Journal articles on the topic 'Later stage development'
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Lichtenstein, Benyamin M., Beverly A. Smith, and William R. Torbert. "Leadership and Ethical Development: Balancing Light and Shadow." Business Ethics Quarterly 5, no. 1 (January 1995): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857274.
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Abstract:What makes a leader ethical? This paper critically examines the answer given by developmental theory, which argues that individuals can develop through cumulative stages of ethical orientation and behavior (e.g. Hobbesian, Kantian, Rawlsian), such that leaders at later developmental stages (of whom there are empirically very few today) are more ethical. By contrast to a simple progressive model of ethical development, this paper shows that each developmental stage has both positive (light) and negative (shadow) aspects, which affect the ethical behaviors of leaders at that stage. It also explores an unexpected result: later stage leaders can have more significantly negative effects than earlier stage leadership.
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Sefton, M., M. H. Johnson, and L. Clayton. "Synthesis and phosphorylation of uvomorulin during mouse early development." Development 115, no. 1 (May 1, 1992): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.115.1.313.
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The cell adhesion molecule, uvomorulin, is synthesised in both the 135 × 10(3) M(r) precursor and 120 × 10(3) M(r) mature forms on maternal mRNA templates in unfertilized and newly fertilized mouse oocytes. Synthesis on maternal message ceases during the 2-cell stage to resume later on mRNA encoded presumptively by the embryonic genome. Uvomorulin is detectable by immunoblotting at all stages upto the blastocyst stage, but shows variations in its total amount and processing with embryonic stage. Whilst only trace levels of phosphorylated uvomorulin are detectable in early and late 4-cell embryos, uvomorulin in 8-cell embryos is phosphorylated.
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Wang, Ping, Juan Chang, Chaoqi Liu, Qingqiang Yin, Mengjie Liu, Xaowei Dang, and Fushan Lu. "Effects of saccharified corn straw on growth performance, nutrient metabolic rates, gastrointestinal tract development, and serum antioxidant index of broilers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0100.
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This study was conducted to investigate effects of saccharified corn straw (SCS) on broiler growth. A total of 250 one-day-old female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were distributed into five groups. The broilers in groups 1–5 were fed with diets containing 0% (basal diet), 4%, 8%, 12% SCS, and 8% SCS (high oil), respectively. The experiment lasted 42 d including early and later stages. In the early stage, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in groups 2 and 5 were almost the same as the control group; higher levels of SCS additions would decrease ADG and increase FCR (P < 0.05). In the later stage, ADG was higher, and FCR was lower in group 5 than that in other groups (P < 0.05); ADG in groups 3–4 was higher than that in groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2. The different levels of SCS supplementation had different effects on nutrient metabolic rates and relative organ weight (P < 0.05), but they had insignificant effects on relative organ length. In the later stage, SCS supplementation could significantly increase serum total antioxidant capacity activity. It could be concluded that dietary 4% SCS in the early stage and 4%–12% SCS in the later stage had no negative effects on growth performance and nutrient metabolic rates for broilers.
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Martishkin, V. V. "Quality management of technical products in the development stage of working documents." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-2 (March 20, 2013): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68412.
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The methods of quality control of products under development documentation. At this stage, to identify weaknesses in the design of products used methods of quality control and optimization. The evaluation of the perceived quality of products and subsequent inclusion in the documentation necessary changes greatly reduced the complexity and cost of obtaining quality products at later stages of production.
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Xiong, Wei-Hong, and King-Wai Yau. "Rod Sensitivity During Xenopus Development." Journal of General Physiology 120, no. 6 (November 25, 2002): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028702.
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We have measured the sensitivity of rod photoreceptors from overnight-dark–adapted Xenopus laevis through developmental stages 46–66 into adulthood by using suction-pipette recording. The dark current increased gradually from ∼5 pA at stage 46 to ∼20 pA at stage 57, compared with an adult (metamorphosed) current of ∼35 pA. This increase in dark current largely paralleled the progressive increase in length and diameter of the rod outer segment (ROS). Throughout stages 46–66, the dark current increased approximately linearly with ROS surface area. At stage 53, there was a steep (∼10-fold) increase in the rod flash sensitivity, accompanied by a steep increase in the time-to-peak of the half-saturated flash response. This covariance of sensitivity and time-to-peak suggested a change in the state of adaptation of rods at stage 53 and thereafter. When the isolated retina was preincubated with 11-cis-retinal, the flash sensitivity and the response time-to-peak of rods before stage 53 became similar to those at or after stage 53, suggesting that the presence of free opsin (i.e., visual pigment without chromophore) in rods before stage 53 was responsible for the adapted state (low sensitivity and short time-to-peak). By comparing the response sensitivity before stage 53 to the sensitivity at/after stage 53 measured from rods that had been subjected to various known bleaches, we estimated that 22–28% of rod opsin in stage 50–52 tadpoles (i.e., before stage 53) was devoid of chromophore despite overnight dark-adaptation. When continuously dark adapted for 7 d or longer, however, even tadpoles before stage 53 yielded rods with similar flash sensitivity and response time-to-peak as those of later-stage animals. In conclusion, it appears that chromophore regeneration is very slow in tadpoles before stage 53, but this regeneration becomes much more efficient at stage 53. A similar delay in the maturity of chromophore regeneration may partially underlie the low sensitivity of rods observed in newborn mammals, including human infants.
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Bradley, Richard. "Stages in the Chronological Development of Hoards and Votive Deposits." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, no. 1 (1987): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00006277.
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Some recent literature on the problem of hoards is reviewed, dealing particularly with the distinction between votive deposits and stores of objects. An alternative approach is developed, considering the long-term variations in the nature of intentional deposits in European prehistory. Three stages are suggested. In the initial stage, a unitary system of deposits prevailed, especially of food and selected artefacts, including metal when available. In the developed stage, characteristic of the Bronze Age, a dual system allowed both votive deposition and accumulation and recycling, especially of non-local metal. The final stage, in the later Iron Age, saw renewed emphasis on votive deposits, especially on the borders of emerging polities.
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Taham-zadeh, Dariush, Yuan Wu, and Michael Ratcliffe. "Role of antigen in later stages of B cell development (153.20)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 153.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.153.20.
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Abstract B cell development occurs in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of many mammals and birds. In chickens, the early stages of B cell development, including colonization of bursal follicles, B cell proliferation within bursal follicles and repertoire diversification by gene conversion, are supported by surface Ig receptor related constructs that lack antigen binding capacity. Thus early B cell development requires Ig receptor expression but not sIg ligation. In contrast later stages of bursal development, including cortico-medullary redistribution of B cells and their maintenance after hatch, is not supported by those constructs. The later stages of bursal B cell development occur in the presence of gut derived antigens suggesting the possibility that later stage may require antigen mediated sIg receptor ligation as opposed to simply receptor expression. To address this directly, we have introduced Ig receptor related constructs with defined antigen specificity into developing chick embryos. Expression of such constructs is sufficient to support early stages of B cell development, and in the absence of cognate antigen, is not sufficient to support the later stages of B cell development. Preliminary evidence suggests, however, that introduction of cognate antigen results in extended maintenance of receptor expressing B cells after hatch suggesting that ligation of the BCR may act as a survival signal in the later stages of B cell development in the bursa.
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Schwienbacher, Armin. "The entrepreneur's investor choice: The impact on later-stage firm development." Journal of Business Venturing 28, no. 4 (July 2013): 528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.09.002.
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Partridge, RJ, and HJ Leese. "Consumption of amino acids by bovine preimplantation embryos." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 6 (1996): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960945.
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Bovine embryos produced in vitro from the putative zygote stage to the blastocyst stage, and blastocysts freshly flushed from the uterus, were cultured in a physiological mixture of amino acids. Depletion of amino acids from the medium and, in a few cases, their appearance, was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Amino acids were depleted at widely differing rates. The depletion of amino acids was higher when embryos at later developmental stages were cultured, implying an increase in amino acid requirement with development. Threonine was the only amino acid to be depleted at all stages of development; depletion increased from 0.18 +/- 0.07 pmol embryo-1 h-1 at the putative zygote stage to 1.96 +/- 0.49 pmol embryo-1 h-1 at the blastocyst stage. Glutamine was depleted at the putative zygote stage and the 4-cell stage (0.76 +/- 0.05 and 0.94 +/- 0.10 pmol embryo-1 h-1 respectively), but was not significantly depleted at the later stages. Alanine was the only amino acid that appeared consistently in the medium and its production increased progressively throughout development. Aspartate, glutamate, threonine and lysine were depleted significantly by blastocysts derived both in vitro and in vivo; the embryos in vivo also depleted arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and tyrosine. These results indicate that individual amino acids are depleted at different rates by bovine preimplantation embryos and suggest that amino acid requirements change during development.
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Grantham-McGregor, S. M., S. P. Walker, and S. Chang. "Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 1 (February 2000): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000069.
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The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.
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Keever, Gary J., and John W. Olive. "Response of ‘Prize’ Azalea to Sumagic Applied at Several Stages of Shoot Apex Development." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-12.1.12.
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Abstract ‘Prize’ forcing azalea was treated with 15 or 30 ppm Sumagic at one of 4 stages of shoot apex development (stage 0 = vegetative; 1 = apex broadened; 2−3 = sepals and petals initiated; 4 = stamen initiated) in 2 experiments. Plants were taller and broader as the application was delayed; these parameters decreased with increasing Sumagic rate. Bypass shoot count decreased quadratically with increasing rate, and was not affected by stage of development (SOD) in one experiment but decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD in a second experiment. Time to flower increased and flower count decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD. Plants treated at SOD 0 flowered earlier with more blooms or at a similar time with a similar flower count to control plants.
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Chen, Pei-Yun, Wen-Chao Ho, Chyi Lo, and Tzu-Pei Yeh. "Predicting Ego Integrity Using Prior Ego Development Stages for Older Adults in the Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 9490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189490.
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Background: Erikson’s ego development theory is the most accepted theory that involves eight stages of psychosocial development over an individual`s all lifespan. The result of development in prior stages will influence the later stages. The elderly were mainly characterized by the central developmental tasks: achieving ego integrity vs. despair. The harvest in the last stage will be related to the attitude of facing death in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional study of elderly age from 65 to 90 years old (n = 292) was carried out and investigated via the Inventory of Psychosocial Balance. Pearson correlation and path analysis were performed in order to analyze the direct and indirect effect among the first seven stages with the eighth stage. Results: We found that all the eight stages were significantly related to each other, and comparing to the previous seven stages, “the generativity stage” (r = 0.77) was the most relevant stage with “ego integrity”. In all indirect and direct effects, the seventh stage had the greatest impact on the “ego integrity stage”; the direct effect was 0.89. Conclusions: Compared to the whole lifespan, adulthood possessed a higher influence on the elderly stage. We found that all the eight stages were significantly related to each other, and comparing the first seven stages, the “generativity stage” (r = 0.77) was the most relevant stage to “ego integrity”. Conclusions: Compared to the whole lifespan, adulthood possessed a higher influence on the elderly stage.
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Wang, Pengfei. "The Development Course of Karl Marx's National Concept." International Journal of Education and Humanities 4, no. 1 (August 10, 2022): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v4i1.1149.
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The formation of Marx's national concept has roughly gone through three different stages of development, namely the initial exploration stage of Marx's national concept, or the budding period. This historical period focuses on the basic viewpoints on nationality and related issues in Marx's classic works. The theoretical establishment stage of Marx's view of the nation, focusing on the analysis of Marx's more mature national theory than the infancy stage on the basis of analyzing the reality of social revolution and the revolutionary development of different countries; Marx's deepening research stage on national issues in his later years , in-depth study of Marx's "Summary of Morgan's "Ancient Society" and Engels' "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" on the theory of national issues. In each development stage, Marx's classic works are used as the research basis and classification standard, and they are placed in the social environment and the background of the times in which Marx lived to investigate and analyze, and strive to reflect and interpret Marx's main views on ethnic issues in this historical period.
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Klingebiel, Ronald, and Peter Esser. "Stage-Gate Escalation." Strategy Science 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2020.0111.
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In this article, we review resource allocation at former handset maker Sony Ericsson. Three observations reveal how innovation projects can escalate through a stage-gate process that is meant to minimize initial commitment. First, uncertainty makes business cases hard to disconfirm in the early stages of project development. Second, as information that can be used to disconfirm business cases becomes more readily attainable in later stages of development, an increasing focus on project completion discourages the updating of business cases. Third, if business cases are revised negatively, the heightened organizational attention appears to make discontinuations less likely. We contextualize these three findings, replicate them with data from a second company, and discuss their potential implications for organizing innovation under uncertainty.
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Watanabe, H., R. Kado, S. Tsuchida, H. Miyake, M. Kyo, and S. Kojima. "Larval development and intermoult period of the hydrothermal vent barnacle Neoverruca sp." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 4 (August 2004): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009841h.
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Larvae of the hydrothermal vent barnacle Neoverruca sp. were reared under laboratory conditions and larval development was observed. Under these conditions, the larvae were released from adults as first-stage nauplii, although the larvae of other deep-sea barnacles have generally been considered to be released at a later larval stage such as the cyprid stage. The larvae of Neoverruca sp. were lecithotrophic through six naupliar stages and the subsequent cyprid stage. The larval period of Neoverruca sp. was more than 96 days under the present rearing conditions, which is the longest yet reported for barnacles. Most cyprid larvae, however, exhibited abnormal morphology and no larvae settled successfully on the substrate. These observations suggest that such a long larval period might enable neoverrucid barnacles to disperse between vent fields.
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Götz, Monika, and Christine Boyle. "Haustorial Function During Development of Cleistothecia in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.507.
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Cleistothecia of Blumeria graminis are a means of survival under adverse conditions as well as a means of sexual reproduction, and are produced by the generative mycelium at the end of the vegetation period. Vital stains and 14C-labeled sucrose were transported from the host (Triticum aestivum) through the haustoria into the generative mycelium. Translocation was intense during the early developmental stage of the generative mycelium. Colonies of later stages with macroscopically visible developing cleistothecia showed reduced staining and labeling. This correlated with an increase in the number as well as the degree of haustorial encasement and papillae formation. Detached mycelia of later developmental stages produced ripe cleistothecia containing ascospores of high germination rates in vitro, but early stages with microscopically small primordia only developed dark fruit bodies that did not produce ascospores. The data indicate that nutrition supply by the host is essential at the early stages of the generative mildew mycelium. The resulting metabolites are mainly stored within the hyphae. At later developmental stages, the generative mycelium progressively becomes more independent of nutrition supply by the host, providing its own metabolites for the growing fruit bodies.
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Prien, S. D., C. Wessels, and L. Penrose. "Can estimations of early stage embryo weight predict later embryo development rates?" Fertility and Sterility 98, no. 3 (September 2012): S270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.984.
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Irish, E. E., and T. M. Nelson. "Identification of multiple stages in the conversion of vegetative to floral development." Development 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.3.891.
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Vegetative growth in most lines of maize is terminated stage in development by the conversion of the shoot inflorescence, the tassel. The conversion from under developmental control, the basis of which is developmental potential of the shoot apical meristem stage at which it is determined to form a tassel. We culture, that meristems are not determined to form a vegetative nodes have been initiated. We also show separate, later event in the development of a maize stages can be distinguished in which the meristem is phyllotaxis of a tassel when cultured but develops that normally give rise to sets of florets.
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Watts, Fraser. "The evolution of religious cognition." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 42, no. 1 (March 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0084672420909479.
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Several accounts of the evolution of religion distinguish two phases: an earlier shamanic stage and a later doctrinal stage. Similarly, several theories of human cognition distinguish two cognitive modes: a phylogenetically older system that is largely intuitive and a later, more distinctively human system that is more rational and articulate. This article suggests that cognition in the earlier stage in the evolution of religion is largely at the level of intuition, whereas the cognition of doctrine or religion is more conceptual and rational. Early religious cognition is more embodied and is more likely to carry healing benefits. The evolutionary origins of religion in humans seem to depend on developments in the cognitive architecture. It is further suggested that the cognition of early religion shows less conceptual differentiation, is characteristically participatory rather than objectifying and is less individualistic. The development of religion in recent centuries appears to show some approximate recapitulation of the stages through which religion originally evolved.
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Jin, Wanfu, Chunshan Zhou, and Lijia Luo. "Impact of Land Input on Economic Growth at Different Stages of Development in Chinese Cities and Regions." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082847.
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Regional industrial structure and land use patterns differ between the different stages of development, and the impact of land input on economic growth may vary. On the basis of land supply data obtained from http://www.landchina.com/ for 2010–2015, this study used an econometric model to explore the impact of land input on the economic growth of Chinese cities and regions at the different stages of development. Empirical results show that the development of 352 cities and regions in China in 2015 can be divided into five stages; namely, primary production stage (PPS), primary industrialization stage (PIS), middle industrialization stage (MIS), later industrialization stage (LIS), and developed stage (DS). The economic growth of cities and regions at the LIS or DS was significantly dependent on capital and labor input rather than land input. The land input of cities and regions at PPS, PIS, and MIS significantly promoted economic growth. This article enriches the study of regional economic growth and is beneficial to further understanding of the impact of land input on the economic growth of China.
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Kim, Dae Yeon, Min Jeong Hong, and Yong Weon Seo. "Genome-wide transcript analysis of inflorescence development in wheat." Genome 62, no. 9 (September 2019): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0200.
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The process of inflorescence development is directly related to yield components that determine the final grain yield in most cereal crops. Here, microarray analysis was conducted for four different developmental stages of inflorescence to identify genes expressed specifically during inflorescence development. To select inflorescence-specific expressed genes, we conducted meta-analysis using 1245 Affymetrix GeneChip array sets obtained from various development stages, organs, and tissues of members of Poaceae. The early stage of inflorescence development was accompanied by a significant upregulation of a large number of cell differentiation genes, such as those associated with the cell cycle, cell division, DNA repair, and DNA synthesis. Moreover, key regulatory genes, including the MADS-box gene, KNOTTED-1-like homeobox genes, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 1 gene, and the histone methyltransferase gene, were highly expressed in the early inflorescence development stage. In contrast, fewer genes were expressed in the later stage of inflorescence development, and played roles in hormone biosynthesis and meiosis-associated genes. Our work provides novel information regarding the gene regulatory network of cell division, key genes involved in the differentiation of inflorescence in wheat, and regulation mechanism of inflorescence development that are crucial stages for determining final grain number per spike and the yield potential of wheat.
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Dai, Ke. "Investment development path: the applicability of measurement criteria and further development." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501023.
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With China’s reform and opening up, the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic development gradually attracts attention. Professor Dunning first developed this theory, which describes the division of net outward direct investment into four distinct stages of a country’s economic development, and later increased it to five. The theory has been developed for 40 years, and whether it can survive and still play a guiding role in national development is the focus of people’s concern. Based on the previous studies of scholars, this paper conducts an empirical study on “individual” countries. Thus it is concluded that the theory in its net foreign direct investment and economic development of the important relationship of the original is still valid, but from the cross section, the measures to be improved, and the theory of the fifth stage of the development of a new understanding
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Beng, Lee Guang, and Badrul Omar. "An Axiomatic Approach to Design for Sustainable End-of-Life: A Review of Literature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.705.
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This paper aims to provide an insight to later researchers on the application of axiomatic design in the area of design for end-of-life (EOL) management. Among all life cycle stages of a product, design and development stage is the one that influences the later stages the most in terms of environmental impacts. In order to achieve sustainable product development, one of the considerations to be taken during the design stage is EOL management. EOL management process can be enhanced by utilizing a robust design method as well as an effective method for evaluating product design. Recent researches show that application of axiomatic design in the field of eco-design (especially design for EOL management) is still in a premature stage despite having a vast application area that covers the aspect of product design, manufacturing and supply chain management. Nonetheless, a case study published recently on eco-design using axiomatic approach has shown adequate feasibility and effectiveness. Therefore, design for sustainable EOL using axiomatic approach is worth further exploration.
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Morriss-Kay, Gillian, and Fiona Tuckett. "The role of microfilaments in cranial neurulation in rat embryos: effects of short-term exposure to cytochalasin D." Development 88, no. 1 (August 1, 1985): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.88.1.333.
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During the late stages of cranial neurulation in mammalian embryos, the neural epithelium becomes concave. A thick subapical band of microfilament bundles, attached to junctions which are both vertical and horizontal in orientation, can be seen by TEM. Prior to this the neural epithelium is first biconvex and then V-shaped in transverse section, microfilament bundles are absent, and the subapical junctions are only vertical in orientation. In order to determine the role of microfilaments in cranial neurulation, rat embryos were exposed to cytochalasin D (0·15 μg ml−1) for lh at three stages of development: convex neural fold stage, early concave (prior to midline apposition at the forebrain/midbrain junction: ‘preapposition’) and later concave (‘postapposition’). They were subsequently washed and cultured in addition-free medium for 5,12, 24 or 36h, then examined alive and by LM, TEM, or SEM. The degree of neural fold collapse varied with the stage of development: at the convex stage there was only slight opening out of the neural groove; early concave (preapposition) neural folds collapsed laterally to a horizontal position; later concave (postapposition) neural folds showed widening of the midbrain/hindbrain neuropore and slight neuroepithelial eversion at the anterior neuropore. Neural epithelium which had been concave prior to cytochalasin D treatment changed in structure so that the cells were broader and shorter; most of the subapical junctions were vertical in orientation, and microfilament bundles were represented either as a mass of amorphous material adjacent to the junctions, or as separated and broken filaments. Re-elevation of neural folds in ‘recovery’ cultures was accompanied by regeneration of apical microfilament bundles and horizontal junctions. Embryos which had been exposed to cytochalasin D at the convex or later concave stage of cranial neural fold development were able to complete cranial neural tube closure; none of the early-concave-stage embryos achieved apposition at the forebrain/midbrain junction, and all had major cranial neural tube defects. The results suggest that contraction of apical microfilament bundles plays an essential role in elevation of the neural folds and in the generation of concave curvature during the later stages of cranial neurulation. During the convex neural fold stage, microfilaments are important in maintaining neuroepithelial apposition in the neural groove, but are not crucial to maintenance of the convex shape. Successful formation and maintenance of the forebrain/midbrain apposition point at the appropriate time is considered to be essential for subsequent brain tube closure.
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Vara, DC, AM Leal-Zanchet, and HM Lizardo-Daudt. "Embryonic development of Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 4 (November 2008): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000400027.
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The embryonic development of freshwater triclads is mainly known from studies of species of Dendrocoelum, Planaria, Polycelis, and, more recently, Schmidtea. The present study characterizes the development of Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) by means of optical microcopy using glycol methacrylate semi-thin sections. 94 cocoons were collected in the period from laying to hatching, with intervals of up to twenty-four hours. The sequence of morphological changes occurring in the embryo permitted the identification of nine embryonic stages. At the time of cocoon laying, numerous embryos were dispersed among many yolk cells, with a rigid capsule covering the entire cocoon. In the first stage (approx. up to 6 hours after cocoon laying), yolk cells and embryonic cells showed random distribution. Stage II (between 12 and 24 hours after cocoon laying) is characterized by aggregates of blastomeres, which later aggregate forming an enteroblastula. Approximately 2 days after cocoon laying (stage III), formation of the embryonic epidermis and embryonic digestive system took place, the latter degenerating during the subsequent stage. Stage V (until the fourth day) is characterized by the formation of the definitive epidermis. Between 4 and 6 days after laying, organogenesis of the definitive inner organs starts (stage VI). Approximately 14 days after laying (stage IX), formation of the nervous system is completed. At this stage, the embryo shows similar characteristics to those of newly hatched juveniles. The hatching of Girardia tigrina occurs in the period between twelve to twenty-two days after cocoon laying.
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Kumar, Nikesh, and Venkata Allada. "Assessment of risk propagation during different stages of new product development process." Management Science Letters 12, no. 3 (2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2022.2.003.
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New Product Development Process (NPD) is a key aspect of launching new and innovative products in the market. Many products fail in the market because of technical risks, financial risks and product development time risks. It is very important to understand the overall risk factors associated with different stages of product development so that risks can be mitigated effectively. This paper presents a methodology to understand the risk associated with the initial stages of NPD. Design flexibility is higher in initial design stages requiring minimum redesign efforts and costs. It is a great opportunity to deal with risk factors and uncertainties in initial design stages than the later design stages. Product development costs in initial stages are around 5 to 10 percent but impact is 70 to 80 percent so exploration assessment in initial stages of NPD can be hugely beneficial. Stage-wise risk assessment will also provide the details of risk associated with each stage, which will be helpful in implementing appropriate mitigation strategies. Since transition from one stage to another stage of NPD is independent of the previous stage, different NPD stages can be easily expressed by the transition state of the Markov process. In this paper, the Markov process has been used for the risk assessment of initial stages of NPD, keeping mitigation strategies in mind. The three initial stages of NPD considered in this study include the concept design, detailed design and integration & testing stages. This paper also explores a method by integration of quality function deployment (QFD) and Markov process, to understand risk patterns associated with several complete design solutions (CFDs). By using QFD, the mapping between customer requirements can be reflected into risk assessment of complete design solutions (CFDs). This methodology has been demonstrated by a case study on Coffee Maker.
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Javed, Q., T. P. Fleming, M. Hay, and S. Citi. "Tight junction protein cingulin is expressed by maternal and embryonic genomes during early mouse development." Development 117, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.1145.
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The expression of the tight junction peripheral membrane protein, cingulin (140 × 10(3) M(r), was investigated in mouse eggs and staged preimplantation embryos by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Polyclonal antibody to chicken brush cingulin detected a single 140 × 10(3) M(r) protein in immunoblots of unfertilised eggs and all preimplantation stages. Relative protein levels were high in eggs and early cleavage stages, declined during later cleavage and increased again in expanding blastocysts. Quantitative immunoprecipitation of metabolically labelled eggs and staged embryos also revealed a biphasic pattern for cingulin synthesis with relative net levels being high in unfertilised eggs, minimal during early cleavage, rising 2.3-fold specifically at the onset of compaction (8-cell stage, when tight junction formation begins), and increasing further at a linear rate during morula and blastocyst stages. Cingulin synthesis in eggs is not influenced by fertilisation (or aging, if unfertilised), but this level declines sharply after first cleavage. These results indicate that cingulin is expressed by both maternal and embryonic genomes. The turnover of maternal cingulin (unfertilised eggs) and embryonic cingulin at a stage before tight junction formation begins (4-cell stage) is higher (t1/2 approximately 4 hours) than cingulin synthesised after tight junction formation (blastocysts; t1/2 approximately 10 hours). This increase in cingulin stability is reversed in the absence of extracellular calcium. Cingulin synthesis is also tissue-specific in blastocysts, being up-regulated in trophectoderm and down-regulated in the inner cell mass. Taken together, the results suggest that (i) cingulin may have a role during oogenesis and (ii) cell-cell contact patterns regulate cingulin biosynthesis during early morphogenesis, contributing to lineage-specific epithelial maturation.
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Sauer, Karin, Anne K. Camper, Garth D. Ehrlich, J. William Costerton, and David G. Davies. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes during Development as a Biofilm." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 1140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.4.1140-1154.2002.
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ABSTRACT Complementary approaches were employed to characterize transitional episodes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development using direct observation and whole-cell protein analysis. Microscopy and in situ reporter gene analysis were used to directly observe changes in biofilm physiology and to act as signposts to standardize protein collection for two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis and protein identification in chemostat and continuous-culture biofilm-grown populations. Using these approaches, we characterized five stages of biofilm development: (i) reversible attachment, (ii) irreversible attachment, (iii) maturation-1, (iv) maturation-2, and (v) dispersion. Biofilm cells were shown to change regulation of motility, alginate production, and quorum sensing during the process of development. The average difference in detectable protein regulation between each of the five stages of development was 35% (approximately 525 proteins). When planktonic cells were compared with maturation-2 stage biofilm cells, more than 800 proteins were shown to have a sixfold or greater change in expression level (over 50% of the proteome). This difference was higher than when planktonic P. aeruginosa were compared with planktonic cultures of Pseudomonas putida. Las quorum sensing was shown to play no role in early biofilm development but was important in later stages. Biofilm cells in the dispersion stage were more similar to planktonic bacteria than to maturation-2 stage bacteria. These results demonstrate that P. aeruginosa displays multiple phenotypes during biofilm development and that knowledge of stage-specific physiology may be important in detecting and controlling biofilm growth.
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Johnigk, Stefan-Andreas, and Ralf-Udo Ehlers. "Juvenile development and life cycle of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae)." Nematology 1, no. 3 (1999): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508234.
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AbstractHeterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica were cultured in vitro in monoxenic liquid cultures. Nematodes were examined for morphological characters which can be used to determine the sexes in all juvenile stages. When hatching from the egg no sex-specific characters could be distinguished. Twelve hours later sex determination resulted in male phenotypes which were identified by the asymmetric shape of the primordial testis. Female phenotypes, with symmetrical primordial gonads, were observed 12 h later. Of the eggs laid by the parental hermaphrodite 57% developed to amphimictic adults. The other individuals were determined to become automictic dauer juveniles which further develop to hermaphrodites. The pre-dauer J1 was the last of the first juvenile stages to be determined. They moult to the pre-dauer second stage juvenile (J2D) which is distinguished from the other J2 stages by a thin and spindle-like shape, elongated pharynx and needle-like tip of the tail. The late JD2 stage is immobile, pharyngeal pumping ceases and intercalated fat reserves make it appear darker then the amphimictic J2. The further development to adults is described and the occurrence of the different stages in liquid culture documented. Developpement larvaire et cycle biologique d'Heterorhabditis bacteriophora et H. indica (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) - Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica ont ete eleves in vitro sur milieux liquides monoxeniques. Les nematodes ont ete etudies pour les caracteres morphologiques qui pourraient etre utilises dans la determination des sexes dans tous les stades juveniles. A l'eclosion, aucun caractere sexuel specifique n'a pu etre identifie. Douze heures plus tard, le dimorphisme sexuel se revele avec des phenotypes males caracterises par la forme asymetrique du testicule. Les phenotypes femelles avec des primordium symetriques ont ete observes 12 h plus tard. 57% des individus issus des oeufs de parent hermaphrodite se sont developpes en adulte amphimictique. Les autres individus se sont developpes en dauerlarva automictiques qui se sont plus tard developpes en hermaphrodites. La pre-dauerlarvae (J1) a ete le dernier des stades juveniles a etre identifie. Ils ont mue en stade pre-dauer J2 qui peut etre differencie des autres stades J2 par le corps mince et fusiforme, un pharynx allonge et l'extemite de la queue tres effilee. Le dernier stade DJ2 est immobile, le pompage pharyngien cesse et des reserves lipidiques interstitielles le rendent plus sombre que chez le stade amphimictique J2. Le developpement jusqu'a l'adulte est decrit et l'apparition de differents stades en milieu de culture liquide est detaillee.
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Wehby, Joseph H., Kenneth A. Dodge, and Ernest Valente. "School Behavior of First Grade Children Identified as At-Risk for Development of Conduct Problems." Behavioral Disorders 19, no. 1 (November 1993): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299301900106.
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This paper describes the implementation of a direct observation procedure with first grade children identified as at-risk for the development of conduct disorders Children were identified as high-risk or low-risk at kindergarten using a three-stage screening process. Stage one consisted of identifying kindergarten classrooms located in schools with reportedly high rates of behavior problems; stage two used kindergarten teachers' reports of school readiness; and stage three involved parents' ratings of their children's behavior at home. Subjects were assessed 15 months later in the first grade during both structured and unstructured activities using behavioral observation and observers' impressions. Results of this study suggest that children identified as high-risk at kindergarten demonstrate difficulties one year later in their interactions with teachers and peers when compared to a low-risk group. Interpretation of results and future research in this area are presented.
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Pauerova, Tereza, Lenka Radonova, Kristina Kovacovicova, Lucia Novakova, Michal Skultety, and Martin Anger. "Aneuploidy during the onset of mouse embryo development." Reproduction 160, no. 5 (November 2020): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0086.
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Aneuploidy is the most frequent single cause leading into the termination of early development in human and animal reproduction. Although the mouse is frequently used as a model organism for studying the aneuploidy, we have only incomplete information about the frequency of numerical chromosomal aberrations throughout development, usually limited to a particular stage or assumed from the occurrence of micronuclei. In our study, we systematically scored aneuploidy in in vivo mouse embryos, from zygotes up to 16-cell stage, using kinetochore counting assay. We show here that the frequency of aneuploidy per blastomere remains relatively similar from zygotes until 8-cell embryos and then increases in 16-cell embryos. Due to the accumulation of blastomeres, aneuploidy per embryo increases gradually during this developmental period. Our data also revealed that the aneuploidy from zygotes and 2-cell embryos does not propagate further into later developmental stages, suggesting that embryos suffering from aneuploidy are eliminated at this stage. Experiments with reconstituted live embryos revealed, that hyperploid blastomeres survive early development, although they exhibit slower cell cycle progression and suffer frequently from DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest.
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Muslin, A. J., and L. T. Williams. "Well-defined growth factors promote cardiac development in axolotl mesodermal explants." Development 112, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.4.1095.
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The effect of growth factors on the formation of cardiac mesoderm in the urodele, Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl), has been examined using an in vitro explant system. It has previously been shown that cardiac mesoderm is induced by pharyngeal endoderm during neurula stages in urodeles. In this study, explants of prospective cardiac mesoderm from early neurula stage embryos rarely formed beating cardiac tissue in culture. When transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) or platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF) was added to such explants, the frequency of heart tissue formation increased markedly. The addition of other growth factors to these explants did not enhance cardiac mesoderm formation. The addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to prospective heart mesoderm derived from later stage embryos resulted in a decreased tendency to form cardiac tissue. These results suggest that growth factors analogous to TGF-beta 1, PDGF, and bFGF may regulate the initial stages of vertebrate cardiac development in vivo.
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Polte, Patrick, Paul Kotterba, Cornelius Hammer, and Tomas Gröhsler. "Survival bottlenecks in the early ontogenesis of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus, L.) in coastal lagoon spawning areas of the western Baltic Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 4 (May 22, 2013): 982–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst050.
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Abstract Dominant drivers of larval survival are considered to include oceanographic dispersal, sea temperatures, and food availability in the phase of first-feeding. However, research progress on larval herring survival dynamics indicates that multiple factors might act on differing larval developmental stages. Hypothesizing that in inshore systems of the western Baltic Sea bottlenecks of herring development occur before the point of first-feeding, we analysed an extensive time-series of weekly abundances of early stage larvae in Greifswald Bay, an important spawning area for Western Baltic herring. Additionally, we investigated whether distinct hatching cohorts contribute differently to established survival indices on the level of (i) later larval stages in Greifswald Bay and (ii) 1+ group juveniles in the overall western Baltic Sea. Results revealed that abundances of the earliest larval stage explain 62% of the variability of later stage larvae and 61% of the variability of surviving juveniles, indicating pre-hatching survival bottlenecks. Hatching cohorts occurring later during the spawning season contribute most to the surviving year class. Earlier hatching cohorts were not found to result in significant amounts of growing larvae, indicating a bottleneck phase at the critical period when larvae start feeding.
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Braun, Barbu Cristian. "Non Contact Displacement Transducers Implementation as Stage in the Development of a Flexible Low Cost Coordinate Measuring Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.312.
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The paper presents a stage of the research concerning the development and improvement of a low cost small flexible coordinate measuring machine (CMM) that could be used in the future both in research and industry. Its main advantage could refer to the low cost (only about 30 ÷ 40% of the cost of a CMM in the category on the market, having similar dimensions) in conditions of high performance criteria. This could be possible due to the fact that they were implemented some recycled components in the construction of the robotic drive axes of the machine structure, low cost scanning devices and low cost mechanical systems for fixing and adapting the scanning devices. The research stage presented in the paper is essential for the later stages of research to develop an integrated concept: low-cost, flexibility, precision and efficiency, all criteria referring to a small portable scanning CMM, with possible application in any domain. Specifically, the described research stage refers to evaluate the implementation of some scanning systems, type non-contact low-cost and modern displacement transducers, on the principle of emission of LASER radiation, in terms of scanning accuracy. The reason is that currently these systems are used more and more in the CMMs construction.
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Jones, E. A., and H. R. Woodland. "The development of animal cap cells in Xenopus: the effects of environment on the differentiation and the migration of grafted ectodermal cells." Development 101, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.1.23.
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We have used blastocoel and vegetal pole grafts to investigate the effect of environment on differentiation and movement of animal pole cells of Xenopus. In the blastocoel of embryos earlier than stage 10, fragments of animal pole primarily form mesoderm. The cells are either integrated into normal host tissues or they organize a secondary posterior dorsal axis. If either host or graft is later than stage 9 the graft forms ectoderm and its cells all migrate into the host ectoderm. Inner layer animal cells form sensorial layer; outer cells move to the epidermis. Thus considerable powers of appropriate movement are seen. In the vegetal pole no movement occurs. If the graft is stage 9 or earlier, or the host is stage 101/2 or earlier, the graft forms mesoderm, including striated muscle in the gut. This shows that muscle can develop in wholly the wrong environment, it suggests that the dorsal inductive signal from mesoderm is rather general in the vegetal mass and suggests that dorsal mesoderm development involves little subsequent adjustability. If the host is stage 11 or later, or the graft later than stage 9, the graft forms epidermis in the gut. This shows that the epidermal pathway of development is also insensitive to environment.
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Correa, Pedro, Pedro Bautista, Marlene Lopez, Marcos Villaseñor, Carlos García, Horacio Rostro-González, and Francisco J. Perez-Pinal. "An Approach of Beans Plant Development Classification Using Fuzzy Logic." Journal of Sensors 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4232536.
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In this paper, a method to monitor the growth of bean plants from images taken in their vegetative stage is presented. Through a fuzzy system and the RGB image components, the growth stages of the plant are classified to achieve a powerful tool in the precision agricultural field, which can reduce cost and increase system portability. This also serves as a reference for the growth of the plant according to its age, vigor, and healthy that could help to create the necessary environmental conditions. To carry out this research, the development of twenty bean plants was periodically monitored from their germinal to the first trifoliate leaf stage. Images were obtained with controlled background and lighting; later they were segmented by color to count the pixel’s average for each case. These data were used to propose six different fuzzy systems to choose the best one within them. Finally, it was found that the artificial vision system can identify the vegetative stages of germination, emergence, primary leaves, and first trifoliate leaf.
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Dehaene, Stanislas, and Jean-Pierre Changeux. "Development of Elementary Numerical Abilities: A Neuronal Model." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 4 (October 1993): 390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.4.390.
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Despite their lack of language, human infants and several animal species possess some elementary abilities for numerical processing. These include the ability to recognize that a given numerosity is being presented visually or auditorily, and, at a later stage of development, the ability to compare two nume-rosities and to decide which is larger. We propose a model for the development of these abilities in a formal neuronal network. Initially, the model is equipped only with unordered numerosity detectors. It can therefore detect the numerosity of an input set and can be conditioned to react accordingly. In a later stage, the addition of a short-term memory network is shown to be sufficient for number comparison abilities to develop. Our computer simulations account for several phenomena in the numerical domain, including the distance effect and Fechner's law for numbers. They also demonstrate that infants' numerosity detection abilities may be explained without assuming that infants can count. The neurobiological bases of the critical components of the model are discussed.
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Cabestan, Jean Pierre. "Taiwan's Mainland Policy: Normalization, Yes; Reunification, Later." China Quarterly 148 (December 1996): 1260–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000050621.
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Since 1949, the spectre of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has constantly dominated Taiwan's political stage. The PRC was considered until the mid-1960s by Chiang Kai-shek, then President of the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROCOT), as a part of the country to be reconquered from the Communist bandits (gongfei). And since the United States′ de-recognition in 1979 the reunification with mainland China has remained one of the key official objectives of the Nationalist regime.
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Alderfer, Clayton P. "Theories Reflecting My Personal Experience and Life Development." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 25, no. 4 (November 1989): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188638902500404.
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Social science theories are expressive acts by their authors, and thus reflect their authors' life experiences and developmental tasks. Maslow's theory of human motivation and Alderfer's conception of existence, relatedness, and growth (ERG) needs are frameworks accounting for the same phenomena. An alternative to Maslow's formulation, ERG theory was presented during a later historical period than its predecessor, and at an earlier stage of its author's life. In this autobiographical account, the author describes his childhood and adolescent origins and the events that led him to formulate ERG theory, examines the life stages at which he and Maslow developed their theories, and discusses how aspects of the authors' lives might account for similarities and differences in their conceptual products.
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Sabin, Roger. "Ally Sloper on Stage." European Comic Art 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/eca.2009.3.
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The article argues that the significance of the nineteenth-century comics character Ally Sloper cannot be understood without reference to the parallel career that this fictional celebrity developed across other media, most notably music hall. The history and evolution of the textual character, and of his various incarnations on stage and screen, are chronicled, with the aim both of documenting the expansion of working-class leisure culture and of demonstrating the centrality of Sloper to the development of a specifically British theatrical tradition that moved away from earlier continental models. Contemporary responses to Sloper, including moral outrage, are discussed, and the article concludes by analysing the skilled commercial exploitation of the character which would influence later practices in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
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Kappa, Ioanna. "On the acquisition of syllabic structure in Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jgl.3.03kap.
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AbstractThis study presents the results of an investigation into the acquisition of phonology of Greek by one child, between the ages 1;10–2;10. Our claim is that these results are relevant to the study of prosodic structure, specifically to syllable structure. We provide evidence that at the early stage of acquisition the child has only the unmarked CV-syllables and that codas are acquired at a later stage in interaction with morphological development. We will also provide an example of constraints that are fully satisfied in child language becoming minimally violable later in development, that is development as constraint reranking.
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Karlová, K. "Accumulation of flavonoid compounds in flowering shoots of Achillea collina Becker ex. Rchb. Alba during flower development." Horticultural Science 33, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3756-hortsci.
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The objective of this paper was a screening of flavonoid content in Achillea collina Becker ex. Rchb. Alba flowering tops (Herba millefolii) and flowers (Flos millefolii). Ten developmental stages of plant (flowers and tops separately) – from the beginning of flower differentiation to ripe seed stage – were studied. The methanol extract of plant material was used for HPLC analysis. The flavones apigenin, luteolin, and their 7-O-glucosides were found as the main flavonoid constituents in all developmental stages of both flower and top drug. Apigenin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside contents have a similar accumulation tendency during ontogenesis – their contents fluently increased until the full flower phase and then they decreased. Maximal apigenin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside content was established to range between 0.6 and 0.7 mg/g in millefolii herba and 0.9 and 1.3 mg/g in millefolii flos. The luteolin content has the same tendency and also quantity as apigenin and the highest value at the full flowering stage was found even stronger. On the other hand, luteolin-7-O-glucoside has the highest content at the stage of small flower bud (about 1.0 mg/g). Its amount decreased later on and it increased to the second maximum at the full flower phase.
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Bane, Brian C., Jana M. Van Rybroek, Sandra J. Kolker, Daniel L. Weeks, and Jose M. Manaligod. "EYA1 Expression in the Developing Inner Ear." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 114, no. 11 (November 2005): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940511401108.
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Objectives: We sought to determine the developmental anatomy and EYA1 protein distribution in the inner ear of Xenopus laevis. Methods: Xenopus laevis embryos were stained with monoclonal antibodies and imaged with confocal microscopy. Results: At stage 27, the otocyst fully forms, with strong tubulin staining of early sensory cells at its ventromedial aspect. Neuronal ingrowth follows at stage 33/34. At stage 50, the semicircular canals are complete. EYA1 localizes to the anterior aspect of the otocyst from stages 37 to 44. By stage 50, EYA1 distribution is localized primarily to the sensory maculae and the endolymphatic duct of the developing inner ear. Conclusions: Whole mount confocal imaging of the developing Xenopus inner ear delineates the exact timing of otic development, sensory cell differentiation, and innervation. EYA1 protein expression has a distinct distribution pattern at the anterior aspect of the developing otocyst in stages 41 and 44. Later stages have a more localized pattern, in which EYA1 is detected only in the sensory epithelium and endolymphatic duct. This specific pattern of expression indicates a possible role in the determination of the anterior-posterior orientation of the inner ear, as well as a later role in sensory cell differentiation.
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Gupta, Satish Kumar, Richa Singh, Deepak Kumar Chaurasia, and Dr Tarkeshwar P. Shukla. "Review: Formulation Development Studies." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48651.
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Abstract: The formulation development is crucial component of pharmaceutical development and important for therapeutic and commercial acquirement of product by delivering quality, safety and efficiency. The main parts of formulation development are product development methods like drug discovery, research etc. It is an essential factor not only in the starting stage of drug development, but also in later marketing success of drug product. It ties the exploration of a new drug substance to the successful development of a drug product. Formulation can determine patentability, lifecycle the success of a pharmaceutical product.
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Ghose, Ajit K. "Structural Change and Development in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 1 (April 2021): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211005496.
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Structural change—reallocation of labour from lower-productivity economic activities to higher-productivity ones—is not just an important contributor to growth but is also the principal route to improvement in employment conditions in developing economies. In history, remote and recent, structural change associated with successful development has involved labour reallocation from agriculture to manufacturing and services at early stages and from agriculture and manufacturing to services at later stages. Structural change in India, however, has been and continues to be very different; even at an early stage of development, labour reallocation has occurred from agriculture to services but not to manufacturing. While this kind of structural change has contributed to growth, its effect on employment has been very weak. The pace of improvement in employment conditions has been very slow. Economic growth, consequently, has not been accompanied by commensurate development. The challenge for the future is one of enhancing the role of manufacturing in the growth process.
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Pathirana, N. U. K., M. Meegaskumbura, and R. S. Rajakaruna. "Host resistance and tolerance to parasitism: development-dependent fitness consequences in Common Hourglass Tree Frog (Polypedates cruciger) tadpoles exposed to two larval trematodes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 11 (November 2019): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0126.
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Tolerance and resistance to parasites are defense strategies of host organisms. Here, we tested the development-dependent tolerance and resistance of Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 tadpoles to trematode infection. We exposed the tadpoles at Gosner stages 27, 28–29, and 30–31 to two types of cercariae (furcocercous and pleurolophocercous cercariae of Acanthostomum burminis (Bhalerao, 1926)) under laboratory conditions. To determine tolerance (the ability of a host to limit health effects of a given parasite load), we exposed the tadpoles until all cercariae penetrated the host. As a measure of determining resistance, we exposed tadpoles to cercariae for a limited time and counted the number of cercariae penetrating the tadpoles. The survival of tadpoles exposed at early stages was significantly lower than that of tadpoles exposed at later stages (mixed-effect model, p < 0.05), suggesting an age-dependent tolerance to parasitism. Tadpoles exposed at early stages were also smaller, took longer to metamorphosis, showed lower resistance to parasitism (ANOVA, p < 0.001), and developed axial malformations. In the resistance experiment, fewer parasites penetrated later stage tadpoles than early stage tadpoles. Tadpoles of P. cruciger showed a development-dependent tolerance and resistance to parasitism, resulting in greater survival and fewer malformations when parasitism occurs at late stages.
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Pokovai, Klára, János Géza Kovács, and János Nagy. "Investigation of the Effect of P-Supply on Maize (Zea mays L.) Development." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 10 (May 11, 2003): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/10/3489.
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Quantification of plant development is important in areas where the actual dates of certain phonological stages should be identified. The influences of different ecological factors are put into algorithms by crop modellers. In this process the effect of plant nutrients are not yet well quantified. This paper gives data on the effect of phosphorus on maize development prior to flowering stage. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. In lack of phosphorus more degree days are needed for flowering then in case of well P-supply. 2. The effect of P is seen not on leaf initialisation (i.e. final eaf number is the same) but rather on the phyllochron interval. 3. P effect on phyllochron interval can be observed at the younger stage (prior to leaf number 10) but not later.
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Zhu, Hong Bing, Yao Zhao, and Bo Xia. "Fatigue Test Studies on Reinforced Concrete Hollow Slab Girder." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.825.
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Reinforced Concrete (RC) Hollow Slab Girder is widely used in Highway Engineering, and fatigue load is an essential aspect of causing damage. In order to accurately calculate the distribution and development laws of RC hollow slab girder fatigue strain, experiment on Amplitude fatigue with five experimental beams were done in the laboratory. The beams obviously presented a rule of three stages: the damage development is fast in fore period and later period; but the hazard from fatigue in the midterm developed steadily relatively. The destruction of fatigue damage is the steel brittle fracture. Fatigue failure could be divided into three periods: rapid development stage, stable stage and destruction stage. In last stage one or two main cracks continues to expand, the rest stop growing and gradually closed, it fatigue fractured at the main crack. With the increase of the number of cycles of fatigue loading, the growth rate slowed down into a relatively stable stage, when approaching destruction there is relatively substantially growth.
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Tang, John. "Financial intermediation and late development in Meiji Japan, 1868 to 1912." Financial History Review 20, no. 2 (May 15, 2013): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000085.
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Was nineteenth-century Japan an example of finance-led growth? Using a new panel data set of firms from the Meiji period (1868–1912), this article tests whether financial sector development influenced extensive firm activity across industries and locations. Results from a two-stage least squares first difference model suggest that financial intermediation is associated with additional net firm establishment, particularly in light manufacturing sectors like textiles. The overall effect is muted in the latter part of the period and among peripheral regions, which may underscore the respective roles of institutions and agglomeration economies in later stages of development.
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Summers, William L., Juan Jaramillo, and Theodore Bailey. "Microspore Developmental Stage and Anther Length Influence the Induction of Tomato Anther Callus." HortScience 27, no. 7 (July 1992): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.838.
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Anthers of L-680A', `Licato', and `Ailsa Craig' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were plated on Doy's basal medium 1 to determine whether microspore developmental stage and anther length influence anther callus production. Although calli were induced at all stages of anther development, anthers containing prophase I-stage microspores produced the highest frequency of calli. Fewer calli were produced as microspores approached the uninucleate and binucleate pollen stage. Callus diameter also decreased as anther development progressed. Significantly larger calli were produced from prophase I than later-stage anthers. Time of anther harvest (morning vs. afternoon) did not significantly affect callus number or diameter. Anther and flower bud length both were significantly correlated with anther developmental stage, the number of anthers producing calli, and mean calli diameter. In each case, anther length exhibited a significantly better correlation than bud length.