Academic literature on the topic 'LATERAL DRIFT'
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Journal articles on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Feng, Xue, Xi-fu Wang, and Dong-fan Xie. "Lateral Drift Behavior Analysis in Mixed Bicycle Traffic: A Cellular Automaton Model Approach." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7962171.
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Bicycle movements are always associated with lateral drifts. However, the impacts of lateral drift behavior, as well as variable lateral clearance maintaining behavior due to the variation of drift intensity, on mixed bicycle flow are not clear. This paper establishes a new cellular automata model to study typical characteristics of mixed bicycle traffic induced by lateral drift and its accompanying behavior. Based on derived positive correlation between passing speed and drift speed through survey, the occurrence probability of lateral drift and the degree of maintained lateral clearance are both introduced in accordance with the variance of passing speed. Then, in whole density region, firm conformity between simulation results and actual survey data is reached, which has seldom been achieved in previous studies. It is further verified that speed distortions in intermediate and high density region induced by assumption of constant lateral clearance requirements can be revised by introducing its variability characteristics. In addition, two contrastive impacts of lateral drift behavior are observed. That is, it causes speed fluctuation in low density while alleviating the speed fluctuation in relatively high density. These results are expected to be helpful to improve the simulation performance of mixed bicycle flow as well as depict more realistic vehicle-bicycle conflicts and so on.
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Jansen, H. "A Pascalian lateral drift sensor." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 831 (September 2016): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.092.
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Tan, Qiang, Jun Liang Yuan, and Jin Gen Deng. "Study on the Variations of Corner and Load on Bottom Ball Joint of Deep-Water Drilling Riser." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.547.
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As the offshore drilling expands to deep water, the influences of bottom ball joint corner and lateral force on drilling security become increasingly significant. During the force analysis, the environmental factors (e.g. wind, sea-flow force, sea ice, etc.) are usually taken into account. Besides, the engineering factors considered in research are top tension ratio and drilling vessel drift. In this paper, a finite element model is established by ANSYS to imitate the force condition of marine riser, so as to analyze the influence laws of top tension ratio and drilling vessel drift rate on marine riser stability (i.e. the corner and lateral force on bottom ball joint ) in Beaufort force scale 3 and 8 windy conditions. The results show that the lateral force increases with the drilling vessel drift rate and top tension ratio accordingly by linear mode. For the same tension increasing extent, the greater the drilling vessel drifts, the more increasing range the lateral force appears. The corner on bottom ball joint has a linear relation with the drilling vessel drift rate similarly. However, the corner on the bottom ball joint demonstrates a non-linear decreasing method as “fast followed by slow” due to the increasing top tension ratio. The research plays a role in the security assurance of sub-sea wellhead in deep-water drilling operation.
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Alizadeh, Saeid, Gregory A. MacRae, Des Bull, and George Charles Clifton. "Beam Web-Side-Plate Connection Axial Performance." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.174.
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A number of beam web side plate connection configurations are analyzed under monotonic axial force. Parameters investigated include (i) gravity loads causing a beam shear up to 60% of the capacity, (ii) column lateral drift, (iii) beam lateral restraint along the length, (iv) packing effect represent the practice when plates do not align perfectly, and (v) cope length. For the analyses conducted, gravity shear forces up to 0.6 times of the cleat plate gross shear capacity, reduced the connection compressive axial strength by up to 15% compared to connections without gravity loads. The connection axial strength varied by 10% with lateral drifts of up to 2% and the increase or decrease depended on the relative directions of drift and axial force. Also, axial strength of double-coped WSP connection decreased linearly with increasing the cope length. Other parameters were found to have less than 2% effect on the web side plate axial strength. A general simple design method to assess axial strength of these connections is proposed.
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Sofi, Massoud, Graham Leighton Hutchinson, and Colin Duffield. "Review of Techniques for Predicting the Fundamental Period of Multi-Storey Buildings: Effects of Nonstructural Components." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 15, no. 02 (February 3, 2015): 1450039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455414500394.
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The design of lateral load resisting elements of tall buildings in regions of low to moderate seismicity is normally governed by the requirements to meet inter-storey drift limit under wind load. The key objective of the design of tall buildings is to provide adequate lateral stiffness to the buildings to limit their lateral deflections and inter-storey drifts under the lateral load. The current design practice assumes that only the structural skeleton provides lateral resistance against wind load. Although the effects of nonstructural elements on the lateral stiffness are widely acknowledged, the effects are often ignored in the analysis of the buildings. This paper presents a state-of-the-art of review on the effects of nonstructural elements on the lateral deflections and inter-storey drifts of buildings at serviceability limit states. It was found that ignoring the nonstructural elements could significantly underestimate the lateral deflection for certain types of buildings. However, the shape and form of the lateral deflection in the overall building is not significantly affected by the nonstructural elements.
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Yin, Yanna, Huiying Wen, Lu Sun, and Wei Hou. "Study on the Influence of Road Geometry on Vehicle Lateral Instability." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (October 7, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7943739.
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According to the accident analysis of vehicles in the curve, the skidding, rollover, and lateral drift of vehicles are determined as means to evaluate the lateral stability of vehicles. The utility truck of rear-wheel drive (RWD) is researched, which is high accident rate. Human-vehicle-road simulation models are established by CarSim. Through the orthogonal experiment method, the effects of different road geometries, speed, and interaction factors between road geometries on vehicle lateral stability are studied. In this paper, skidding risk of the vehicle is characterized by the Side-way Force Coefficient (SFC). Rollover risk of the vehicle is characterized by lateral acceleration and the load transfer ratio. Lateral drift risk of the vehicle is characterized by the sideslip angle of wheels. The results of orthogonal analysis reveal that the maximum tire-road friction coefficient and speed are highly significant in skidding of the vehicle. The effects of the combination of horizontal alignment and superelevation on vehicle skidding are important. The effects of horizontal alignment and speed on vehicle rollover risk are highly significant. The effects of superelevation on vehicle rollover risk are significant. The effects of the interaction of horizontal alignment and superelevation are also important on vehicles’ rollover risk. The speed and the maximum tire-road friction coefficient have highly significant effect on the vehicle’s lateral drift. The superelevation has a significant effect on the vehicle’s lateral drift. The effects of the interaction of horizontal alignment and superelevation and longitudinal slope are also important on the lateral drift of the vehicle.
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Vestling, L., J. Olsson, and K. H. Eklund. "Drift region optimization of lateral RESURF devices." Solid-State Electronics 46, no. 8 (August 2002): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(02)00016-3.
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Šonský, J., H. Valk, J. Huizenga, R. W. Hollander, C. W. E. van Eijk, and P. M. Sarro. "Silicon drift detector with reduced lateral diffusion:." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 439, no. 2-3 (January 2000): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00939-0.
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Waluś, Konrad J. "Experimental Determination of Vehicle Lateral Drift Characteristics under Laboratory Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.836.
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Safe driving requires from the driver several visual-mental activities (perception, recognition and decide) and manual activities relating to the implementation of specific movements. Vehicle responding to the given force is subjected a three axial loads that are transferred through the frictional coupling of tire and pavement Generated during the movement, in particular, curvilinear, lateral drift forces act directly on the tire tread and indirectly by steering to the driver. The value of these forces depends on the angle of the lateral drift, motion parameters and surface type. The paper presents results of experimental determination of lateral forces on the drift the running machine with five-component hub.
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Sharapov, Dmitriy A., Tesfaldet H. Gebre, and Yusuf M. Ali. "The effect of story drift in a multi-story building under the influence of an earthquake." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 3 (October 24, 2021): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-3-270-277.
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This paper content is structure subjected sudden story drift as a result from earthquakes, forming hinges and eventually collapsing. The aim of this paper is to develop building thirty story building for seismic in Khartoum using finite element method (FEM) and the equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure of American code ASCE 7-16. In current work the thirty-story reinforced concrete building was considered is to analyze the seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete structure to find the drift between the story by finding the maximum displacement from the program that causes the building to collapse, by choosing the shear wall as the support system to resist the lateral load and by looking to model the building inclined to the horizontal plane. Calculations were also made on the drift between the story to compare with the allowable drift. It is implemented in the Robot structural program - an ingenious program for designing and analyzing lateral (seismic) loads.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Jester, Jennifer Lynn. "Assessing Drift and Lateral Mobility of Flazasulfuron and Trifloxysulfuron Sodium." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46315.
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Flazasulfuron is one of the newest sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides to be registered for use in the fine turf industry. Flazasulfuron is safe for use on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) yet controls several grass, broadleaf, and sedge weeds. In fine turf, flazasulfuron controls cool-season grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) without harming warm-season grasses. Although SU herbicides like flazasulfuron bring several potential benefits to turfgrass markets, there are also several concerns related to using these herbicides in turfgrass areas. For many plant species, SU herbicides can cause phytotoxicity or death at less than 1 g ai/ha-1indicating small quantities of active ingredient are required to cause problems if herbicide moves in the environment. Herbicide moves to nontarget plants either after it has been applied via lateral relocation or during application via spray drift. Trials were conducted to evaluate flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron sodium tracking, runoff and drift in turfgrass environments. Field trials were conducted at six locations across the US to evaluate effects of irrigation, herbicide treatment, nontreated buffer distance, and time of tracking on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green response to dislodged herbicide residues. Although average turf injury did not exceed 2%, significant differences were noted when treated plots were irrigated prior to tracking. In addition, putting green injury was negatively correlated and normalized difference vegetative index was positively correlated with increasing buffer distance. Data indicate the importance of post treatment irrigation to reduce lateral relocation of SU herbicides like flazasulfuron and trifloxysulfuron sodium in turfgrass. In other studies, herbicides were applied to turfgrass on 7 to 11 % slopes and perennial ryegrass injury was assessed at various distances down slope following an irrigation or rainfall event. Herbicide movement in runoff water was indicated by perennial ryegrass discoloration as much as 18 m below treated plots when excessive herbicide rates were applied to saturated soils. Based on perennial ryegrass injury, flazasulfuron at the rates tested was equivalent or more mobile than trifloxysulfuron sodium and equivalent or less mobile than pronamide when subjected to irrigation or rainfall soon after application to saturated soils. To assess spray drift, a bioassay based on corn height reduction was conducted and corn plants were exposed to potential spray drift in field conditions using conventional turfgrass spray equipment. A sprayer was operated when wind speeds were between 6.4 and 9.6 km h-1 and sentry plants were placed various distances between 0 and 30 m down wind. Wind speeds and direction were confirmed with anemometers and neutrally-buoyant balloons. Herbicide drift was not detected beyond 4.6 m downwind of either herbicide application. Data suggest a 5- to 8-m nontreated buffer area should sufficiently protect neighboring cool-season turfgrasses and other plants against flazasulfuron drift, runoff, and tracking as long as product is not applied to saturated soils and irrigated prior to traffic.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Greenstein, Adam Lawrence Jovanis Paul. "Analysis of driver behavioral adaptation to the lateral drift warning system." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4593/index.html.
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Verma, Amber. "Influence of Column-Base Fixity On Lateral Drift of Gable Frames." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42686.
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In a typical light metal building, the structural members are designed for the forces and moments obtained from the wind drift analysis, which assumes pinned connections at the base. The pinned connections provide no moment at the base and have zero rotational stiffness. However, in reality every connection provides some restraint and has some rotational stiffness. Hence, by considering a modeling assumption of pinned condition, the actual behavior of the connection is not captured and this results in overestimation of lateral drifts and appearance of larger moments at the knee of the gable frames. Since the structural components are designed on the basis of these highly conservative results, the cost of the project increases. This thesis investigates the real behavior of the column base connection and tries to reduce the above stated conservatism by developing a computer program or â wizardâ to calculate the initial rotational stiffness of any column base connection.
To observe the actual behavior of a column base connection under different load cases, a number of finite element models were created in SAP2000. Each finite element model of the column base connection contained base plate, column stub, anchor bolts and in some cases grout as its components. The model was mainly subjected to three load cases, namely gravity, wind and gravity plus wind. After performing many analyses, the influence of flexibility of each component on the flexibility of the connection was observed and a list of parameters was created. These parameters are the properties of above mentioned components which characterizes any column base connection. These parameters were then used as inputs to model any configuration of the column base connection in the developed wizard. The wizard uses OpenSees and SAP2000 to analyze the modeled configuration of the connection and provides values of the initial rotational stiffness and maximum bearing pressure for the provided loads. These values can be further used in any structural analysis which is done to calculate the lateral drift of a frame under lateral loads. This will also help in getting results which are less conservative than the results which one gets on assuming pinned condition at the base.Master of Science
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Kong, Hye-Eun. "Design of One-Story Hollow Structural Section (HSS) Columns Subjected to Large Seismic Drift." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94024.
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During an earthquake, columns in a one-story building must support vertical gravity loads while undergoing large lateral drifts associated with deflections of the vertical seismic force resisting system and deflections of the flexible roof diaphragm. Analyzing the behavior of these gravity columns is complex since not only is there an interaction between compression and bending, but also the boundary conditions are not perfectly pinned or fixed. In this research, the behavior of steel columns that are square hollow structural sections (HSS) is investigated for stability using three design methods: elastic design, plastic hinge design, and pinned base design. First, for elastic design, the compression and flexural strength of the HSS columns are calculated according to the AISC specifications, and the story drift ratio that causes the interaction equation to be violated for varying axial force demands is examined. Then, a simplified design procedure is proposed; this procedure includes a modified interaction equation applicable to HSS column design based on a parameter, Pnh/Mn, and a set of design charts are provided. Second, a plastic hinge design is grounded in the concept that a stable plastic hinge makes the column continue to resist the gravity load while undergoing large drifts. Based on the available test data and the analytical results from finite element models, three limits on the width to thickness ratios are developed for steel square HSS columns. Lastly, for pinned base design, the detailing of a column base connection is schematically described. Using FE modeling, it is shown that it is possible to create rotational stiffness below a limit such that negligible moment develops at the column base. All the design methods are demonstrated with a design exampleMaster of Science
One-story buildings are one of the most economical types of structures built for industrial, commercial, or recreational use. During an earthquake, columns in a one-story building must support vertical gravity loads while undergoing large lateral displacements, referred to as story drift. Vertical loads cause compression forces, and lateral drifts produce bending moments. The interaction between these forces makes it more complex to analyze the behavior of these gravity columns. Moreover, since the column base is not perfectly fixed to the ground, there are many boundary conditions applicable to the column base depending on the fixity condition. For these reasons, the design for columns subjected to lateral drifts while supporting axial compressive forces has been a growing interest of researchers in the field. However, many researchers have focused more on wide-flange section (I-shape) steel columns rather than on tube section columns, known as hollow structural section (HSS) steel columns. In this research, the behavior of steel square tube section columns is investigated for stability using three design methods: elastic design, plastic hinge design, and pinned base design. First, for elastic design, the compression and flexural strength of the HSS columns are calculated according to current code equations, and the story drift that causes failure for varying axial force demands is examined. Then, a simplified design procedure is proposed including design charts. Second, a plastic hinge design is grounded in the concept that controlled yielding at the column base makes the column continue to resist the gravity load while undergoing large drifts. Based on the available test data and results from computational models, three limits on the width to thickness ratios of the tubes are developed. Lastly, for pinned base design, concepts for detailing a column base connection with negligible bending resistance is schematically described. Using a computational model, it is shown that the column base can be detailed to be sufficiently flexible to allow rotation. All the design methods are demonstrated with a design example.
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Cassiano, Gabriela Freire. "Migração lateral da desembocadura do Rio Itapocú, Santa Catarina - Brasil: evolução morfológica e condicionantes físicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-23092009-102909/.
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Desembocaduras são ambientes bastante dinâmicos e sujeitos à complexa interação entre fatores estabilizadores e desestabilizadores. Dependendo dessa interação, desembocaduras podem apresentar a tendência de migração ao longo de barreiras arenosas. Um dos mecanismos mais eficientes de transporte de sedimento paralelo à costa, e conseqüentemente migração de canais, são as correntes longitudinais geradas pelas ondas se aproximando obliquamente a costa. A motivação do presente trabalho é entender o comportamento morfodinâmico do sistema de desembocadura do rio Itapocú, localizado no centro-norte de Santa Catarina, frente aos processos forçantes que atuam na sua migração ao longo da linha de costa. A morfologia dos pontais arenosos foi obtida a partir de levantamentos morfológicos com o uso de DGPS. Para analisar a refração de ondas foi utilizado o modelo numérico MIKE 21 - SW, sendo considerados como condições de contorno dados de ondas referentes ao ano de 2002 e dados de ondas previstos referentes ao período de coleta. Os dados de saída do modelo foram utilizados para estimar a deriva litorânea potencial na região. Os resultados morfológicos obtidos demonstraram uma migração da desembocadura para o norte durante o período analisado, sendo mais intenso durante o inverno e o verão. A refração de ondas incidentes do quadrante sul sofreram mais o fenômeno da refração e as ondas de leste apresentaram menor variação angular ao se aproximarem da costa. A deriva litorânea potencial anual para os dados de ondas de 2002 apresentou sentido norte-sul, com inversão de sentido durante o outono, sul-norte. A deriva litorânea potencial para os dados referentes ao período estudado apresentou sentido sul-norte, concordando com a migração observada. A deriva potencial em frente aos pontais apresentou direção para o norte durante todas as estações. Os dados de descarga fluvial não apresentaram influência na migração do canal, porém apresentaram uma relação com a largura do mesmo sazonalmente. Os dados de morfologia juntamente com os dados de deriva litorânea referentes às ondas de 2004/2005 mostraram claramente a migração do canal para o norte sendo a deriva a principal contribuinte para a migração da desembocadura.Inlets are highly dynamic environments subjected to the complex interaction between stabilizing and destabilizing factors. Depending on this interaction, inlets have a tendency to migrate along sandy barriers. One of the most effective mechanisms for transporting sediment alongshore and consequently controlling the migration of inlets, are currents generated by waves approaching the coast at an angle. The motivation of this study is to better understand the morphodynamic behavior of the Itapocú inlet, at the northern Santa Catarina coast. The morphology of the sandy spits that enclose the inlet was obtained from morphological surveys conducted with the use of DGPS. To analyze the wave refraction the numerical model MIKE 21 SW has been applied to the region. Boundary conditions have been set based on a one-year long database (2002) and predicted waves for the studied period. The model output has been used to estimate the potential longshore drift in the region. Results show the migration of the inlet to the north during the analyzed period, with higher migration rates during winter and summer. Waves inciding from the south are the most influenced by the refraction process, while the less refracted waves are those coming from the east The net longshore drift obtained when using the 2002 database is southwards, presenting slight inversions during the year. When using the predicted wave data for the studied period, the potential longshore drift is dominated by northward direction, in agreement with the observed inlet migration. The Itapocú river discharge does not present any relation with the observed inlet migration rates, although there seems to be a relation with the seasonal channel width variability. The surveyed morphological evolution is well related to the potential longshore drift, indicating that during the monitored period, the northwards inlet migration is being controlled by the wave generated longshore drift.
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Decker, Brandon T. "In-Plane Lateral Load Capacities of Vertically Oriented Interlocking Timber Panels." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5304.
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The Vertically Oriented Interlocking Timber (VOIT) panel is a new solid wood panel similar to Interlocking Cross Laminated Timber (ICLT) and the more commonly known Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). Like ICLT, VOIT panels use timber connections instead of the adhesives or metal fasteners common to CLT. The difference of VOIT is the orientation of the layers. Where CLT and ICLT panels alternate the orientation of each layer, VOIT panels orient all the layers in the same direction. The vertically oriented layers are then attached to one another by smaller horizontal dovetail members.Two types of VOIT panels were provided to be tested for in-plane lateral loading. Type I had three rows of horizontal dovetail members connecting the layers and Type II had four rows of dovetail members as well as two diagonal members to provide stiffness. Two panels of each type were provided, measuring 8 ft. wide, 8 ft. tall, and 13.75 in. thick. Each panel was disassembled after monotonic lateral in-plane loading to determine possible failure modes. Testing results suggest the VOIT panels to be comparable in shear strength to other wood shear walls, including light frame, CLT, and ICLT walls. A two-part analytical model was created to determine the deflection of the wall when loaded as well as the shear strength of the wall. The model predicted deflection and wall strength reasonably well. Due to the small sample size, additional testing is necessary to confirm the results of the Type I and Type II VOIT panels. Additional testing with more variations of the panel and member geometries is also needed to validate the scope of the model.
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Erguner, Kamil. "Analytical Examination Of Performance Limits For Shear Critical Reinforced Concrete Columns." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611220/index.pdf.
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Most of the older reinforced concrete (RC) buildings have columns that are deficient
when the current code requirements are considered. Therefore, performance of the columns
determines the performance of the structure under the effects of earthquake induced lateral
loads. It is recognized that no provision is proposed in TEC2007 to estimate the failure type
called flexure-shear. Behavior of columns having probability of failing in flexure-shear
failure mode is mostly underestimated by TEC2007 procedures. In addition, failure type
classification of columns performed according to the linear and nonlinear procedures of
TEC2007 needs to be examined with respect to the test results to cover all failure types
including flexure-shear failure in order to lead the engineers develop economical and
realistic retrofit solutions.
In this study, different methods are explored to obtain reliable estimates for the
performance of code deficient shear critical RC columns. Special considerations are given to
Axial-Shear-Flexure interaction (ASFI) approach due to its mechanical background.
After examination of different approaches, ASFI method with proposed
modifications was selected as the most reliable model and lateral load-displacement analyses
were performed on a database of shear critical columns. Findings were compared with the
estimations of the nonlinear procedure given in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC2007) for
database columns. In addition, drift capacity equations and simplified safe drift capacity
equations are proposed in light of statistical studies on the selected column specimens.
In the last part of the study, performance evaluation of columns according to
nonlinear procedures of FEMA 356, TEC2007, ASCE/SEI 41 update supplement, and
EUROCODE 8 were conducted.
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Permthammasin, Komet. "Optimierung der elektrischen Eigenschaften von lateralen Superjunction-Bauelementen." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989018466/04.
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Zaghlool, Baher SalahElDeen Othman Ahmed. "Behaviour of three-dimensional concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1177.
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This thesis is a study into the response and seismic safety of three-dimensional multi-storey concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations. It employs the nonlinear time-history method as its analysis tools. Time-history analyses rely heavily on their utilised earthquake records. Accordingly, this study examines the different approaches of selecting earthquake suites and develops a methodology of selecting representative earthquake scenarios. This methodology is credibly implemented in selecting a far- and a near field suites representative of the New Zealand seismic hazard. The study investigates the response of 6-, 9- and 12-storey concrete structures of different n-X-bays × m-Y-bays. Bidirectional responses of these considered structures are examined and consequently the current combination rules are scrutinised. Consequently this study strongly recommends the use of the 40-percent combination rule in lieu of the widely used 30-percent rule; and the use of time-history analysis in lieu of quasi/equivalent static and response modal analysis methods to avoid their strong dependence on combination rules. An intensive study is conducted employing the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) technique to investigate structural demands of interstorey drifts, lateral storey drifts and storey accelerations. The study utilises the developed far-field suite and identifies the 50th and 90th percentile demands. Hence it provides easy-to-use expressions to facilitate rapid calculation of the structural demands and the effects of biaxial interactions. An implementation into the Demand and Capacity Factor Design (DCFD) format is presented that infers confidence in the performance levels of the considered structures. The study also draws attention to the importance of considering storey accelerations as their storey values reach as high as 10 × PGA. A sensitivity study is conducted by repeating the IDA investigation while using the developed near-field suite. Subsequently a comparison between the near- and the far-field results is conducted. The results were markedly similar albeit of less magnitudes until the (seismic hazard) intensity measure IM = Sa(T₁) = 0.4g when the near-field results show sudden flat large increase in demands suggesting a brittle collapse. This is attributed to the higher content of the higher mode frequencies contained in near-field ground motions. Finally, the study examines the (vectorial) radial horizontal shear demands in columns and beam-column joints of the previous far- and near-field studies. The combined radial shear demands in corner, edge and internal columns and joints are evaluated that roughly show a square-root proportional relationship with IM that exhibit somewhat brittle failure at IM ≥ 0.35g. Shears demands in the (4-way) internal columns and the (2-way) corner joints show highest magnitude in their respective class. The results suggest transverse joint shear reinforcement of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the longitudinal reinforcement of the neighbouring beam respectively for corner, edge and internal joints. An implementation of a proposed practical (and simpler) DCFD format shows satisfactory confidence in columns performance in shear up to IM = 0.35g, conversely to joints unsatisfactory performance in shear at the onset of inelastic behaviour (IM > 0.05g).
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Klaps, J., A. J. Day, K. Hussain, and N. Mirza. "Effect of component stiffness and deformation on vehicle lateral drift during braking." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6052.
Full textBooks on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Greene, Robin. Lateral drift. Durham, N.C: Windows on History Press, 2002.
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United States. Bureau of Reclamation. AB lateral hydropower facility, Uncompahgre Valley Hydropower Project, Montrose and Delta counties, Colorado: Draft environmental impact statement. Salt Lake City, Utah]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1989.
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Rogers, Hiromi T. Anjin - The Life and Times of Samurai William Adams, 1564-1620. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823858.
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The year is 1600. It is April and Japan’s iconic cherry trees are in full flower. A battered ship drifts on the tide into Usuki Bay in southern Japan. On board, barely able to stand, are twenty-three Dutchmen and one Englishman, the remnants of a fleet of five ships and 500 men that had set out from Rotterdam in 1598. The Englishman was William Adams, later to be known as Anjin Miura by the Japanese, whose subsequent transformation from wretched prisoner to one of the Shogun’s closest advisers is the centrepiece of this book. As a native of Japan, and a scholar of seventeenth-century Japanese history, the author delves deep into the cultural context facing Adams in what is one of the great examples of assimilation into the highest reaches of a foreign culture. Her access to Japanese sources, including contemporary accounts – some not previously seen by Western scholars researching the subject – offers us a fuller understanding of the life lived by William Adams as a high-ranking samurai and his grandstand view of the collision of cultures that led to Japan’s self-imposed isolation, lasting over two centuries. This is a highly readable account of Adams’ voyage to and twenty years in Japan and that is supported by detailed observations of Japanese culture and society at this time. New light is shed on Adams’ relations with the Dutch and his countrymen, including the disastrous relationship with Captain John Saris, the key role likely to have been played by the munitions, including cannon, removed from Adams’ ship De Liefde in the great battle of Sekigahara (September 1600), the shipbuilding skills that enabled Japan to advance its international maritime ambitions, as well as the scientific and technical support Adams was able to provide in the refining process of Japan’s gold and silver.
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Draft environmental impact statement: Crown Landing LNG and Logan Lateral Projects. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2005.
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Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Motor Neuron Disease (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0018.
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The video in this chapter explores motor neuron disease, including amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). It discusses the signs of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) pathology, as well as Kennedy disease.
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Macauley, Robert C. Neuropalliative Care (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0015.
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Neuropalliative care encompasses disorders of consciousness, cognitive impairment, trauma, and other conditions. Each prompts specific ethical considerations, such as the often shifting values (and even personalities) of patients with dementia, forcing one to determine whether previously expressed wishes are determinative. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis maintain cognition long after motor failure, and the predicable trajectory makes possible specific advance care planning. Patients who have suffered acute spinal cord injury may initially demand withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment, yet studies have shown a significant proportion eventually achieve a quality of life acceptable to them. And patients who have suffered a stroke often recover significant function, thus making early limitation of treatment a potential “self-fulfilling prophecy.”
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Shamshirsaz, Amir, and David Muigai. Obstetric Emergencies (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0015.
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An obstetric rapid response team (RRT) should ideally include the readily available presence of an obstetrician and a well-established system for escalation of care and management of the fetus where applicable. During the evaluation of an obstetric patient, the RRT team should be familiar with the unique changes in maternal pregnant physiology and their influence on the presentation and management of common maternal emergencies. Postpartum hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia related complications, and sepsis together form the bulk of causes for maternal RRT calls. The knowledge of, and competence with, left lateral displacement of the uterus and the timing and execution of perimortem cesarean section are essential during maternal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In this chapter, we review common maternal emergencies during RRT activation and their management.
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Kaplan, Tamara, and Tracey Milligan. Cerebrovascular Disease 3: Brainstem Syndromes (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650261.003.0006.
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The video in this chapter explores cerebrovascular disease, and focuses on brainstem syndromes. It includes the hallmark ‘crossed signs’ feature of brainstem syndromes (ipsilateral cranial nerve deficits, contralateral long track signs), the characteristics of lateral medullary syndrome due to a PICA stroke, and palsies that may result from a ventral pontine stroke, and medical midbrain stroke.
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Oreskes, Naomi. The Rejection of Continental Drift. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117325.001.0001.
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In the early twentieth century, American earth scientists were united in their opposition to the new--and highly radical--notion of continental drift, even going so far as to label the theory "unscientific." Some fifty years later, however, continental drift was heralded as a major scientific breakthrough and today it is accepted as scientific fact. Why did American geologists reject so adamantly an idea that is now considered a cornerstone of the discipline? And why were their European colleagues receptive to it so much earlier? This book, based on extensive archival research on three continents, provides important new answers while giving the first detailed account of the American geological community in the first half of the century. Challenging previous historical work on this episode, Naomi Oreskes shows that continental drift was not rejected for the lack of a causal mechanism, but because it seemed to conflict with the basic standards of practice in American geology. This account provides a compelling look at how scientific ideas are made and unmade.
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Halpern, Ross. Psychosocial Aspects of Pain and Addiction (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the problem of assessing opiate use and psychological comorbidity, and discusses psychological strategies for coping with chronic pain. In 1995, the American Pain Society and others embraced pain as the fifth vital sign; yet pain differs from the other vital signs by being subjective, as opposed to being objectively measured, implying a psychological aspect. Psychological evaluation of a pain patient assesses underlying psychosocial aspects that play a role in reported pain symptoms. Early childhood abuse increases the likelihood of chronic pain later in life; pain may be precipitated by an emotional or physical trauma that reawakens anxiety from the original childhood experience. Precipitating traumas can include divorce, job loss, legal issues, grief, or death anniversaries. The earlier and more extensive the childhood trauma, the earlier and more extensive the physical report of pain in adulthood, and the greater the perceived need for opioid analgesia.
Book chapters on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Naeim, Farzad. "Design for Drift and Lateral Stability." In The Seismic Design Handbook, 327–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1693-4_7.
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Naeim, Farzad. "Design for Drift and Lateral Stability." In The Seismic Design Handbook, 171–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9753-7_6.
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Velyka, A., and H. Jansen. "Enhanced Lateral Drift Sensors: Concept and Development." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 380–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1316-5_71.
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Chatterjee, Subhashri, and Aritra Acharyya. "An Approximate Model for Analyzing Four-Terminal Lateral Single-Drift IMPATT-Based THz Radiators." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 173–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4947-9_12.
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Loan, Sajad A., S. Qureshi, and S. Sundar Kumar Iyer. "Investigation of a Multizone Drift Doping Based Lateral Bipolar Transistor on Buried Oxide Thick Step." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 23–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2311-7_3.
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Huntley, David, Peter Bobrowsky, Roger MacLeod, Drew Rotheram-Clarke, Robert Cocking, Jamel Joseph, Jessica Holmes, et al. "IPL Project 202: Landslide Monitoring Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Railway Transportation Corridors in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 249–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_18.
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AbstractThe paper outlines landslide mapping and change-detection monitoring protocols based on the successes of ICL-IPL Project 202 in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive landslide assemblages. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass-wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research in the Thompson River Valley aims to gain a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and the Canadian economy. We conclude by proposing a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada, which is also applicable elsewhere.
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Burattin, Andrea, Hugo A. López, and Lasse Starklit. "Uncovering Change: A Streaming Approach for Declarative Processes." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 158–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27815-0_12.
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AbstractProcess discovery is a family of techniques that helps to comprehend processes from their data footprints. Yet, as processes change over time so should their corresponding models, and failure to do so will lead to models that under- or over-approximate behaviour. We present a discovery algorithm that extracts declarative processes as Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs from event streams. Streams are monitored to generate temporal representations of the process, later processed to create declarative models. We validated the technique by identifying drifts in a publicly available dataset of event streams. The metrics extend the Jaccard similarity measure to account for process change in a declarative setting. The technique and the data used for testing are available online.
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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Population modelling including spatially explicit models." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 303–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0026.
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Abstract R is an open-source statistical environment modelled after the previously widely used commercial programs S and S-Plus, but in addition to powerful statistical analysis tools, it also provides powerful graphics outputs. R can be used for some quite fast modelling jobs but its speed is nowhere near that of a compiled programming language such as C++. This chapter shows how user-defined functions can be used to perform highly repetitive jobs efficiently, and demonstrates various mathematical functions. The first example shows how a vector can be incremented and the calculated points plotted on a graph as the simulation proceeds. The second example runs a loop, and each time passes values to a user-defined function, and receives back multiple values from that function, which it then stores for plotting later. The third example is necessarily more complex and shows how R code can be used to carry out spatially explicit analyses. Finally, a simple example shows how R can be used to teach how evolution takes place, even in the absence of natural selection due to genetic drift and population bottle-necking.
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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Population modelling including spatially explicit models." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 303–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0303.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract R is an open-source statistical environment modelled after the previously widely used commercial programs S and S-Plus, but in addition to powerful statistical analysis tools, it also provides powerful graphics outputs. R can be used for some quite fast modelling jobs but its speed is nowhere near that of a compiled programming language such as C++. This chapter shows how user-defined functions can be used to perform highly repetitive jobs efficiently, and demonstrates various mathematical functions. The first example shows how a vector can be incremented and the calculated points plotted on a graph as the simulation proceeds. The second example runs a loop, and each time passes values to a user-defined function, and receives back multiple values from that function, which it then stores for plotting later. The third example is necessarily more complex and shows how R code can be used to carry out spatially explicit analyses. Finally, a simple example shows how R can be used to teach how evolution takes place, even in the absence of natural selection due to genetic drift and population bottle-necking.
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"lateral drift." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 783. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_120569.
Full textConference papers on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Lemkin, M. S., B. E. Boser, and D. M. Auslander. "A Fully Differential Lateral ∑∆ Accelerometer with Drift Canellation Circuitry." In 1996 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. San Diego, CA USA: Transducer Research Foundation, Inc., 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31438/trf.hh1996.21.
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Acosta, Manuel, Stratis Kanarachos, and Michael E. Fitzpatrick. "On full MAGV lateral dynamics exploitation: Autonomous drift control." In 2018 15th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control (AMC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amc.2019.8371149.
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Lemkin, M. S., B. E. Boser, and D. M. Auslander. "A Fully Differential Lateral ∑∆ Accelerometer with Drift Canellation Circuitry." In 1996 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. San Diego, CA USA: Transducer Research Foundation, Inc., 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31438/trf.hh1996.21.
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Coppinger, Matthew J., W. Casey Uhlig, and John H. J. Niederhaus. "Simulating Lateral Drift of a Shaped Charge Jet in ALEGRA." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-024.
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Abstract Shaped charge jet (SCJ) research has long been an active area for industrial, academic, and defense organizations. Traditionally, the depth of penetration (DOP) has been one of the most important metrics for the evaluation of shaped charge jet performance, and early 1D analytical penetration models based on hydrodynamic penetration were created with this metric in mind [1]. As the standoff of a shaped charge jet increases, the DOP reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease. A simple 1D hydrodynamic penetration model must account for the totality of the jet material on axis penetrating, and as a result experimental DOP at longer standoffs is lower than the analytical models predicted. Some analytical models reasoned that since a velocity gradient evolves as a SCJ forms, contributions to penetration from jet material below a minimum jet or penetration velocity should be eliminated. These were better able to account for the difference between analytical hydrodynamic and experimental DOPs [2]. The actual difference between analytical hydrodynamic penetration theory and experimentally recorded values is now regarded to be a result of 3D phenomena including particle tumbling and motion transverse to the jet axis known as lateral drift [2]. The origins of these 3D phenomena have been attributed to sources including variability in the uniformity of the explosive charge or the microstructure of the liner [2,3].
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Bo Luo, Ming Qiao, Yongchun Wang, Mingliang Kou, Jun Ye, Bo Zhang, and Zhaoji Li. "High voltage SJ-pLDMOS with Variation Lateral Doping drift layer." In 2010 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccas.2010.5581945.
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Albota, Emil. "INFLUENCE OF THE SECOND ORDER EFFECTS ON LATERAL DRIFT DEMAND FOR STRUCTURES." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES IN GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND MINING. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/ba1.v2/s05.015.
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Paul, Nayan Kumar, and Juan Sebastian Gomez-Diaz. "Unidirectional lateral optical forces on polarizable nanoparticles near drift-biased graphene metasurfaces." In Active Photonic Platforms XII, edited by Ganapathi S. Subramania and Stavroula Foteinopoulou. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2567735.
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ElKassas, S. H., and M. A. Haroun. "Evaluation of the Egyptian seismic code approach to estimation of lateral drift." In SUSI 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/su120331.
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Süss, Andreas, and Bedrich J. Hosticka. "A novel JFET readout structure applicable for pinned and lateral drift-field photodiodes." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Francis Berghmans, Anna G. Mignani, and Piet De Moor. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.922431.
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Hueste, Mary Beth D., Thomas H. K. Kang, and Ian N. Robertson. "Lateral Drift Limits for Structural Concrete Slab-Column Connections Including Shear Reinforcement Effects." In Structures Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)165.
Full textReports on the topic "LATERAL DRIFT"
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Cawley, John, Damien de Walque, and Daniel Grossman. The Effect of Stress on Later-Life Health: Evidence from the Vietnam Draft. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23334.
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Cobeen, Kelly, Vahid Mahdavifar, Tara Hutchinson, Brandon Schiller, David Welch, Grace Kang, and Yousef Bozorgnia. Large-Component Seismic Testing for Existing and Retrofitted Single-Family Wood-Frame Dwellings (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/hxyx5257.
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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. Quantifying the difference of seismic performance of un-retrofitted and retrofitted single-family wood-frame houses has become increasingly important in California due to the high seismicity of the state. Inadequate lateral bracing of cripple walls and inadequate sill bolting are the primary reasons for damage to residential homes, even in the event of moderate earthquakes. Physical testing tasks were conducted by Working Group 4 (WG4), with testing carried out at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of California Berkeley (UCB). The primary objectives of the testing were as follows: (1) development of descriptions of load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in development of numerical modeling; and (2) collection of descriptions of damage at varying levels of peak transient drift for use by Working Group 6 in development of fragility functions. Both UCSD and UCB testing included companion specimens tested with and without retrofit. This report documents the portions of the WG4 testing conducted at UCB: two large-component cripple wall tests (Tests AL-1 and AL-2), one test of cripple wall load-path connections (Test B-1), and two tests of dwelling superstructure construction (Tests C-1 and C-2). Included in this report are details of specimen design and construction, instrumentation, loading protocols, test data, testing observations, discussion, and conclusions.
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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.
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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Comparison of the Response of Small- and Large-Component Cripple Wall Specimens Tested under Simulated Seismic Loading (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/iyca1674.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. Two testing programs were conducted; the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) focused on large-component tests; and the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) focused on small-component tests. The primary objectives of the tests were to develop descriptions of the load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in developing numerical models and collect descriptions of damage at varying levels of drift for use by Working Group 6 in developing fragility functions. This report considers two large-component cripple wall tests performed at UC Berkeley and several small-component tests performed at UC San Diego that resembled the testing details of the large-component tests. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load on cripple wall assemblies. The details of the tests are representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1945 construction. All cripple walls tested were 2 ft high and finished with stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing. Specimens were tested in both the retrofitted and unretrofitted condition. The large-component tests were constructed as three-dimensional components (with a 20-ft 4-ft floor plan) and included the cripple wall and a single-story superstructure above. The small-component tests were constructed as 12-ft-long two-dimensional components and included only the cripple wall. The pairing of small- and large-component tests was considered to make a direct comparison to determine the following: (1) how closely small-component specimen response could emulate the response of the large-component specimens; and (2) what boundary conditions in the small-component specimens led to the best match the response of the large-component specimens. The answers to these questions are intended to help identify best practices for the future design of cripple walls in residential housing, with particular interest in: (1) supporting the realistic design of small-component specimens that may capture the response large-component specimen response; and (2) to qualitatively determine where the small-component tests fall in the range of lower- to upper-bound estimation of strength and deformation capacity for the purposes of numerical modelling. Through these comparisons, the experiments will ultimately advance numerical modeling tools, which will in turn help generate seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings. To this end, details of the test specimens, measured as well as physical observations, and comparisons between the two test programs are summarized in this report.
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Gledhill, Igle, Richard Goldstone, Sanya Samtani, Keyan Tomaselli, and Klaus Beiter. Copyright Amendment Bill Workshop Proceedings Report. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2022/0078.
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The genesis of the Copyright Amendment Bill was in 2009, when the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) initiated various studies and impact assessments. In July 2015, the DTI published a Draft Copyright Amendment Bill for public comment. The final 2017 version of the Bill was approved by Parliament in 2019 and it was sent to President Cyril Ramaphosa for action in terms of Section 79(1) of the Constitution. Section 79(1) states that “The President must either assent to and sign a Bill passed in terms of this Chapter or, if the President has reservations about the constitutionality of the Bill, refer it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration”. The President referred the Bill back to Parliament for review on 16 June 2020, on constitutionality issues. In response to the President’s reservations, Parliament’s Portfolio Committee on Trade and Industry has invited stakeholders and other interested parties to submit written submissions on certain sections of the Bill by no later than 9 July 2021. The current copyright law is outdated and does not address the digital environment. The Academy of Science of South Africa seeks to take into account the status of the copyright legislation and the anticipated effects of the amendment Bill on different issues and thereafter, provide recommendations to the President.
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Elliott, Jane, Maureen Muir, and Judith Green. Trajectories of everyday mobility at older age. Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58182/bnec3269.
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Background: This review and exploratory data analysis focuses on everyday mobility at older age; that is, travel outside the house for routine activities. Everyday mobility is an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Although there can be physiological reasons for declines in an individual’s capacity for mobility, trajectories are uneven. A social model of mobility at older age assumes that impairments due to bodily ageing do not inevitably lead to reduced mobility, and that policy and environmental interventions (such as transport provision, quality of built environment) can and should support mobile later lives. We scope the potential for a study of the conditions which foster trajectories of maintained or increased mobility over time, in an equitable way. Aims: With a focus on corporeal mobility in the UK (in particular England), and on social and environmental, rather than physiological factors, our aims were to: 1) scope the existing evidence on trajectories of mobility at older age; 2) assess the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) as a possible source of data on changes in mobility over time; 3) outline the potential for further research through identifying candidate analytical approaches and; draft an initial logic model to inform a study. Literature review findings: Literature on mobility at older age documents physiological, lifecourse, social, and environmental factors that shape trajectories of declining mobility, and the health and wellbeing consequences. There are complex and bidirectional relationships between determinants and consequences of mobility. Points of disruption in the lifecourse are points where mobility practices may change and are therefore potential points for interventions to promote greater mobility. A body of research demonstrates this through the case of concessionary bus travel for older adults in the UK, which both promotes greater mobility and appears to improve health status. There is a more mixed body of research on the environmental factors that can foster greater mobility: more research is needed on how to support mobility in place in the UK, particularly in settings outside urban centres. Compared to research on physiological factors, there is a relative dearth of evidence on population level interventions, with the exception of free bus travel. ELSA summary: The main strength of using the ELSA for understanding what influences trajectories of everyday mobility is that it is an eighteen-year longitudinal study with data collection every two years, focussing on those aged 50 and over. The sample is drawn from across England, detailed contextual information is available via linked geographical identifiers, and longitudinal and cross-sectional weights enable adjustment of the sample for non-response and attrition. The weaknesses (for studies of mobility) are the lack of fine-grained measures of ‘ability’ for many mobility indicators and the potential for reporting biases that intersect with measures of social and cultural capital. In this descriptive analysis, we document six separate measures of everyday mobility that can be derived from ELSA data, and map these to our logic model. Implications: The review identified the potential for studying the conditions for mobility at older age that could help identify and develop population level interventions. Focusing on points of disruption in the lifecourse is a potentially fruitful and tractable area of investigation. We have mapped indicators available from ELSA as a foundation for future study, and as a resource for other researchers. ELSA has some disadvantages for a study, but also many strengths. Given the complexity of causal pathways linking different conditions for maintained or increased mobility, an analysis approach directed specifically at multiple pathways (such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis) could well be fruitful."
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.
Full textAbstract:
Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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INVESTIGATION OF CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE TREE-LIKE HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION COLUMNS WITH INFILLED CONCRETE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.287.
Full textAbstract:
The cyclic behavior of tree-like hollow structural section (HSS) columns with infilled concrete was experimentally and numerically investigated. A full-scale column, with the height of 3.2 m and the treetop plan dimension of 4 m×3 m, was designed and manufactured according to a practical engineering prototype. The column with a capacity protected reinforced concrete foundation was tested under combined constant axial compression and cyclic lateral loading through a specifically designed setup. The cracking and spalling of the reinforced concrete foundation were observed initially, followed by yielding of the bottom end of the primary branches when the story drift ratio reached 1.00%. The specimen failed by fracture of the full penetration groove welded splices in the petal-shaped trunk embedded in the foundation when the story drift ratio reached 3.00%. A detailed finite element analysis model for the tree-like column was then established and verified. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the influence of the axial load level, filling range of concrete, steel yield strength, and the height to width ratio of the petal-shaped trunk. Finally, some design considerations were proposed.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF PEC COMPOSITE COLUMN-STEEL BEAM FRAME WITH WELDED T-STUB STRENGTHENED CONNECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.5.
Full textAbstract:
Seismic performance of innovative Partially Encased Composite (PEC) column-steel beam composite frame was investigated, where the connection was strengthened by the welded T-stub. A ½ scale, two-storey, and one bay composite frame specimen was designed and fabricated for the quasi-static test. Through the experimental observation and measurements, the seismic performance were evaluated, including hysteretic characteristic, lateral stiffness, seismic energy dissipation, and ductility. The plastic damage evolution process and ductile failure mode were clarified. The results indicated that the welded T-stud strengthened connection enhanced the integrity of the frame and led to higher seismic strength and larger lateral stiffness. The plastic hinge was observed away from the beam end due to the welded T-stud and the specimen exhibited an approximately completed hysteretic loop. Without significant decreasing of the ultimate bearing capacity, its overall drift, ductility efficient and equivalent viscous damping ratio were 3.63% (push) / 4.07% (pull), 3.21 (push) / 3.70 (pull) and 0.261 respectively. The proposed structure possesses sound deformation, ductility, and energy-dissipation capacity with the desired plastic failure mode induced by the plastic hinges formed in all beam sections near the T-stud end and column section at the bottom, successively. It was demonstrated an ideal ductile energy-dissipation mode of the frame structure.
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Shale Gas: Strategic, Technical, Environmental and Regulatory Issues. Universidad de Deusto, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/tszi1191.
Full textAbstract:
In January 2016, the book Gas no convencional: shale gas. Aspectos estratégicos, técnicos, medioambientales y regulatorios was published. As we pointed out in the prologue of the book, the study of unconventional gas is within the lines of knowledge of the Energy Chair of Orkestra of the University of Deusto. In fact, three main lines of study are currently covered. Namely Energy markets, Energy Industry and Technology, and Energy Policy. The approach to the shale gas study that the reader has in his hands, in our view, covers a wide scope of topics, including the strategic aspects, the technical topics related to the exploration, drilling and hydraulic fracturing, as well as the environmental aspects and the regulation processes for exploration. One of the characteristics of the research of the Energy Chair is to try to work with a network of institutions, universities and professionals with experience and knowledge in the specific topics that we analyze. In this case, from the very beginning, it was though that the creation and implementation of a group of experts would be particularly valuable, so an Advisory Group and a Reviewers Group were put in place. The relevant professionals and institutions that we have the honor to count on are reflected in this study. Given the participation of the members of the Advisory Group and the Reviewers Group, the first draft of the study was written in English. At the beginning of the project, Nerea Álvarez, mining engineer, produced a first draft. The English version was translated into Spanish and later, when Claudia Suárez joined the Energy Chair of Orkestra, she was fully involved to revise, extend and improve the study. In the process, we decided to focus our improvements in the Spanish version and to publish a book in Spanish. This study does not cover exactly all aspects and details dealt with in the book. Therefore, the document cannot be considered, in strict sense, a full and complete translation of the book, although many improvements of the Spanish book have been incorporated to the first draft in English.