Journal articles: 'Latex Film Formation'

1

Winnik, Mitchell A. "Latex film formation." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2, no. 2 (April 1997): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(97)80026-x.

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KEDDIE, J. "Film formation of latex." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 21, no. 3 (December 25, 1997): 101–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-796x(97)00011-9.

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Chindawong, Chakkresit, Naruemon Setthaya, Pagasukon Mekrattanachai, Nattapong Damrongwiriyanupap, Kedsarin Pimraksa, and Diethelm Johannsmann. "Effect of adding carboxymethyl cellulose, zeolite and microcrystalline cellulose on the optical and mechanical properties of latex composite films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012011.

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Abstract In this research, four-types of latex composite films which are carboxymethyl cellulose latex composite film, zeolite latex composite film, microcrystalline cellulose latex composite film and microcrystalline cellulose sodium hydroxide latex composite film were prepared by casting method. Drying time of all films formation is 24 hr. The average thickness of the dry film is 0.10 mm. The transparency of films were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the carboxymethyl cellulose latex composite film have more transparency than zeolite latex composite film, microcrystalline cellulose latex composite film and microcrystalline cellulose sodium hydroxide latex composite film respectively. The analysis of functional group of films were measured by ATR-FTIR technique. It was found that all types of films consist of O-H stretching group and C=O group without ether group of cellulose and Si-O-Al group of zeolite. The mechanical property of films were measured by Universal Testing Machine. It was found that the Young’s modulus of microcrystalline cellulose sodium hydroxide latex composite film was higher than microcrystalline cellulose latex composite film, zeolite latex composite film and carboxymethyl cellulose latex composite film respectively. The characteristic of stress-strain curve of films showed that all films were hard and brittle except microcrystalline cellulose latex composite films were hard and tough.

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Ming, Yaqiang. "Microscopy of latex film formation." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 1042–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172942.

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Latex here denotes a stable colloidal dispersion of polymer in solvent. The solvent usually is water. Large tonnages of latices are used in paper coatings, paints, and growing numbers of other waterbased coatings. All these applications require the latices to be film-forming, at least to a degree. Despite past investigations, the mechanisms of film formation are not well understood and are now being studied intensively in several places.Our goal is to understand how a suspension of latex particles in water or other solvent becomes a continuous film, one monolayer or multiple layers deep. Several techniques have been employed: transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) including replication, freeze-fracture, and microtome sample preparations, small angle neutron scattering ( SANS ); cryogenic scanning electron microscopy ( Cryo-SEM ), and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ). TEM is tedious and requires small thin samples; SANS is expensive, time consuming, and difficult to interpret; AFM is easy to use, but images must be interpreted with caution because artifacts can prevail.

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Visschers, Marcel, Jozua Laven, and Rob Linde. "Film formation from latex dispersions." Journal of Coatings Technology 73, no. 5 (May 2001): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02698431.

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Chevalier, Y., C. Pichot, C. Graillat, M. Joanicot, K. Wong, J. Maquet, P. Lindner, and B. Cabane. "Film formation with latex particles." Colloid & Polymer Science 270, no. 8 (August 1992): 806–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00776153.

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Song, Mo, Douglas J. Hourston, and Yongxin Pang. "Surface dynamics during latex film formation." Progress in Organic Coatings 40, no. 1-4 (December 2000): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(00)00143-0.

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8

Yi, Wang, Chen Zhonghua, and Yu Fei. "Coalescing Aid Influences on Acrylic Latexes Property and Film Formation Process." Indian Journal of Materials Science 2016 (December 26, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1380791.

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The coalescing aid of propylene glycol phenyl ether (PPh) influences on the latexes system and its film formation process have been demonstrated in this paper. The latexes with different Tg are synthesized by seeded semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. The PPh have a significant impact on the water evaporation stage, in which PPh decreased the water evaporation rate for a low Tg latex system but accelerated the rate for a high Tg latex. This result was quantified using Routh-Russel model which was a useful model for the prediction of the latex particle deformation mechanisms. The different amounts of PPh can change the latex particle deformation mechanisms. The TGA results show that the PPh still exist in the latexes films during drying. The microstructures of the latex film which dry under 70°C with the PPh for different time display that the PPh can accelerate the polymer molecules motion and the diffusion rate for the latex coalescence stage.

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Shaffer, O. L., M. W. Sandor, and M. S. El-Aasser. "The Morphology of Carboxylated Composite Latex and Latex Film." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 826–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600024259.

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Carboxylated latex has become very important in the formation of polymer films. In order to study the film and its properties it is important to know the morphology of the latex that is forming the film. The latex for this study has been examined by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) using positive preferential stains such as ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) and cesium hydroxide(CsOH); and uranyl acetate(UAc) as a negative stain.The polybutyl acrylate(PBA)/ polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) composite latex particles consist of a soft core phase and a hard second phase with varying amounts of acrylic acid in the core, the shell and in both core and shell. The latexes were examined before and after cleaning. The cleaning was necessary in order to remove the surfactant and any small particles that might have formed during the emulsion polymerization. Prior to cleaning, the small particles adhered to the surfaces of the particles making it difficult to determine the final morphology of the latex particles.

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Uğur, Ş., Ö. Yargi, and Ö. Pekcan. "Conductivity percolation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polystyrene (PS) latex film." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v09-173.

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In this study, the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) on film formation behaviour and electrical conductivity properties of polystrene (PS) latex film was investigated by using the photon transmission technique and electrical conductivity measurements. Films were prepared by mixing PS latex with different amounts of MWNTs, varying in the range between 0 and 20 wt%. After drying, MWNT content films were separately annealed above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS, ranging from 100 to 270 °C, for 10 min. To monitor film formation behavior of PS–MWNT composites, transmitted light intensity, Itr, was measured after each annealing step. The surface conductivity of annealed films at 170 °C was measured and found to increase dramatically above a certain fraction of MWNT (4 wt%) following the percolation theory. This fraction was defined as the percolation threshold of conductivity, Rc. The conductivity scales with the mass fraction of MWNT as a power law with exponent 2.27, which is extremely close to the value of 2.0 predicted by percolation theory. In addition, the increase in Itr during annealing was explained by void closure and interdiffusion processes. Film formation stages were modeled and the corresponding activation energies were measured.

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Pavlitschek, Thomas, Markus Gretz, and Johann Plank. "Effect of Ca²⁺ Ions on the Film Formation of an Anionic Styrene/n-Butylacrylate Latexpolymer in Cement Pore Solution." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.322.

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Several methods were employed to study the time dependent film formation of a self synthesized anionic latex dispersion in water and cement pore solution. First, a model carboxylated styrene/n-butyl acrylate latex dispersion possessing a minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of 18 °C and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 30 °C was synthesized via emulsion polymerization. Next, its film forming behaviour was studied at 40 °C, using an ESEM instrument. The analysis revealed that upon removal of water, film formation occurs as a result of particle packing, particle deformation and finally particle coalescence. Film formation is significantly hindered in synthetic cement pore solution. This effect can be ascribed to adsorption of Ca2+ ions onto the surface of the anionic latex particles and to interfacial secondary phases. This layer of adsorbed Ca2+ ions hinders interdiffusion of the macromolecules and subsequent film formation of the latex polymer.

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12

Stelmashenko, N., and A. M. Donald. "Esem Study of Film Formation in Latices Polymerised in Presence of Starch." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021553.

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The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) was used to study film-formation in vinyl latices polymerised in the presence of varying amount and type of starch. An understanding of the effect of native biopolymers on film forming mechanisms in latex has technological and industrial relevance because it can lead to the creation of novel latices with potentially lower cost and improved biosustainability.Film formation studies were carried out on a range of samples selected by ICI Paints as the most promising candidates for the novel latices. These included vinyl latices polymerised with 2 - 15% of potato and waxy maize starch, taken either in native or modified. Normally, no surfactants were used during latex polymerisation; a few samples were prepared for comparative purposes when polymerisation was carried out both with and without the addition of surfactant. Latex films were spun-cast on glass slides before insertion into the microscope.

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13

Gonta, Svetlana, L. Savenkova, J. Kolosovskis, A. Dzene, V. Tupureina, Andrejs Bulanov, and E. Kirilova. "PHA Latex Composite Films: Mechanical Properties and Surface Visualization." Key Engineering Materials 559 (June 2013): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.559.31.

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Homopolymer PHB and copolymer PHB/HV containing granules were isolated from Azotobacter chroococcum cells and used for latexes formation. Composite latex films were formed from the PHB and PHB/HV latexes with different content of poly (vinyl alcohol) and glycerol and a hydrophobic fluorescent benzanthrone derivated dye 3-piperidinobenzanthrone, possessed high fluorescence intensity in a system with PHA granules. Fluorescence based methods were used for characterization of the elaborated latex film by their stability at high temperature and for visualization of the film surfaces PHA granules distribution. Film stability in phosphate buffered saline was evaluated by dye migration activity in the solution. The results of mechanical testing of the latex films were compared with the stability testing and surface visualization results. The data obtained allow a better understanding the difference of the mechanical and physical properties of the investigated films.

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14

Zhao, Guo Rong, Pei Ming Wang, and Guo Fang Zhang. "Effect of Latex Film Distributions on Flexibility of Redispersible Polymer Powders Modified Cement Mortar Evaluated by SEM." Advanced Materials Research 1129 (November 2015): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1129.331.

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Effect of latex film distributions on flexibility of redispersible polymer powders modified cement mortar were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Latex film distributions such as forming interpenetrated networks embedded in cement pastes, covering cement hydrates locally, bonding cement hydrates together, bridging aggregates were all beneficial for the improvement of flexibility of cement mortar. Latex film distributions such as remaining single particles in cement mortar, completing film formation unsuccessfully, film formation on surfaces of aggregates, bonding cement minerals to surfaces of aggregates may contribute little to the improvement of flexibility of cement mortar.

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15

Nestorson, A., A. Leufvén, and L. Järnström. "Interactions between aroma compounds and latex films: partition coefficients and influence on latex film formation." Packaging Technology and Science 19, no. 2 (2006): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.710.

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Pavlitschek, Thomas, Yu Jin, and Johann Plank. "Film Formation of a Non-Ionic Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Latex Dispersion in Cement Pore Solution." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.316.

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Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and complementary methods were employed to study the time dependent film formation of a non-ionic latex dispersion in water @ pH 12.8 and cement pore solution. A commercial liquid ethylene-vinyl acetate latex dispersion stabilized with PVOH possessing a minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of 3 °C and a Tg of 19 °C was employed in the study. Prior to ESEM imaging the latex dispersion was stored at room temperature and then transferred into the ESEM instrument for imaging. Subsequently, micrographs monitoring its film forming behaviour are obtained. The analysis revealed that upon removal of water, film formation occurs as a result of particle packing, particle deformation and finally particle coalescence. In synthetic cement pore solution film formation occurs faster than in water and is complete within one day. This acceleration can be ascribed to the presence of PVOH on the surface of the latex particles. In water at neutral pH, PVOH forms a shell around the latex particle and hinders the interdiffusion of the macromolecules while in cement pore solution, PVOH precipitates due to high pH and high concentration of cations. This way the latex particles can coalesce faster into a polymer film.

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17

Wang, Yongcai, Didier Juhue, Mitchell A. Winnik, On Man Leung, and M. Cynthia Goh. "Atomic force microscopy study of latex film formation." Langmuir 8, no. 3 (March 1992): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00039a004.

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18

Visschers, Marcel, Jozua Laven, and Rob van der Linde. "Forces operative during film formation from latex dispersions." Progress in Organic Coatings 31, no. 4 (August 1997): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(97)00089-1.

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19

Ge, Haiyan, H. Ted Davis, and L. E. Scriven. "High-Resolution Cryo-SEM of Latex Film Formation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (July 18, 2003): 1540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603447703.

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20

Khosravi, Afsaneh, Julia A. King, Heather L. Jamieson, and Mary Laura Lind. "Latex Barrier Thin Film Formation on Porous Substrates." Langmuir 30, no. 46 (November 13, 2014): 13994–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la502812d.

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21

Pekcan, Önder, and Saziye Ugur. "Latex film formation and dissolution: A fluorescence study." Macromolecular Symposia 141, no. 1 (June 1999): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19991410120.

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22

Routh, Alexander F., and William B. Russel. "Deformation Mechanisms during Latex Film Formation: Experimental Evidence." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 40, no. 20 (October 2001): 4302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie001070h.

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23

Du Chesne, Alexander, Albena Bojkova, Jacek Gapinski, Detlef Seip, and Paul Fischer. "Film Formation and Redispersion of Waterborne Latex Coatings." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 224, no. 1 (April 2000): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1999.6645.

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24

Uğur, Şaziye, Abdelhamid Elaissari, and Önder Pekcan. "Film formation from nano-sized polystyrene latex particles." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 16, no. 5 (2005): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.597.

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25

Moopayuk, Wasan, and Nuchnapa Tangboriboon. "Anti-Microbial and Self-Cleaning of Natural Rubber Latex Gloves by Adding Mangosteen Peel Powder." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.3.

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Mangosteen peel powder is one of the most important bio-antioxidants. Adding mangosteen peel powder as filler into natural rubber latex compound for latex glove film formation via dipping process can help the green anti-microbial properties. The physical (smoothness and thickness of film) and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of latex film are still good. Therefore, adding mangosteen peel powder into natural rubber latex gloves can reduce the anti-allergic and antimicrobial on the film surface. Mangosteen peel powder ground by rapid mill is fine particle and high surface area 2.4216 m2/g suitable for homogeneous and compatible for adding into natural rubber latex compound. Ceramic hand mold was dipped into the Ca (NO3)2 coagulant only 3 seconds, then dipped into the natural rubber latex compounds added mangosteen peel powder for 15 seconds, withdrawn hand mold slowly, cured in the oven at 120°C for 30 min, then dried at room temperature, and casted it off the hand mold. The obtained natural latex glove films added mangosteen peel powder are smooth, clear, and thin film surface, the highest elongation at break 803.2711 ± 31.6477%, good tensile strength 30.2933 ± 6.0218 MPa, dense film without water leakage, and good contact angle.

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Shukla, Sweta, and JSP Rai. "Environmentally friendly polymer latex." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318793695.

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Research in the area of coatings focuses primarily on the mechanism for the formation of film on different substrates. Because of environmental hazards related to solvent evaporation and its cost, the ambient cured waterborne systems are emerging as one of the better option for achieving superior properties in high performance applications. The properties like adhesion, gloss, hardness, water resistance, and so on may also get affected by incorporating higher acrylate in the formation of copolymers based on methyl methacrylate (MMA). The swelling behavior of any polymer network depends upon the nature of the polymer, polymer solvent compatibility, and degree of cross-linking. The swelling kinetics of emulsion polymerization of monomers MMA/butyl acrylate was studied to investigate the effect of cross-linkable monomer polypropylene glycol diacrylate (PPGDA). The prepared latex was coated on glass panels and cured at appropriate temperature. According to diffusion-controlled mechanism, the diffusion coefficient for these films varied with degree of cross-linking of the films. From the above discussed swelling behavior of different polymer films, it has been observed that PPGDA content improved the water resistivity of films. This may be due to the cross-linking nature of PPGDA molecule, which increased the cross-link density of the films.

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27

Churinthorn, Nut, Adun Nimpaiboon, Jitladda Sakdapipanich, and Chee Cheong Ho. "Effect of Particle Sizes on Film Formation Behavior of Hevea brasiliensis Natural Rubber Latex." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.383.

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Natural Rubber (NR) latex obtained from Hevea brasiliensis contains a wide particle size distribution. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of small rubber particles (SRP) and large rubber particles (LRP) on the characteristics of film formation. The rubber particle with different mean diameters can be separated by centrifugation at various speeds to prepare SRP and LRP latex. The average size of SRP and LRP were characterized by light scattering technique to show that the size of SRP was in the range of 0.20 μm, while that of LRP was larger with the wide distribution. SRP and LRP latex were dried at room temperature to study the film formation behaviors. The results showed that the film compaction time increased with increasing the particle size of NR. Furthermore, the rubber film were aged at room temperature for 3 weeks in order to observe the surface morphology using atomic forced microscopy (AFM) by tapping mode. The AFM images showed that SRP readily formed a coalescence film, while LRP showed individual particles on the surface of film at 24 h of storage time. The surface of both SRP and LRP films was smoother after storage. However, LRP film still showed individual particles on the surface after 3 weeks of storage time.

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Sunay, M. Selin, Onder Pekcan, and Saziye Ugur. "The Effect of Film Thickness and Content on Film Formation from PS/ Nanocomposites Prepared by Dip-Coating Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/524343.

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Steady-state fluorescence (SSF) technique in conjunction with UV-visible (UVV) technique and atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for studying film formation from TiO2covered nanosized polystyrene (PS) latex particles (320 nm). The effects of film thickness and TiO2content on the film formation and structure properties of PS/TiO2composites were studied. For this purpose, two different sets of PS films with thicknesses of 5 and 20 μm were prepared from pyrene-(P-) labeled PS particles and covered with various layers of TiO2using dip-coating method. These films were then annealed at elevated temperatures above glass transition temperature () of PS in the range of 100–280°C. Fluorescence emission intensity, from P and transmitted light intensity, were measured after each annealing step to monitor the stages of film formation. The results showed that film formation from PS latexes occurs on the top surface of PS/TiO2composites and thus developed independent of TiO2content for both film sets. But the surface morphology of the films was found to vary with both TiO2content and film thickness. After removal of PS, thin films provide a quite ordered porous structure while thick films showed nonporous structure.

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29

Dron, Sebastian M., and Maria Paulis. "Tracking Hydroplasticization by DSC: Movement of Water Domains Bound to Poly(Meth)Acrylates during Latex Film Formation." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112500.

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The film formation step of latexes constitutes one of the challenges of these environmentally friendly waterborne polymers, as the high glass transition (TG) polymers needed to produce hard films to be used as coatings will not produce coherent films at low temperature. This issue has been dealt by the use of temporary plasticizers added with the objective to reduce the TG of the polymers during film formation, while being released to the atmosphere afterwards. The main problem of these temporary plasticizers is their volatile organic nature, which is not recommended for the environment. Therefore, different strategies have been proposed to overcome their massive use. One of them is the use of hydroplasticization, as water, abundant in latexes, can effectively act as plasticizer for certain types of polymers. In this work, the effect of three different grafted hydroplasticizers has been checked in a (meth)acrylate copolymer, concluding that itaconic acid showed the best performance as seen by its low minimum film-formation temperature, just slightly modified water resistance and better mechanical properties of the films containing itaconic acid. Furthermore, film formation monitoring has been carried out by Differential Scanning Calorimety (DSC), showing that itaconic acid is able to retain more strongly the water molecules during the water losing process, improving its hydroplasticization capacity.

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Lin, Feifei, and Dale J. Meier. "Latex film formation: atomic force microscopy and theoretical results." Progress in Organic Coatings 29, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(96)00647-9.

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31

Steward, P. A., J. Hearn, and M. C. Wilkinson. "An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 86, no. 3 (July 2000): 195–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8686(99)00037-8.

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Routh, Alexander F., William B. Russel, Jiansheng Tang, and Mohamed S. El-Aasser. "Process model for latex film formation: Optical clarity fronts." Journal of Coatings Technology 73, no. 5 (May 2001): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02698430.

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Nicholson, John W. "Recent developments in understanding film‐formation by latex paints." Pigment & Resin Technology 26, no. 3 (June 1997): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710168726.

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Juhue, Didier, and Jacques Lang. "Latex film formation in the presence of organic solvents." Macromolecules 27, no. 3 (May 1994): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00081a012.

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Juhue, Didier, and Jacques Lang. "Film Formation from Dispersion of Core-Shell Latex Particles." Macromolecules 28, no. 4 (July 1995): 1306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00108a070.

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Yang, Zhen-Zhong, Li-Jun Wang, Zheng-Ping Liu, and De-Lu Zhao. "Film formation of monodispersed polystyrene latex at high temperature." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, no. 10 (2001): 1835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1279.

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U??ur, ?, O. U. Salman, G. Tepehan, F. Tepehan, and �. Pekcan. "Fluorescence study on Al2O3-polystyrene latex composite film formation." Polymer Composites 26, no. 3 (2005): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20109.

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Pekcan, Önder, and Ertan Arda. "Latex film formation study by using photon reflection method." Macromolecular Symposia 151, no. 1 (February 2000): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200002)151:1<443::aid-masy443>3.0.co;2-4.

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Dragnevski, Kalin, Athene Donald, Phil Taylor, Martin Murray, Simon Davies, and Elizabeth Bone. "Latex Film Formation in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope." Macromolecular Symposia 281, no. 1 (July 2009): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200950716.

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40

Leonardo, Rios-Guerrero. "Film formation: Aspects on the coaleschence of latex particles." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 35-36, no. 1 (May 1990): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900350124.

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41

Fasano, David M., Susan J. Fitzwater, Willie Lau, and Aurelia C. Sheppard. "Diffusion of oligomers in latex systems — A route to low volatile organic compound (VOC) coatings." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 6 (June 2010): 500–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-021.

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We synthesize specially designed latex polymer systems by an in situ emulsion polymerization process that yields latex particles with both a high molecular weight polymer phase and a low molecular weight oligomer phase. The oligomer functions as a plasticizer by lowering the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. A polymer system is prepared by blending soft latex and a hard latex where the hard mode consists of a hard, high molecular weight polymer and an oligomer, allowing for facile film formation at ambient conditions. Upon the soft and hard particles coming into contact during the film formation process, the oligomer preferentially diffuses from the hard polymer to the soft polymer, thus recovering the natural Tg of the hard polymer as described in a recent patent application. Oligomer diffusion allows a hard coalesced phase to be incorporated into a latex film without using a coalescing solvent, which would contribute to the volatile organic compound (VOC) content. A well-coalesced hard phase in a latex film contributes to a variety of desirable coatings properties, such as tack, print, block, and scrub resistance properties.

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Chitrattha, Sasiprapa, and Wiwat Pichayakorn. "Development of<i> In Situ</i> Cooling Natural Rubber Film." Key Engineering Materials 914 (March 21, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0pg05w.

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Natural rubber latex (NRL) with the deproteinized process was interesting for cosmetic and transdermal drug delivery systems because of its notable characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop in situ cooling films from deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL). Menthol, camphor, and volatile oils were added into DNRL emulsions for cooling effect and pain relief. The pH, rheological properties, particle size, and zeta potential of emulsions were examined. Then, the time of film-formation, morphology, and mechanical properties of the cooling NRL films were evaluated. The resultant emulsions revealed that their pH was about 5.7 - 6.3. The viscosity was in the range of 1000 – 3000 cps and indicated the pseudoplastic flow. The increasing amount of olive oil reduced the particle size and increased the negatively zeta potential of those emulsions. The film formation time of specimens was about 4.5 - 6.5 mins. The cooling films demonstrated smoothness and homogeneity. The presence of olive oil increased the softness of films. The increasing of oil volume increased the elasticity; however, it decreased the ductility of the films. This in situ cooling DNRL film was also effective forward for the development of a transdermal drug delivery system.

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Niinivaara, Elina, Alexandra Ouzas, Carole Fraschini, Richard M. Berry, Marc A. Dubé, and Emily D. Cranston. "How latex film formation and adhesion at the nanoscale correlate to performance of pressure sensitive adhesives with cellulose nanocrystals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2206 (August 2, 2021): 20200330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0330.

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Emulsion polymerized latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are more environmentally benign because they are synthesized in water but often underperform compared to their solution polymerized counterparts. Studies have shown a simultaneous improvement in the tack, and peel and shear strength of various acrylic PSAs upon the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This work uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the role of CNCs in (i) the coalescence of hydrophobic 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/ n -butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EHA/BA/MMA) latex films and (ii) as adhesion modifiers over multiple length scales. Thin films with varying solids content and CNC loading were prepared by spin coating. AFM revealed that CNCs lowered the solids content threshold for latex particle coalescence during film formation. This improved the cohesive strength of the films, which was directly reflected in the increased shear strength of the EHA/BA/MMA PSAs with increasing CNC loading. Colloidal probe AFM indicated that the nano-adhesion of thicker continuous latex films increased with CNC loading when measured over small contact areas where the effect of surface roughness was negligible. Conversely, the beneficial effects of the CNCs on macroscopic PSA tack and peel strength were outweighed by the effects of increased surface roughness with increasing CNC loading over larger surface areas. This highlights that CNCs can improve both cohesive and adhesive PSA properties; however, the effects are most pronounced when the CNCs interact favourably with the latex polymer and are uniformly dispersed throughout the adhesive film. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)’.

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Sornsanee, Puwitoo, Vichasharn Jitprarop, and Nuchnapa Tangboriboon. "Preparation Polyisoprene (NR) and Polyacrylonitrile Rubber Latex Glove Films by Dipping Ceramic Hand Molds Process and their Properties." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.21.

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Both synthetic and natural rubber latex can be used to form rubber latex glove films for medical and dental applications. The objective in this research is to study the natural and synthetic rubber latex glove films formation by dipping process with the bone china ceramic hand molds for 5, 10, and 15 min. From the experimental, the obtained natural rubber latex glove films are good appearance and good physical-mechanical properties i.e. smooth film surface, light pale yellow color, soft, translucent, high tensile strength, high elongation at break, and high flexibility better than those of synthetic rubber latex glove films. When the dipping time of bone china hand mold into natural rubber latex compound increases effect to tensile strength, thickness, and elongation at break increase. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile stress of natural rubber latex films dipped for 15 min are equal to 12.82 ± 1.19 MPa, 1090.91 ± 4.92%, and 39.23 ± 3.63 N, respectively.

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Tangboriboon, Nuchnapa, Rujika Takkire, Watchara Sangwan, Sairung Changkhamchom, and Anuvat Sirivat. "BIO-CACO3 FROM RAW EGGSHELL AS ADDITIVE IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVE FILMS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 558–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81489.

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ABSTRACT Raw hen eggshell powder, a calcium carbonate source, was used as a biofiller in the natural rubber latex compound and latex glove film formation via dipping process. The powder was anticipated to improve the physical (smoothness and thickness of film) and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of latex film and to reduce the extractable protein content on film surface. Eggshell powder ground by a rapid mill was fine particles of approximately 37.48 μm in diameter, suitable for homogeneous and compatible addition into the natural rubber latex compound. Dipping hand mold into the natural rubber latex compound with 50 wt% eggshell added was the best formula to obtain a smooth, clear, thin film surface, with the tensile strength of 23.24 ± 0.745 MPa and the highest elongation at break of 723.99 ± 14.60%, along with a low protein content, a dense film without water leakage, and with a good contact angle. The natural rubber latex glove film possessed good physical-mechanical properties and a low protein content as the results of the raw eggshell powder added as a biofiller.

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Panova, Irina G., Evgeniya A. Shevaleva, Inessa A. Gritskova, Nataliya G. Loiko, Yury A. Nikolaev, Olga A. Novoskoltseva, and Alexander A. Yaroslavov. "Biocidal Coatings from Complexes of Carboxylated Latex Particles and a Linear Cationic Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214598.

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A linear polycation, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), electrostatically interacts with anionic latex particles from a carboxylated butadiene–styrene copolymer in aqueous solution thus forming an interpolyelectrolyte complex. A mutual neutralization of oppositely charged latex and polycation groups occurs at W = latex/polycation = 50 wt/wt ratio. At W = 27, an ultimate polycation adsorption is reached, resulting in the formation of positive polycomplex particles, while at W ˂ 27, two-component systems are formed composed of positive polycomplex particles and free polycation. A film created from the W = 12 formulation shows a high toxicity to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Repeated washing the film leads to partial removal of polycation and a 50% decrease in the activity of the film only towards Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results indicate the potential for use of the mixed polymer formulations for the fabrication of antimicrobial films and coatings.

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Barbosa, Eduardo F., Victoria Monge‐Fuentes, Natiela B. Oliveira, Rebecca Tavares, Mary‐Ann E. Xavier, Marcelo Porto Bemquerer, and Luciano P. Silva. "Protein characterisation of Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul latex and study of nanostructured latex film formation." IET Nanobiotechnology 8, no. 4 (December 2014): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2013.0042.

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Mohd Yazid, Norhanifah, Ruslimie Che Ali, and Asrul Mustafa. "Preliminary Investigation of Hydrophilic Polymer (HP)/Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR25) Blends Film Formation for Rubber Glove Donning Coating Application." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.347.

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In this study, HP/ENR blends were prepared in aqueous solution with different hydrophilic polymers for rubber glove donning coating application. HP/ENR blend films were prepared using cast films technique to investigate the film formation prior to coating onto rubber glove. The films surface morphology were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscopy (LM). While, the thermal properties of the films were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The microscopy results showed that coherence film formation can be obtained even though the PVA/ENR and PAA/ENR blends were immiscible. DSC result showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends shifted to higher temperature compared with Tgof ENR. The preliminary evaluation of coating onto rubber latex film indicated that PVP/ENR blend is feasible as coating material.

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Taweepreda, Wirach, Supawadee Tuaybut, Sineenart Puangmanee, and Tran Dang Khoa. "Preparation of Positively Charged Membrane from Natural Rubber Latex Blending with Chitosan." Communications in Physics 24, no. 3S1 (November 7, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/24/3s1/5145.

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Film formation of natural rubber latex (NRL) blended with various concentrations of chitosan was investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images clearly showed that the NRL film covered chitosan phase. Roughness of the films which was calculated from AFM image increases with increasing chitosan concentration. Miscibility of NRL and chitosan in solution was investigated by using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and found that chitosan incorporated with NRL less than 40 weight percentage (wt%) was partially miscible. Films of the chitosan blending with higher NRL contents exhibited two peaks of glass transition temperatures. Interfacial polarization and dielectric properties of polymer films were improved with increasing NRL contents. Chemical structure of the blends was characterized by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).

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Zhao, Cheng Le, Yongcai Wang, Zdenek Hruska, and Mitchell A. Winnik. "Molecular aspects of latex film formation: an energy-transfer study." Macromolecules 23, no. 18 (September 1990): 4082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00220a009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Latex Film Formation'

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