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Journal articles on the topic 'Latex compounding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Berki, P., D. Q. Khang, N. T. Tung, L. N. Hai, T. Czigány, and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Natural rubber/boehmite nanocomposites via latex compounding." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 426 (October 18, 2018): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/426/1/012006.

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2

Anand K., Anoop, Sunil Jose T., Rosamma Alex, and Rani Joseph. "Natural Rubber-Carbon Nanotube Composites through Latex Compounding." International Journal of Polymeric Materials 59, no. 1 (November 30, 2009): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030903172916.

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3

Bianchi, Carolyn M., David E. Seaver, John Fanikos, and William Churchill. "Total Parenteral Nutrition Preparation for a Known Latex-Allergic Patient." Hospital Pharmacy 36, no. 7 (July 2001): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870103600708.

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This article describes how a hospital pharmacy department provided total parenteral nutrition (TPN) fora known latex-allergic patient to safely meet the patient's nutritional needs and maintain proper aseptic technique during the compounding process. After numerous attempts to feed the patient enterally failed, total parenteral nutrition was recommended. It was decided that preparation and administration of parenteral nutrition for this patient should follow the recently initiated Pharmacy policy for the preparation of sterile products for latex-allergic patients as closely as possible. After reviewing the compounding process, it was determined that a base solution of protein and dextrose could be safely prepared by making sure that the products we used did not contain latex and that the process did not involve puncturing of latex-containing ports or stoppers. All other ingredients would be added manually. Prior to discharge, enteral feeding was reintroduced and the TPN solution was discontinued.

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4

Kajon, Surasit, Voranuch Somsongkul, and Pimsiree Suwanna. "Development of Natural Rubber Latex Foam for Hand Exercising Application." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.154.

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This study has developed an alternative compounding formulation and process for natural rubber latex (NRL) foams for hand exercising application. Deprotenized natural rubber latex was used as raw material and a combination of DIXP and TBzTD, which were fugitive and high molecular weight accelerators, respectively, was used to lower allergenic potential and harmful nitrosamines. The NRL foams were prepared to various densities, characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and tested for hardness index, accelerated ageing and compression set in comparison to the foams with conventional compounding formulation. With the same processes, the foams with these two different formulations were found to have similar densities and hardness indices. However, the foams using DIXP and TBzTD accelerators performed better in compression set and accelerated ageing tests.

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5

Wang, Jian, Kaiye Zhang, Guoxia Fei, Martina Salzano de Luna, Marino Lavorgna, and Hesheng Xia. "High Silica Content Graphene/Natural Rubber Composites Prepared by a Wet Compounding and Latex Mixing Process." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112549.

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The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified natural rubber composite (NR) filled with high contents of silica was prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process using a novel interface modifier cystamine dihydrochloride (CDHC) with coagulation ability. CDHC acts as a coagulation agent through electrostatic interaction with rGO, SiO2, and latex rubber particles during the latex-based preparation process, while in the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composites, CDHC acts as an interface modifier. Compared with the composites prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method, the dispersion of both rGO and SiO2 in the composites made by a wet compounding and latex mixing process is improved. As a result, the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composite prepared by this new method has good comprehensive properties. A Dynamic Mechanical Test suggests that the tan δ values of the composites at 60 °C decrease, indicating a low rolling resistance with increasing the graphene content at a low strain, but it increases at a higher strain. This unique feature for this material provides an advantage in the rubber tire application.

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6

Chuayjuljit, Saowaroj, Bongkoch Nonthaboonlert, and Sarintorn Limpanart. "Preparation of Natural Rubber/Eva/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by Latex Compounding." Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no. 4 (May 2008): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600408.

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7

Varghese, Siby, and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Natural rubber-based nanocomposites by latex compounding with layered silicates." Polymer 44, no. 17 (August 2003): 4921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00480-4.

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8

Cova, Mariajose, Mariela Fernández, Alejandra Fernández, Daniela García, Alejando Bacigalupe, Rosa María Torres Sánchez, and Mariano Escobar. "Acrylonitrile butadiene nanocomposites containing different clays by latex compounding method." Polymer Engineering & Science 59, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.24991.

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9

Diekmann, Astrid, Marvin Christopher Vincenzo Omelan, Ulrich Giese, and Viktor Rose. "CARBON NANOHORN–BASED NBR HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.20.79958.

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ABSTRACT Carbon nanohorn (CNH)–filled elastomer hybrid nanocomposites were prepared based on NBR. Three different CNH types were analyzed, each featuring various characteristics such as aggregate structure, specific surface area, surface energy distribution, and electrical conductivity and resulting in different potentials regarding the properties of the developed elastomers. For the CNH types, a high tendency of agglomeration was observed in the pristine state, indicating the need for an effective strategy to break up the agglomerates during the mixing or the compounding procedure to realize their incorporation and sufficient dispersion in a polymer matrix. In addition to the melt mixing technology by means of an internal lab mixer, a discontinuous static and a continuous dynamic latex compounding process were used. Carbon nanotubes and a highly conductive carbon black (Printex) were used as hybrid fillers in the compounds mixed by melt mixing, whereas two different types of carbon black (Printex and Derussol) were also incorporated in the latex experiments. Hybrid nanocomposites with low content of CNHs (≤1 wt%) show an improvement in dynamic-mechanic and physical properties due to distinctive polymer–filler interactions. Dealing with higher amounts of CNHs leads to filler reagglomeration, resulting in deterioration of the elastomer properties. For the electric conductivity assessment, addition of CNH indicates no synergistic effects and no significant increase of the hybrid compounds, which is demonstrated in dielectric measurements, although pristine CNHs are conductive themselves. Elastomer compounds processed via the latex method show enhanced material performance by using the continuous dynamic latex compounding, which is mainly attributed to the dispersion of the hybrid filler.

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10

Chouaytan, Jadsadaporn, and Varaporn Tanrattanakul. "Effect of Compounding Methods on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Starch/Natural Rubber Blends." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.144.

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This study showed the effect of different compounding methods on the impact resistance and tensile properties of poly(lactic acid) blended with cassava starch and natural rubber latex. Poly(ethylene glycol) was used as a plasticizer. It was found that the compounding method was important for the derived mechanical properties of the blend. Furthermore, cooling method of the extrudate also affected the mechanical properties of the blends. The air cooling in the extrusion process provided higher mechanical properties than the water cooling. This work also showed the effect of the natural rubber in the PLA/starch blend.

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11

Hou, Chunlin, Li Gao, Hailing Yu, Youyi Sun, Junru Yao, Guizhe Zhao, and Yaqing Liu. "Preparation of magnetic rubber with high mechanical properties by latex compounding method." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 407 (June 2016): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.01.097.

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12

Lu, Ming, Yiqing Wang, Youping Wu, Yannan Quan, Xiaohui Wu, Liqun Zhang, and Baochun Guo. "Preparing Exfoliated MMT/Polymer Nanocomposites by Combined Latex Compounding and Spray-Drying." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 297, no. 1 (July 26, 2011): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100136.

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13

Hayeemasae, Nabil, W. G. I. U. Rathnayake, and Hanafi Ismail. "Nano-sized TiO2 -reinforced natural rubber composites prepared by latex compounding method." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 23, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21497.

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14

John, Sajeev, Rani Joseph, and Jeoju M. Issac. "Mechanical and Cure Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Caryota Fibre Incorporated in Dry Stage and Latex Stage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.100.

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In conventional method of coagulation acetic acid or formic acid is used. A novel method is reported in which yeast is used for the coagulation. Short Caryota fibres of 10mm size were used for making composites of natural rubber (NR) and samples were prepared by two methods. In the first method fibres were added at the dry stage while compounding and in the second method fibres were added directly to the latex and cure characteristics and mechanical properties were studied. Tensile modulus@300% elongation, tear strength and abrasion resistance were found to be better in latex stage processing.

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15

Peng, Zheng, Chunfang Feng, Yongyue Luo, Yongzhen Li, and L. X. Kong. "Self-assembled natural rubber/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites using latex compounding techniques." Carbon 48, no. 15 (December 2010): 4497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.08.025.

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16

Xing, Wang, Maozhu Tang, Jinrong Wu, Guangsu Huang, Hui Li, Zhouyue Lei, Xuan Fu, and Hengyi Li. "Multifunctional properties of graphene/rubber nanocomposites fabricated by a modified latex compounding method." Composites Science and Technology 99 (July 2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.05.011.

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17

Yang, Jian, Ming Tian, Qing-Xiu Jia, Jun-Hong Shi, Li-Qun Zhang, Szu-Hui Lim, Zhong-Zhen Yu, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Improved mechanical and functional properties of elastomer/graphite nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding." Acta Materialia 55, no. 18 (October 2007): 6372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.043.

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18

Tan, Jinghua, Xiaoping Wang, Yuanfang Luo, and Demin Jia. "Rubber/clay nanocomposites by combined latex compounding and melt mixing: A masterbatch process." Materials & Design 34 (February 2012): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.015.

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19

Dai, Pei Bang, Xiao Min Mo, Yue Qun Lu, Li Li Fan, Wei Chun Luo, and Xiao Yan Hu. "Study of Surface-Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant Composite Powder via Surfactant/Polyacrylate Latex and its TG Curve." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.178.

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3-hydroxy-2, 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propyl dihydrogen phosphate(HBPDP) was synthesized, intumescent flame retardant composite powder (IFRC) was prepared by compounding ammonium polyphosphate, melamine and HBPDP with TX-10 surfactant/polyacrylate latex. The HBPDP was characterized with FTIR and1HNMR. The IFRC was measured with thermogravimetric analysis. The data showed that the IFRC can meet the need of the processing temperature of most of thermoplastic.

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20

Rojruthai, Porntip, Narueporn Payungwong, and Jitladda T. Sakdapipanich. "A model study on the impact of metal ions on pre-vulcanization of concentrated natural rubber latex and dipped-products." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 38, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14777606211062909.

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A model study on the influence of some heavy metal ions on the stability and vulcanization efficiency of uncompounded and compounded high-ammonia natural rubber (HANR) latex was carried out by an exogenous addition and then determined by Brookfield viscometer, mechanical stability time (MST) tester, and tensile testing machine. The case of pre-vulcanized HANR latex with different aging times was determined by the change in the volatile fatty acid (VFA) number, MST, and viscosity. The compounded HANR latex was coagulated by adding Mn2+and Mg2+ while it was unaltered by adding Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ ions, leading to their colloidal stability. Therefore, these metal ions were chosen further to study the pre-vulcanization of compounded HANR latex. The presence of Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ in the latex is responsible for the delay in the vulcanization process and changes the appearance of compounded latex. Before compounding, the addition of such metal ions led to the reduction in tensile strength of the obtained gloves. At the same time, there was no effect on the tensile properties of the gloves made from the compounded HANR latex containing the metal ions.

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21

Li, Xiang Xu, and Ur Ryong Cho. "Fabrication of Sulfonated Bamboo Charcoal-Chitosan (sBC-CS) Hybrid and its Applications for Reinforcement of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 872 (October 2017): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.160.

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Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites incorporated with different fillers with similar filling ratio, were fabricated by latex compounding method. The particle size, tensile strength, abrasion resistance of the vulcanized rubber composites were investigated. The sulfonated bamboo charcoal-chitosan hybrid (sBC-CS) showed great dispersion rate and smaller particle size compared with those of other fillers. In addition, this composite exhibited the best mechanical reinforcing performance among the four fillers.

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22

Jarkasi, Siti Aisyah, Dzaraini Kamarun, Azemi Samsuri, and Amir Hashim Md Yatim. "Effect of Filler Dispersion on Tensile Strength and Tearing Energy of Natural Rubber (NR) Latex Films." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.56.

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Fillers play important roles in enhancing mechanical properties of NR latex films. The effect of filler dispersion and amount of dispersing agent to the tensile strength and tearing energy of NR latex films were investigated in this study. The studies were carried out by (i) varying the amount of dispersing agent (Anchoid) added which is an anionic surfactant; and (ii) varying the speed of stirring during mixing of latex with compounding ingredients. It was observed that tensile strength and tearing energy were affected by both factors listed. In the case of NR latex film filled with 10 pphr of carbon black (Super Abrasion Furnace, SAF), the optimum stirring speed was 400 rpm and the optimum amount of surfactant was in the range of 5 to 10 % by weight. High tensile strength ranging from 29 - 31 MPa and high tearing energies ranging from 90.6 - 111.0 kJ/m2were achieved from optimization of these two factors; rendering their importance.

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23

Chen, Shi Yan, Shi Yan Chen, Hai Xia Xin, and Hua Ping Wang. "Effect of Two-Step Treatments on Interfacial and Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane Rind Fiber/Natural Latex Biodegradable Composites." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.106.

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Sugarcane rind fiber/natural latex biodegradable composites were prepared by compounding natural latex with sugarcane rind fiber as reinforcing filler. We selected three chemical solvents, including sodium hydroxide (NaOH), silane (KH550) and acrylic acid (AA), and used one-step or two-step treatment method to improve the interfacial adhesion between sugarcane rind fiber and natural latex matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical composition change at the sugarcane rind fiber surface structure by the chemical treatments. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results showed that the interfacial adhesion and dispersion of the composites based on two-step treated fiber were improved. The mechanical properties of these biodegradable composites were evaluated, which showed an increase of the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites based on two-step treated fiber compared to those based on untreated fiber.

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24

Rashid, Azura A., Mufidah Md Sidek, and Tan Svin Chean. "Effect of Lamination Layers on Tensile Properties and Mould Cleaning Efficiency of Laminated NBR Latex Composite." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.189.

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Mould cleaning process is the process of removal build-up deposited or residue material on the mould surface after repeated cycles of production. The currently used mould cleaning process is sand blasting (abrasive process) and dry rubber mould cleaning compounds (depends on the skill of the operators during rubber compounding). Latex laminated compounds will be beneficial as a new substitute for mould cleaning because of its excellent strength properties and the lamination process to increase its thickness. The main focus of this research is to investigate the effect of lamination process on mechanical properties and mould cleaning efficiency of laminated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) latex composites. Laminated NBR latex films with cleaning agent and waste latex compound was prepared by arranging half-cured latex sheets with various thicknesses of outer layer (NBR latex films with cleaning agent) and core layer (waste NBR latex film). The core and outer layers are prepared through casting method with different thickness. The laminated films were subjected to compression moulding using hot press at 120°C. Reinforcement of the core layer gives laminated latex composite with better mechanical properties, but excessive of core layer portion reduced the mechanical properties of laminated films. The efficiency of mould cleaning of laminated NBR latex films were depends on the flow ability and adhesion properties of the fresh latex layer with mould cleaning agent (outer layer).

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25

Misman, M. A., Azura A. Rashid, and Siti Rohana Yahya. "MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF STARCH IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82604.

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ABSTRACT This study presents a review of recent studies on starch-filled NR latex composites. Starch is a renewable source of material for fillers in NR latex compounding to obtain composites with multifunctional properties for selected applications. However, starch is a non-reinforcing filler due to its large particle size. The compatibility of NR and starch is another significant issue during the processing of starch-filled NR latex composites due to the nature of both materials. However, based on our research work, a fine dispersion of starch in the rubber matrix can improve the properties of NR latex composites. A good starch dispersion can be achieved through modifications, such as physical or chemical treatments. These treatments include the ball-milling process, ultrasonic process, use of coupling agents, esterification, etherification, and graft copolymerization. The various processing methods of these composites are discussed, specifically pre-vulcanization, latex co-coagulation, and in situ polymerization process. The successful modifications of either micro- or nano-starch will improve the compatibility with hydrophobic NR matrix, thereby increasing the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. The potential of starch as a biodegradable filler for NR latex and the interparticle interaction of starch-filled NR latex composites are also discussed.

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26

Saravari, Onusa, Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud, Warittha Satitnaithum, and Saowaroj Chuayjuljit. "Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Natural Rubber/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Prepared by Latex Compounding." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.543.

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In this study, natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites containing different loadings of multi- walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (0.1-0.4 phr) were prepared by latex compounding. The as-prepared nanolatex composites were cast into 3-mm sheets on a glass mold and then cured at 80°C for 3 h. The obtained vulcanizates were evaluated for their mechanical properties (tensile properties, tear strength and hardness) and surface electrical resistivity. The results showed that the incorporation of CNTs at a very low loading can reinforce NR by enhancing the tensile strength (0.2 phr optimal), modulus at 300% strain (0.2 phr optimal), elongation at break (0.4 phr optimal), tear strength (0.4 phr optimal) and hardness (0.4 phr optimal) and also increase the electrical conductivity (0.2 phr optimal). The reinforcing effect of CNTs is primarily attributed to its very high aspect ratio and great specific surface area, whilst the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites is due to the formation of a continuous conductive network of CNTs in the NR matrix.

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27

Mao, Yingyan, Shubai Zhang, Dandan Zhang, Tung W. Chan, and Li Liu. "Enhancing graphene oxide reinforcing potential in composites by combined latex compounding and spray drying." Materials Research Express 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 025009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/1/2/025009.

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28

El-Atti, Samia Abd, Barbara Martinelli, Bryan Yourich, Kelley Wasicek, and Robert Weber. "Nationwide Survey of Hospital Practices When Compounding Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Latex-Allergic Patients." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 21, no. 5 (October 2006): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0115426506021005513.

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29

Jia, Qing-Xiu, You-Ping Wu, Yi-Qing Wang, Ming Lu, Jian Yang, and Li-Qun Zhang. "Organic interfacial tailoring of styrene butadiene rubber–clay nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding method." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 103, no. 3 (2006): 1826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25299.

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30

Harahap, Hamidah, Elmer Surya, Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, and Baharin Azahari. "Effect of Leaching Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) Products Filled Modified Kaolin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.90.

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In this study, an effect of leaching treatment on the mechanical properties of natural rubber latex (NRL) products was investigated. The products were prepared by compounding the NRL dispersion system with modified kaolin as fillers then it was formed by dipping method. It was found that incorporation of fillers in NRL would result in lowering mechanical properties of vulcanizates when the leaching was performed. The results were confirmed further by characterization of Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

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31

Parker, Dane K., Robert F. Roberts, and Henry W. Schiessl. "The Preparation, Properties and Potential Applications of “Diimide-Hydrogenated” Styrene-Butadiene (HSBR) and Polybutadiene (HBR) Thermoplastic Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538675.

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Abstract Our unique diimide-based process for preparing HNBR latex from NDR latex without the use of hydrogen, noble metal catalysts or solvents has now been successfully extended to the preparation of hydrogenated thermoplastic elastomers latexes directly from SBR or BR latex precusors. Commercially available SBR latex such as SBR 1502 can be readily reduced to high saturation levels (95+%) via the diimide reduction technique. Latex cast films of the highly reduced elastomer show excellent ozone and oxidation resistance as expected. Unexpectedly however, the hydrogenated polymer films demonstrate high tensile strength and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) behavior. The TPE properties have been found to be caused by polyethylene crystallites that exist even in the unstretched films under ambient conditions. Latex is an unusual physical form for a TPE material. As a latex, TPE elastomers can be fabricated into sheets or other products by simple dipping or spraying methods—methods not normally available to TPEs in bulk form. In this regard, HSBR or HBR could function as superior replacements for natural rubber (NR) latex in articles such as tubing, gloves, condoms etc., where ozone and oxidation resistance may be required or in applications where good strength properties coupled with the absence of potentially allergenic proteins and/or curatives may be desirable. Alternatively, HSBR or HBR latexes may also be conventionally coagulated and processed using standard rubber/TPE compounding techniques.

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32

Shimada, Kunio, Hiroshige Kikura, Hideharu Takahashi, and Ryo Ikeda. "Novel Adhesion Technique Using Metallic or Non-Metallic Hydrous Oxide of Metal Complexes Involving Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber under Electrolytic Polymerization and Magnetic Field for Producing Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030689.

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As per sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for the artificial skin of robots, smart sensors, etc., we have proposed and investigated hybrid skin (H-Skin) and haptic sensors by using magnetic compound fluid (MCF), compounding natural rubber latex (NR-latex), and applying electric and magnetic fields. Through electrolytic polymerization, the MCF rubber is solidified. The MCF rubber has hybrid sensing functions and photovoltaic effects, and electric charge as battery. In case of the production of soft rubber sensors, however, the problem of adhesion between metal electrodes and rubber is very important. In the present study, we propose a novel adhesive technique for bonding the metal electrodes and MCF rubber by using metallic or non-metallic hydrous oxide, which is a metal complex, via electrolytic polymerization. The anionic radical hydrate reacts with the isoprene molecules of NR-latex or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex) such that they are cross-linked and the MCF rubber with the hydrate is solidified, which can be represented via a chemical reaction equation. By means of this adhesive technique, we presented five cases of sensors fabricated using metal electrodes and rubbers. This technique is applicable for novel cohesion between rubber and metal.

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33

Chuayjuljit, Saowaroj, and Chutima Worawas. "Nanocomposites of EVA/polystyrene nanoparticles/montmorillonite." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 6 (November 8, 2010): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310376116.

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Nanocomposites of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, and montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared by latex compounding. The nanolatex of PS was synthesized by differential microemulsion polymerization and then blended with EVA at EVA/PS dry weight ratios of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30, before mixing with MMT at 1, 3, or 5 parts per hundred rubbers. The latex composite mixtures were cast on a glass mold and compressed into thin sheets. The nanocomposites were characterized for their structures, mechanical properties, and thermal behaviors. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus, storage modulus, and thermal stability were all improved with the incorporation of MMT, although the extent of such depended upon and varied with the EVA/PS ratio of the nanocomposite.

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34

Lendvai, L., and J. Karger-Kocsis. "Structure and properties of NR- and XNBR-toughened polypropylene produced with latex by melt compounding." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 426 (October 18, 2018): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/426/1/012030.

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35

Wang, Jian, Kaiye Zhang, Zhengang Cheng, Marino Lavorgna, and Hesheng Xia. "Graphene/carbon black/natural rubber composites prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 47, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2018.1516435.

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36

Zhang, Yinhang, Xin Ge, Mei-Chun Li, Fei Deng, Jihwan Oh, and Ur Ryong Cho. "The properties of rice bran carbon/nitrile-butadiene rubber composites fabricated by latex compounding method." Polymer Composites 39, S2 (June 21, 2016): E687—E696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24126.

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Gui, Yan, Junchi Zheng, Xin Ye, Dongli Han, Meimei Xi, and Liqun Zhang. "Preparation and performance of silica/SBR masterbatches with high silica loading by latex compounding method." Composites Part B: Engineering 85 (February 2016): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.07.001.

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38

Rojruthai, Porntip, Jitladda Sakdapipanich, Jinjutha Wiriyanantawong, Chee-Cheong Ho, and Naesinee Chaiear. "Effect of Latex Purification and Accelerator Types on Rubber Allergens Prevalent in Sulphur Prevulcanized Natural Rubber Latex: Potential Application for Allergy-Free Natural Rubber Gloves." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 4679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214679.

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Natural rubber (NR) gloves manufactured from NR latex are widely utilized in various applications as a personal protective device due to their exceptional barrier characteristics in infection control. However, the use of NR gloves was associated with concerns about an NR protein allergy. With comprehensive leaching procedures now a common practice in NR latex glove factories to eliminate latent rubber proteins and chemical allergens, occurrences and complaints of protein allergy from medical glove users have decreased drastically over the past two decades. The present work aims to eliminate further the residual rubber allergens in NR latex through effective purification of the NR latex and compounding the thus purified latex with an established formulation for allergy-free NR for glove applications. NR latex was purified by deproteinization and saponification, respectively. Several analytical techniques were used to verify rubber allergens eliminated in the purified latexes. Saponified NR (SPNR) latex was the purified NR latex of choice since it is devoid of allergenic proteins and poses the lowest risk of Type I allergy. The purified NR latex was compounded with zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC), zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC), and zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT), respectively, for glove dipping. Among the investigated accelerators, only ZDBC was not detected in the artificial sweat that came into contact with the dipped articles. Thus, it is deduced that ZDBC poses the lowest risk of Type IV allergy to consumers. Additionally, the morphological and physical properties of dipped articles were assessed. It was revealed that the dipped film from the SPNR latex compounded with ZDBC provided thinner and less yellow products with a more uniform internal structure and a tensile strength comparable to those of commercial NR gloves.

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Wang, Qing Huang, Yong Yue Luo, Zhi Feng Yi, Chun Fang Feng, Yue Qiong Wang, and Zheng Peng. "Natural Rubber/Bombyx Mori Silk Fibroin Composites: Preparation and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.894.

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A novel natural rubber/silk fibroin (NR/SF) antibacterial composite was prepared firstly by using bombyx mori silk fibroin as the antimicrobial filler through latex compounding techniques. The results from scanning electron microscopy and universal tensile machine proved that the compatibility between SF and NR matrix is excellent, and the tensile strength of composite sheets is enhanced to some extent. NR/SF antibacterial composite sheets have a good antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the suitable loading of SF is 0.5~1 wt% according to the results above.

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Chen, Ke, and Rui Wang. "The Mechanical and Aging Properties of the Natural Rubber/Polyvinyl Alcohol (NR/PVA) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.12.

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The natural rubber/polyvinyl alcohol (NR/PVA) blends containing epoxid natural rubber as the compatilizer were prepared using latex compounding techniques. The mechanical and thermal oxidation aging properties were studied. Mechanical test showed that the tear strength and hardness of the NR were significantly improved due to adding of the PVA. The tensile strength decreased significantly along with the PVA increasing. Thermal oxidation aging test had obviously impact on the mechanical properties of the material. The performance retention of the material properties was taken effect significantly on the aging test.

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Supanakorn, Goragot, Nanthaphak Varatkowpairote, Siriporn Taokaew, and Muenduen Phisalaphong. "Alginate as Dispersing Agent for Compounding Natural Rubber with High Loading Microfibrillated Cellulose." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030468.

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Natural rubber (NR) reinforced with high loading of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was fabricated in the presence of sodium alginate as a thickening and dispersing agent in NR latex. The tensile strength and Young’s moduli of the 50% wt. MFC loading-NR composites were 13.6 and 1085.7 MPa, which were about 11.3- and 329-times enhanced compared with those of the neat NR film. The maximum elongation at 313.3% was obtained from 30% MFC loading, which was a 3.3-fold increase of that of the NR film. The thermal stability of MFC–NR films was slightly reduced, while the glass transition temperature remained unchanged at −64 °C. The MFC–NR films exhibited high water adsorption ability, toluene resistance, and biodegradability.

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Tan, Jing-Hua, Xiao-Ping Wang, Yi-Wu Liu, Yuan-Fang Luo, De-Min Jia, Yue-Jun Liu, Yu-Feng Xiong, and Wen-Tao Wang. "Effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer on latex compounded natural rubber-clay nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0366.

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Abstract Natural rubber (NR)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were produced by latex compounding method. The effects of ENR as a compatibilizer on NR/MMT nanocomposites were investigated. The addition of ENR brought intercalation or exfoliation of the clay, which improved the clay dispersion in the rubber matrix, as characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The interfacial interaction of ENR with MMT was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The vulcanization was hindered by the incorporation of ENR, while the mechanical performances, thermal stability and ageing resistance were improved. The glass transition temperature and storage modulus increased with ENR loading, which was corroborated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

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Ghani, Haslilywaty, Siti Fatma Abd Karim, Roslim Ramli, Mohibah Musa, and Jefri Jaapar. "Effect of Bio Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Latex Films." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.249.

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Rubber industry is one of major raw material for many industries around the world. Therefore, supplying quality raw material is major concern among the market player. The objectives of this paper is to formulate natural rubber latex (NRL) by addition of bio fillers and to determine the impact of bio fillers (rice husk ash and tacca starch) towards the tear strength and tensile strength of the film samples. Normally, filler compounded in NRL named carbon black filler is chemical based, expensive and difficult to handle. Blending method was applied whereby named as compounding process. The vulcanized NRL was blended with the bio fillers before manual dipping process applied to obtain the film. The bio filler loaded was 10 phr and 30 phr. The optimum concentration was found to be 10 phr of tacca starch, producing tensile stress at maximum load was 18 Mpa while elongation at break was 650%. In addition, tensile stress at 300 mm elongation was 2 Mpa and tear strength is 15 N/mm.

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Wu, You-Ping, Qing Qi, Gui-Hua Liang, and Li-Qun Zhang. "A strategy to prepare high performance starch/rubber composites: In situ modification during latex compounding process." Carbohydrate Polymers 65, no. 1 (July 2006): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.031.

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Tian, Ming, Qin Ma, Xiaolin Li, Liqun Zhang, Toshio Nishi, and Nanying Ning. "High performance dielectric composites by latex compounding of graphene oxide-encapsulated carbon nanosphere hybrids with XNBR." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 29 (2014): 11144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01600a.

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A novel dielectric composite with high dielectric constant (k), low dielectric loss, low elastic modulus and large actuated strain at a low electric field was prepared by a simple, low-cost and efficient method.

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He, S. J., Y. Q. Wang, Y. P. Wu, X. H. Wu, Y. L. Lu, and L. Q. Zhang. "Preparation, structure, performance, industrialisation and application of advanced rubber/clay nanocomposites based on latex compounding method." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 39, no. 1 (February 2010): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328910x12608851832254.

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Peng, Zheng, Chunfang Feng, Yongyue Luo, Yongzhen Li, Zhifeng Yi, and L. X. Kong. "Natural rubber/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites developed with a combined self-assembly and latex compounding technique." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 5 (February 29, 2012): 3920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36389.

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48

Zhang, Yinhang, Xin Ge, Fei Deng, Mei-Chun Li, and Ur Ryong Cho. "Fabrication and characterization of rice bran carbon/styrene butadiene rubber composites fabricated by latex compounding method." Polymer Composites 38, no. 11 (November 14, 2015): 2594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23852.

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49

Sun, Ying, Zhimin Cheng, Ling Zhang, Haibo Jiang, and Chunzhong Li. "Promoting the dispersibility of silica and interfacial strength of rubber/silica composites prepared by latex compounding." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137, no. 46 (June 10, 2020): 49526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.49526.

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50

Lu, Ming, Jianjun Zhou, Liansheng Wang, Wei Zhao, Yonglai Lu, Liqun Zhang, and Yakang Liu. "Design and Preparation of Cross-Linked Polystyrene Nanoparticles for Elastomer Reinforcement." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/352914.

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Cross-linked polystyrene (PS) particles in a latex form were synthesized by free radical emulsion polymerization. The nano-PS-filled elastomer composites were prepared by the energy-saving latex compounding method. Results showed that the PS particles took a spherical shape in the size of 40–60 nm with a narrow size distribution, and the glass-transition temperature of the PS nanoparticles increased with the cross-linking density. The outcomes from the mechanical properties demonstrated that when filled into styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), and natural rubber (NR), the cross-linked PS nano-particles exhibited excellent reinforcing capabilities in all the three matrices, and the best in the SBR matrix. In comparison with that of the carbon black filled composites, another distinguished advantage of the cross-linked PS particles filled elastomer composites was found to be light weight in density, which could help to save tremendous amount of energy when put into end products.

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