroxide prevulcanization of natural rubber latex." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233004.

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The peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex using a range of commercially-available organic peroxides and an inorganic peroxide (potassium peroxydisulphate), in both activated and non-activated systems, has been investigated. A range of reducing agents and compounds that are known to promote peroxide-initiated emulsion polymerization and peroxide curing of po1yesters have been evaluated as promoters for the peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex. A few reactive peroxyesters have been found to be effective as prevulcanizing agents at temperatures in the range 80 °C-lOO °C. the effectiveness of the prevulcanization systems was characterized by the rate and efficiency of crosslinking achieved by these systems. Fructose-activated peroxyester and fructoseactivated hydroperoxide systems were found to effect prevulcanization at temperatures in the range 50 °C-80 °C. There is no clear correlation between the structure/reactivity of peroxyesters and the effectiveness of fructose-activated prevulcanization systems. The relative reactivity of the alkoxy radicals generated by the commercial hydro peroxides PQ~tly exp\a~~s the differences in the effectiveness of various fructose-activated hydroperoxide prevulcanization systems. The prevulcanization kinetics for the fructose-activated t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate (tBPIB) system have been investigated. The overal rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex, in both non-activated and fructose-activated systems was found to be first-order reaction with respect to tBPIB concentration. However, investigation of initial rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex indicates that the initial rate of tBPIB decomposition in NR latex is half order with respect to initial tBPIB concentration. This is probably a consequence of induced decomposition of tBPIB by certain non-rubber substances, and_termination by recombination of radicals derived from tBPIB. But, the reason for the difference in the reaction order with respect to tBPIB concentration, at the initial stage of the reaction and during the run is not clear. The prevulcanization kinetics also exhibit a number of other peculiar characteristics. Thus at temperatures greater than 70°C, and using a high fructose concentration, the rate coefficient for crosslink formation tends to be greater than that for peroxide decomposition. This is probably attributed to the differences in the temperature-coefficients of the various competing reactions during peroxide prevulcanization of NR latex. The instantaneous crosslinking efficiency was found to increase linearly with prevulcanization time. At temperatures greater than 70°C, the instantaneous crosslinking efficiency can attain values greater than 50%, indicating the involvement of alkyl radicals as well as the alkoxy radicals in the crosslinking reaction. The experimental activation energies for peroxide decomposition and crosslink formation were found to decrease to apparently constant values with increasing fructose/ peroxide concentration ratio. The rate of tBPIB decomposition was found to be significantly determined by activation free energy and not just activation energy for the decomposition. The factors which influence the physical properties of films from peroxide-prevulcanized NR latex have been investigated. The crosslink concentration was found to be the most important factor in determining the physical properties of films from peroxide-prevulcanized NR latex. Factors that account for the differences in the physical properties of films from peroxide- and sulphur-prevulcanized latices, and peroxide gum NR vulcanizates have been discussed. Attempts to improve the ageing properties of films from peroxideprevulcanized NR latex indicate that a preventive antioxidant is an essential component for an effective antioxidant system for these films.

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23

Tabe, J. O. "Synthesis and characterisation of composite latex particles based on a natural rubber latex." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268115.

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24

Valadares, Leonardo Fonseca. "Nanocompositos de borracha natural e argila : preparação a partir de latex." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250293.

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Orientador: Fernando Galembeck
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química

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25

Smeaton, Jacqueline. "Study of postvulcanisation of natural rubber latex films." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6985.

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Tensile strength-modulus relationships established for postvulcanised latex films have been found to show characteristics of both prevulcanised latex and dry rubber curves. The curves depend upon the accelerator system used, as with dry rubber. They passed through their maxima after which tensile strength fell, with the down-turn less pronounced than for prevulcanised latex but greater than for dry rubber. The results suggest that postvulcanised latex films remain particulate rather than homogeneous. Processes known to affect prevulcanised latex films were applied to postvulcanised latex films. These included stirring and maturation of latex, different conditions for drying films and leaching with water and solvents, but only stirring had a significant effect. Stirring was essential to produce homogeneous latices for films with consistent chemical compositions and physical properties.

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26

Batello, Luciano. "Avaliação do soro de leite como coagulante do látex de borracha natural /." Ilha Solteira, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138218.

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Orientador: José Antonio Malmonge
Resumo: A proporção aquosa liberada do leite durante a fabricação convencional de queijos é denominado soro de leite, este é considerado poluente devido a sua elevada carga orgânica, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO) e Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), como também pelo volume gerado. Para produzir 1 kg de queijo são gerados aproximadamente 9 kg de soro. Do total do soro produzido mundialmente estima-se que 50% sejam descartados em estações de tratamento de água ou reutilizados, como por exemplo, para alimentação de animais em fazendas. Também o fato do soro conter lactose, vitaminas e minerais, ele pode ser aproveitado principalmente para fabricação de alimentos. Procurando uma alternativa para este descarte produzido por pequenas e médias indústrias de laticínios e também com a necessidade de produzir materiais verdes e ecologicamente corretos, este trabalho avaliou a potencialidade do emprego do soro de leite como coagulante para látex de borracha natural (BN) e sua influência nas propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e tecnológicas da borracha crua da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis clone RRIM 600, cultivada na Fazenda Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – SP. Foram avaliados os soros resultantes da produção de queijos muçarela, minas e cottage e como referência foi utilizado o coagulante ácido acético 3 mol L-1, o qual é utilizado pelas indústrias do setor. Para este estudo foi analisada a influência da temperatura e do tempo na acidez dos soros. Foram analisad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aqueous released milk ratio during manufacturing of cheese is called whey, this is considered a pollutant because of its high organic load, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), as well as by the volume generated. To produce 1 kg of cheese are generated approximately 9 kg of serum. Of the total serum produced worldwide it is estimated that 50% are dropped in water treatment plants or reused, e.g. for feeding of animals on farms. The serum also contain lactose, vitamins and minerals, it can be used mainly for food manufacturing. Looking for an alternative to this disposal produced by small and medium-sized dairy industries and also with the need to produce green materials and eco-friendly, this study assessed the employment potentiality of the whey as coagulant for natural rubber latex (BN) and its influence on thermal, mechanical and technological properties of raw rubber of rubber trees Hevea brasiliensis clone RRIM 600, grown in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of engineering of Ilha Solteira-SP. Were evaluated the resulting from the production of mozzarella cheese, mines and cottage and as reference was used coagulant acetic acid 3 mol L-1, which is used by the industries in the sector. This study examined the influence of temperature and time on acidity of serum. Were analyzed the properties: plasticity Wallace (P0), plasticity retention index [PRI (%)], Mooney Viscosity (VR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of rubber coagulated usin... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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27

Rippel, Marcia Maria. "Caracterização microestrutural de filmes e particulas de latex de borracha natural." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250323.

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Orientador: Fernando Galembeck
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutor em Ciências

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28

Gomes, Willian Pereira [UNESP]. "Prevulcanização do látex natural extraído da hancornia speciosa gomes (Mangabeira) e da hevea brasiliensis (seringueira)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136022.

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A borracha natural é um dos polímeros mais consumidos mundialmente, onde seu principal mercado é o setor pneumático com cerca de três quartos do consumo total. A seringueira é a mais importante produtora de borracha natural, sendo responsável por cerca de 99% da produção mundial A mangabeira é também uma arvore lactescente produzida quase em sua totalidade de forma extrativista e visada somente para a produção do seu fruto, a mangaba. Embora já ter sido utilizada comercialmente em períodos emergenciais, hoje a borracha natural provinda da mangabeira não tem qualquer utilização tecnológica, pois é considerada uma borracha de qualidade inferior. Neste trabalho foram produzidos filmes de borracha prevulcanizada com o látex de seringueira, de mangabeira e também com a mistura (m/m) do látex de mangabeira no látex de seringueira, nas proporções de 95/5, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 e 60/40. Os resultados mostraram que o número de ligações cruzadas, tensão na ruptura e dureza Shore A são dependentes do sistema de vulcanização convencional, semi-eficiente ou eficiente, e da temperatura e do tempo de cozimento do latex de ambas as fontes. Os valores dessas propriedades encontrados para a borracha da mangabeira foram inferiores ao da borracha da seringueira. O maior valor de tensão de ruptura, dureza Shore e deformação encontrada para a borracha de seringueira foi alcançado utilizando o sistema convencional com 3 horas de cozimento sob 80°C. Esses valores são: 22 MPa, 42 Shore A e 895% o que é aproximadamente 150%, 68% e 25%, respectivamente, maiores do que os maiores valores encontrados para a borracha da mangabeira (8,8 MPa, 25 Shore A e 714%) que foi obtido utilizando o sistema semi-eficiente. As borrachas obtidas da mistura dos látex apresentaram, para composições inferiores a 20%, em massa de borracha de mangabeira, um comportamento similar a da seringueira mostrando ser viável a sua utilização para fabricação...
Natural rubber is one of the most consumed polymer in the worldwide and pneumatic industry is responsible for approximately three fourths of total consumption. Hevea brasiliensis is the most important producer of natural rubber, being responsible for 99% of global production. The Hancornia speciosa Gomes is also produces white latex that can be tapped from the tree similarly to Hevea. Although it has been used commercially in emergency periods, nowadays Hancornia rubber has no technology use due to its low production and rubber quality. The latex blend can be a viable alternative to the use of mangabeira latex as one additional income besides of fruit commercialization. In this sense, the proposal of this work was to evaluate the influence of prevulcanization condition in the Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira) and Hevea brasiliensis (seringueira) latexes and also in its mixture, on the rubber proprieties. The latexes were prevulcanizated by conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV) and efficient (EV) vulcanization systems under temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 ° C. The crosslinked quantity was investigated by the swelling technique and the mechanical proprieties were obtained from tensile experiments and shore A hardness. The results showed that the quantity of crosslinked, stress at break and shore hardness are dependent of prevulcanization condition. The values of these proprieties found for mangabeira rubber were lower than the values found for the seringueira rubber. The highest stress at break, shore hardness and strain to seringueira and mangabeira rubber were obtained using the CV and SEV systems, respectively, under temperature of 80° C for 3 hours. Theses value are: 22 MPa, 42 shore A and 895% that are around 150%, 68% e 25%, respectively, higher than found to mangabeira rubber (8,8 MPa, 25 Shore A and 714%). The rubbers obtained from mixture of latex have the mechanical proprieties closed to the seringueira rubber for blends ...

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29

Spin, José Rodolfo. "Efeito da membrana de látex natural sobre o reparo de áreas doadoras do palato para enxerto gengival livre : estudo clínico, controlado e randomizado /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154074.

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Orientador: Rosemary Adriana Chiérici Marcantonio
Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de uma membrana de látex natural sobre a cicatrização de feridas no palato duro provenientes da remoção de enxerto gengival livre. Vinte e quatro pacientes participaram desse estudo e foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos de acordo com o tratamento utilizado para proteger o leito doador: Grupo controle (GC): A ferida foi recoberta com placa acrílica associada ao cimento cirúrgico (n=14); Grupo Látex (GL): A ferida foi recoberta com placa acrílica associada a membrana de látex natural (n=10). Foram realizadas tomadas fotográficas padronizadas das regiões das feridas nos períodos de baseline, 3, 7, 15 e 30 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Um examinador cego e calibrado realizou avaliação clínica, levando se em consideração os parâmetros: 1) fechamento de ferida; 2) área de superfície epitelizada por meio da utilização da água oxigenada aplicada na região; 3) Avaliação do auto relato de sensação dolorosa por meio da aplicação da escala de dor VAS. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que em ambos os grupos, houve diminuição gradativa da área da ferida cirúrgica, sendo que a partir dos 15 dias essa era inexistente para todos os pacientes avaliados e em relação à dor houve uma redução significativa da sensibilidade dolorosa relatada pelos pacientes do grupo látex em relação ao grupo controle. O uso da membrana de látex não promoveu efeito adicional a cicatrização, apresentando os mesmos resultados clínicos que a utilização de cimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of a natural latex membrane in wound healing on donor sites of free gingival grafts. Twenty-four patients were used in this study and were randomly divided in 2 groups according with the treatment used to protect the donor site: Control group (CG) – Donor site was covered with an acrylic plate associated with surgical cement (n=14); Látex group (LG) – Donor site was covered with acrylic plate associated with a natural latex membrane and surgical cement (n=10). At baseline, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after surgery, standardized photos of the wound were taken. A blind and calibrated examiner made the clinical evaluation by considering the parameters: 1) total wound area; 2) epithelized surface area through the use of hydrogen peroxide applied in the region; 3) Evaluation of self-report of pain sensation through the application of the VAS pain scale. The achieve results showed that both groups had a gradual decrease in the area of the surgical wound, and from 15 days this was non-existent for all patients evaluated and on the pain avaliation we found that the patients in latex group had significant reduction in reported pain when compared to the control group. The use of natural latex membrane didn’t promote any additional effect for wound healing, showing the same clinical results as the use of surgical cement with the addition of a lower pain report by the patients.
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30

Shantha, Walpalage. "Study of the influence of membrane structure and permeation conditions on the efficiency of separation of miscible liquid mixtures by pervaporation." Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3577/.

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Pervaporation separation of aqueous ethanol solution has, for the first time ever, been investigated with natural rubber latex (NRL) base membranes which contained a hydrocolloid as a blend ingredient. Three different hydrocolloids viz. methyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose (sodium salt) and alginic acid (sodium salt) of low or medium or high molecular mass were used and tested. The weight percent of a hydrocolloid in the blended layer of a membrane has been varied from 1.25 to 20 on a dry rubber basis. The composition of ethanol in the aqueous feed solution was varied within the range of 5 to 96 weight percent of ethanol. The temperature of operation was fixed in the range of 20 °C to 75°C. Fourier Transform Infrared / Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-IR/ ATR) spectra and Scanning Electron (SE) micrographs have been used to study the distribution of hydrocolloids within the membrane. Morphological features of the cross section of a blended layer have been used to develop a probable mechanism of water transfer through the membrane. Water selectivity has been found to depend on the type, the molecular mass and the weight percent of the hydrocolloid used in the membrane. Both FT-IR/ATR and SEM techniques have proved that a high molecular mass hydrocolloid distributes itself uniformly throughout the membrane. Both techniques have, independently, shown that a low molecular mass hydrocolloid will be situated at or near the top surface of the membrane. A very strong link between a good distribution of the polymer bridged clusters of rubber particles within the membrane and the maximum increase in water selectivity has been established. For the first time ever, artificial neural networks have been used for the modelling and prediction of the pervaporation separation performance of NRL base membranes. Quantitative data about the distribution of hydrocolloids within the membranes was needed in order to train the neural net models. The correlation coefficients and rms errors between the predicted and experimental results were found to be greater than 0.89 and less than 0.086 respectively.

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31

Jaafar, Rosly. "Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation of natural rubber latex suspensions." Thesis, Keele University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318988.

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This thesis describes the development of wide bandwidth ultrasonic pulse transmission and pulse echo comparison spectrometer methods to measure the ultrasonic phase velocity and absorption in natural rubber latex. Details of the quantitative design and construction of simple prototype test rigs include the mechanism of: variable path length pulse transmission, variable path length reflected pulse echo, and dual transducers reflected pulse echo. Special signal processing of experimental data, including transducer impulse response correction routines to calculate the acoustical parameters, are outlined. Measurements made using the constructed prototype test rigs are compared with each other and with data available in the pulished literature. A selection of methods to suit varying requirements for acoustical measurements in natural rubber latex samples is made. Calibration curves relating the measured ultrasonic absorption and phase velocity with the dry rubber content (d.r.c.) at temperatures of 20 to 30°C were constructed. Experiments to test the usefulness of these calibration curves were undertaken to determine if there was any deviation from the Standard Laboratory Method. A comparison between the experimental results obtained using the dual transducer reflected pulse method and the simulation of the Allegra and Hawley model with multiple scattering is presented. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental and the theoritical approaches up to 40% d.r.c. The feasibility of the detection of adulterant materials in natural rubber latex concentrates by using an ultrasonic method is discussed. Finally, the dual transducers reflected pulse echo technique is found be an alternative method to determine d.r.c. in natural rubber latex and could be used as a real time monitoring system for liquids and suspensions in a production environment.

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32

Garms, Bruna Cambraia. "Caracterização física, quimica e biologica de membranas de látex natural incorporadas com moxifloxacina para tratamento de feridas cutâneas /." Araraquara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150815.

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Orientador: Rondinelli Donizetti Herculano
Banca: Marlus Chorilli
Banca: Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez
Resumo: O látex natural (LN) é um polímero natural de grande interesse na área biomédica devido à capacidade de promover o aumento da vascularização e epitelização de tecidos. Considerando as propriedades físico, química e biológica do LN, bem como sua capacidade em atuar como dispositivo de liberação buscou-se, com o presente estudo, desenvolver membranas de LN associadas à moxifloxacina (MXF), antibiótico de amplo espectro de ação, com o intuito de tratar lesões infectadas de difícil cicatrização. A caracterização do material foi realizada por técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e ensaios mecânicos. Além disso, foi avaliado o potencial de liberação da MXF em diferentes pHs. Ensaios microbiológicos e de citotoxicidade foram realizados com as membranas carregadoras. A presença de cristais do fármaco na superfície e no interior do material foi observada por MEV de superfície e de corte transversal. Os espectros de FTIR identificaram as bandas de absorção características dos compostos, sugerindo que a integridade dos compostos foi mantida, o que evidencia a rápida liberação inicial do composto. Além disso, o módulo de elasticidade das membranas com e sem MXF foram similares (0,8 MPa), indicando que a elasticidade das membranas é suficiente para aplicações biomédicas. Os cristais da MXF visualizados nas micrografias da superfície da amostra, tendem a sol... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The natural rubber latex (LN) is a natural polymer which has aroused large interest in the biomedical fields. Mostly, due its ability to promote vascularization increasing and tissue epithelization. Considering the physical, chemical and biological properties of LN, as well as its ability to act as a release device, the present study aimed to develop LN membranes associated with moxifloxacin (MXF), a wide-spectrum antibiotic, in order to treat infected wounds. The techniques performed in the biomaterial characterization were FTIR, mechanical tests and electronic microscopy. Moreover, the potential of MXF release was evaluated at different pHs. In addition, microbiological assays and cell viability were performed with carrier membranes. The presence of drug crystals on the surface and inside the material was observed by electronic microscopy. The FTIR spectra identified the characteristic absorption bands of the compounds, suggesting that their integrity was maintained, which resulted in rapid early release of the compound. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of the membranes with and without MXF were similar (0.80 MPa), indicating the membranes have sufficient elasticity for biomedical applications. The MXF crystals visualized by electronic microscopy on the surface of the material, tend to solubilize quickly during the first hours of release, which promote the burst release effect. Results showed that the MXF released after 295 hours, was 66.44% at pH 7.4, and 53.13% at a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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33

Woolford, Thomas. "Natural theology and natural philosophy in the late Renaissance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/242394.

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Scholars have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the religious context of early modern natural philosophy. Despite some great strides in relating certain areas of Christian doctrine to the study of the natural world, the category ‘natural theology’ has often been subject to anachronism and misunderstanding. The term itself is difficult to define; it is most fruitful to think of natural theology as the answer to the question, ‘what can be known about God and religion from the contemplation of the natural world?’ There have been several erroneous assumptions about natural theology – in particular that it only consisted of rational proofs for the existence of God, that it was ecumenical in outlook, and that it was defined as strictly separate from Scriptural revelation. These assumptions are shown to be uncharacteristic of the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century. The study of natural theology needs to be better integrated into three contexts – the doctrinal, confessional, and chronological. Doctrinally, natural theology does not stand alone but needs to be understood within the context of the theology of revelation, justification, and the effects of the Fall. These doctrines make such a material difference that scholars always ought to delineate clearly between the threefold state of man (original innocence, state of sin, state of grace) when approaching the topic of ‘natural’ knowledge of God. Confessionally, scholars need to recognise that the doctrine of natural theology received different treatments on either side of the sectarian divide. In Catholicism, for instance, there were considerable spiritual benefits of natural theology for the non-Christian, while in Protestantism its benefits were restricted to those saved Christians who possessed Scriptural insight. Chronologically, natural theology does not remain uniform throughout the history of Christian theology but, being subject to changes occasioned by philosophical and theological faddism and development, needs to be considered within a particular locus. Research here focuses on late sixteenth-century orthodoxy as defined in confessional and catechismal literature (which has been generally understudied), and demonstrates its application in a number of case-studies. This thesis begins the work of putting natural theology into these three contexts. An improved understanding of natural theology, with more rigorous and accurate terminology and better nuanced appreciation of confessional differences, makes for a better framework in which to consider the theological context of early modern natural philosophy.

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Oliveira, Tatiana Catelan de [UNESP]. "Estudo comparativo entre peritônio bovino e biomembrana de látex natural na substituição de fragmento da parede da bexiga em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89076.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Neste estudo, implantou-se peritônio bovino ou biomembrana de látex natural em defeito (1,5 x 1,5 cm) induzido na parede ventral da bexiga de coelhos, com o intuito de se avaliar o processo de reparação tecidual no que se refere à biocompatibilidade, capacidade de reparação e possíveis complicações. Utilizaram-se 36 coelhos, albinos, raça Nova Zelândia Branco, adultos, machos inteiros, divididos em grupos experimentais: grupo Biomembrana (GB), grupo peritônio bovino (GP) e grupo controle (GC), cada um com 12 animais. Aos sete, 14, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório, os animais foram eutanasiados mediante o emprego de uma dose elevada de tiopental sódico para avaliações macroscópica e histopatológica da interface do implante com o tecido nativo. Macroscopicamente, em ambos os grupos (GB, GP e GC), observaramse, em todos os períodos, aderências de estruturas adjacentes ao local do implante, presença de cálculos e ausência de sinais de rejeição. No grupo biomembrana, aos 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório, constatou-se a presença do biocompósito solto na luz vesical. Sob microscopia de luz, aos sete dias verificaram-se intensa reação inflamatória, neovascularização e presença de fibroblastos proliferados. Aos 14 dias não havia epitélio, porém observaram-se escassos feixes musculares, intensa neovascularização, fibroblastos e infiltrado inflamatório. No grupo GP, aos 30 dias de observação, o implante estava presente, havia fibroblastos, feixes de fibras musculares, moderada população inflamatórias e ausência de epitélio e de lâmina própria. No grupo GB, neste mesmo período, todas as camadas vesicais estavam reconstituídas. Em ambos os grupos, aos 60 dias de pós-operatório, todas as camadas vesicais encontravam-se reparadas e a membrana peritônio bovino não foi observada. No grupo GC, em todos os tempos de avaliação verificou-se integridade...
In this study, bovine peritoneum or biomembrane of natural latex were utilized to replace a section of ventral face of the bladder of rabbits, with purpose of evaluation of the tissue repair process in regard of its biocompatility, scar formation ability and possible complications. Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits, adult and entire males were divided in three experimental groups: biomembrane group (GB), bovine peritoneum group (GP) and control group (GC), each one with 12 animals. The animals were euthanized at seven, 14, 30 and 60 days post operative, by use of an elevated dosage of sodium tiopental, followed by macroscopic and histopathological analysis of the implant interface with the native tissue. Macroscopically, in both groups (GB, GP and GC), it was observed, in all time periods, structure adherence to the implant site, presence of calculi and absence of rejection signs. In the GB group, since 30 until 60 days of post operative, it was evidenced the presence of the biomembrane inside the bladder. Under light microscopy, at seven days, there were intense inflammatory reaction, new vessels and proliferated fibroblasts. In 14 days, there was no urotelium, however it saw muscle fibers, intense inflammatory cells, new vessels and fibroblasts. In the GP group, at 30 days the implant was still present, there were fibroblasts, muscle fibers, moderate population of inflammatory cells and absence of urotelium and sheath. In the GB group, in the same time period, all the vesical layers were reconstituted. In both groups, at 60 days of post operative, bladder wall was repaired and the bovine peritoneum membrane was not observed. In the GC group, all the evaluation times, integrity of the vesical wall was verified... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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TAGLIARO, IRENE. "NOVEL COLLOIDAL APPROACH TO PREPARE HIGHLY-LOADED SILICA-BASED ELASTOMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241175.

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L’industria degli pneumatici si prefigge di indagare possibili strategie sintetiche per ridurre l’impatto ambientale durante tutto il ciclo di vita dello pneumatico, attraverso l’uso di materiali sostenibili e lo sviluppo di tecniche innovative che riducano il consumo di energia e le emissioni di CO2. In questo contesto, questa progetto di dottorato è focalizzato sulla preparazione di nanocompositi eco-sostenibili attraverso l’uso di un approccio colloidale per aumentare la dispersione di filler idrofilici, in linea con i nuovi requisiti di sostenibilità delle politiche europee. L’approccio colloidale punta a produrre nanocompositi con filler idrofilici, la cui efficiente dispersione attraverso tecniche di miscelazione tradizionali rimane difficoltosa a causa della scarsa compatibilità con la matrice organica. Questa tecnica si focalizza sull’incremento della dispersione di filler senza alcuna modifica superficiale, con l’eliminazione delle poveri prodotte durante il mescolamento con significativi benefici per l’ambiente e i lavoratori. Due diversi approcci colloidali sono stati utilizzati: i) una tecnica di miscelazione in lattice e ii) una in situ polimerizzazione in emulsione per la produzione di nanocompositi altamente caricati contenenti filler come silice e sepiolite (Sep), questi ultimi sono considerati filler promettenti nell’ambito del rinforzo dei polimeri grazie alla loro struttura fibrosa e all’elevato rapporto di forma. La concentrazione, la carica, la forma dei nanofiller a base silicea sono stati studiati come parametri rilevanti per la stabilizzazione e destabilizzazione di lattici a base di poliisoprene naturale e sintetico. Una efficiente procedura di miscelazione in lattice è stata messa a punto per produrre compositi eco-sostenibili, chiamati masterbatches (MBs), attraverso l’incorporazione di silice o Sep nel lattice di gomma naturale (emulsione in acqua di cis-1,4-poliisoprene), attraverso la flocculazione (aggregazione risultante dalla coesione di particelle di polimero) di una miscela acquosa di nanofiller a base silicea e gomma. La tecnica di miscelazione in lattice ha dimostrato di favorire una omogenea dispersione di fibre di sepiolite idrofilica in matrice di gomma. La principali caratteristiche fisico-chimiche che controllano i processi di aggregazione in acqua come il pH, il potenziale Z, la concentrazione, assieme alle caratteristiche morfologiche del MB Sep-gomma naturale, sono state prese in considerazione allo scopo di investigare le interazioni Sep-gomma naturale. E’ stato proposto un meccanismo di flocculazione basato su attrazioni elettrostatiche e depletive, connesso all’elevato contenuto di filler (50% in peso) e alla peculiare anisotropia delle particelle di Sep. Inoltre, i MBs sono stati utilizzati per preparare compositi sostenibili attraverso la combinazione di miscelazione in lattice e mescolazione meccanica. Questo approccio combinato sfrutta la buona distribuzione del filler e previene il rilascio di polveri durante il processo. Una polimerizzazione Pickering in situ è stata considerata come alternativa per la produzione di nanocompositi eco-sostenibili. Particelle poliisoprene/filler a base silicea sono state sintetizzate sfruttando dell’effetto stabilizzante di filler inorganici che agiscono come tensioattivi riducendo la tensione superficiale e stabilizzando l’emulsione. Sulla base dei nostri risultati, viene suggerito un possibile meccanismo di polimerizzazione in emulsione stabilizzata da particelle solide. In conclusione, l’approccio colloidale, basato su miscelazione in lattice e polimerizzazione Pickering in situ, può essere considerato un metodo sostenibile, semplice ed efficace adatto per applicazioni tecnologiche altamente performanti. I risultati indicano che le strategie utilizzate sono adatte per produrre nanocompositi altamente caricati di filler a base silicea.
Sustainability has become a field of great interest in the world industry. For the scientific community the challenge lies in the identification of green synthetic approaches and new alternatives to petroleum-based materials. In the case of the tyre industry, the challenge is to identify possible design strategies and alternatives to reduce the environmental impact throughout the life cycle of tyres, by means of both the use of environmentally friendly materials and the development of innovative products, having reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this context, this PhD thesis is focused on the preparation of eco-friendly silica-based nanocomposites by using a colloidal approach to increase the dispersion of hydrophilic fillers in line with the new requirements of sustainability from the EU policies. The colloidal approach aims at compounding nanocomposites with hydrophilic fillers, whose efficient dispersion through traditional mixing still remains a challenging issue, due to their poor compatibility with the organic matrix. This technique aims at increasing the filler dispersion without any expensive surface modification, with the elimination of the volatile component released during mixing, producing significant benefits for environment and workers. Two different colloidal approaches were applied: i) latex compounding technique (LCT) and ii) in situ emulsion polymerization to prepare highly-loaded nanocomposite rubber materials containing silica-based fillers, silica and sepiolite (Sep) clay, considered a promising filler candidate for the polymer strengthening due to its fibrous structure and high particle aspect ratio (AR). The concentration, the charge and the shape of silica-based nanofillers were studied as relevant parameters on stabilization and destabilization of natural and synthetic polyisoprene latexes. An effective LCT procedure was established to produce eco-friendly composites, namely masterbaches (MBs), by incorporating silica or Sep into natural rubber latex (i.e. emulsion in water of cis-1,4-polyisoprene), through the flocculation (i.e. aggregation resulting from the bridging of polymer particles) of the silica-based nanofillers/rubber mixed aqueous system. LCT showed to favour a homogeneous dispersion of hydrophilic Sep fibers in the rubber matrix. The main physicochemical parameters which control aggregation processes in the aqueous medium, i.e. pH, -potential, concentration, as well as the morphological features of the final Sep-natural rubber MBs, were comprehensively investigated helping to figure out the Sep-NR interactions and to propose a flocculation mechanism, based on electrostatic and depletion attraction forces, remarkably connected both to the high content (50 wt.%) and to the peculiar anisotropy of Sep fibers. Furthermore, the MBs with high filler loadings were used to produce environmentally friendly composites, by combining LTC and melt mixing. This combined approach could take advantage of the good filler distribution and prevents dust from floating in the air during processing. In situ Pickering polymerization was considered as an alternative colloidal approach to produce eco-friendly nanocomposites. Polyisoprene/silica-based structured particles were synthesized on the base of the stabilizing effects of inorganic fillers which act like surfactants lowering the interfacial tension and stabilizing the emulsion. On the basis of our results, we suggested a possible mechanism for emulsion polymerizations stabilized by solid particles. In conclusion, the colloidal approach, based on both LTC and in situ Pickering emulsion polymerization, can be considered as green, simple and effective method suitable for high-performance technological applications. The outcomes indicate the suitability of the adopted strategies as a sustainable procedure for the production of high-loaded silica based-rubber nanocomposites.

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Linares, Elisangela Moura. "Caracterização microestrutural de filmes de blendas de latex." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250299.

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Orientador: Fernando Galembeck
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Este trabalho mostra o efeito da distribuição de espécies iônicas na morfologia e nas propriedades mecânicas de filmes de blendas de látices, e também demonstra o uso da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão por energia filtrada (EFTEM) para caracterização morfológica das blendas e de seus nanocompósitos com argila, explorando a região de baixa perda de energia de elétrons. Blendas de látex de borracha natural (NR)/poli(estireno-acrilato de butila) [P(S-BA] e NR/poli(cloreto de vinila) [PVC] foram investigadas, utilizando-se microscopia de varredura de potencial elétrico (SEPM). Através dos mapas de potencial elétrico, foi verificada a ocorrência de migração de espécies iônicas da blenda de uma fase polimérica para a outra, durante a preparação da blenda. Esta migração é espontânea, porque permite a redução da energia do sistema através da diminuição da repulsão eletrostática entre íons, distribuindo-os entre as fases, e é direcionada para o polímero que inicialmente tem menor concentração de cargas e apresenta maior constante dielétrica. Os domínios formados pelos dois componentes da blenda apresentam sinais de carga opostos, o que contribui para o aumento na compatibilidade, através da adesão eletrostática. Os espectros de baixa perda de energia mostram diferenças nas estruturas moleculares dos polímeros das blendas. Essas diferenças se expressam através de mudanças de contraste em imagens de perda de energia (mapas moleculares) adquiridas entre 20 e 90 eV. Blendas de NR/P(S-BA), P(S-BA)/PVC, P(S-BA)/poli(estirenometacrilato de 2-hidroxietila) e seus respectivos nanocompósitos foram analisados por EFTEM que revelou domínios em escala nanométrica, mesmo tendo pequenas diferenças na composição química, sem a necessidade de corar a amostra. Nos nanocompósitos, a disposição das lamelas de argila foi revelada graças ao cancelamento do contraste entre os polímeros.
Abstract: This work shows the effect of ionic specie distribution on the morphology and on the mechanical properties of latex blend films, as well as it demonstrates the use of energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) technique to morphological characterization of these blends and its clay nanocomposites, by exploring the low-loss electron energy region. Natural rubber (NR)/poly(styrenebutyl acrylate) [P(S-BA)] and NR/poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] blends were investigated by scanning electric potential microscopy (SEPM). Using the electric potential maps, it has been observed ionic specie migration from one polymer phase towards the other, during blend preparation. The migration is spontaneous because it allows the reduction of system energy thanks to the decreasing of ionion electrostatic repulsion given by ion distribution throughout the phases. The migration is directed towards the polymer that has initially the lower charge concentration and that presents the higher dielectric constant. The domains formed by the two blend component present opposite charge signals, which contribute to compatibility enhancement through electrostatic adhesion. Low-energy-loss electron spectra show differences on molecular structure of polymers that form the blends. Such differences are expressed through contrast changing in low-energyloss images (molecular maps) acquired between 20 and 90 eV. NR/P(S-BA), P(SBA)/ PVC, P(S-BA)/poly(styrene-2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate) and their respective clay nanocomposites have been analyzed by EFTEM without staining and it revealed nano-sized domains, even when chemical composition was slightly different. Clay platelet distribution within nanocomposites was revealed due to contrast canceling of polymer domains on EFTEM images.
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química

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Santim, Ricardo Hidalgo [UNESP]. "Síntese e caracterização de blendas borracha natural/polianilina e borracha natural/polipirrol obtidas por polimerização in situ." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126367.

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Os polímeros geralmente são muito conhecidos por serem materiais leves, flexíveis e de fácil processamento. Cada vez mais a área tecnológica tem a demanda dessas propriedades associadas a condutividade elétrica ajustável. Nessa perspectiva, há trabalhos que se empenham em associar Polímeros Condutores Intrínsecos (PCI) com matrizes de boa propriedade mecânica. Entre os PCI, o polipirrol (PPy) e a polianilina (PAni) têm se destacado devido à fácil síntese, alta estabilidade ambiental, alta condutividade (10 2 S/cm) e baixo custo dos monômeros. Uma das limitações nas aplicações tecnológica desses polímeros condutores está na sua pobre propriedade mecânica e baixa solubilidade. Uma das alternativas para contornar esses problemas é fazer a polimerizão in situ dos polímeros condutores na presença de um polímero com boas propriedades mecânicas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi preparar blendas de borracha natural (BN) com PAni e BN com PPy através da polimerização in situ da anilina e do pirrol, respectivamente, no látex de seringueira, natural e prevulcanizado. Foram estudadas as propriedades morfológicas, estruturais, elétricas, mecânicas e térmicas dessas amostras. As análises dos espectros de infravermelho e UV-Vis- NIR evidenciaram a síntese, em meio látex, da polianilina no estado sal de esmeraldina (dopada) e do polipirrol no estado dopado. As blendas apresentaram condutividade elétrica na faixa de 10 -14 a 10 -2 S/cm que variou em função da razão borracha/monômero. Na maioria dos casos, obteve-se maior condutividade elétrica quando utilizou-se o látex prevulcanizado. A tensão na ruptura aumentou com a diminuição da razão de BN/monômero para as blendas obtidas a partir de látex natural e também de látex prevulcanizado. Para a mesma condição de síntese, a tensão de ruptura foi superior para as blendas obtidas a partir do látex...
The polymers are generally known to be very lightweight materials, flexible and easy processing. Each year, more and more the technology area has the demand for these properties associated with adjustable electrical conductivity. From this perspective, there are studies that seek to associate intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP) with polymer matrices that has good mechanical property. Among those ICP, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAni) has received much attention due to easy of synthesis, high environmental stability, high conductivity (10 2 S/cm) and low cost of monomers. However, they have poor mechanical property and low solubility. An alternative to overcome these problems is to make in situ polymerization of the conductive polymer in the presence of another polymer that possesses good mechanical properties. In this way, the aim of this study was to obtain natural rubber (NR) composites with PAni and NR with PPY by in situ polymerization of aniline and pyrrole, respectively, in the natural and prevulcanized natural rubber latex. Morphological, structural, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties these samples were studied. Analysis of infrared and UV-Vis-NIR spectra showed the polyaniline and polypyrrole are in doped state. The electrical conductivity of the composites showed to be dependent on the ratio rubber/ monomer, staying in the range of 10 -14 to 10 -2 S/cm. In most cases, higher conductivity occurred when prevulcanized latex was used. The strain at break of the composites increases with decreasing rubber/monomer ratio. For the same synthesis conditions the strain at break was higher to the composites obtained from prevulcanized latex. In some polymerization condition it was evident the occurrence of encapsulation of prevulcanized rubber particles with the conducting polymers mainly to low rubber/monomer ratio

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Santim, Ricardo Hidalgo. "Síntese e caracterização de blendas borracha natural/polianilina e borracha natural/polipirrol obtidas por polimerização in situ /." Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126367.

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Orientador: José Antonio Malmonge
Banca: Darcy Hiroe Fujii Kanda
Banca: Fauze Ahmad Aouada
Banca: Cristiane Reis Martins
Banca: Nara Regina de Souza Basso
Resumo: Os polímeros geralmente são muito conhecidos por serem materiais leves, flexíveis e de fácil processamento. Cada vez mais a área tecnológica tem a demanda dessas propriedades associadas a condutividade elétrica ajustável. Nessa perspectiva, há trabalhos que se empenham em associar Polímeros Condutores Intrínsecos (PCI) com matrizes de boa propriedade mecânica. Entre os PCI, o polipirrol (PPy) e a polianilina (PAni) têm se destacado devido à fácil síntese, alta estabilidade ambiental, alta condutividade (10 2 S/cm) e baixo custo dos monômeros. Uma das limitações nas aplicações tecnológica desses polímeros condutores está na sua pobre propriedade mecânica e baixa solubilidade. Uma das alternativas para contornar esses problemas é fazer a polimerizão in situ dos polímeros condutores na presença de um polímero com boas propriedades mecânicas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi preparar blendas de borracha natural (BN) com PAni e BN com PPy através da polimerização in situ da anilina e do pirrol, respectivamente, no látex de seringueira, natural e prevulcanizado. Foram estudadas as propriedades morfológicas, estruturais, elétricas, mecânicas e térmicas dessas amostras. As análises dos espectros de infravermelho e UV-Vis- NIR evidenciaram a síntese, em meio látex, da polianilina no estado sal de esmeraldina (dopada) e do polipirrol no estado dopado. As blendas apresentaram condutividade elétrica na faixa de 10 -14 a 10 -2 S/cm que variou em função da razão borracha/monômero. Na maioria dos casos, obteve-se maior condutividade elétrica quando utilizou-se o látex prevulcanizado. A tensão na ruptura aumentou com a diminuição da razão de BN/monômero para as blendas obtidas a partir de látex natural e também de látex prevulcanizado. Para a mesma condição de síntese, a tensão de ruptura foi superior para as blendas obtidas a partir do látex...
Abstract: The polymers are generally known to be very lightweight materials, flexible and easy processing. Each year, more and more the technology area has the demand for these properties associated with adjustable electrical conductivity. From this perspective, there are studies that seek to associate intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP) with polymer matrices that has good mechanical property. Among those ICP, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAni) has received much attention due to easy of synthesis, high environmental stability, high conductivity (10 2 S/cm) and low cost of monomers. However, they have poor mechanical property and low solubility. An alternative to overcome these problems is to make in situ polymerization of the conductive polymer in the presence of another polymer that possesses good mechanical properties. In this way, the aim of this study was to obtain natural rubber (NR) composites with PAni and NR with PPY by in situ polymerization of aniline and pyrrole, respectively, in the natural and prevulcanized natural rubber latex. Morphological, structural, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties these samples were studied. Analysis of infrared and UV-Vis-NIR spectra showed the polyaniline and polypyrrole are in doped state. The electrical conductivity of the composites showed to be dependent on the ratio rubber/ monomer, staying in the range of 10 -14 to 10 -2 S/cm. In most cases, higher conductivity occurred when prevulcanized latex was used. The strain at break of the composites increases with decreasing rubber/monomer ratio. For the same synthesis conditions the strain at break was higher to the composites obtained from prevulcanized latex. In some polymerization condition it was evident the occurrence of encapsulation of prevulcanized rubber particles with the conducting polymers mainly to low rubber/monomer ratio
Doutor

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Collantes, Hugo David Chirinos. "Desenvolvimento do Processo de Fabricação de Tubos Hospitalares por RVNRL: Otimização e Protótipo de Extrusão a Baixas Temperaturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-06112003-182641/.

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O látex de borracha natural foi formulado, radiovulcanizado e, em seguida, estabilizado radioliticamente (GAMATEX), para ser empregado na fabricação de artefatos de borracha utilizados na área médica. A eficiência de reticulação do látex, quando radiovulcanizado com raios gama, correlacionou-se matematicamente com a razão de concentração do sistema de radiosensibilizador (x1 = [An-B] / [KOH]) e com a dose de vulcanização (x2), apresentando alto grau de interação, segundo o seguinte modelo matemático: , onde representa a resistência à tração na ruptura. O processo RVNRL foi otimizado para baixas doses de vulcanização e altas concentrações de An-B. A resistência radioxidativa da borracha, obtida a partir do GAMATEX, foi atingida adicionando-se uma mistura de antioxidantes (45% BANOX S + 55% TNPP). Esta mistura apresentou um efeito sinérgico. O látex apresentou comportamento pseudoplástico com a ocorrência de tensão de escoamento. A taxa de desestabilização irreversível do látex foi diretamente proporcional à [An-B] e inversamente proporcional à [KOH]. O efeito pós-irradiação do látex ou a desestabilização reversível, ocorreu devido à presença de uma concentração residual de An-B que não reagiu. A irradiação melhorou a estabilidade coloidal do GAMATEX, devido ao aumento da tixotropia e da tendência newtoniana além da correlação entre o grau de consistência (k) e o índice pseudoplástico (n), de acordo com o modelo matemático . Este fato permite um tempo maior de estocagem do GAMATEX. A viscosidade relativa do látex correlaciona-se com a temperatura e com o teor da borracha seca conforme o modelo matemático: , onde rw é a razão (BS/100-BS). O látex radiovulcanizado coagulou à temperatura de 10ºC no sistema de refrigeração projetado.
The natural rubber latex was formulated, irradiation vulcanized and stabilized (GAMATEX) to make rubber goods for medical purpose. When the latex was vulcanized by gamma rays the effectiveness crosslinking of GAMATEX relationship between the concentration ratio of sensitizer system (x1=[n-BA]/[KOH]) and the vulcanization dose (x2), showing high interaction grade according to the following the mathematical equation: , where is the tensile strength. The RVNRL process was optimized for low vulcanization doses and high concentrations of n-BA. The resistance to radiolitic oxidation of rubber obtained from GAMATEX was attained when one antioxidants mixture (45% BANOX S + 55% TNPP) was added. This mixture exhibited synergetic effect. The latex showed pseudoplastic rheological behavior and the yield stress occurrence. The irreversible destabilization rate of latex was direct proportional to [n-BA] and indirect proportional to [KOH]. The post-irradiation effects or reversible destabilization of latex occurred because there is a residual concentration of [n-BA] that it was not reacted. The colloidal stability of GAMATEX improved with irradiation, showing showing the increase of thixotropic behavior and the tendency to newtonian behavior flow besides the relationship between the viscosity index (k) and the pseudoplastic index (n) according to the mathematical model: . This fact allows the higher storage time of GAMATEX. The relative viscosity of latex was relationship between the temperature and the total dry rubber content according to the mathematical model: , where rw is the ratio (BS/100-BS). The radiation vulcanized latex coagulated at 10ºC into the projected freezing system.

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Agostini, Deuber Lincon da Silva [UNESP]. "Caracterização dos constituintes do látex e da borracha natural que estimulam a angiogênese." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94503.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As membranas de borracha natural são usadas frequentemente como material biológico na indução de angiogênese e neoformação. Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos com objetivo de identificar os componentes do látex que são responsáveis pelo processo de angiogênese e neoformação. O látex, as fases centrifugadas do látex e as membranas da borracha natural, tratados termicamente em 60, 85 e 120ºC, foram liofilizados para a redução de água nos mesmos. A caracterização de tais materiais foi realizada por espectroscopia infravermelha (FTIR), micro-Raman, ressonância magnética nuclear (NMR - 1H e 13C), difração de raio x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM), análise do termogravimétrica (TG) acoplado com infravermelho (TG/FT-IR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise dinâmico mecânica (DMA) e o método de Bradford. Nos resultados de espectroscopia no infravermelho, micro de Raman, NMR (1H e 13C), de raios x e TG/FT-IR; os componentes químicos do látex, das fases centrifugadas do látex e das membranas da borracha natural foram identificados. A técnica de TG foi utilizada para avaliar a estabilidade térmica e os resultados mostraram que as membranas obtidas a 60ºC possuem maior estabilidade. Nos resultados de DSC notou-se que a transição vítrea acontece em ~ -68ºC, para todos os materiais que contêm isopreno e a degradação estrutural ocorrem em torno de 376ºC. As transições de vítreas foram confirmadas através dos resultados de DMA. O látex centrifugado apresenta três fases: partículas de borracha (F1), lutóides (F2) e Frey-Wyssling (F3). Nas frações F2 e F3 o isopreno é ausente, ou apresenta pequena proporção, mas contêm diversos componentes químicos: proteínas, ácidos aminados e grupos funcionais que podem induzir o angiogênese e a neoformação em tecidos biológicos...
Natural latex and natural rubber membranes are frequently used as biomaterial in the angiogenesis induction and neoformation of biological tissues. Our studies aimed to study and identify the latex components that are responsible for angiogenesis and neoformation processes. The natural latex, the centrifuged latex phases and the natural rubber membranes were thermally treated at 60, 85 and 120ºC and afterward all samples were lyophilized. The characterization of such materials were carried out using infrared (FT-IR), micro Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR - 1H e 13C), X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetry analysis coupled with infrared (TG/FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the method of Bradford. From the results of infrared and micro Raman spectroscopy, NMR (1H e 13C), X-rays and TG/FT-IR the chemical components present in the latex, in the centrifuged latex phases and in natural rubber membranes were identified. TG technique was used to evaluate the thermal stability and results showed that membranes obtained at 60ºC present greater stability, up to 350ºC. From DSC results it was found that the glass transition happens at –68ºC, for all materials containing isoprene, and the structural degradation occurs at 376ºC. Glass transitions were confirmed also by DMA results. Centrifuged latex presents three phases: rubber particles (F1), lutoids (F2) and Frey-Wyssling (F3). In the fractions F2 and F3 the isoprene is absent but they contain several chemical components: proteins, amino acids and functional groups that can induce angiogenesis and neoformation on biological tissues. The treated membrane 60ºC of natural rubber showed the highest angiogenesis and neoformation activities. Furthermore, membranes containing pores favor the cicatrization process and the vascularization processes.

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Nguyen, Nhu Hien, and Thanh Thao Luong. "Situation of wastewater treatment of natural rubber latex processing in the Southeastern region, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99176.

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Rubber tree is one of the main plants which play an important role in the economy of Southeastern region, Vietnam. Approximately 90% of Vietnamese natural rubber latex is exported as raw products. The preliminary process of natural rubber latex discharges a large amount of wastewater to the environment. In Vietnam, there are many available technologies set up and operated for treatment wastewater of rubber latex processing. However, the effluent quality is still poor and the concentration of pollutants is higher than the required national technical regulation on the effluent of the natural rubber processing industry (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Thus, this paper summarizes various technologies and methods currently applied for the treatment of latex processing wastewater in Vietnam. Additionally, the new effective methods being researched and applied in Thailand and Malaysia are also mentioned (countries with the highest production of natural rubber in the world). This paper also provides a screening of treatment technologies for reducing environmental pollution and contributing to high-quality effluent for meeting the required standard
Cao su là một trong những cây trồng chính và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế của miền Đông Nam Bộ, Việt Nam. Sản phẩm từ cây cao su thiên nhiên tại Việt Nam chủ yếu là xuất khẩu (khoảng 90%), tuy nhiên chỉ mới là dạng cao su thiên nhiên sơ chế. Quá trình sơ chế mủ cao su thiên nhiên thải bỏ một lượng lớn nước thải vào môi trường. Ở Việt Nam, hiện tại có rất nhiều công nghệ xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su đã được thiết lập và vận hành. Tuy nhiên, nồng độ ô nhiễm trong nước thải sau quá trình xử lý còn cao so với tiêu chuẩn yêu cầu (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Vì vậy, bài báo này tóm tắt những công nghệ và phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su tại Việt Nam gần đây. Thêm vào đó, những phương pháp mới và hiệu quả đang được nghiên cứu và áp dụng tại Malaysia và Thái Lan, những quốc gia có sản lượng sản xuất mủ cao su cao nhất trên thế giới cũng được giới thiệu. Bài báo này cũng cung cấp sự đa dạng của những phương pháp xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và góp phần đảm bảo chất lượng nước đầu ra đạt tiêu chuẩn cho phép

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ARAUJO, SERGIO C. de. "Vulcanizacao do latex de borracha natural induzida com feixe de eletrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1993. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10327.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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43

Pagnano, Leonardo de Oliveira [UNESP]. "Análise da cicatrização na pele de coelhos após tratamentos de feridas com biomateriais associados à fração de proteína do látex natural da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101102.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de cicatrização de uma fração de proteína extraída do látex da seringueira em diferentes concentrações (0,01% e 0,001%) associada a diferentes biomateriais (Fibracol plusÒ e ácido hialurônico a 1%). Utilizaram-se 36 coelhos albinos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco submetidos à realização de 4 feridas em cada orelha. Dividiu-se o experimento em etapas de acordo com a análise do período pós-operatório (3º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias), sendo utilizados 9 animais para cada etapa. Na primeira etapa (3º dia de pósoperatório), os animais foram numerados aleatoriamente de 1 a 9, sendo que em 3 animais, nas orelhas esquerdas, as feridas foram tratadas com solução salina (T1) e nas orelhas direitas, as feridas foram tratadas com membrana de Fibracol plus® + FrHb1 a 0,01% (T2). Em outros 3 animais, realizaram-se os mesmos procedimentos, diferenciando os tratamentos, onde nas feridas das orelhas esquerdas o tratamento foi com Fibracol plus® (T3) e nas feridas das orelhas direitas Fibracol plus® + FrHb1 a 0,001% (T4). Nos 3 animais restantes, seguiram-se os mesmos procedimentos, inserindo nas feridas das orelhas esquerdas ácido hialurônico a 1% + FrHb1 a 0,01% (T5) e nas feridas das orelhas direitas ácido hialurônico a 1% + FrHb1 a 0,001% (T6). Os animais foram sacrificados no 3º dia de pós-operatório e as feridas foram analisadas macroscopicamente e em seguida separadas para a análise histológica. Estes procedimentos foram repetidos para as etapas de 7, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório. Os segmentos de tecidos com as feridas foram fixados em solução de Bouin por 24 horas, e processados rotineiramente, para inclusão em paraplast e posterior avaliação histológica e morfométrica. A morfometria foi realizada por meio do sistema...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for healing of a fraction of protein extracted from the latex of rubber trees in different concentrations (0.01% and 0.001%) associated with various biomaterials (Fibracol plus®1 and hyaluronic acid to 1%). There were used 36 New Zealand White rabbits underwent achievement of 4 wounds on each ear. The experiment was divided into stages according to the analysis of the postoperative period (3, 7, 14 and 21 days), and 9 animals used for each step. In the first stage (day 3 post-surgery), animals were randomly numbered from 1 to 9, with 3 animals in the left ear, the wounds were treated with saline (T1) and the right ear, the wounds were treated with membrane of Fibracol plus® + FrHb1 to 0.01% (T2). In 3 other animals, the same procedures were held, differing treatments, where the wounds of the left ear they were treated with Fibracol plus® (T3) and the wounds of the right ears Fibracol Plus® + FrHb1 to 0.001% (T4). In the 3 remaining animals, there was followed by the same procedures, including the ears wounds hyaluronic acid at 1% + FrHb1 to 0.01% (T5) and right ears wounds of hyaluronic acid 1% + FrHb1 a 0.001% (T6). The animals were sacrificed at 3 days postoperatively and the wounds were examined macroscopically and then separated for histological analysis. These procedures were repeated on the steps of 7, 14 and 21 days postoperatively. The segments of the injured tissues were fixed in Bouin solution for 24 hours and routinely processed for inclusion in paraplastic and subsequent histologic and morphometric evaluation. The morphometry was performed using the image analyzing system (Image Pro-PLUS2) and the evaluation of healing was done by enumeration of leukocytes and fibroblasts. The data were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test at 5%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Silva, Cícero Rafael Cena da [UNESP]. "Obtenção e caracterização de filmes nanoestruturados de polianilina/látex de borracha natural." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88358.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho apresenta estudos sobre a obtenção de filmes finos de polianilina (Pani) e látex de borracha natural (BN) através da técnica de automontagem. A caracterização dos filmes compreendeu o estudo dos mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção, determinado o tempo de deposição e quantidade de material adsorvido de acordo com mudanças nas condições de deposição como pH, concentração, dopante, solvente e substrato. Foram obtidos filmes com um crescimento tipicamente linear durante todo o processo de deposição com até 10 bicamadas. Os efeitos destas mudanças sobre a estabilidade do filme foram estudados com base na cinética de dessorção, onde o filme foi lavado, sob agitação constante, em água destilada por vários dias. O estudo da cinética de dessorção revelou que o filme passa por um processo de hidratação antes que ocorra a perda de material adsorvido. A morfologia do filme foi estudada utilizando diferentes técnicas de microscopia, das quais foi possível determinar as características morfológicas dos polímeros puros e após adsorver ao substrato, assim como dos filmes com 10 bicamadas. As partículas de borracha natural puderam ser visualizadas em sua forma esférica em diferentes tamanhos, a rugosidade do filme apresentou alterações consideráveis de acordo com a quantidade de material adsorvido. Por fim realizou-se a deposição do filme sobre um eletrodo interdigitado onde estudo de sua potencialidade como sensor foi realizado. Estes estudos foram realizados por meio de medidas de capacitância do filme quando imerso em solução, variando a freqüência num intervalo de 1 à 10kHz, para isto utilizou-se a técnica de espectroscopia de impedância. Como analitos foram empregados o HCl (ácido clorídrico), NaCl (cloreto de sódio), sacarose e cafeína. Na avaliação preliminar do filme como sensor, este mostrou-se seletivo...
In this work, we report the build-up of thin film self-assembled of polyaniline (Pani) alternated with natural rubber (NB). The influence of deposition parameters such as pH, concentration, dopants, solvent and substrate were investigating using different techniques. Films with 10 bilayers were successfully produced with film thickness increase linearly with the number of bilayers. The effects of different conditions on the stability of layers were studied based on the kinetics of desorption, where the films were washed under constant stirring in distilled water for several days. The films suffer a process of hydration before the occurrence of the loss of adsorbed material. The morphology of the films was studied using different microscopy techniques, which could determine the morphological characteristics of individual polymers and selfassembled one. The particles of natural rubber could be viewed on its spherical shape in different sizes and the roughness of the film showed a tendency to decrease with the amount of adsorbed material. Finally, self-assembled thin film was obtained on an interdigitated electrode (sensor) and its capacitance response was investigated as function of frequency in different analytes. Pure water was used as reference and HCl (hydrochloric acid), NaCl (sodium chloride), sucrose and caffeine were employed as analyte. The sensor was sensitive to these analytes at 1 KHz showing its capability in sensor application.

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Silva, Cícero Rafael Cena da. "Obtenção e caracterização de filmes nanoestruturados de polianilina/látex de borracha natural /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88358.

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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta estudos sobre a obtenção de filmes finos de polianilina (Pani) e látex de borracha natural (BN) através da técnica de automontagem. A caracterização dos filmes compreendeu o estudo dos mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção, determinado o tempo de deposição e quantidade de material adsorvido de acordo com mudanças nas condições de deposição como pH, concentração, dopante, solvente e substrato. Foram obtidos filmes com um crescimento tipicamente linear durante todo o processo de deposição com até 10 bicamadas. Os efeitos destas mudanças sobre a estabilidade do filme foram estudados com base na cinética de dessorção, onde o filme foi lavado, sob agitação constante, em água destilada por vários dias. O estudo da cinética de dessorção revelou que o filme passa por um processo de hidratação antes que ocorra a perda de material adsorvido. A morfologia do filme foi estudada utilizando diferentes técnicas de microscopia, das quais foi possível determinar as características morfológicas dos polímeros puros e após adsorver ao substrato, assim como dos filmes com 10 bicamadas. As partículas de borracha natural puderam ser visualizadas em sua forma esférica em diferentes tamanhos, a rugosidade do filme apresentou alterações consideráveis de acordo com a quantidade de material adsorvido. Por fim realizou-se a deposição do filme sobre um eletrodo interdigitado onde estudo de sua potencialidade como sensor foi realizado. Estes estudos foram realizados por meio de medidas de capacitância do filme quando imerso em solução, variando a freqüência num intervalo de 1 à 10kHz, para isto utilizou-se a técnica de espectroscopia de impedância. Como analitos foram empregados o HCl (ácido clorídrico), NaCl (cloreto de sódio), sacarose e cafeína. Na avaliação preliminar do filme como sensor, este mostrou-se seletivo ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this work, we report the build-up of thin film self-assembled of polyaniline (Pani) alternated with natural rubber (NB). The influence of deposition parameters such as pH, concentration, dopants, solvent and substrate were investigating using different techniques. Films with 10 bilayers were successfully produced with film thickness increase linearly with the number of bilayers. The effects of different conditions on the stability of layers were studied based on the kinetics of desorption, where the films were washed under constant stirring in distilled water for several days. The films suffer a process of hydration before the occurrence of the loss of adsorbed material. The morphology of the films was studied using different microscopy techniques, which could determine the morphological characteristics of individual polymers and selfassembled one. The particles of natural rubber could be viewed on its spherical shape in different sizes and the roughness of the film showed a tendency to decrease with the amount of adsorbed material. Finally, self-assembled thin film was obtained on an interdigitated electrode (sensor) and its capacitance response was investigated as function of frequency in different analytes. Pure water was used as reference and HCl (hydrochloric acid), NaCl (sodium chloride), sucrose and caffeine were employed as analyte. The sensor was sensitive to these analytes at 1 KHz showing its capability in sensor application.
Orientador: José Antonio Malmonge
Coorientador: Luiz Francisco Malmonge
Banca: Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi
Banca: Antonio Riul Júnior
Mestre

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46

Oliveira, Tatiana Catelan de. "Estudo comparativo entre peritônio bovino e biomembrana de látex natural na substituição de fragmento da parede da bexiga em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89076.

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Orientador: Márcia Rita Fernandes Machado
Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi
Banca: Sheila Canevese Rahal
Resumo: Neste estudo, implantou-se peritônio bovino ou biomembrana de látex natural em defeito (1,5 x 1,5 cm) induzido na parede ventral da bexiga de coelhos, com o intuito de se avaliar o processo de reparação tecidual no que se refere à biocompatibilidade, capacidade de reparação e possíveis complicações. Utilizaram-se 36 coelhos, albinos, raça Nova Zelândia Branco, adultos, machos inteiros, divididos em grupos experimentais: grupo Biomembrana (GB), grupo peritônio bovino (GP) e grupo controle (GC), cada um com 12 animais. Aos sete, 14, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório, os animais foram eutanasiados mediante o emprego de uma dose elevada de tiopental sódico para avaliações macroscópica e histopatológica da interface do implante com o tecido nativo. Macroscopicamente, em ambos os grupos (GB, GP e GC), observaramse, em todos os períodos, aderências de estruturas adjacentes ao local do implante, presença de cálculos e ausência de sinais de rejeição. No grupo biomembrana, aos 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório, constatou-se a presença do biocompósito solto na luz vesical. Sob microscopia de luz, aos sete dias verificaram-se intensa reação inflamatória, neovascularização e presença de fibroblastos proliferados. Aos 14 dias não havia epitélio, porém observaram-se escassos feixes musculares, intensa neovascularização, fibroblastos e infiltrado inflamatório. No grupo GP, aos 30 dias de observação, o implante estava presente, havia fibroblastos, feixes de fibras musculares, moderada população inflamatórias e ausência de epitélio e de lâmina própria. No grupo GB, neste mesmo período, todas as camadas vesicais estavam reconstituídas. Em ambos os grupos, aos 60 dias de pós-operatório, todas as camadas vesicais encontravam-se reparadas e a membrana peritônio bovino não foi observada. No grupo GC, em todos os tempos de avaliação verificou-se integridade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this study, bovine peritoneum or biomembrane of natural latex were utilized to replace a section of ventral face of the bladder of rabbits, with purpose of evaluation of the tissue repair process in regard of its biocompatility, scar formation ability and possible complications. Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits, adult and entire males were divided in three experimental groups: biomembrane group (GB), bovine peritoneum group (GP) and control group (GC), each one with 12 animals. The animals were euthanized at seven, 14, 30 and 60 days post operative, by use of an elevated dosage of sodium tiopental, followed by macroscopic and histopathological analysis of the implant interface with the native tissue. Macroscopically, in both groups (GB, GP and GC), it was observed, in all time periods, structure adherence to the implant site, presence of calculi and absence of rejection signs. In the GB group, since 30 until 60 days of post operative, it was evidenced the presence of the biomembrane inside the bladder. Under light microscopy, at seven days, there were intense inflammatory reaction, new vessels and proliferated fibroblasts. In 14 days, there was no urotelium, however it saw muscle fibers, intense inflammatory cells, new vessels and fibroblasts. In the GP group, at 30 days the implant was still present, there were fibroblasts, muscle fibers, moderate population of inflammatory cells and absence of urotelium and sheath. In the GB group, in the same time period, all the vesical layers were reconstituted. In both groups, at 60 days of post operative, bladder wall was repaired and the bovine peritoneum membrane was not observed. In the GC group, all the evaluation times, integrity of the vesical wall was verified... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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47

Kalyani, N. M. V. "Effects of water-soluble polymers upon some properties of natural rubber latex." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235882.

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An investigation of the effects of various water-soluble polymers upon some properties of natural rubber latex has been carried out. All the polymers, which were of two principal types, distinguished according to the rate of addition of polymerisation reactants, were prepared by free-radical initiated solution polymerisation. Two types of monomers, namely, ionisable hydrophilic monomers and hydrophobic monomers were used in the preparation of polymers. Both types of polymers, referred to as Type 1 and Type 2, were principally characterised by viscometry, hydrophilicity assessment and infra-red analyses. It has been found that such characteristics of these polymers as molecular weight, composition distribution and hydrophilicity are dependent upon the method used for their preparation. Explanations which have been suggested for this dependence accord with theoretical predictions. It has also been found that certain properties of natural rubber (NR) latex such as mechanical stability (MST), viscosity, zinc-oxide thickening, heat- sensitivity and creaming can be modified with the addition of watersoluble polymers and that the extent to which each of these properties is modified depends upon the characteristics of the added polymer. The extent of the modification of MST and viscosity of NR la tex greatly depended upon both the molecular weight and composition of the added polymer. The influence of composition of the added polymer in modifying zinc-oxide thickening was found to be more important than that of molecular weight. Even though the effects of polymers of Type 1 and Type 2 upon the properties of NR latex were generally similar it has not been able to make proper comparisons between the effects of these two types of polymers as their characteristics were different.

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48

SOUZA, AUREA de. "Comportamento do AnB/KOH/HPt-B na vulcanizacao do latex de borracha natural induzida com raios gama." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10362.

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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49

Swabey, Stephen E. J. "Rates of natural climate change : a study of speleothems." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54553/.

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Speleothems (cave calcite) provide many different proxy indicators for palaeoclimatic changes during the Quaternary era. Generally, the occurrence of growing speleothems is a strong proxy for global palaeoclimate, both geographically and through time. A database of speleothem U-Th ages shows some evidence for an early transition from the penultimate glacial to the last interglacial at -140 Ka BP. The database suggests an age of 63 Ka BP for the maximum cold period within isotope stage 4. Isotope stage 3 contains three periods of increased number of growing speleothems, at 40,50 and 56 Ka BP mainly in low latitude caves. The start of growth, growth rate, oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes and luminescence intensity in two speleothems from southern Ireland provide high-resolution records of rapid palaeoclimate changes in that region during the Late Glacial. Several of these palaeoclimate proxies appear to be linked. The Younger Dryas (YO) cold event is dated at between 12.5 and 11.4 Ka BP in both speleothem records. The dominant agent of palaeoclimatic variation during the YD is probably changes in North Atlantic ocean circulation. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is developed as a means of rapidly converting between 14C and calendar years and vice versa.

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50

CANAVEL, VALDIR. "Efeito do antioxidante e do radiosensibilizador na estabilidade do latex de borracha natural vulcanizada com raios gama." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1993. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10341.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Latex naturel'

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