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1
Waugh, Esther J. factors associated with short-term prognosis of conservatively treated lateral epicondylitis. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.
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2
Adede, A. O. The IAEA notification and assistance conventions in case of a nuclear accident: Landmarks in the multi-lateral treaty-making process. [London]: Graham & Trotman, 1987.
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3
Read, Hugo. Consul in Japan, 1903-1941. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823643.
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A rare account by a foreigner working in Japan in the 20th century; a unique insight into this important period of Japan's history; complements existing material. First a student interpreter, then an assistant in Korea, Vice-Consul in Yokohama and Osaka, Consul in Nagasaki and Dairen, then Consul-General in Seoul, Osaka, Mukden and Tientsin. Not a contemporary diary as such, but a write-up of notes made towards the end of White's career spanning thirty-eight years. Importantly, it includes reflective passages on the momentous developments of the later 1930s, as Japan moved onto a war-footing in China - and as Consul-General in the Chinese treaty port of Tianjin under Japanese occupation, White was in the middle of the growing tensions between Britain and Japan. His post-war recollections are also valuable. Like others who had lived and worked in Japan, he sought to come to terms with what had happened to the country in which he had spent so much of his adult life. Along the way he provides fascinating vignettes of his colleagues, some well known, others less so, while his service in Seoul, Mukden (now Shenyang) and Tianjin provides fresh material on the Japanese colonial empire.
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Harms, Matthew B., and Timothy M. Miller. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0027.
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Recent advances in sequencing technologies have dramatically expanded the number of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, including rare but highly penetrant causative mutations as well as common risk alleles. This chapter discusses these gene discoveries and how they have implicated a diverse array of biological pathways essential for motor neuron health and have begun to inform our understanding of ALS pathogenesis as a heterogeneous and multistep process. Insights from these discoveries are leading to a new generation of targeted therapies directed at specific genes and are poised to inform how patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are evaluated and treated in the clinic.
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John, Sylvester. CBD Oil for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: All You Need to Know on How Cbd Oil Treats Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Independently Published, 2019.
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Haines, Daniel. The Phantom of Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190648664.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the Indus Waters Treaty’s problematic reputation for symbolising India–Pakistan cooperation. Even though the treaty failed to resolve broader geoplitical tensions in South Asia, the principle of river basin-scale negotiations reappeared in American and World Bank proposals for resolving an India–Pakistan dispute over the Farakka Barrage on the River Ganges in West Bengal and East Pakistan during the later 1960s and 1970s. The spectacular failure of basin-scale negotiation in Bengal, due to Indian policy-makers’ determination not to “compromise” their river-development plans in the face of external pressure, contrasted with the relative success of negotiations over the Indus Basin. The strange afterlife of the Indus Waters Treaty, in which Indian politicians used it as a warning against further cooperation, further demonstrated its historical peculiarity. The treaty is not a model for improving bilateral relations.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. The Partition of Africa by Treaty (1974). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0020.
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This chapter analyses the partition of the African continent via treaties. It begins with an introductory examination of pre-nineteenth-century European–African treaty-making and references some classic writers to Africa. It then discusses relevant documents on the ‘scramble’ for titles to African territory. These demonstrate the extent to which normal institutions of the law of nations as originally applied to European–African relations degenerated into instruments of colonial penetration in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly after the Berlin Conference of 1884–85, which led to a multilaterally conceived plan of partition of the whole continent. Partition took place in two phases, i.e. the transfer of legal titles to territory from the African transferor to the European transferee wherein the ruler still played an active part, and then the absorption of territory by annexation. Effective occupation by the Europeans usually came much later than the acquisition of legal title.
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Benedetto, Conforti. Part III Observance and Application of Treaties, 11 Consistency among Treaty Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0011.
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International law regime of conflicts between treaties is obtained by combining the principles of the succession of treaties over time (the later treaty abrogates the earlier one) and the principle concerning the effects of treaties on third-party States (Pacta tertiis neque nocent neque prosunt). In fact, conflicts between treaties are not frequent as states prefer to negotiate in order to avoid them. Most of the time, negotiations lead to the inclusion in a treaty of declarations of ‘compatibility’ or ‘subordination’ with another or a series of other treaties. Some of them are analysed in this chapter.
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Fixico, Donald L., ed. Indian Treaties in the United States. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400669668.
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This book examines the treaties that promised self-government, financial assistance, cultural protections, and land to the more than 565 tribes of North America (including Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada). Prior to contact with Europeans and, later, Americans, American Indian treaties assumed unique dimensions, often involving lengthy ceremonial meetings during which gifts were exchanged. Europeans and Americans would irrevocably alter the ways in which treaties were negotiated: for example, treaties no longer constituted oral agreements but rather written documents, though both parties generally lacked understanding of the other's culture. The political consequences of treaty negotiations continue to define the legal status of the more than 565 federally recognized tribes today. These and other aspects of treaty-making will be explored in this single-volume work, which serves to fill a gap in the study of both American history and Native American history. The history of treaty making covers a wide historical swath dating from the earliest treaty in 1788 to latest one negotiated in 1917. Despite the end of formal treaties largely by the end of the 19th century, Native relations with the federal government continued on with the move to reservations and later formal land allotment under the Dawes Act of 1887.
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St John, Taylor. Conversion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes the purposes that American officials ascribe to investor–state arbitration in their investment treaties, using internal documents from all pre-NAFTA American investment treaty negotiations. Officials drafting the initial US model treaty in the late 1970s saw ISDS as a narrow tool to protect investment, but a decade later, it was reimagined as a way to lock in domestic liberalization reforms in former Soviet or Latin American states. Similarly, the American investment treaty program was not intended to facilitate outward investments, but rhetoric has changed: in the early 1990s, additional investment was implied to treaty partners, before and after these years officials noted that treaties and ISDS do not necessarily lead to additional investment. Finally, while access to arbitration became a pillar of American policy, at first investor access to ICSID caused the State Department frustration and endangered US strategic interests.
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Quinones, Ferdinand H. CBD Oil for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Everything You Need to Know about How ALS Is Treated and Cured Using CBD Oil. Independently Published, 2019.
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12
WHYTE, Phillip C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Dementia Infantilis: A Universal View on How to Diagnose, Treat and Care for ALS and Dementia Infantilis/Infantilism in Children. Independently Published, 2021.
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13
Aminoff, Michael J. Behind the Glories of War. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0005.
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The Peninsular War (1807–1814), contemporary military medical services, the famous British retreat to Corunna and evacuation from Spain to England, and the care and treatment of the wounded are discussed. Bell volunteered his services at the Haslar Hospital, where many of the evacuated were treated. He made sketches and oil paintings of the wounded and published a dissertation on the treatment of gunshot wounds. He later volunteered to treat the wounded of the Battle of Waterloo (1815), and again he sketched the injured. The famous Corunna oil paintings, now at the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, and the Waterloo paintings, at the Army Medical Services Museum in Aldershot, England, are a dramatic contrast to the usual images and portraits of the glories of war.
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Berman, Joshua A. Retold History in the Book of Deuteronomy in Light of the Hittite Treaty Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0005.
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This chapter attends to the vexing question of the bald contradictions we encounter between the narratives of the book of Deuteronomy, and the parallel accounts found earlier in the Torah. This rewritten history is remarkable because in the form that we encounter it today—the received text of the Torah—there is no erasure. We first encounter the stories in the books of Exodus and Numbers; and then we encounter them reworked later in the text continuum of the Pentateuch, as part of Moses’s recollections, in the book of Deuteronomy. This chapter claims that what we witness in the Torah—rewritten history that does not displace earlier, conflicting versions of those same events—may be understood with recourse to the Late Bronze Age Hittite treaty prologue tradition, which is discussed in chapter 3.
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William H, Boothby. 13 Nuclear Weapons. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013.
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This chapter analyses how the law of armed conflict applies to the possession and use of nuclear weapons, noting that no law of armed conflict treaty has been adopted which either prohibits or restricts the development, stockpiling, transfer, possession, or use of such weapons, or threats to use nuclear weapons. Equally, there is no law of armed conflict treaty in existence that contains any other kind of provision with particular reference to such weapons. The chapter points out that certain states ratified Additional Protocol 1 on the explicit basis that the new rules introduced by the treaty have no application to nuclear weapons. In a later section the chapter considers the 1996 International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, noting the criticism that has been made of the non liquet terms in which the judgment was expressed. In a short concluding section, the prospects for nuclear disarmament are briefly assessed.
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Young, Bruce W. Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400649868.
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From the star-crossed romance of Romeo and Juliet to Othello's misguided murder of Desdemona to the betrayal of King Lear by his daughters, family life is central to Shakespeare's dramas. This book helps students learn about family life in Shakespeare's England and in his plays. The book begins with an overview of the roots of Renaissance family life in the classical era and Middle Ages. This is followed by an extended consideration of family life in Elizabethan England. The book then explores how Shakespeare treats family life in his plays. Later chapters then examine how productions of his plays have treated scenes related to family life, and how scholars and critics have responded to family life in his works. The volume closes with a bibliography of print and electronic resources. The volume begins with a look at the classical and medieval background of family life in the Early Modern era. This is followed by a sustained discussion of family life in Shakespeare's world. The book then examines issues related to family life across a broad range of Shakespeare's works. Later chapters then examine how productions of the plays have treated scenes concerning family life, and how scholars and critics have commented on family life in Shakespeare's writings. The volume closes with a bibliography of print and electronic resources for student research. Students of literature will value this book for its illumination of critical scenes in Shakespeare's works, while students in social studies and history courses will appreciate its use of Shakespeare to explore daily life in the Elizabethan age.
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Joel E. (Joel Ernest) B. Goldthwait and Bernard Roth. Treatment of Lateral Curvature of the Spine: With Appendix Giving an Analysis of 1000 Consecutive Cases Treated by Posture and Exercise Exclusively, Without Mechanical Supports. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Joel E. (Joel Ernest) B. 18 Goldthwait and Roth Bernard. Treatment of Lateral Curvature of the Spine: With Appendix Giving an Analysis of 1000 Consecutive Cases Treated by Posture and Exercise Exclusively, Without Mechanical Supports. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Singh, Parminder J., John M. O’Donnell, and Richard E. Field. Hip arthroscopy: assessment, investigations, and interventions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007018.
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♦ Learning objectives:• Understand hip arthroscopic anatomy• Awareness of indications and contraindications for hip arthroscopy• Understand what femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is, and how to investigate and treat this condition♦ Assessment: FADIR and FABER tests♦ Investigations: plain x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging/arthroscopy, computed tomography scan in Pritchard O’Donnell (POD) position♦ Interventions: central and peripheral compartments, periarticular space, lateral compartment, FAI correction—cam, pincer, or combined.
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Konijnenberg, Sander, Aurele J. L. Adam, and H. Paul Urbach. BSc Optics. TU Delft Open, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5074/t.2021.003.
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This book treats optics at the level of students in the later stage of their bachelor or the beginning of their master. It is assumed that the student is familiar with Maxwell’s equations. Although the book takes account of the fact that optics is part of electromagnetism, special emphasis is put on the usefulness of approximate models of optics, their hierarchy and limits of validity. Approximate models such as geometrical optics and paraxial geometrical optics are treated extensively and applied to image formation by the human eye, the microscope and the telescope. Polarisation states and how to manipulate them are studied using Jones vectors and Jones matrices. In the context of interference, the coherence of light is explained thoroughly. To understand fundamental limits of resolution which cannot be explained by geometrical optics, diffraction theory is applied to imaging. The angular spectrum method and evanescent waves are used to understand the inherent loss of information about subwavelength features during the propagation of light. The book ends with a study of the working principle of the laser.
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The Treatment Of Lateral Curvature Of The Spine: With Appendix Giving An Analysis Of 1000 Consecutive Cases Treated By Posture And Exercise Exclusively, Without Mechanical Supports. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Bernard, Roth, and Joel E (Joel Ernest) B 18 Goldthwait. The Treatment of Lateral Curvature of the Spine: With Appendix Giving an Analysis of 1000 Consecutive Cases Treated by Posture and Exercise Exclusively, Without Mechanical Supports. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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23
Laursen, Finn. The Founding Treaties of the European Union and Their Reform. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.151.
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Today’s European Union (EU) is based on treaties negotiated and ratified by the member states. They form a kind of “constitution” for the Union. The first three treaties, the Treaty of Paris, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, and the two Treaties of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) in 1957, were the founding treaties. They were subsequently reformed several times by new treaties, including the Treaty of Maastricht, which created the European Union in 1992. The latest major treaty reform was the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009. Scholarship concerning these treaties has evolved over time. In the early years, it was mostly lawyers writing about the treaties, but soon historians and political scientists also took an interest in these novel constructions in Europe. Interestingly, American political scientists were the first to develop theories of European integration; foremost among these was Ernst Haas, whose 1958 book The Uniting of Europe developed the theory later referred to as neo-functionalism. The sector on integration of coal and steel would have an expansive logic. There would be a process of “spill-over,” which would lead to more integration.It turned out that integration was less of an automatic process than suggested by Haas and his followers. When integration slowed down in the 1970s, many political scientists lost interest and turned their attention elsewhere. It was only in the 1980s, when the internal market program gave European integration a new momentum that political scientists began studying European integration again from theoretical perspectives. The negotiation and entry into force of the Single European Act (SEA) in the mid-1980s led to many new studies, including by American political scientist Andrew Moravcsik. His study of the SEA included a critique of neo-functionalism that created much debate. Eventually, in an article in the early 1990s, he called his approach “liberal intergovernmentalism.” It took final form in 1998 in the book The Choice for Europe. According to Moravcsik, to understand major historic decisions—including new treaties—we need to focus on national preferences and interstate bargaining.The study of treaty reforms, from the SEA to the Lisbon Treaty, conducted by political scientists—including the treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice—have often contrasted neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. But other approaches and theories were developed, including various institutionalist and social constructivist frameworks. No consensus has emerged, so the scholarly debates continue.
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Moralee, Jason. Climbing the Capitoline Hill. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492274.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 introduces the transformations of the traditional uses of the hill from the third to the sixth century, in particular when emperors climbed the Capitoline Hill, when they chose not to do so, and the dynamics that eventually led to the abandonment of the Capitoline Hill. By the end of the fourth century, Christian rulers and administrators began to treat Rome as pilgrims did, thus terminating processions not at the Capitoline Hill, as they had in the past, but instead at St. Peter’s, the Lateran Palace, or the Forum of Trajan. Far from signaling the end of the hill’s history, the absence from the hill of emperors and their ritual power lifts the hill from the shadow of late Roman high politics and allows us to see how the hill functioned in other ways.
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Faxneld, Per. Romantic and Socialist Satanism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664473.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 treats the fact that from the very start, literary Satanism has had a pronounced political dimension. It provides an overview of the radical Romantics who made Satan a symbol of rebellion against oppressive religious structures, and how socialists later appropriated this strategy of resistance to religious mores. Special attention is given to Percy Shelley’s The Revolt of Islam (1817), perhaps the first piece of Satanic feminism. Later, anarchists like Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin took the Devil to heart and integrated the figure into their respective endeavours. Rounding off the chapter, a number of reasons why Satan was strategically attractive to Romantics and socialists are suggested.
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Hardy, Duncan. Associations in Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0006.
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Throughout the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries every category of political actor in the Empire habitually entered into lateral contractual relationships, which this book calls ‘associations’. The archetypal association was the treaty-based alliance or league, regulating military and judicial affairs between two or more parties. Whereas existing historiography of the German lands characterizes associations as marginal and illegitimate, or else as the preserve of specific social groups, the evidence shows that alliances and leagues were ubiquitous and unavoidable features of the political landscape. Providing the first truly comparative typology of Upper German associations, this chapter examines shorter-term alliances (including sub-types such as peace-associations, knightly societies, and citizen-alliances) and longer-term unions such as the Swabian League and the Swiss Confederation. The latter emerges in this analysis as one end of a continuum of Upper German associative forms based on a universal template, rather than a unique proto-national coalition.
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Van Anglen, K. P., and James Engell, eds. The Call of Classical Literature in the Romantic Age. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429641.001.0001.
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The book reveals the extent to which writers we call “romantic” venerate and use the classics to serve their own ends in transforming poetry, epic, the novel, mythology, politics, and issues of race, as well as in practicing translation and reshaping models for a literary career and personal life. On both sides of the Atlantic the classics—including the surprising influence of Hebrew, regarded then as a classical language—play a major role in what becomes labeled Romanticism only much later in the nineteenth century. The relation between classic and romantic is not one of opposition but of a subtle and deep interpenetration. Classical texts retain an enduring, but newly transformational presence. While romantic writers regard what they are doing as new, this attitude does not prompt them to abjure lessons of genre, expression, and judgment flowing from classical authors they love. Their view is Janus-faced. Aside from one essay on Coleridge, the volume does not address major canonical British poets. Considerable work on their relation to the classics exists. Writers treated in detail include William Gilpin, Phillis Wheatley, Robert Lowth, Walter Savage Landor, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, James McCune Smith, Herman Melville, S. T. Coleridge, and Edward Gibbon. Four chapters each treat multiple authors from both sides of the Atlantic. Topics include the picturesque, political rhetoric, epic invocation, mythology, imitation, ekphrasis, slavery, feminism, history and historiography, and the innovative influence of ancient Hebrew, especially its poetry.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Wave Motions in Rotating Shallow Water with Boundaries, Topography, at the Equator, and in Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0004.
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The chapter illustrates the influence of lateral boundaries, bottom topography, outcroppings, equatorial tangent plane approximation, and cylindrical channel geometry in laboratory experiments on the wave spectrum, and characteristics of waves in rotating shallow-water model. It is shown that all these effects lead to appearance of wave-guide modes, localised in one spatial direction, and freely propagating in another one. These modes are coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves, topographic and equatorial Rossby waves, shelf and edge waves, equatorial Yanai and inertia–gravity waves, and frontal waves. Their dispersion and polarisation relations are established, and their properties explained. Mountain (lee) waves are also treated.
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Castledine, Jacqueline. From the Popular Front to a New Left. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037269.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses how the slight thawing of Cold War tensions included discussion of a permanent test-ban treaty, raising the hopes of many former Progressive Party activists that the conservative political tide was turning. People increasingly came to believe that the easing of political repression created an opportunity to reconstitute Popular Front organizing and fully realize the potential of such organizations as the Progressive Party, Congress of American Women, and Sojourners for Truth and Justice. Toward that end, small covert leftist networks now made their way into larger national organizations that shared their commitment to “peace, freedom, and abundance.” Although they had not achieved their vision of positive peace, Popular Front organizations had provided a training ground for leftist women who later helped shape the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Vanderheiden, Steve. Environmental and Climate Justice. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.13.
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This chapter surveys the origin and development of environmental justice discourse from its early use as a civil rights strategy to resist the siting of hazardous waste facilities in the neighborhoods of poor people of color to its more contemporary usage as a directive for equity in global cooperation in pursuit of environmental sustainability. From debates among scholars and activists over the demands of justice as applied to problems of global climate change mitigation and adaptation, or climate justice, it examines three principles of justice invoked in a landmark climate treaty and later applied to the design and evaluation of international climate change policy efforts. The chapter concludes by considering potential new directions that environmental justice theorizing might take in the context of other issues in environmental politics.
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Alter, Karen J., Laurence R. Helfer, and Osvaldo Saldías. Transplanting the European Court of Justice to the Andes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680788.003.0002.
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This chapter explains why national political leaders decided to add a court to their integration project. After considering a variety of options, governments chose to model the Andean Tribunal on the European Union's Court of Justice (ECJ). But they did not slavishly copy the ECJ's design features and legal doctrines. Instead, they selectively adapted those that were appropriate to the more sovereignty-protective Andean context, preserving greater state control over the ATJ and its role in interpreting regional legislation. Thus, this chapter explains why these original adaptations later came to be seen as undermining the effectiveness of the Andean legal system and why, in a 1996 revised treaty, member states revised the institution to bring the ATJ jurisdiction and access rules closer to those of its European predecessor.
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Guy S, Goodwin-Gill, and McAdam Jane. The Refugee in International Law. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808565.001.0001.
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The status of the refugee in international law, and of everyone entitled to protection, has always been precarious, not least in times of heightened and heated debate. People have always moved in search of safety, and they always will. This completely revised and updated edition casts new light on the refugee definition, the meaning of persecution, the role of gender and sexual orientation, the types of harm, and the protection due to refugees. The book reviews the fundamental principle of non-refoulement as a restraint on the conduct of States, even as States themselves seek new ways to prevent refugees and asylum seekers arriving. The book analyses related principles of protection—non-discrimination, due process, rescue at sea, and solutions—in light of what States, UNHCR, and treaty-monitoring bodies actually do, rather than merely deductively. It closely examines relevant treaty standards, and the role of UNHCR in providing protection, contributing to the development of international refugee law, and promoting solutions. New chapters bring into focus evolving protection demands in relation to nationality, statelessness, and displacement in the context of disasters and climate change. The book factors in the challenges posed by the movement of people across land and sea in search of refuge, and their interception, reception, and later treatment. The overall aim remains the same as in previous editions: to provide a sound basis for protection in international law, taking full account of State and community interests and recognizing the need to bridge gaps in the regime which now has 100 years of law and practice behind it.
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Koskenniemi, Martti. Carl Schmitt and International Law. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.020.
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Carl Schmitt always presented himself and was above all a jurist. His doctoral dissertation was based on an antiformal theory of law that was also in evidence in his acerbic critics of the League of Nations and the system of control over Germany established in the Treaty of Versailles. This chapter shows that the concrete-order thinking of his later years espoused a more conventional legal realism that has always constituted an important stream of international jurisprudence. Schmitt’s main postwar work, Nomos der Erde, puts forward an influential view of the history of international law as inextricably entangled with the imperial pretensions. This chapter argues that the much-cited book, together with Schmitt’s polemical concept of law and his critiques of the discriminatory concept of war, has proven a fruitful basis for much of today’s postcolonial jurisprudence.
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Dunnavant, Anthony, ed. Explorations in the Stone-Campbell Traditions. Abilene Christian University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31046/atlaopenpress.65.
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This important collection of essays honors Herman A. Norton (1921-2002), Dean of the Disciples Divinity House at Vanderbilt University from 1951 until his retirement in 1986. Topics from all three branches of the Stone-Campbell Movement are treated including early leaders like Barton Stone and Alexander Campbell, as well as later studies after the Civil War and into the early 1940s.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. The Role of Treaties in the European–African Confrontation in the Nineteenth Century (1975). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0021.
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This chapter discusses the origins and characteristic features of statehood in Africa, in particular the position at the time of the arrival of European agencies. It examines the climate of opinion in which the first treaties were concluded and compares it with the sui generis relationship between the contracting parties that later developed at the height of the European–African confrontation. The rapidity of change resulted in some abnormal legal institutions, including the ‘colonial protectorate’. A number of fundamental questions arise in the analysis of treaties: the legal capacity of the contracting parties, particularly of the African rulers and chiefs; the freedom of consent in the particular African circumstances as emphasised at the Berlin Conference of 1885; and the form of treaties and the application of various treaty rules. Among the particular stipulations, those referring to the establishment of protectorates and to jurisdictional capitulations are singled out for special attention.
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Willem, van Genugten, and Lenzerini Federico. Part VI International Assistance, Reparations, and Redress, Ch.18 Legal Implementation and International Cooperation and Assistance: Articles 37–42. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0019.
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This chapter discusses Articles 37–42, considering legal implementation and international cooperation and assistance. Article 37 recognizes that treaties, agreements, and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous populations reflect legally important entitlements that have to be honoured by applying the standards of modern treaty law, while taking into consideration the facts of cases at hand and later developments, and including the interests of other parties than the original ones. In addition, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) might be a declaration ‘only’, but it cannot be simply considered as ‘just another’ non-binding argument. Large parts of Articles 37–42 — particularly Article 37, relating to the right that treaties concluded with indigenous peoples are honoured and respected by States, and Article 40, proclaiming the right of indigenous communities to access to justice and to remedies — do have customary international law character, while other parts also reflect more than moral or political commitments ‘only’.
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Fischer, Conan. Remaking Europe after the First World War. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.10.
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Victorious Allied governments legitimized wartime sacrifice with promises of domestic prosperity and a peaceful international order. An American-sponsored League of Nations would mediate relations between liberal-democratic nation states. However, although parliamentary government was consolidated across north-western Europe, the peace fell short, failing to accommodate Bolshevik Russia or reach a legitimate settlement with a new and fragile German democracy. Paris deemed the settlement inadequate; the US Congress refused to ratify the German treaty and remained outwith the League; China and Japan were estranged by blatant European racialism and colonialism. All of Europe struggled to restore economic life and eastern Europe experienced famine. Rather than parliamentary democracy, militarist and oligarchic regimes eventually took power across this region, where societies remained largely pre-industrial and ethnically unstable. In Italy, a new authoritarian, militaristic mass movement, fascism, took power, providing an early model of sorts for Hitler’s National Socialists. However, the League of Nations survived and, generations later, liberal democracy has consolidated across Europe.
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Ristuccia, Nathan J. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810209.003.0007.
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Slowly, from about 1100 onward, the Rogation Days waned. Multiple causes contributed to the holiday’s senescence: its lack of apostolic authority, competition from new holidays such as Corpus Christi, and fear of abuses. But perhaps the most important was the systemization of the parish and, with it, the exaltation of a different symbol of the community: the Eucharistic host. This new model for church organization gradually supplanted the ritually defined communities of the early Middle Ages. Contemporary paradigms of Christianization, which treat Christianity as a fixed system of doctrines and practices, continue to impose later norms on early medieval people. The early medieval Rogation Days were Christianization before religion.
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Taylor, Tristan S. Legally Marginalised Groups—The Empire. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.28.
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Until the mass citizenship grant of 212 CE, Roman law served Roman citizens almost exclusively. However, since the non-Romans’ legal systems generally sufficed, this marginalised status regarding Roman law was generally of little importance. Within the Roman citizen body, the Roman legal system marginalised many because of its expense and preferential treatment of the wealthy. In addition the culture, but not the legal system, through infamia marginalised some for what they did and the kind of person they were. While marginalised in modern eyes, Roman law treated women, freedmen, children and slaves as important participants in a wide range of societal functions, giving them specific abilities as well as disabilities. The most severe legal marginalisation occurred as the laws systematically and increasingly marginalised the humble citizens (humiliores) and evermore favoured the elite (honestiores). The system also treated outlaws, magicians, some cults and, later, Christians as outside the law’s Pale.
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Stewart, Jon. Zoroastrianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829492.003.0007.
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Hegel treats three religions as transitional between the religions of nature and those of spirit. The first of the transitional religions that he explores is Zoroastrianism, the religion of ancient Persia. This religion was founded by the prophet and religious teacher Zoroaster, also called Zerdusht or Zarathustra, in a time of great antiquity, the exact date of which is still a matter of scholarly debate. Zoroaster is said to have written the hymns known as the Gathas, which constitute a part of the Avesta, the sacred text of this religion. Hegel portrays this religion as fundamentally dualistic with a god of good in opposition to a god of evil. He claims that this dualistic picture needs to be overcome with a third, speculative element that unites the two, but this conception only appears later.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Legal Socialization in the Juvenile Justice System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 discusses legal socialization within the juvenile justice system. Adolescence is a developmental period during which many young people have contact with legal authorities, primarily the police. These contacts involve high levels of discretion for law enforcement, and studies show the manner in which that discretion is exercised has strong consequences for the subsequent orientations that adolescents have toward the law as well as their later law-related behavior. In particular, adolescents react to how fairly the authorities treat them. Juvenile justice is a particularly contentious area of policy with many punitive practices advocated in spite of evidence that they do not build legitimacy or reduce crime. On the other hand, experiencing justice is shown to promote legitimacy and lower offending.
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Small, Helen. The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861935.001.0001.
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Cynicism is usually seen as a provocative mode of dissent from conventional moral thought, casting doubt on the motives that guide right conduct. When critics today complain that it is ubiquitous but lacks the serious bite of classical Cynicism, they express concern that it can now only be corrosively negative. The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time takes a more balanced view. Re-evaluating the role of cynicism in literature, cultural criticism, and philosophy from 1840 to the present, it treats cynic confrontationalism as a widely employed credibility check on the promotion of moral ideals—with roots in human psychology. Helen Small investigates how writers have engaged with Cynic traditions of thought, and later more gestural styles of cynicism, to recalibrate dominant moral values, judgements of taste, and political agreements. The argument develops through a series of cynic challenges to conventional moral thinking: Friedrich Nietzsche on morality; Thomas Carlyle vs. J. S. Mill on the permissible limits of moral provocation; Arnold on the freedom of criticism; George Eliot and Ford Madox Ford on cosmopolitanism; Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and Laura Kipnis on the conditions of work in the university. The Function of Cynicism treats topics of present-day public concern: abrasive styles of public argument, debasing challenges to conventional morality, free speech, moral controversialism, the authority of reason, and the limits of that authority, nationalism and resistance to nationalism, and liberty of expression as a core principle of the university.
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Zimmerman, EC. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) I. CSIRO Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104907.
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In Volume I, the primitive weevil families Anthribidae, Belidae, Nemonychidae, Caridae, Rhynchitidae and Attelabidae are treated. One hundred and two genera and 400 species are catalogued. The species are illustrated by about 1035 individual drawings and black and white photographs, in addition to 650 colour photographs relating to primitive weevil families in Volumes V and VI.
Volume I includes a chapter on Nemonychidae by G Kuschel and also an important Postscript detailing some crucial taxonomic changes in several weevil subfamilies that are only dealt with in detail in the later volumes.
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Goh, Ian. Republican Satire in the Dock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788201.003.0003.
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This chapter treats the account of the courtroom activities—Q. Mucius Scaevola Augur defending himself when brought to trial for extortion in 119 BC by T. Albucius—in book 2 of Gaius Lucilius’ satires as an example of forensic oratory in post-Gracchan Republican Rome. The fragments of Lucilius’ verse record of the trial are considered in their historical and literary context, with a view to their influence on later satirical tradition. The fragments reveal intimations of force standing in for physical injury, problems resulting from the impact of philosophy on speaking styles, and ironies of mixed identity put to service in courtroom repartee. Lucilius is something of a stenographer, whose take on the trial is slanted towards its relevance for equestrians and its sensational elements redolent of Pacuvian tragedy; finally, the identification of poet and defendant encapsulates the trial’s interest and uniqueness.
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Christiane, Ahlborn. 6 Responsibility, 6.1 Westland Helicopters Ltd v Arab Organization for Industrialization, United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, State of Qatar, Arab Republic of Egypt, and Arab British Helicopter Company, Arbitration, 5 March 1984, 80 ILR 600. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743620.003.0029.
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This chapter treats the arbitration between Westland Helicopters Ltd and the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) as well as its member states. After several AOI member states decided to dissolve the organization in 1979, Westland Helicopters Ltd filed a request for arbitration before the International Chamber of Commerce, claiming damages for non-fulfilment of contractual obligations. The Westland Helicopters arbitration is the first case in which a dispute settlement body had to decide on the possible responsibility of states for the wrongful acts of an international organization. While the Arbitral Tribunal in Westland Helicopters decided to hold AOI member states responsible alongside the international organization, Swiss courts later reversed this decision. The Westland Helicopters cases thus foreshadowed the debate, including many of the recurrent arguments, on whether and when the corporate veil of an international organization should be pierced.
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Guzmán, Will. Optimism and Rejection, 1925–1962. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038921.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at the latter phases of Nixon's civic life as well as his contributions to the health and welfare of his fellow African Americans. It details Nixon's initiative to establish a Black hospital to treat tuberculosis (TB)—then one of the top three causes of mortality among Blacks in urban communities—El Paso's Frederick Douglass National Tubercular Hospital. Nixon's relationship with the NAACP grew strained during this time as well, and he and his second wife, Drusilla E. Tandy, would later obtain the support of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW). To conclude, the chapter also looks at a series of events that would eventually lead to an antidiscrimination ordinance in 1962 that would make El Paso the first city in Texas to pass such a resolution.
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Berry, D. H. Cicero's Catilinarians. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195326468.001.0001.
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The Catilinarians are a set of four speeches that Cicero, while consul in 63 BC, delivered before the senate and the Roman people against the conspirator Catiline and his followers. Or are they? Cicero did not publish the speeches until three years later, and he substantially revised them before publication, rewriting some passages and adding others, all with the aim of justifying the action he had taken against the conspirators and memorializing his own role in the suppression of the conspiracy. How, then, should we interpret these speeches as literature? Can we treat them as representing what Cicero actually said? Or do we have to read them merely as political pamphlets from a later time? This first book-length discussion of these famous speeches clarifies what the speeches actually are and explains how we should approach them. In addition, the book contains a full and up-to-date account of the Catilinarian conspiracy and a survey of the influence that the story of Catiline has had on writers such as Sallust and Virgil, Ben Jonson and Henrik Ibsen, from antiquity to the present day.
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Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn. Weaving a Tapestry from Biblical Exegesis to Romance Textuality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795148.003.0006.
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This study examines how the particular character of Grail romances follows from the incongruous meeting of courtly and Christian discourses, combined for the first time in LeConte du Graal, Chrétien de Troyes’s last, unfinished romance. The romancer’s unsettling inclusion of religious issues within Arthurian narrative coincides with a new turn toward the Bible’s literal and historical sense observable in both Christian and Jewish biblical exegesis. By investigating features shared by romance and exegesis, we can glimpse how a number of issues involving representation and interpretation disseminate through later Grail stories, as the romancer’s inaugural gestures structure how rewriters negotiate the complexities of their enigmatic model. Divided into three sections, the chapter first treats the littera’s historical aspects and its arrangements (order, sequence, context). The second section examines the shifting relation between literal and allegorical senses, in order to explore the exegetical surprises of Chrétien’s prologue in the third.
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Renker, Elizabeth. The “Twilight of the Poets” in the Age of Realism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808787.003.0002.
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American literary histories of the post-Civil War period typically treat “poetry” and “realism” as oppositional phenomena. The core narrative holds that “realism,” the major literary “movement” of the era, developed apace in prose fiction, while poetry, stuck in a hopelessly idealist late-romantic mode, languished and stagnated in a genteel “twilight of the poets.” This chapter excavates the historical origins of the twilight narrative in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It shows how this narrative emerged as a function of a particular idealist ideology of poetry that circulated widely in authoritative print-culture sites. The chapter demonstrates that the twilight narrative was only one strain in a complex cultural debate about poetry, a debate that entailed multiple voices and positions that would later fall out of literary history when the twilight narrative achieved institutional status as fact.
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Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. 383 and After. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668977.003.0008.
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This chapter shows how developments outlined in previous chapters informed Gregory’s later works, focusing especially on On the Deity of the Son and the Holy Spirit and the Catechetical Oration. In particular, it demonstrates connections between To Ablabius and On the Deity, as well as links between Epistle 3 and the anti-Apollinarian works on the one hand and the Catechetical Oration on the other. It shows how the economic theology developed there reflects Gregory’s sense of liturgical time and examines the Catechetical Oration’s two Trinitarian sections. One of these treats the doctrine under the topic of the baptismal mystery, while the other detaches it from this context, offering an analogy for the Trinitarian unity meant to persuade Greek and Jewish interlocutors, but in fact treating them as stand-ins for Christian heresies. Thus the chapter claims that Gregory’s notion of Trinitarian orthodoxy is strongest when framed as an account of baptism.