Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lateral lymph node dissection'

Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.
To determine the incidence, risk factors and the treatment of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment at the oncology unit of KATH, Kumasi, Ghana from 01 January 2005 to 31 December 2008. Descriptive retrospective survey was used. Using a data capture sheet, data was collected from the medical records of the breast cancer patients. Breast cancer and lymphedema-related variables were collected. Data was analyzed as descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was applied to determine whether or not two variables are independent variables. Among 313 patients treated for breast cancer between 2005 and 2008, 31 (9.9%) developed lymphedema after treatment. A chi-square test showed that axillary lymph node dissection was statistically a significant risk factor of lymphedema (Chi-square test value=7.055, P value=0.008). Radiation and late stage of breast cancer diagnosis may have contributed in development of lymphedema despite having P value> 0.05. Age, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension were also not associated with lymphedema.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(社会健康医学)
乙第12395号
論社医博第4号
新制||社医||6(附属図書館)
27425
UT51-2009-M901
京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻
(主査)教授 小西 郁生, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 鈴木 茂彦
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin malignancy of men in developed countries. In spite of treatment with curative intent up to 30-40% of patients have disease recurrence after treatment, resulting from any combination of lymphatic, hematogenous, or contiguous local spread. The concept of early detection of PCa offer benefits in terms of reduced mortality, but at the cost of over-diagnosis and overtreatment of indolent disease. This is largely due to the random nature of conventional biopsies, with a risk of missing significant cancer and randomly hitting indolent disease. In the present thesis, diagnostic performance of MRI DWI and 11C Acetate PET/CT lymph node staging of intermediate and high risk PCa, was investigated, and additionally, predictive factors of regional lymph node metastases were evaluated. Further, additional value of targeted biopsies to conventional biopsies, for detection of clinically significant PCa, was investigated. In paper one and two, 53 and 40 patients with predominantly high risk PCa underwent 11C Acetate PET/CT and 3T MRI DWI, respectively, for lymph node staging, before extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND). The sensitivity and specificity for PET/CT was 38% and 96% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for MRI DWI was 55% and 90% respectively. In paper three, 53 patients with newly diagnosed PCa were included. All patients underwent multi-parametric MRI, followed by two cognitive targeted biopsies. Five more clinically significant cancers were detected by adding targeted biopsies to conventional biopsies. In paper four the value of quantitative and qualitative MRI DWI and 11C Acetate PET/CT parameters, alone and in combination, in predicting regional lymph node metastases were examined. ADCmean in lymph nodes and T-stage on MRI were independent predictors of lymph node metastases in multiple logistic regression analysis. In conclusion the specificity of diffusion weighted MRI and 11C Acetate PET/CT for lymph node staging was high, although the sensitivity was low. Predictive factors of regional lymph node metastases could be retrieved from diffusion weighted MRI and 11C Acetate PET/CT. By combining targeted biopsies with conventional biopsies the detection rate of clinically significant PCa could be increased.

Orientador: Luís Otávio Zanatta Sarian
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Objetivo: Esta tese visou avaliar os parâmetros vasculares arteriais e venosos dos vasos axilares e braquiais em mulheres submetidas a tratamento para câncer de mama. Subdividimos estas avaliações conforme os objetivos abordados em duas publicações, respectivamente: 1) Comparar aos parâmetros de circulação venosa e arterial nos vasos axilares e braquiais em função do tipo de abordagem cirúrgica da axila (BLS ou LAT) em até seis meses após a intervenção. 2) Identificar os fatores que influenciam os parâmetros vasculares da veias axilares e braquiais ipsilaterais à cirurgia para tratamento do câncer de mama. Métodos: Foram identificadas 547 pacientes consecutivas, submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de mama entre agosto de 2012 e janeiro de 2014. Depois de seguir critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 197 mulheres foram recrutadas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do hospital e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. Os critérios de inclusão foram 1) câncer da mama primário operável 2) abordagem axilar cirúrgica; 3) não ter sido submetida a reconstrução da mama. Os critérios de exclusão foram 1) câncer de mama bilateral, 2) história prévia de procedimentos cirúrgicos para um dos membros superiores ou no tórax, 3) comprometimento ortopédico ou neurológico de um dos membros superiores, 4) insuficiência renal ou cardíaca. Todas as pacientes responderam a um breve questionário sobre suas características clínicas e epidemiológicas. Foi então realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica dos vasos braquiais e axilares, bilateralmente, nos seguintes momentos: no dia anterior à cirurgia e 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses após a cirurgia. No primeiro artigo, comparamos os parâmetros arteriais e venosos, até seis meses após a cirurgia, em função da realização de dissecção linfática completa ou linfonodo sentinela; no segundo, restringimos as análises ao sistema venoso e estendemos a avaliação para até 1 ano após a cirurgia, comparando os parâmetros vasculares em função de características clínicas e epidemiológicas das pacientes e das modalidades de tratamentos utilizados. Resultados: Foram encontradas restrições de diâmetro em veias do braço ipsilateral ao câncer de mama de mulheres submetidas à dissecção axilar (LAT), efeito que não foi observado no grupo BLS. A área da secção transversal de veias braquial e axilar diminuiu progressivamente até seis meses, com a redução do fluxo sanguíneo concomitante destes vasos. Encontramos, na mulher sem linfedema, que a área de secção transversal e fluxo venoso do sangue (especialmente veia braquial) são negativamente afetados pela cirurgia e / ou quimioterapia / radioterapia. Este efeito prejudicial parece persistir até um ano. Não houve diferença significativa em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados entre os vasos ipsi e contralaterais ao câncer de mama. Conclusões: De maneira geral, nosso estudo demonstra que os tratamentos cirúrgicos, especialmente LAT, e a radio e quimioterapia, possuem efeitos deletérios sobre a circulação sanguínea dos vasos axilares e braquiais, sobretudo venosos. Esses efeitos são aparentemente permanentes e há necessidade de extensão do tempo de follow-up a fim de avaliar se o desenvolvimento subsequente de linfedema ocorrerá em associação às alterações vasculares
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the arterial and venous vascular parameters of the axillary and brachial vessels in women who underwent treatment for breast cancer. We subdivided these assessments according to the following objectives, in two publications: 1) To compare the venous and arterial vascular parameters in the axillary vessels and brachial depending on the type of axillary surgical approach (SLNB or ALND) within six months after the intervention. 2) To identify which factors influence the vascular parameters of axillary and brachial veins ipsilateral to surgical for treatment of breast cancer. Methods: We identified 547 consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for breast cancer between August 2012 and January 2014. After following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 197 women were recruited. The project was approved by the hospital's ethics committee and all patients signed an informed consent form. Inclusion criteria were 1) primary operable breast cancer 2) surgical axillary approach; 3) not having undergone breast reconstruction. Exclusion criteria were 1) bilateral breast cancer, 2) history of previous surgical procedures for one of the upper limbs or breast, 3) orthopedic or neurological impairment of one upper limb, 4) kidney or heart failure. All patients completed a brief questionnaire about their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Then we performed Doppler ultrasonography evaluation of axillary and brachial vessels, bilaterally, at the following times: the day before surgery and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. In the first article, we compared the arterial and venous parameters, up to six months after surgery, depending on SLNB or ALND; in the second, we restricted the analysis to the venous system and extend the evaluation for up to 1 year after surgery, comparing the vascular parameters with clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients and treatment modalities used. Results: diameter restrictions were found in the ipsilateral veins of the arm in women with breast cancer undergoing ALND, and that effect was not observed in SLNB group. The cross sectional area of brachial and axillary veins progressively decreased up to six months, with concomitant reduction of blood flow to these vessels. In women with no lymphedema, the cross-sectional area and venous blood flow (especially brachial vein) are negatively affected by surgery and / or chemotherapy / radiotherapy. This detrimental effect seems to persist up to one year. There was no significant difference on studied parameters between ipsilateral and contralateral vessels to breast cancer. Conclusions: In essence, our study shows that surgical treatments, especially ALND, and the radiation and chemotherapy, have deleterious effects on blood circulation of the axillary and brachial vessels, especially venous. These effects are apparently permanent, prompting the extension of the follow-up evaluation in order to assess whether subsequent lymphedema formation will be associated with vascular abnormalities
Doutorado
Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária
Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

Background: Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) is a common endocrine cancer which metastases to the cervical lymph nodes (LN). The frequency of metastasis is poorly defined. The imaging modalities commonly employed to detect these metastases have limitations. The aim of this study was to define the extent of cervical LN metastases, the role of imaging in their detection and to determine long term outcomes. Design and Methods: The study was designed in two parts. A. Systematic reviews of incidence of cervical LN metastases in PTC and the use of imaging modalities in detection of these LN. B. Retrospective Cohort Study of PTC patients: Data from three centres in London over the last 9 years was collected and analysed. Results: I. Systematic reviews: A. Central LN Dissection (LND): 21 studies provided data for 4188 patients. Among patients who underwent prophylactic central LND (pCLND), 772 had positive central LN (44.8 %). B. Lateral LND: 19 studies provided data for 5587 patients. Out of 2048 patients who underwent pLLND, 1177 were found to have positive lateral LNs (57.5%). C. Imaging of metastatic cervical LN Ultrasound: The sensitivity to detect central and lateral cervical LN was 38.4% and 27.2% respectively. Computerised Tomography: The sensitivity to detect central LN was 67%. For lateral LN none of the studies calculated the sensitivity accurately. II. Results from the Cohort Study 44 patients were included in the analyses. 53.8% had positive LN when pLLND dissection was performed. Recurrence free survival between the two cohorts was not statistically significant. Overall survival was 100% for both groups. Conclusions: Prophylactic LND yielded metastatic central and lateral LN in about half of all patients with PTC. Imaging modalities currently utilised for detection of metastatic central and lateral cervical LN have low sensitivities. In our cohort of patients, prophylactic lateral lymph node dissection did not show any significant difference in terms of long term outcomes.

INTRODUÇÃO: A excisão total do mesorreto é o procedimento cirúrgico padrão para o tratamento do adenocarcinoma do reto. Resultados satisfatórios, em termos de prognóstico, alcançados com a associação da linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral questionam se somente a excisão total do mesorreto seria suficiente para um estadiamento adequado, podendo afetar decisões relacionadas ao tratamento adjuvante. Este estudo avaliou o impacto das metástases em linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais na mudança do estadiamento de pacientes com adenocarcinoma do reto e a acurácia da identificação de metástases em linfonodos das cadeias retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicas laterais com o uso de tecnécio-99m-fitato e/ou azul patente. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo de janeiro de 2004 a agosto de 2008, composto por 97 pacientes com adenocarcinoma do reto extraperitoneal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico curativo com excisão total do mesorreto e linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral, com pesquisa de linfonodos das cadeias retroperitoneais e pélvicas laterais identificados com tecnécio-99m-fitato e/ou corados em azul patente. Os linfonodos radioativos e/ou azuis, quando negativos ao exame histopatológico com hematoxilina-eosina, foram submetidos à multisecções histológicas com uso de técnicas imunohistoquímicas com anticorpos anticitoqueratinas (AE1/AE3). RESULTADOS: A média de linfonodos nas peças de excisão total do mesorreto foi de 11,5 (1119/97) e nas cadeias retroperitoneais e pélvicas laterais foi de 11,7 (1136/97). A linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral identificou metástases em 17,5% dos pacientes do estudo e promoveu aumento do estádio TNM II para III em 8,2% dos pacientes. As variáveis relacionadas à presença de linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais metastáticos foram o estádio III estabelecido na peça cirúrgica da excisão total do mesorreto (P < 0,04); a classificação pT3/pT4 do tumor primário (P = 0,047); níveis elevados de antígeno carcinoembrionário, com média de 30,6 ng/ml e mediana de 9,9 ng/ml (P = 0,014); e grandes tumores, com tamanho médio de 5,5 ± 3,2 cm (P = 0,03). A migração do tecnécio e/ou azul patente para linfonodos retroperitoneais e/ou pélvicos laterais ocorreu em 37,1% (36/97), modificando o estadiamento em 11,1% dos pacientes estudados. A acurácia do uso do tecnécio e/ou azul patente na detecção de metástases nos linfonodos retroperitoneais e pélvicos laterais foi de 100%, com sensibilidade de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 100% e zero de falso-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se aprimorar o uso de marcadores na identificação de metástases para indicação seletiva da linfonodectomia retroperitoneal e pélvica lateral em adenocarcinoma retal.
BACKGROUND: Total mesorectal excision is the standard surgical procedure for rectal adenocarcinoma treatment. Good prognostic results achieved with retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy have questioned that total mesorectal excision might not be satisfactory for adequate patient staging, affecting adjuvant therapeutic definitions. The aims of this study were to define the upstaging impact of metastasis to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and the accuracy of dye and/or probe search in the detection of metastatic retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes. METHODS: A prospective study was carried on from January of 2004 to August of 2008, composed of 97 extraperitoneal rectal adenocarcinoma patients submitted to curative intent surgeries with total mesorectal excision and retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, with retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic nodes mapping using technetium-99m-phytate and/or patent blue. The radioactive and/or blue nodes, when negative to histopathological hematoxylin-eosin staining, were submitted to step-sectioning and immunohistochemical examination with antibody against cytokeratin (AE1/AE3). RESULTS: Mean node count of the mesorectal excision specimen was 11.5 (1119/97) and of the retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was 11.7 (1136/97). Retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy identified metastasis in 17.5% of the studied patients and modified TNM stage II to III in 8.2% of the patients. Factors related to metastatic retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic nodes were stage III defined by examination of the surgical specimen of the total mesorectal excision (P < 0,004); tumor pT3/pT4 classification (P = 0,047); high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, with average of 30.6 ng/ml and median of 9.9 ng/ml (P = 0,014); and large tumors, with mean size of 5.5 cm ± 3,2 cm (P = 0,03). Technetium and/or patent blue migration to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes occurred in 37.1% (36/97), upstaging 11.1% of the studied patients. Technetium and/or patent blue accuracy in the detection of metastasis to retroperitoneal and/or lateral pelvic nodes was of 100%, with sensibility of 100%, negative predictive value of 100% and zero false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: The use of markers should be improved in the identification of metastasis for selective indication of retroperitoneal and lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Introdução: o status dos linfonodos axilares permanece um dos mais importantes fatores prognósticos no carcinoma de mama em estágios iniciais, além de definir o uso de terapias complementares. A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela (BLNS) surgiu com a finalidade de estadiar a axila com o mínimo de morbidade, tendo como objetivo a identificação e o estudo patológico do primeiro linfonodo axilar proveniente da drenagem linfática da mama. Pacientes com axila clinicamente negativa têm indicação de biópsia de linfonodo sentinela como método de estadiamento da axila, e quando o resultado era positivo para metástase recomendava-se o esvaziamento axilar. Por recomendação do ACOSOG Z0011, o esvaziamento axilar (EA) após uma biópsia de linfonodo sentinela positivo não é necessário. Esse estudo demonstrou não haver benefício em realizar o EA na presença de LNS positivo na sobrevida global ou na sobrevida livre de doença. Objetivos: Avaliar a taxa de recidiva e morte em pacientes submetidas à cirurgia conservadora de mama e BLNS positiva com posterior esvaziamento axilar no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; e, como objetivo secundário, avaliar as características clínicas e patológicas dessa população. Método: foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectiva, incluindo pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de mama invasor submetidas à cirurgia conservadora da mama e BLNS, cujo resultado foi positivo para presença de metástases, e foram submetidas ao EA o período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2008. Resultados: foram incluídas 144 pacientes submetidas à biópsia de linfonodo sentinela e CCM; 33 tiveram o achado de biópsia de linfonodo sentinela positivo para metástase, e dessas 33 pacientes restaram 27 para análise dos dados. A taxa de sucesso na identificação do LNS foi de 0,96. A idade média das pacientes foi de 53,8 anos, o número de LNS ressecados foi de 1,6 por paciente; a média do tamanho tumoral foi de 2,3 cm. Seis pacientes apresentaram doença axilar residual correspondendo a 22,2% da amostra e tiveram um risco relativo de morte de 3 vezes mais para aquelas sem doença axilar residual e 50% a mais de desenvolvimento de metástases. Conclusão: O comprometimento axilar é importante fator no prognóstico das pacientes com câncer de mama, quanto maior o comprometimento da axilar pior será o desfecho de sobrevida livre de doença e de morte. Acreditamos que se pode aplicar a conduta do ACOSOG Z0011 também nas pacientes do HCPA devido à alta sensibilidade do método no nosso meio.
Introduction: The status of axillary lymph nodes remains one of the most important prognostic factors in breast carcinoma in the early stages, in addition it helps to defining the use of complementary therapies. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was developed with the purpose of staging the axilla with minimal morbidity, aiming at the identification and pathological study of the first axillary lymph node from the lymphatic drainage of the breast. Patients with clinically negative lymph node have indication of SLNB as a method of axillary staging, and with a positive finde for metastasis the axilar clereance was performed. Nowadays, due to the ACOSOG Z0011 Study, the axillary dissection (AD) after a positive SLNB for metastasis was put in check. This estudy have as a result no difference in global survive ou disease free survive if ALND was not performed in a positive SLNB. In the present study, we intend to evaluate the clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients submitted to breast conservative surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy with a positive result for metastasis. Main objective: Evaluate the rate of recurrence and death in patients submitted to conservative breast surgery and BLNS with posterior axillary emptying at Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre. It is a secondary objective to evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of this population. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed, including 144 patients diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma submitted to conservative breast surgery and SLNB, whose results were positive for metastases, and were submitted to AD, at the Mastology Unit of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), from January 2004 to December 2008. Results: Of 144 patients submitted to SLNB and BCS, 33 had SLNB positive for metastasis, of these 33 patients remained 27 for data analysis. The success rate in LNS identification was 0.96. The mean age of the patients was 53.8 years, the number of resected SLN was 1.6 per patient; The mean tumor size was 2.3 cm. Six patients had residual axillary disease corresponding to 22.2% of the sample and had a relative risk of death of 3 times more for those without residual axillary disease and 50% more for the development of metastases. Conclusion: Axillary involvement is an important factor in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, and the greater the axillary impairment, the worse the diseasefree survival outcome and death. We believe that the ACOSOG Z0011 trial can also be applied to HCPA patients who meet the inclusion criteria for this purpose, due to the high sensitivity of the method in our environment.

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna que mais acomete as mulheres na população brasileira. Atualmente o tratamento para o câncer de mama está fundamentado em três pilares: radioterapia, cirurgia em suas diversas técnicas, quimioterapia/hormonioterapia. A qualidade de vida pode ser afetada de uma forma geral, envolvendo os aspectos físicos, psicológicos, sociológicos, emocionais, entre outros. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a função do membro superior em pacientes com câncer de mama que foram submetidas à biópsia de linfonodo sentinela com as submetidas à dissecção axilar, e que não foram acompanhadas por um protocolo de reabilitação pré-estabelecido. Pacientes e métodos: foram avaliadas 36 pacientes que passaram por dissecção axilar (grupo DA), 29 que foram submetidas à biópsia de linfonodo sentinela (grupo BLS) e 11 sujeitos normais (grupo SN). Resultados: Verificamos que o grupo DA apresenta um risco de ter perda funcional para os movimentos de flexão e abdução de ombro na ordem de 5 e 3,7 vezes maior que o grupo BLS, respectivamente. Encontramos também que pacientes submetidas à BLS evoluem com disfunção significativa para a flexão e abdução de ombro quando não submetidas à intervenção fisioterápica. Conclusão: A DA apresenta uma maior disfunção em membro superior quando comparada com BLS. A reabilitação de pacientes submetidas à BLS não pode ser ignorada, pois esta intervenção cirúrgica pode levar a disfunção significativa do membro superior ipsilateral
Breast cancer is a malignancy that affects more women in the Brazilian population. Currently the treatment for breast cancer is based on three pillars: radiotherapy, surgery in its various techniques, chemotherapy / hormone therapy. Quality of life may be affected in general, involving the physical, psychological, sociological, emotional, and others. The aim of this study was to compare the upper limb function in patients with breast cancer who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy with axillary dissection underwent, and were not accompanied by a rehabilitation protocol pre-established. Patients and methods: we evaluated 36 patients who underwent axillary dissection (group DA), 29 who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB group) and 11 normal subjects (group SN). Results: We found that the DA group presents a risk of loss of function for flexion and shoulder abduction in the order of 5 and 3.7 times higher than the BLS group, respectively. We also found that patients who underwent SNB evolve with significant dysfunction for flexion and shoulder abduction when not undergoing physiotherapy intervention. Conclusion: The DA has a higher dysfunction in upper limb when compared with BLS. The rehabilitation of patients who underwent SNB can not be ignored because this surgery can lead to significant dysfunction of the ipsilateral upper limb

INTRODUÇÃO: O esvaziamento cervical é parte importante do tratamento das neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço, exercendo também função de estadiamento, ao quantificar os linfonodos e verificar seu grau de acometimento pela doença. Neste estudo a quantidade de linfonodos em espécimes de esvaziamento cervical radical modificado realizados em uma série de cadáveres não formolizados foi avaliada, procurando definir parâmetros que determinem o número mínimo desejável de linfonodos em um esvaziamento cervical efetuado na prática clínica, bem como o número de linfonodos em cada nível do esvaziamento cervical. O trabalho busca também verificar se existe relação entre o número de linfonodos nos espécimes de esvaziamento cervical radical modificado e dados demográficos e antropométricos do cadáver. MÉTODOS: Estudo anatômico transversal com a realização de dissecções em 28 cadáveres não formolizados do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital, reproduzindose a técnica de esvaziamento cervical radical modificado bilateralmente, com a retirada do tecido fibroadiposo que contém os linfonodos cervicais profundos, nível por nível, segundo a divisão e limites anatômicos preconizadas pela American Head and Neck Society e pela American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Os espécimes foram dissecados manualmente a fresco, pelo mesmo patologista, com separação dos linfonodos encontrados e colocação em cassetes e armazenados em frascos separados para cada nível, contendo solução de formalina tamponada a 10%. O tecido adiposo remanescente também foi incluído para avaliação posterior. A análise das lâminas coradas por hematoxilina e eosina teve a finalidade de confirmar os linfonodos dissecados manualmente e avaliar a presença de linfonodos microscópicos. RESULTADOS: A amostra analisada foi constituída por 28 cadáveres, sendo 18 (64,3%) do sexo masculino e com média de idade de 67,4 ± 10,3 anos. Quinze indivíduos foram classificados como brancos (53,6%), 12 negros/pardos (42,9%) e um amarelo (3,6%), apresentando peso médio de 59,6 ± 13,3 kg, altura média de 164 ± 9,1 cm e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) médio de 22,0 ± 3,9 kg/m2. A média do número de linfonodos encontrados nos diferentes níveis dos 56 esvaziamentos cervicais radicais modificados realizados foram: nível IA - 1,5 (IC 95%: 1,1 - 1,8), nível IB - 2,5 (IC 95%: 2,1 - 2,9), nível IIA - 7,2 (IC 95%: 6,0 - 8,5), nível IIB - 6,5 (IC 95%: 5,5 - 7,4), nível III - 6,6 (IC 95%: 5,7 - 7,4), nível IV - 8,6 (IC 95%: 7,1 - 10,1), nível V - 11 (IC 95%: 9,2 - 12,7), totalizando 43,8 linfonodos (IC 95%: 40,3- 47,4). O número de linfonodos no nível IV à esquerda apresentou maior média em indivíduos do sexo masculino em relação aos do sexo feminino (11,9 X 7,2; p=0,040 - teste de Mann-Whitney), além de ter mostrado correlação positiva com a altura (r=+ 0,396, p=0,037 - teste de correlação de Spearman). A quantidade de linfonodos no nível V à direita, e quando considerada nos dois lados do pescoço em conjunto, também teve correlação positiva com o peso (r=+ 0,417, p=0,027 e r=+ 0,278, p=0,038; respectivamente, teste de correlação de Spearman) e o IMC (r=+0,456, p=0,015 e r=+0,317, p=0,021; respectivamente, teste de correlação de Spearman) do indivíduo. O número total de linfonodos de cada esvaziamento apresentou correlação negativa com a idade (r=-0,358, p=0,007 - teste de correlação de Spearman). Não houve diferenças em relação à raça dos indivíduos. CONCLUSÕES: A análise dos dados encontrados permite delinear um parâmetro em relação ao número mínimo recomendável de linfonodos a ser recuperado em um espécime de esvaziamento cervical radical modificado, bem como em cada nível deste esvaziamento, efetuado na prática clínica. Houve associação do número de linfonodos identificados nos espécimes de esvaziamento cervical radical modificado, em algumas situações, com o sexo, altura, idade, peso e índice de massa corpórea do cadáver
INTRODUCTION: Neck dissection is an important part of the treatment of head and neck neoplasms and also perform a staging function, by quantifying the lymph nodes and verifying their degree of involvement by the disease. In this study the amount of lymph nodes in modified radical neck dissection specimens conducted in a series of non-preserved cadavers was accessed, trying to define parameters which determine the minimum desired number of lymph nodes in a neck dissection performed in clinical practice, as well as the number of lymph nodes in each level of the neck dissection. The study also seeks to determine whether there is a relationship between the number of lymph nodes in the specimens of modified radical neck dissection and demographic and anthropometric data of the cadaver. METHODS: Cross-sectional anatomical study conducted in 28 non-preserved cadavers dissected in the Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos of the University of São Paulo, reproducing the modified radical neck dissection technique bilaterally, with the removal of fibroadipose tissue that contains the deep cervical lymph nodes, level by level, according to the division and anatomical limits recommended by the American Head and Neck Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Specimens were manually dissected by the same pathologist, with separation of the lymph nodes, which were placed in cassettes and stored in separate vials for each level, containing phosphate buffered formalin 10% solution. The remaining fat tissue was also included for further evaluation. The analysis of the slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin aimed to confirm manually dissected lymph nodes and to determine the presence of microscopic lymph nodes. RESULTS: There were 28 cadavers; 18 (64.3%) were male and the mean age was 67.4 ± 10.3 years. Fifteen subjects were classified as caucasian (53.6%), 12 afrodescendants (42.9%) and one asian (3.6%), with average weight of 59.6 ± 13.3 kg, mean height of 164 ± 9.1 cm and mean body mass index (BMI) of 22.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2. The average number of lymph nodes found in the levels of the 56 modified radical neck dissections performed were: level IA - 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1 - 1.8), level IB - 2.5 (95% CI: 2.1 - 2.9), level IIA - 7.2 (95% CI: 6.0 - 8.5), IIB level - 6.5 (95% CI: 5.5 - 7.4), level III - 6.6 (95% CI: 5.7 - 7.4), level IV - 8.6 (95% CI: 7.1 - 10.1), level V - 11 (95% CI: 9.2 - 12.7), totalizing 43.8 lymph nodes (95% CI: 40.3 - 47.4). The number of lymph nodes in the left side level IV was higher in males compared to females (11.9 X 7.2; P=0.040 - Mann-Whitney´s test), and correlated positive with height (r=+ 0.396, P=0.037 - Spearman´s correlation test). The amount of lymph nodes in the right side level V, and also when considered both sides of the neck, had positive correlation with the weight (r=+ 0.417 P=0.027 e r=+ 0.278, P=0.038; respectively, Spearman´s correlation test) and BMI (r=+ 0.456, P=0.015 e r=+0.317, P=0.021; respectively, Spearman´s correlation test) of the individual. The total number of lymph nodes in each neck dissection had a negative correlation with age (r=-0.358, P=0.007 - Spearman´s correlation test). There were no differences in relation to the race of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The results defined a parameter in relation to the minimum recommended number of lymph nodes to be recovered in a modified radical neck dissection specimen, as well as on each level of this dissection, performed in clinical practice. There was association among the number of lymph nodes identified in specimens of modified radical neck dissection and some demographic and antropometric features: sex, height, age, weight and body mass index of the cadaver

INTRODUÇÃO: O mapeamento do linfonodo sentinela (MLNS) é largamente utilizado em pacientes com melanoma cutâneo, câncer de mama e outras neoplasias malignas sólidas com a finalidade de estadiá-las e indicar esvaziamento linfático apenas na presença de metástase. Nos últimos anos aumentou o interesse pelo uso do MLNS em pacientes com carcinoma papilífero de tireoide (CPT) sem metástases linfáticas detectáveis clinicamente (estádio cN0), devido à alta frequência de metástases ocultas nesses pacientes. O MLNS pode evitar o esvaziamento linfático do compartimento central (ECC) em portadores de CPT sem metástase. Mesmo que não se planeje o ECC eletivo, o MLNS pode também ser usado para estadiar adequadamente o pescoço e indicar tratamento posterior com radioiodoterapia em casos com metástase. Esse estudo tem como objetivo verificar: 1) a efetividade da técnica do MLNS nos pacientes com CPT; 2) a acurácia do MLNS em diagnosticar as metástases linfáticas; 3) se o MLNS pode modificar o estadiamento dos pacientes com CPT cN0. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo de acurácia, prospectivo longitudinal de 38 casos consecutivos de CPT clinicamente N0, atendidos em um único centro, no período de 2010 a 2015. Todos foram submetidos à tireoidectomia total, MLNS com radiofármaco e ECC eletivo. Os resultados relativos ao MLNS foram comparados com o exame anatomopatológico do conteúdo do ECC. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de seguimento dos doentes foi de 36 ± 13 meses. Os LNS foram localizados com maior frequência nos níveis VI e III. O LNS foi detectado em 95% da casuística e os valores de avaliação de testes diagnósticos foram: 1 falso negativo, 95% de sensibilidade, 100% de especificidade, 94% de valor preditivo negativo e 97% de acurácia. O MLNS foi capaz de reestadiar 49% dos pacientes inicialmente N0 para pN positivo. Quanto ao grupo de estadiamento AJCC (que leva em conta a idade), 3% dos pacientes foram reestadiados para estádio III e 18% para estádio IV. CONCLUSÕES: 1) a técnica de MLNS utilizada nos pacientes com CPT foi efetiva em 95% dos procedimentos realizados; 2) a acurácia do MLNS em diagnosticar as metástases linfáticas cervicais foi de 97%; 3) o MLNS re-estadiou os portadores de CPT, classificados clinicamente como N0, para pN positivo em 49% da casuística, e para estádio III e IVa em 21%
INTRODUCTON: Sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) is widely perfomed in melanoma, breast cancer and other solid tumors, to adequately stage these diseases. More recently, the interest in SLNM for clinically N0 Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) has increased due to the high rate of occult metastases in these patients, to avoid unnecessary central neck dissection (CND), and its complications. Even if routine elective CND is not planned, SLNM can be used to adequately stage the neck, and to indicate further treatment with radioiodine in cases with neck metastases, for instance. This study aims to evaluate 1) SLNM effectiveness in PTC patients, 2) SLNM accuracy to diagnosis lymph node metastases and 3) if SLNM can upstage cN0 PTC patients. METHODS: This is a prospective longitudinal, diagnostic test accuracy study with 38 consecutive cN0 PTC patients, treated in a single center between 2010 and 2015. Surgical treatment in all cases included total thyroidectomy and elective CND after SLNM. Results of SLNM were compared to CND pathological findings, in order to verify if sentinel lymph node (SLN) predicted the occurrence of PTC occult lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: The mean patients\' follow-up was 36 ± 13 months. 133 SLN were found in the neck, on levels VI and III. The SLN was identified in 95% of the patients with 1 false negative, 95% sensitivity, 94% negative predictive value and 97% accuracy. The SLNM upstaging from cN0 to pN+ was 49%, with 3% stage III and 18% stage IVa. CONCLUSION: 1) SLNM was effective in 95% of procedures, 2) SLNM accuracy was 97%, 3) SLNM upstaging from cN0 to pN+ was 49%, and to stage III and IVa was 21%

Introduction: Pre-treatment abnormal lateral lymph nodes (LLNs) are present in approximately 20% of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Western treatment of LLNs consists of neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (nCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME), meaning these nodes are not removed surgically. There is, however, potential benefit in performing an additional lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) as enlarged LLNs have been shown to be predictive for local recurrence. Furthermore, the impact on oncological outcomes when enlarged LLNs harbour malignant features is currently unknown. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to investigate if patients benefit from an additional LLND after nCRT and to determine oncological outcomes when malignant features are present in enlarged LLNs. Methods: A multi-centre cohort study was conducted at six tertiary referral centres in the US, the Netherlands and Australia. All patients had locally advanced rectal cancer with enlarged LLNs with a short-axis of ≥5mm. Malignant features were defined as nodes with internal heterogeneity and/or border irregularity. Firstly, patients who underwent nCRT followed by TME (LLND-) were compared to those who underwent a LLND in addition to nCRT and TME (LLND+). Next, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed on studies comparing LLND- versus LLND+. Finally, patients with and without malignant features were compared. Outcomes of interest were local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastatic-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: LLND+ patients (n=44) were younger with higher ASA-classifications and ypN-stages compared to LLND- patients (n=115). LLND+ patients had larger median LLNs short-axes and received more adjuvant chemotherapy (100 vs. 30%; p<0.0001). Between groups, LRFS was 97% for LLND+ versus 89% for LLND- (p=0.13). DFS (p=0.94) and OS (p=0.42) were similar. LLND was an independent significant factor for local recurrences (p=0.01) in the multi-variate analysis. Sub-analysis of patients who underwent long-course nCRT and had adjuvant chemotherapy (LLND- n=30, LLND+ n=44) demonstrated a higher LRFS for LLND+ patients (97% versus 84% for LLND-; p=0.04). DFS (p=0.10) and OS (p=0.11) were similar between groups. Seven studies were included in the systematic review. Five-year LRFS after LLND+ was improved (range 85-95%) compared to LLND- (43-89%; statistically significant in three studies). DFS was increased after LLND+ (range 61-74%) compared to LLND- (54-79%; significant in three studies). No study reported five-year overall survival benefit after LLND+ (range 72-80%; 69-91% for LLND-). In the analysis of malignant features, median LLNs short-axis was 7mm (range 5-28) for the complete cohort, of whom 60 patients (52%) had malignant features. LLNs with malignant features showed no difference in LRFS (p=0.20) but had worse DMFS (p=0.004) and OS (p=0.006) compared to those without malignant features. Cox regression analysis confirmed malignant features as an independent factor for DMFS. Conclusions: This thesis suggests that a LLND in addition to nCRT in locally advanced rectal cancer improves LRFS and DFS, and that malignant features present in enlarged LLNs are predictive for a worse DMFS. More high-quality studies are required to further explore the value of LLND and the role of malignant features in LLNs.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, 2022

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States, and patients with early-stage endometrioid adenocarcinoma have a favorable prognosis. Over the past decade, the gynecologic oncology community has debated whether potential harms of systematic lymph node dissection (LND) outweigh potential benefits for these patients. To minimize number of nodes removed, sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is under investigation as an alternative. However, ongoing uncertainty of LND/SLND best practices may result in variations in disease management and discrepant outcomes. Methods Three retrospective cohort studies examined LND/SLND use in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Two examined temporal and geographic variations, respectively, utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 dataset for the years 2004 through 2015. The third used the SEER-Medicare dataset from 2003 through 2016 to quantify and compare the risk of developing 6-month post-surgical lymphedema, lymphocele, hemorrhage, ileus, infection, thrombosis, and all-cause death by number of lymph nodes removed (0, 1-4, 5-9, or 10+). Results Time trend analyses found LND increased from 2004 through 2008, followed by a significant decline through 2015. SLND was rare and did not increase significantly. Significant geographic variation existed for LND use but not SLND. Per 1,000 patients, analyses of 6-month post-surgical complications found 6.5 experienced lymphedema, 3.9 experienced lymphocele, 15.7 experienced hemorrhage, 28.7 experienced ileus, 37.1 experienced infection, 18.6 experienced thrombosis, and 19.8 died. Controlling for size of primary tumor, tumor grade, comorbidities, race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) showed greater risk for ileus (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.24-1.90), infection (HR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.25-1.83), and thrombosis (HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09-1.82) when comparing removal of 10+ nodes versus 0 nodes. Conclusion Overall, these studies found significant temporal and geographic variation in LND, as well as increasing risk of post-surgical complications associated with increasing numbers of lymph nodes removed. Should continued research into SLND find strong evidence that it effectively detects cancer spread, patients may benefit through decreased risk of post-surgical ileus, infection, and thrombosis.

Objective: To complete a cost-minimization analysis (CMA) of the cost of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in the management of early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) in a hypothetical Ontario hospital setting. Methods: Decision-analysis modeling, with a decision-tree and Markov states, was used to estimate hospital costs for the two treatment options. The model was populated with data from the literature and costs from the Ontario Case Costing Initiative, a publicly accessible, government-sponsored, costing database. Model variability and parameter uncertainty were quantified by probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results: The SLNB treatment algorithm was cost-minimizing compared to the ALND-only treatment option. The costs of treating postoperative complications did not contribute to the incremental average cost. Conclusion: A treatment algorithm that involves SLNB as the initial axillary-staging procedure in the setting of ESBC offers a cost-savings over the ALND-only option. This result is generalizable to all Ontario hospitals.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
醫務管理學研究所碩士在職專班
98
According to annual registry report announced by the Taiwan Cancer Registry, Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan), it was noted the number of oral cancers increased from 4873 in 2004 to 5352 in 2006. Oral cancer was the sixth common malignancy encountered in Taiwan. Tongue cancer accounting for 27 % ~28% of total oral cancer cases has the highest incidence in oral cancer. Consensus about cervical lymph node dissection has been reached in patients with clinical stage T3, and T4 N0 tongue cancer patients, however, whether cervical lymph node dissection should be performed in the T1 and T2 N0 patients remained to be studied. In this paper, we analyzed the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of elective cervical node dissection for early tongue cancer patients. Our results showed there was no significant difference between patients with elective neck dissection (END) and those without in local recurrence, recurrence of cervical lymph node and distant metastasis. There was also no significant difference between the Wait and Watch (WW) group and the Elective Neck Dissection (END) group in five-year overall survival. In terms of medical resource utilization, there was no significant difference between WW and END groups. The outpatient fees per month for the Wait and Watch (WW) and the Elective Neck Dissection (END) were NT$4,027, and NT$5,631, respectively. No significant difference between two groyps. About 40% of the patients among the study cases have experienced recurrence or metastatic lymph nodes within five years. The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that perineural invasion is a significant factor to predictor recurrence. In conclusion, our study showed no significant difference in 5-year overall survival and recurrence between END and WW groups. The medical cost was higher in the END group than in WW group in the first admission. Our results implicate elective neck dissection should be cautiously considered for those patients with early tongue cancer.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina
Introdução: A incidência de melanoma cutâneo aumentou significativamente nas últimas décadas e apesar de corresponder a menos de 10% dos tumores cutâneos, é responsável pela maioria das mortes por cancro de pele. A biópsia do gânglio sentinela permite a deteção de doença ganglionar clinicamente oculta e caso esta seja positiva está preconizada a realização de esvaziamento ganglionar do território linfático respetivo, procedimentos estes envoltos em controvérsia por não estar demonstrado terem impacto na sobrevivência. Materiais e Métodos: Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivos principais responder a duas questões clínicas principais – o interesse da biópsia do gânglio sentinela e do esvaziamento ganglionar. Para a sua elaboração foram consultadas as bases de dados PubMed e Embase com pesquisa confinada aos últimos 5 anos, obtendo-se 526 fontes bibliográficas, ficando 50 após critérios de exclusão. Foram ainda adicionadas 5 referências para melhor contextualizar o tema, perfazendo um total de 55 fontes bibliográficas finais. Resultados: Em relação à biópsia do gânglio sentinela a maioria dos estudos comprova que esta não está associada a uma melhoria significativa em termos de sobrevivência mas está associada a uma melhoria significativa em relação ao tempo de recorrência ganglionar da doença por melhor controlo regional. Em relação ao esvaziamento ganglionar, também se constata, de uma forma geral, que os estudos não demonstram melhoria de taxas de sobrevivência, demonstrando menores taxas de recorrência ganglionar. Conclusão: A biópsia do gânglio sentinela e o esvaziamento ganglionar devem ser recomendadas a subpopulações específicas com base em decisões individuais e apesar de não promoverem melhoria da sobrevida promovem melhor controlo regional da doença, ajuda no estadiamento, informação prognóstica e decisão terapêutica. Uma alternativa viável a estes procedimentos que acarretam morbilidade e custos é a observação ganglionar frequente com ecografia. No entanto, por falta de estudos com elevada evidência científica, aguarda-se por mais estudos randomizados e controlados que analisem várias subpopulações e afiram o real valor da realização destes procedimentos nessas várias subpopulações consideradas, definindo critérios para renunciar a sua realização.
Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased significantly in recent decades and although it accounts for less than 10% of cutaneous tumors, it accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Sentinel lymph node biopsy allows the detection of clinically occult lymph node disease and, if this is positive, lymph node dissection of the lymphatic region is recommended. These procedures are involved in controversy because they don’t show an impact on survival. Materials and Methods: This systematic review has as main objectives answer two main clinical questions – the interest of the sentinel lymph node biopsy and the interest of lymph node dissection. In order to prepare this work, there have been consulted the databases PubMed and Embase with search confined to the last 5 years, obtaining 526 records, 50 after exclusion criteria. For better contextualize the theme 5 records were added, making a total of 55 final bibliographic sources. Results: Most studies show that sentinel lymph node biopsy isn’t associated with a significant improvement in survival but is associated with a significant improvement in disease nodal recurrence due to better regional control. About lymph node dissection is also generally observed that the studies don’t show improvement in survival outcomes but they show lower rates of lymph node recurrence. Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy and lymph node dissection should be recommended to specific subpopulations based on individual decisions, and although they don’t improved survival, they promote better regional disease control, staging aid, prognostic information and support therapeutic decisions. A viable alternative to these procedures that cause morbidity and costs is frequent nodal observation with ultrasonography. However, due to lack of studies with high scientific evidence, we are expecting more randomized and controlled studies that analyse several subpopulations and point out the real value of performing these procedures in these several subpopulations considered, defining criteria to avoid their execution.

Aims: To describe use of post-operative radiation for endometrial cancer in Ontario. To identify system-related and patient-related factors affecting access to this treatment. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of patients with surgically resected endometrial cancer in the Canadian province of Ontario between 1992-2003. Patients with evidence of incurable cancer at diagnosis or previous cancer diagnosis were excluded. We used multiple logistic regression to assess patient and system factors affecting radiation use. We controlled for disease-related and treatment-related factors: histology, surgical staging, type of hysterectomy and peritoneal biopsy. We applied a mixed model to account for clustering of data by operating hospital. Results: 9,411 women comprised the study cohort. The median age was 63 years. 26.2% received adjuvant radiation. The proportion of patients receiving radiation varied between cancer centre catchment areas from 18.0% to 34.3% (median 26.3%). In multivariate analysis, older patients were more likely to receive radiation up to the age of 80 (p<.0001). Patients who lived further from regional cancer centres were less likely to receive radiation (p=.0210). Patients who had their surgery during longer prevailing wait times at regional cancer centres were less likely to receive radiation (p=.0441). There was a 2.7-fold variation in the odds of radiation use between cancer centre catchments (p<.0001). Management at a comprehensive gynecologic oncology centre was associated with use of radiation for patients who had surgical staging of lymph nodes. Year of diagnosis and neighborhood income quintile did not significantly affect the use of radiation. Conclusions: There is wide variation in use of radiation for endometrial cancer in Ontario. There is evidence that system factors unrelated to patient’s needs affect use of adjuvant radiation for endometrial cancer in Ontario. Age is a key patient-related factor affecting radiation use.
Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-07 22:02:37.308

1 ABSTRACT Background Breast cancer cell population characteristics are used in common clinical practice for estimation of prognosis of the malignant disease (prognostic factors) and for prediction of reactivity of the tumor to certain therapeutic modality (predictive factors). Also axillary lymph node status is an independent prognostic factor in women with early breast cancer. Therefore, surgical excision and following histopathological examination of the nodes is the obligatory part of primary breast cancer surgery. The extension of axillary surgery varies widely, although sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered to be the standard procedure. However, it must be admitted that this type of procedure need not be optimal for all the breast cancer patients. Aims of the study The aim of this study is the verify the hypothesis whether or not the axillary lymph node metastatic affection can be effectively estimated using non-surgical methods - i.e. by evaluation of the combination of prognostic and predictive factors of the primary breast tumor. Statistical model composed on the basis of data of early breast cancer patients is the basic tool for this prediction. Application of this model In everyday practice can enable to adjust the extent of axillary surgery for each individual patient. Patients and methods A...

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden operative Vorgehensweisen bei Melanompatienten der Hautklinik des Universitätsklinikums Leipzig analysiert, die Adhärenz der aktuellen Melanom-Leitlinienempfehlung geprüft und Auswirkungen bei Abweichungen von dieser untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die „mikrografisch kontrollierte Chirurgie' (MKC) eine gute und gewebeschonende Alternative zur konventionellen Nachexzision mit 1cm oder 2cm Sicherheitsabstand darstellt. Der Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Entfernung (SLNE) konnte lediglich eine diagnostische Relevanz nachgewiesen werden. Die Durchführung einer Lymphknoten-Dissektion (LAD) zeigte keinen Vorteil hinsichtlich der 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeit. Zudem wurden hier mehr Rezidive als bei Ablehnung des Eingriffs beobachtet.:1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Geschichte und Epidemiologie 1 1.2 Ätiopathogenese und Risikofaktoren 2 1.3 Klinik und Subtypen 3 1.4 Diagnostik 6 1.5 Stadieneinteilung und Prognose 6 1.6 Therapie 11 1.6.1 Chirurgische Therapie 11 1.6.2 Medikamentöse Therapie 12 1.6.3 Weitere Therapieoptionen 14 1.7 Nachsorge 14 2. Ziel der Arbeit 16 3. Patienten und Methoden 17 3.1 Patientenauswahl 17 3.1.1 Einschlusskriterien 17 3.1.2 Ausschlusskriterien 18 3.2 Methoden 18 3.3 Statistische Auswertung 19 4. Ergebnisse 20 4.1 Analyse der Patienten und der Tumoreigenschaften 20 4.2 Metastasierungsverhalten des Melanoms 27 4.3 Todesfälle 30 4.4 Operative Versorgung der Melanome 32 4.4.1 Primärexzision extern und in der Universitätshautklinik Leipzig 32 4.4.2 Primäroperationen in der Hautklinik 32 4.4.3 Mikrografisch kontrollierte Chirurgie 34 4.4.4 Sicherheitsabstand 35 4.4.5 Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Entnahme 37 4.4.5.1 Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Entnahme und histologischer Befund 37 4.4.5.2 Lymphabfluss und Entnahmestelle des Sentinel-Lymphknotens 38 4.4.5.3 Einflussfaktoren für Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Entnahme und histologischer Befund 41 4.4.6 Lymphknoten-Dissektion 41 4.4.6.1 Lymphknoten-Dissektion und histologischer Befund 41 4.4.6.2 Entnahmestelle des Lymphknoten-Dissektats 43 4.5. Analyse der Leitlinienadhärenz 44 4.5.1 Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Entnahme (SLNE) 44 4.5.1.1 Indikation zur SLNE durch Ulzeration und/ oder Alter < 40 Jahren 46 4.5.1.2 Indikation zur SLNE durch Breslow- Index ≥ 1 mm 48 4.5.1.3 Leitliniengerechte vs. nicht leitliniengerechte Sentinel-Lymphknoten- Entnahme 52 4.5.2 Lymphknoten-Dissektion 53 4.5.2.1 Beurteilung der indizierten Dissektion nach Durchführung 54 4.5.2.2 Beurteilung der durchgeführten Dissektion nach Indikation 55 4.6 Überlebenszeitanalyse 56 4.6.1 5-Jahres-Rezidivfreiheit 56 4.6.1.1 Parameter mit Einfluss auf 5-Jahres-Rezidivfreiheit 57 4.6.1.2 Parameter ohne Einfluss auf 5-Jahres-Rezidivfreiheit 61 4.6.2 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeit 63 4.6.2.1 Parameter mit Einfluss auf 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeit 64 4.6.2.2 Parameter ohne Einfluss auf die 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeit 68 5. Diskussion 70 5.1 Charakterisierung der Patienten und Tumoreigenschaften 70 5.2 Charakterisierung von operativen Therapien 71 5.3 Identifizierung von Prognoseparametern der 5-Jahres- Rezidivfreiheit und 5-Jahres-Überlebenszeit 73 5.4 Abweichungen von der Leitlinie und potentielle Auswirkungen auf das rezidivfreie Überleben 76 6. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 80 7. Literaturverzeichnis 83 8. Anlagen 97

Persistent pain after surgery in breast cancer has a significant impact on the patient’s survival. The value of escalating research on breast cancer in Malaysia cannot be underestimated. However, it is not known how many of these women experience persistent pain after surgery. This study surveyed previously unknown figures on prevalence, and explored the predictive factors of persistent pain women with breast cancer in Malaysia. There were three objectives. First, to assess the reliability of the already established investigative tools, namely, the Brief Pain Inventory, Distress Thermometer, and Resilience scale RS-14; second, to survey the prevalence of persistent pain; and thirdly to identify predictors of persistent pain in women after breast surgery, using the above measures. A test and retest design with no intervention and a recall period of 3 to 7 days was employed for assessment of the investigative tools. A cross-sectional study, with a prospective, correlational design, a retrospective review of medical records was used to identify predictors of persistent pain. These investigations were conducted in two phases –Section A and Section B – using separate data sets, with different inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were recruited from the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. Descriptive statistics, a stepwise regression model for reliability testing, Cronbach alpha, and factor analysis were used. This study divided pain into categories 0 = no pain, 1–4 = mild pain, 5–6 = moderate pain, and 7–10 = severe pain. Section A: The tools were found reliable. Section B: A total of 123 participants were recruited; 119 participants remained because 4 of them did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 43% of the participants had persistent pain (n = 51). Pain interfered with their work, mood, and sleep. Based on a “Yes” answer for pain today (n = 51), data were analysed to determine predictors. The results revealed three predictors: distress, B = –.911, resilience, B = –.444, and pain interference, B = .309. The model was statistically significant, F (3, 41, 44) = 13.827, R2 = 0.267, .381, .467), and adjusted R2 = .250, .351, .467, p = 0.001. Significant P value ≤ .005. Pain prevalence was 43% in this Malaysian population. This study provided empirical evidence which is an important new knowledge to health care systems, health care providers, policy makers, and future research. The impact of persistent pain on work, mood, and sleep are justifiable medical concerns. The results obtained and identified predictors are catalysts for providing extra support for breast cancer women after surgery. Ideally, all women with breast cancer should have very good life satisfaction.