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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Latex Film Formation'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Nilsson, Kristian. "Film formation of latex in dry coating films." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1048.

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The objective of this master thesis was to investigate the possibility to measure the gain in stiffness of the dry coating due to film formation of latex with a Dynamic Mechanic Thermal Analyzer (DMTA). This could tell when and to which extent the latex forms a film after the drying process.

Two latices with different Tg was used for the experiments, one with a Tg of 36°C, denoted hard, and the one with a Tg of 8°C, denoted soft. The hard latex was used to make coating samples that would not form a film when dried at room temperature and the soft latex was used as a reference to the coating with hard latex since it would form a film at room temperature.

It was shown that a gain in stiffness due to film formation of latex in coating can be measured with a DMTA. It was also shown that that the film forming of latex in coatings depend on time, temperature and the history of the sample. Further investigations were carried out to try to determine the time for film formation to be completed at a certain temperature.. These investigations showed that this type of trials cannot be carried out in a DMTA directly since the stiffness seemed to increase monotonically during a very ling time. This might be due to the rearrangements in the pigment structure that might affect the gain in stiffness. Therefore, a method involving oven curing was developed. Only one series of test were performed with this method due to lack of time but the method showed promising results.


Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka möjligheten att använda en Dynamic Mechanic Thermal Analyzer (DMTA) för att mäta ökningen av styvhet som följd av filmbildning av latex i en torr bestrykning.

Två olika latexer användes för experimenten, en med Tg = 36°C (hård) och en med Tg = 8°C (mjuk). Den hårda latexen användes för att kunna göra tester på prover som ännu inte filmbildat när de torkat vid rumstemperatur och den mjuka latexen användes för att göra referens prover mot bestrykningen med hård latex.

Resultaten visade att det går att mäta styvhetsökning i bestrykningen som en följd av filmformation med DMTA och filmformation av latex i bestrykningen troligtvis beror på både tid, temperatur och provets historia. Ett försök att mäta vilken uppehålls tid vid en specifik temperatur som krävs för att filmbildningen skall fulländas genomfördes. Dessa försök visade att DMTA:n inte var en lämplig metod för att mäta denna tid då styvheten verkade öka under en längre tid. Detta kan bero på att pigment partiklarna packade sig tätare och på så sätt orsakade en ökning av styvheten. Därför gjordes ett annat försök som involverar ugns härdning, men på grund av tidsbrist blev det bara en mätserie utförd. Den sist nämnda metoden visade dock goda resultat och måste därför bedömas ha en potential.

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2

Weerakkody, Tecla G. "Physical characterisation of latex film formation and film properties." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843739/.

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In this work, physical characterisation of film formation and film properties of coating and adhesive formulations was performed. Organic/inorganic nanocomposite coatings draw remarkable academic and industrial interest, due to their expected enhancement of combined properties. Film formation and film properties, such as drying, transparency, and final film quality of coating systems containing Laponite clay were studied, in particular the influence of excess surfactant on the drying process. It was found that excess surfactant in the system does affect the physical characteristics of the film formation process. Experiments using magnetic resonance profiling and photographs found lateral flow of liquid from the edges to the centre. Reducing the amount of surfactant in the system improves film quality by reducing lateral flow during film formation. In pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) applications, such as labels or tapes, it is vital that the films remain optically transparent, regardless of the exposure to high humidity or water. Core/shell PSAs were investigated to determine their drying, water whitening, moisture absorption from high humidity, and adhesive properties. The dependence of these properties on pH and poly (acrylic acid), PAA, was studied. It was found that the hydrophilic pathways created by PAA shells do not contribute to faster drying. In addition, this investigation disproves the idea that a "hairy layer" of PAA keeps the film more open and leads to faster drying. It was found that films with hydrophilic boundaries absorbed more water. The water is evenly distributed along the boundaries, so that films still retain their transparency. It was proved that transparency or water whitening is not necessarily a reliable measurement of water uptake, at least for this system. The findings from this study define guiding principles for organic/inorganic nanocomposite coatings and core/shell PSAs, to have better film formation characteristics and film properties.
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3

Tzitzinou, Aikaterini. "Physical characterisation of acrylic latex film formation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2115/.

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4

Feng, Jianrong. "Molecular and environmental aspects of latex film formation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0008/NQ28278.pdf.

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5

Odrobina, Ewa. "Various aspects of latex film formation in the presence of additives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0020/NQ53679.pdf.

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6

Paakkonen, Johan. "Surfactants in anionic latex films." Thesis, Karlstads Universitet, Avdelningen för kemi och biomedicinsk vetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-6389.

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7

Kessel, Nicola. "Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Film Formation of Self-Crosslinking Acrylic Latex Coatings." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486089.

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There is a trend in the coatings industry to replace organic solvent-based systems with equivalently-perfonning, environmentally benign products. Waterborne colloidal polymers represent a promising alternative. The development ofmechanical strength and hardness is often enhanced by chemical crosslinking that creates a three dimensional network. If crosslinking occurs prior to particle coalescence, however, the network will not be continuous throughout the film and a weaker product will result. Therefore, an understanding of the relative rates of polymer interdiffusion and crosslinking is imperative. The competition between these two processes in an acrylic latex containing acrylamide functionality utilising the 'keto-hydrazide' crosslinking reaction has been studied. The mechanism and factors influencing the rate of the crosslinking reaction were investigated in a model system, using spectroscopic techniques. The crosslinking reaction was favoured by the loss ofwater during drying and the simultaneous decrease in pH arising from the evaporation of ammonia. The fundamental understanding achieved from the model system was used to explore the phenomenon within a drying latex film. Measurement of the latex pH relative to polymer mass fraction during film fonnation clarified the expected point of onset for crosslinking in relation to particle packing. Gel fraction and swelling measurements were used to probe the temporal evolution of the cross-link density. Crosslinking is expected when the latex particles are close packed, and there is a rapid increase in gel content in a short period. Atomic force microscopy was used to follow surface levelling relative to the competing influence of crosslinking with film ageing. The flattening of latex particles and interdiffusion lead to the blurring of particle/particle interfaces and both were inhibited by crosslinking. The amount of particle defonnability was identified as a key factor in the amount of surfactant exudation. Factors that increase the amount of particle defonnation and coalescence (e.g. higher film fonnation temperature, lower latex Tg, and no crosslinking) promoted surfactant exudation. Surfactant exudation was inhibited when particles were less defonnable and slower to coalesce. A more hydrophilic atmosphere (high humidity) encouraged surfactant segregation at the interface with the film. Exudation to a 'clean surface' was triggered by raising the temperature or by raising the humidity
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8

Delafresnaye, Laura. "Élaboration de latex nanocomposites polymère/argile pour la formation de films barrière à l'oxygène et à la vapeur d'eau." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10349.

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9

Carlsson, Gunilla. "Latex Colloid Dynamics in Complex Dispersions : Fluorescence Microscopy Applied to Coating Color Model Systems." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för kemi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2621.

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Coating colors are applied to the base paper in order to maximize the performance of the end product. Coating colors are complex colloidal systems, mainly consisting of water, binders, and pigments. To understand the behavior of colloidal suspensions, an understanding of the interactions between its components is essential.
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10

Guillaume, Jean-Luc. "Synthèse de colloïdes modèles par polymérisation en émulsion de styrène et d'acrylate de n-butyle : leur utilisation dans des études de rhéologie et de formation de film." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO10042.

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11

Domingues, Dos Santos Fabrice. "Films de latex structures : formation, deformation et rupture." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066560.

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Dans la recherche de nouvelles voies pour s'affranchir de l'utilisation des solvants de coalescence dans les peintures en phase aqueuse, nous nous sommes interesses aux films de latex hydrophobes, structures en cur-ecorce, possedant un cur elastomerique de polybutylacrylate (pba) et une ecorce vitreuse de polymethylmethacrylate (pmma). Les particules composees de plus de 10% de pmma ont une structure cur-ecorce avec une ecorce continue. Ces latex forment des films a temperature ambiante. Les films formes sont structures : une matrice continue composee des ecorces des particules en contact et des inclusions composees des curs des particules. Nous avons modelise, etudie numeriquement et experimentalement la compression de coques remplies d'un materiau incompressible. En comparant la deformabilite de telles coques et l'action des forces capillaires, nous avons pu degager et evaluer les parametres determinant la filmification : les rayons des particules et l'epaisseur des ecorces. Cela nous a mene a etudie le contact entre particules structurees. Lors de leur deformation, ces films ont un caractere ductile avec un seuil de plasticite marque et un allongement a la rupture de l'ordre de 150%. Aux faibles deformations, les proprietes mecaniques sont dirigees par les proprietes de la phase continue de pmma et par l'interphase entre cur et ecorce des particules. Le seuil de plasticite est egalement gouverne par le pmma ductile dans ce type de structure, semblables aux materiaux renforces chocs. Les grandes deformations sont gouvernees par les interfaces faibles entre particules : une decohesion progressive de ces interfaces conduit a la rupture des films.
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12

Divry, Véronique. "Mécanismes de formation et relations structure/propriétés de films minces à matrice polymère issus de colloïdes aqueux à séchage rapide." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE001/document.

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Les formulations des peintures à l’eau sont basées sur l’utilisation de suspensions colloïdales de particules de polymère dans l’eau (latex) et d’additifs dont principalement des pigments et des charges. La formation d’un film mince à matrice polymère par séchage d’un système colloïdal aqueux donne lieu à des phénomènes interdépendants d’une extrême complexité. Dans le cadre d’applications spécifiques, tels que le marquage routier, le séchage d’un latex formulé nécessite une minimisation des temps de séchage sans apport excessif d’énergie. Néanmoins, une fois sec, le film doit être aussi peu poreux que possible et avoir la meilleur tenue mécanique possible. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’identifier les paramètres clés pouvant jouer sur la vitesse de séchage d’une peinture aqueuse et de comprendre comment ces paramètres influencent les propriétés rhéologiques, les mécanismes de séchage du latex formulé et les propriétés mécaniques des films de polymères secs. Ceci dans le but d’apporter une meilleure compréhension au séchage de latex formulés ainsi qu’une aide à la formulation.Après identification des paramètres clés, des latex ont été synthétisés et formulés avec des additifs judicieusement choisis. L'influence des paramètres clés : nature du polymère, taille et distribution en taille des particules, ajout d'un agent de coalescence, d'un co-solvant, d'un agent dispersant et épaississant, de pigments et d’un agent de réticulation, a été étudiée au niveau du séchage des formulations et au niveau des propriétés mécaniques des films secs. Les études sur le séchage ont porté sur le séchage global, les mécanismes de déformation des particules et les mécanismes de séchage horizontal et vertical présent dans les latex. La vitesse de convection horizontale des particules a été mesurée par diffusion multiple de la lumière. Des comparaisons avec des modèles théoriques ont été effectuées. Les propriétés des films secs ont été comparées par analyse dynamique mécanique et par tribologie
Aqueous paints are made of colloidal suspensions of polymer in water (latex) and additives (mainly pigments and fillers). Latex film formation consists of complex and interdependent phenomena. In case of specific applications, such as road marking, formulated latex must dry fast without excessive supply of energy. However, once dry, the film must be as less porous as possible, with good mechanical properties. The aim of this thesis was to identify the drying key parameters and to understand their influence on the rheology, the drying mechanisms of formulated latex and the mechanical properties of the dried films. The final goal was to have a better understanding of formulated latex drying in order to improve the formulations. After identification of the drying key parameters, latexes have been synthetized and formulated with specific additives. The influence of the following drying key parameters: nature of polymer, size and size distribution of particles, addition of coalescing aid, co-solvent, dispersing and thickening agent, pigments and cross linker, was studied regarding the formulation drying and the dried films mechanical properties. The drying studies focused on the global drying rate of the formulations, the particles deformation mechanisms and the horizontal and vertical drying mechanisms observed in latexes. The particles horizontal convection rate has been measured with multiple light scattering. Comparisons have been made with theoretical models. Dried films mechanical properties have been compared with dynamic mechanical analysis and tribology
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13

Tang, Jiansheng. "Film formation from latex blends /." Diss., 2000. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9995541.

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14

Boyars, Brian. "Film formation from reactive latexes /." Diss., 2004. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3154554.

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15

Mohd, Ghazaly Hafsah. "The effect of crosslinking on latex film formation /." Diss., 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9955166.

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16

Ding, Tianhua. "Some aspects of film formation from pigmented latex systems /." Diss., 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3117147.

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17

Kim, Sung Dug. "Effect of ionic end groups on diffusion and film formation in polystyrene latexes /." Diss., 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9955154.

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18

蕭淑娟. "The formation of Langmuir-Blodgett film of polystyrene latex particle." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74067002463986807878.

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19

Al-Ghamdi, Ghurmallah H. "Encapsulation of inorganic particles via miniemulsification and film formation of resulting composite latex particles /." Diss., 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3086929.

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20

Soleimani, Kheibari Mohsen. "Film Formation of Water-borne Polymer Dispersion: Designed Polymer Diffusion for High Performance Low VOC Emission Coatings." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32896.

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In this thesis, I describe experiments that were designed to provide a better understanding of polymer diffusion during latex film formation. This step leads to the improvement of film mechanical properties. Polymer diffusion in these films was monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Current paint formulations contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as plasticizers to facilitate polymer diffusion. The drawback of this technology is the release of VOCs to the atmosphere. VOCs are deleterious to the environment and contribute to smog and ground level ozone formation. The propensity of water, an indispensible part of any latex dispersion, to promote polymer diffusion was studied. Copolymers of poly (butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylhexyl acrylate-co-tertiary butyl methacrylate) with similar glass transition temperatures but different hydrophobicity were compared. Polymer diffusion was monitored for films aged at different relative humidities. Water absorbed by the hydrophobic copolymer film was less efficient in promoting polymer diffusion than in the hydrophilic polymer. Only the fraction of water which is molecularly dissolved in the film participate actively in plasticization. Although water has low solubility in most latex polymers, molecularly dissolved water is more efficient than many traditional plasticizers. The possibility of modifying film formation behavior of acrylic dispersions with oligomers was studied by synthesizing hybrid polymer particles consisting of a high molecular weigh (high-M) polymer and an oligomer with the same composition. Oligomers with lower molecular weight are more efficient as diffusion promoters and have less deleterious effect on high-M polymer viscosity. A different set of hybrid particles were prepared in which the oligomer contained methacrylic acid units. The composition of the oligomer was tuned to be miscible with the high-M polymer when the acid groups were protonated but to phase separate when the acid groups were deprotonated. At basic pH, these particles adopt a core-shell morphology, with a shell rich in neutralized oligomers. After film formation, the oligomer shell retarded polymer diffusion. This retardation is expected to expand the time window during which the paint surface can be altered without leaving brush marks (open time). Short open time is a pressing problem in current technology.
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21

Oh, Jung Kwon. "Synthesis and characterization of dye-labeled poly(vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) latex particles and their application to film formation and polymer interdiffusion." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80266&T=F.

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