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Journal articles on the topic 'Latent myofascial trigger points (LTrPs)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Esparza, Danilo, Arian R. Aladro-Gonzalvo, and Yves Rybarczyk. "Effects of Local Ischemic Compression on Upper Limb Latent Myofascial Trigger Points: A Study of Subjective Pain and Linear Motor Performance." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2019 (March 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5360924.

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Objective. To analyse the effect of the manual ischemic compression (IC) on the upper limb motor performance (MP) in patients with LTrPs. Materials and Methods. A quasiexperimental study was performed in twenty subjects allocated to either patients group with LTrPs (PG, n=10) or healthy group with no symptoms (HG, n=10). Subjective pain and linear MP (movement time and Fitts’ Law) were assessed before and after a linear tapping task. Data were analysed with mixed factorial ANOVA for intergroup linear motor performance differences and dependent t-student test for intragroup pain differences. Results. PG had a linear MP lower than the HG before treatment (p < 0.05). After IC, the PG showed a significant decrease of pain (4.07 ± 1.91 p < 0.001). Furthermore, the movement time (15.70 ± 2.05 p < 0.001) and the Fitts’ Law coefficient (0.80 ± 0.53 p < 0.001) were significantly reduced. However, one IC session did not allow the PG to get the same MP than the HG (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The results suggest the IC effectiveness on pain and MP impairment in subjects with LTrPs. However, the MP of these patients is only partially improved after the IC application.

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2

Ge, Hong-You, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." Current Pain and Headache Reports 15, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-011-0210-6.

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3

Li, Lian-Tao, Hong-You Ge, Shou-Wei Yue, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Nociceptive and Non-nociceptive Hypersensitivity at Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." Clinical Journal of Pain 25, no. 2 (February 2009): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181878f87.

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4

Ge, Hong-You, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, and Pascal Madeleine. "Accelerated Muscle Fatigability of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in Humans." Pain Medicine 13, no. 7 (July 2012): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01416.x.

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5

Lew, P. C., J. Lewis, and I. Story. "Inter-therapist reliability in locating latent myofascial trigger points using palpation." Manual Therapy 2, no. 2 (May 1997): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/math.1997.0289.

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6

Kusunoki, Shinji, Katsuyuki Moriwaki, Kotaro Kawaguchi, and Osafumi Yuge. "Latent myofascial trigger points in paraspinal muscles of patients with chronic pain." Pain Clinic 14, no. 1 (June 2002): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856902760189250.

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7

Gautschi, R. "Latent Myofascial Trigger Points: Their Effects on Muscle Activation and Movement Efficiency." manuelletherapie 11, no. 01 (February 12, 2007): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-927255.

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8

Lucas, Karen R., Peter A. Rich, and Barbara I. Polus. "How Common Are Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Scapular Positioning Muscles?" Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 16, no. 4 (January 2008): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10582450802479800.

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9

Lucas, Karen R., Barbara I. Polus, and Peter A. Rich. "Latent myofascial trigger points: their effects on muscle activation and movement efficiency." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 8, no. 3 (July 2004): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2003.12.002.

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10

Wang, Yong-Hui, Xin-Li Ding, Yang Zhang, Jing Chen, Hong-You Ge, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, and Shou-Wei Yue. "Ischemic compression block attenuates mechanical hyperalgesia evoked from latent myofascial trigger points." Experimental Brain Research 202, no. 2 (December 25, 2009): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2129-2.

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11

Ge, Hong-You, Yang Zhang, Shellie Boudreau, Shou-Wei Yue, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Induction of muscle cramps by nociceptive stimulation of latent myofascial trigger points." Experimental Brain Research 187, no. 4 (March 4, 2008): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1331-y.

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12

Abichandani, Deepa, and Meghna Mehta. "Comparison of Cervical Proprioception in Individuals with and without Latent Myofascial Trigger points." International Journal of Therapies and Rehabilitation Research 5, no. 5 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijtrr.000000182.

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13

Zhang, Yang, Hong-You Ge, Shou-Wei Yue, Yoshiyuki Kimura, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Attenuated Skin Blood Flow Response to Nociceptive Stimulation of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 90, no. 2 (February 2009): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.06.037.

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14

Valera-Calero, Juan Antonio, Sandra Sánchez-Jorge, Jorge Buffet-García, Umut Varol, Gracia María Gallego-Sendarrubias, and Javier Álvarez-González. "Is Shear-Wave Elastography a Clinical Severity Indicator of Myofascial Pain Syndrome? An Observational Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132895.

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Since manual palpation is a subjective procedure for identifying and differentiate Myofascial Trigger Points -MTrPs-, the use of Shear Wave Elastography -SWE- as an objective alternative is increasing. This study aimed to analyze pain pressure thresholds -PPTs- and SWE differences between active MTrPs, latent MTrPs and control points located in the upper trapezius to analyze the association of SWE features with clinical severity indicators (e.g., pain extension area, PPTs, neck pain and neck disability). An observational study was conducted to calculate the correlation and to analyze the differences of sociodemographic, clinical and SWE features on 34 asymptomatic subjects with latent MTrPs and 19 patients with neck pain and active MTrPs. Significant PPT differences between active with latent MTrPs (p < 0.001) and control points (p < 0.001) were found, but no differences between latent MTrPs and control points (p > 0.05). No stiffness differences were found between active MTrPs with latent MTrPs or control points (p > 0.05). However, significant control point stiffness differences between-samples were found (p < 0.05). SWE showed no significant correlation with clinical severity indicators (p > 0.05). No stiffness differences between active and latent MTrPs were found. Neck pain patients showed increased control point stiffness compared with asymptomatic subjects. SWE showed no association with clinical severity indicators.

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15

Ge, Hong-You, Mariano Serrao, Ole K. Andersen, Thomas Graven-Nielsen, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Increased H-Reflex Response Induced by Intramuscular Electrical Stimulation of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." Acupuncture in Medicine 27, no. 4 (December 2009): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.2009.001099.

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Background Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) present with mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. No electrophysiological evidence exists as to the excitability of muscle spindle afferents at myofascial trigger points MTrPs. The purpose of this current study was to explore whether an H-reflex response could be elicited from intramuscular electrical stimulation. If so, to assess the possibility of increased reflex response at MTrPs. Methods The H-reflex latency and the conduction velocity were first determined from electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve in 13 healthy subjects. Then an intramuscular monopolar needle electrode was inserted randomly into a latent MTrP or a non-MTrP in the gastrocnemius muscle. Electrical stimuli at different intensities were delivered via the intramuscular recording electrode to the MTrP or non-MTrP. Results The average conduction velocity (44.3 ± 1.5 m/s) of the electrical stimulation of tibial nerve was similar (p>0.05) with the conduction velocity (43.9 ± 1.4 m/s) of intramuscular electrical stimulation. The intramuscular H-reflex at MTrPs was higher in amplitude than non-MTrPs (p<0.001). The reflex threshold was lower for MTrPs than non-MTrPs (p<0.001). Conclusion The current study provides first electrophysiological evidence that intramuscular electrical stimulation can evoke H-reflex, and that higher H-reflex amplitude and lower H-reflex threshold exist at MTrPs than non-MTrPs respectively, suggesting that muscle spindle afferents may be involved in the pathophysiology of MTrPs.

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16

Chen, Kai-Hua, Kuang-Yu Hsiao, Chu-Hsu Lin, Wen-Ming Chang, Hung-Chih Hsu, and Wei-Chi Hsieh. "Remote Effect of Lower Limb Acupuncture on Latent Myofascial Trigger Point of Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Pilot Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/287184.

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Objectives. To demonstrate the use of acupuncture in the lower limbs to treat myofascial pain of the upper trapezius muscles via a remote effect.Methods. Five adults with latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) of bilateral upper trapezius muscles received acupuncture at Weizhong (UB40) and Yanglingquan (GB34) points in the lower limbs. Modified acupuncture was applied at these points on a randomly selected ipsilateral lower limb (experimental side) versus sham needling on the contralateral lower limb (control side) in each subject. Each subject received two treatments within a one-week interval. To evaluate the remote effect of acupuncture, the range of motion (ROM) upon bending the contralateral side of the cervical spine was assessed before and after each treatment.Results. There was significant improvement in cervical ROM after the second treatment (P=0.03) in the experimental group, and the increased ROM on the modified acupuncture side was greater compared to the sham needling side (P=0.036).Conclusions. A remote effect of acupuncture was demonstrated in this pilot study. Using modified acupuncture needling at remote acupuncture points in the ipsilateral lower limb, our treatments released tightness due to latent MTrPs of the upper trapezius muscle.

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17

Sánchez Romero, Eleuterio A., Josué Fernández Carnero, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, César Calvo-Lobo, Victoria Ochoa Sáez, Verónica Burgos Caballero, Sofia Laguarta Val, Paolo Pedersini, and Daniel Pecos Martín. "Prevalence of Myofascial Trigger Points in Patients with Mild to Moderate Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: A Secondary Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082561.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) and the correlation between the number of MTrPs and pain and function in patients presenting knee pain osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional study. The prevalence of MTrPs located in tensor fasciae latae, hip adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and popliteus muscles was studied in 114 patients (71 men and 43 women) with knee OA. Pain and functionality were assessed with a numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), the Western Ontario, McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, the Barthel Index, and the timed up and go test. Results: The prevalence of latent MTrPs was detected via palpation and was estimated to be 50%, 35%, 25%, 29%, 33%, and 12% for tensor fasciae latae, hip adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and popliteus muscles, respectively. The prevalence of active MTrPs was estimated to be 11%, 17%, 30%, 18%, 25%, and 17% for tensor fasciae latae, hip adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and popliteus muscles, respectively. Pain was measured with the NPRS scale and was poorly correlated with the prevalence of latent MTrPs (r = 0.2; p = 0.03) and active MTrPs (r = 0.23; p = 0.01) in the hamstrings. Disability was moderately correlated with the number of latent MTrPs in the tensor fasciae latae muscle (Barthel, r = 0.26; p = 0.01 and WOMAC, r = 0.19; p = 0.04). Conclusions: This secondary analysis found that the prevalence of the MTrPs varied from 11% to 50% in different muscles of patients with mild to moderate painful knee osteoarthritis. Pain was correlated poorly with the prevalence of latent and active MTrPs in the hamstring muscles, and disability correlated moderately with the number of latent MTrPs in tensor fasciae latae.

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18

Calvo-Lobo, César, Ignacio Diez-Vega, Beatriz Martínez-Pascual, Silvia Fernández-Martínez, Mónica de la Cueva-Reguera, Gerson Garrosa-Martín, and David Rodríguez-Sanz. "Tensiomyography, sonoelastography, and mechanosensitivity differences between active, latent, and control low back myofascial trigger points." Medicine 96, no. 10 (March 2017): e6287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000006287.

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19

Wang, Yonghui, Fei Meng, Jing Chen, and Shouwei Yue. "No. 75 Ischemic Compression Block Attenuates Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity Evoked From Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." PM&R 6, no. 8 (August 2014): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.08.318.

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20

Trampas, Athanasios, Athanasios Kitsios, Evagelos Sykaras, Stamatios Symeonidis, and Lazaros Lazarou. "Clinical massage and modified Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation stretching in males with latent myofascial trigger points." Physical Therapy in Sport 11, no. 3 (August 2010): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.02.003.

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21

Kimura, Y., H. Y. Ge, Y. Zhang, M. Kimura, H. Sumikura, and L. Arendt-Nielsen. "Evaluation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor response following nociceptive stimulation of latent myofascial trigger points in humans." Acta Physiologica 196, no. 4 (August 2009): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.01960.x.

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22

Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., ML Cuadrado, and JA Pareja. "Myofascial Trigger Points, Neck Mobility and Forward Head Posture in Unilateral Migraine." Cephalalgia 26, no. 9 (September 2006): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01162.x.

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This paper describes the differences in the presence of myofascial trigger points (TrPs) in the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, temporalis and suboccipital muscles between unilateral migraine subjects and healthy controls, and the differences in the presence of TrPs between the symptomatic side and the nonsymptomatic side in migraine subjects. In addition, we assess the differences in the presence of both forward head posture (FHP) and active neck mobility between migraine subjects and healthy controls and the relationship between FHP and neck mobility. Twenty subjects with unilateral migraine without side-shift and 20 matched controls participated. TrPs were identified when there was a hypersensible tender spot in a palpable taut band, local twitch response elicited by the snapping palpation of the taut band and reproduction of the referred pain typical of each TrP. Side-view pictures were taken in both sitting and standing positions to measure the cranio-vertebral angle. A cervical goniometer was employed to measure neck mobility. Migraine subjects showed a significantly greater number of active TrPs ( P < 0.001), but not latent TrPs, than healthy controls. Active TrPs were mostly located ipsilateral to migraine headaches ( P < 0.01). Migraine subjects showed a smaller cranio-vertebral angle than controls ( P < 0.001), thus presenting a greater FHP. Neck mobility in migraine subjects was less than in controls only for extension ( P = 0.02) and the total range of motion in flexion/extension ( P = 0.01). However, there was a positive correlation between the cranio-vertebral angle and neck mobility. Nociceptive inputs from TrPs in head and neck muscles may produce continuous afferent bombardment of the trigeminal nerve nucleus caudalis and, thence, activation of the trigeminovascular system. Active TrPs located ipsilateral to migraine headaches might be a contributing factor in the initiation or perpetuation of migraine.

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23

Ibarra, José Miota, Hong-You Ge, Chao Wang, Vicente Martínez Vizcaíno, Thomas Graven-Nielsen, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Latent Myofascial Trigger Points are Associated With an Increased Antagonistic Muscle Activity During Agonist Muscle Contraction." Journal of Pain 12, no. 12 (December 2011): 1282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.09.005.

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24

Wang, Chao, Hong-You Ge, José Miota Ibarra, Shou-Wei Yue, Pascal Madeleine, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Spatial Pain Propagation Over Time Following Painful Glutamate Activation of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in Humans." Journal of Pain 13, no. 6 (June 2012): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.001.

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25

Ge, Hong-You, Sonia Monterde, Thomas Graven-Nielsen, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Latent Myofascial Trigger Points Are Associated With an Increased Intramuscular Electromyographic Activity During Synergistic Muscle Activation." Journal of Pain 15, no. 2 (February 2014): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.009.

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26

Sánchez-Infante, Jorge, Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez, Fernando Jiménez, and Javier Abián-Vicén. "Effects of Dry Needling on Muscle Stiffness in Latent Myofascial Trigger Points: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Pain 22, no. 7 (July 2021): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2021.02.004.

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27

Lietz-Kijak, Danuta, Łukasz Kopacz, Roman Ardan, Marta Grzegocka, and Edward Kijak. "Assessment of the Short-Term Effectiveness of Kinesiotaping and Trigger Points Release Used in Functional Disorders of the Masticatory Muscles." Pain Research and Management 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5464985.

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Chronic face pain syndrome is a diagnostic and therapeutic problem for many specialists, and this proves the interdisciplinary and complex nature of this ailment. Physiotherapy is of particular importance in the treatment of pain syndrome in the course of temporomandibular joint functional disorders. In patients with long-term dysfunction of masticatory muscles, the palpation examination can localize trigger points, that is, thickening in the form of nodules in the size of rice grains or peas. Latent trigger points located in the muscles can interfere with muscular movement patterns, cause cramps, and reduce muscle strength. Because hidden trigger points can spontaneously activate, they should be found and released to prevent further escalation of the discomfort. Kinesiotaping (KT) is considered as an intervention that can be used to release latent myofascial trigger points. It is a method that involves applying specific tapes to the patient’s skin in order to take advantage of the natural self-healing processes of the body. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the kinesiotaping method and trigger points inactivation on the nonpharmacological elimination of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. The study was conducted in 60 patients (18 to 35 years old). The subjects were randomly divided into two subgroups of 30 people each. Group KT (15 women and 15 men) were subjected to active kinesiotaping application. Group TrP, composed of 16 women and 14 men, was subjected to physiotherapy with the release of trigger points by the ischemic compression method. The results show that the KT method and TrP inactivation brought significant therapeutic analgesic effects in the course of pain-related functional disorders of the muscles of mastication. The more beneficial outcomes of the therapy were observed after using the KT method, which increased the analgesic effect in dysfunctional patients.

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28

Doraisamy, Magesh Anand, and Anshul. "Effect of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points on Strength Measurements of the Upper Trapezius: A Case-Controlled Trial." Physiotherapy Canada 63, no. 4 (October 2011): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2010-27.

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29

Calvo-Lobo, César, Soraya Pacheco-da-Costa, and Edgar Hita-Herranz. "Efficacy of Deep Dry Needling on Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in Older Adults With Nonspecific Shoulder Pain." Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 40, no. 2 (2017): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jpt.0000000000000048.

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30

Bubnov, R., and O. Golubnitschaja. "AB0961 MYOFASCIAL TRIGGER POINTS ARE THE UNDEREVALUATED HYPOXIC NISCHES ALTERING POSTURE AND PHENOTYPE." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1777.1–1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1962.

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Objectives:Myofascial trigger point (MTrP) is a pillar pathophysiological unit in development of myofascial pain [1] and postural imbalance [2]. Dry needling (DN) of MTrP under ultrasound (US) guidance is prioritized method for treatment myofascial pain. Hypoxia-related signaling pathways play important role in development of rheumatic diseases and cancer [3,4].Hypothesis:MTrP are spastic hypovascularized hypoxic low energy areas that can produce organismic signaling, associated with niches in Flammer syndrome [3,4].Objectives:The aimwas to evaluate structure of MTrP in regard to stiffness and “ischemic pattern” before and after DN.Methods:We included 40 patients (26 females, aged 18–68 y.o.) with low back pain. Healthy 20 individuals (aged 18–52 y.o.) were controls. All patients underwent general exam, MRI, precise physical tests, extensive functional multiparameter neuromuscular US including M-mode, elastography (SWE), B-Flow (LOGIC E9 GE) of multifidus muscles. Then patients received DN of detected MTrP under US guidance.Results:We successfully detected MTrP as hypoechoic, stiff and hypovascular small areas with different patterns of decreasing motility, contractility (muscle contracted/rested thickness) in all patient and did precise DN. After DN muscle structure improved, motility, contractility restored, VAS scores changed from 7.4 to 2.3 (p <0.05). SWE was 11±6 kPa in MTrP (27 kPa in active, 5-8 kPa in latent MTrP) vs 3.8±0.3 kPa in controls and decreased to 4±0.4 kPa after treatment. Hypovascularity (“ischemic pattern”) size decreased from 3-4 mm to 0-1.5 mm, correlated with muscle function. Preliminary we found MTrP with more expressed hypovascular pattern, higher sensitivity and retaining levels of in individuals lower BMI and patient with Flammer phenotype [3,4] (13-15/15 positive responses to questionnaire).Conclusion:MTrP are stiff and most likely hypoxic areas, parameters improved after precise DN. US hunting for “ischemic pattern” markers can be important for patient stratification and targeted treatment and prevention. Metabolic profiling including HIF signaling, proteomic data collecting needed for further investigation for effective patients stratification. For the follow-up studies a correlation of the Flammer syndrome phenotype with individualised profiles of patients and diagnosed ischaemic patterns is recommended.References:[1]Bubnov RV: Evidence-based pain management: is the concept of integrative medicine applicable? EPMA J 2012; 3(1):13.[2]Bubnov R, Kalika L. EFFECTIVE RESTORING MOTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF MYOFASCIAL AND NEUROPATHIC LOW BACK PAIN BY TARGETED DRY NEEDLING USING ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2019;78:1921-1922.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5533[3]Flammer Syndrome: From Phenotype to Associated Pathologies, Prediction, Prevention and Personalisation. Ed. by Olga Golubnitschaja. Springer International Publishing, 2019: 340.4.Bubnov R, Polivka J, Zubor P, Konieczka K, Golubnitschaja O. “Pre-metastatic niches” in breast cancer: are they created by or prior to the tumour onset? “Flammer syndrome” relevance to address the question. EPMA J. 2017;8(2):141–57.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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31

Skorupska, Elżbieta, Michał Rychlik, Wiktoria Pawelec, Agata Bednarek, and Włodzimierz Samborski. "Trigger Point-Related Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Chronic Sciatic Leg Pain: A Case Study." Acupuncture in Medicine 32, no. 5 (October 2014): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010504.

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Sciatica has classically been associated with irritation of the sciatic nerve by the vertebral disc and consequent inflammation. Some authors suggest that active trigger points in the gluteus minimus muscle can refer pain in similar way to sciatica. Trigger point diagnosis is based on Travel and Simons criteria, but referred pain and twitch response are significant confirmatory signs of the diagnostic criteria. Although vasoconstriction in the area of a latent trigger point has been demonstrated, the vasomotor reaction of active trigger points has not been examined. We report the case of a 22-year-old Caucasian European man who presented with a 3-year history of chronic sciatic-type leg pain. In the third year of symptoms, coexistent myofascial pain syndrome was diagnosed. Acupuncture needle stimulation of active trigger points under infrared thermovisual camera showed a sudden short-term vasodilatation (an autonomic phenomenon) in the area of referred pain. The vasodilatation spread from 0.2 to 171.9 cm2 and then gradually decreased. After needling, increases in average and maximum skin temperature were seen as follows: for the thigh, changes were +2.6°C (average) and +3.6°C (maximum); for the calf, changes were +0.9°C (average) and +1.4°C (maximum). It is not yet known whether the vasodilatation observed was evoked exclusively by dry needling of active trigger points. The complex condition of the patient suggests that other variables might have influenced the infrared thermovision camera results. We suggest that it is important to check if vasodilatation in the area of referred pain occurs in all patients with active trigger points.

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32

Ginszt, Michał, Marcin Berger, Piotr Gawda, Andrzej Bożyk, Joanna Gawda, Jacek Szkutnik, Marta Suwała, Piotr Majcher, and Michał Kapelan. "The immediate effect of masseter trigger points compression on masticatory muscle activity." Forum Ortodontyczne 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3033.

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Masticatory muscle pain (MMP) is the most prevalent source of pain related to temporomandibular disorders. Some authors suggest that MMP may be related to the presence of myofascial trigger points (TrPs). Aim. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate effect of masseter (MM) trigger point compressions technique on masticatory muscle activity and pressure pain thresholds (PPT). Material and methods. The participants were 15 healthy adults (10 women and 5 men; mean age 23.1±3.6). All participants included into the study had unilateral latent trigger points (TrPs) in the masseter muscle. Compression technique (CoT) of the latent TrPs in the masseter muscle was performed by pressing with index finger using constant, calibrated pressure of 2 kg/cm2 on the TrPs for 90 seconds. The electrical activity of the examined muscles and pressure pain thresholds for masseter muscles were recorded prior and after CoT. Results. Mean surface electrical activity of the MM muscle with TrPs and both sides of digastric muscle (DA) during resting mandibular position after CoT was significantly lower than before CoT (mean differences: MM 1=-0.783, p=0.001; DA 1=-0.312, p=0.01; DA 2=-0.229, p=0.025). Mean PPT of the MM muscles with TrPs after CoT was significantly higher comparing to baseline (1.819 vs.1.529 kg, respectively; p=0.001). Conclusions. CoT of the TrPs in masseter muscle reduces masticatory muscles resting activity. The use of CoT applied to the TrPs in masseter muscle increases pain pressure threshold. CoT may be effective in the management of MMP. (Ginszt M, Berger M, Gawda P, Bożyk A, Gawda J, Szkutnik J, Suwała M, Majcher P, Kapelan M. The immediate effect of masseter trigger points compression on masticatory muscle activity. Orthod Forum 2017; 13: 79-88).

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Calvo-Lobo, César, Soraya Pacheco-da-Costa, Jorge Martínez-Martínez, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Pedro Cuesta-Álvaro, and Daniel López-López. "Dry Needling on the Infraspinatus Latent and Active Myofascial Trigger Points in Older Adults With Nonspecific Shoulder Pain." Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 41, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jpt.0000000000000079.

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Fahmy, Eman M., Abeer R. Ibrahim, and Aliaa M. Elabd. "Ischemic Pressure vs Postisometric Relaxation for Treatment of Rhomboid Latent Myofascial Trigger Points: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial." Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 44, no. 2 (February 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.07.005.

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Oliveira, Diego, Rafael Pinto, Larissa Reis, Isabela Dias, Isabel Leite, and Fabiola Leite. "Clinical effectiveness evaluation of laser therapy and dry needling in treatment of patients with myofascial pain in masseter muscle." International Journal of Orofacial Myology 44, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2018.44.1.2.

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Myofascial pain is considered a type of muscular TMD, being common in patients with musculoskeletal pain associated with active or latent trigger points. Among the therapeutic options, there are low-intensity laser therapy and dry needling. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of these two therapies in the masseter muscles of patients with myofascial pain. Ten patients diagnosed with myofascial pain, with or without limitation of mouth opening, were randomly divided into two groups for treatment with low intensity laser therapy (G1) (n = 5) or dry needling (G2) (n = 5). The pain symptomatology and the mouth opening measurement were evaluated weekly before the start of treatment, and one week after the final treatment. The comparison between G1 and G2 in relation to the improvement in mouth opening was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). However, dry needling (G2) has shown numerically to be more effective than laser therapy in a shorter period comparing initial and final mouth opening. Regarding the pain symptomatology, both therapies were effective comparing the initial and final evaluations of patients with myofascial pain (p <0.05).

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Benito-de-Pedro, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Losa-Iglesias, Rodríguez-Sanz, López-López, Cosín-Matamoros, Martínez-Jiménez, and Calvo-Lobo. "Effectiveness between Dry Needling and Ischemic Compression in the Triceps Surae Latent Myofascial Trigger Points of Triathletes on Pressure Pain Threshold and Thermography: A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101632.

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Background: Deep dry needling (DDN) and ischemic compression technic (ICT) may be considered as interventions used for the treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) in latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). The immediate effectiveness of both DDN and ICT on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and skin temperature of the latent MTrPs of the triceps surae has not yet been determined, especially in athletes due to their treatment requirements during training and competition. Objective: To compare the immediate efficacy between DDN and ICT in the latent MTrPs of triathletes considering PPT and thermography measurements. Method: A total sample of 34 triathletes was divided into two groups: DDN and ICT. The triathletes only received a treatment session of DDN (n = 17) or ICT (n = 17). PPT and skin temperature of the selected latent MTrPs were assessed before and after treatment. Results: Statistically significant differences between both groups were shown after treatment, showing a PPT reduction (p < 0.05) in the DDN group, while PPT values were maintained in the ICT group. There were not statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) for thermographic values before and treatment for both interventions. Conclusions: Findings of this study suggested that ICT could be more advisable than DDN regarding latent MTrPs local mechanosensitivity immediately after treatment due to the requirements of training and competition in athletes’ population. Nevertheless, further studies comparing both interventions in the long term should be carried out in this specific population due to the possible influence of delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage on PPT and thermography values secondary to the high level of training and competition.

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Bae, Youngsook. "Change the Myofascial Pain and Range of Motion of the Temporomandibular Joint Following Kinesio Taping of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26, no. 9 (2014): 1321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1321.

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Huang, Qiang-Min, Jiao-Jiao Lv, Qiong-Mei Ruanshi, and Lin Liu. "Spontaneous Electrical Activities at Myofascial Trigger Points at Different Stages of Recovery from Injury in a Rat Model." Acupuncture in Medicine 33, no. 4 (August 2015): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2014-010666.

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Background Spontaneous electrical activity (SEA) is a feature of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), which can either be latent or active. However, SEA at different stages of recovery from MTrPs remains unclear. Objective To investigate the temporal changes in the nature of SEA after generation of MTrPs in a rat model. Methods 32 rats were divided into four groups: 24 rats were assigned to experimental groups (EGs), which underwent the MTrP modelling intervention and 8 were allocated to a control group (CG). All EG rats received a blunt strike to the left vastus medialis combined with eccentric exercise for 8 weeks. After modelling, the EG rats were subdivided into three groups with total recovery times of 4, 8 and 12 weeks (EG-4w, EG-8w and EG-12w, respectively). Taut bands (TBs) with and without the presence of active MTrPs were identified in the left hind limb muscles of all rats, verified by SEA and further examined with electromyography recordings. Myoelectrical signals were also categorised into one of five types. Results CG rats had fewer TBs than EG rats and EGs showed variable frequencies of SEA. SEA frequencies were higher in EG-4w than in EG-8w and EG-12w groups (240.57±72.9 vs 168.14±64.5 and 151.63±65.4, respectively, p<0.05) and were significantly greater in all EGs than in the CG (55.75±21.9). Relative to CG rats, amplitudes and durations of electrical potentials in the EG were only increased in the EG-8w and EG-12w groups. Types IV and V myoelectrical signals were never seen in latent MTrPs and type V signals did not occur in EG-4w rats. Conclusions Increasing recovery periods following a MTrP modelling intervention in rats are characterised by different frequencies and amplitudes of SEA from TBs. Trial Registration Number 2014012.

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Gilliams, Elizabeth A., Jerome V. Danoff, Lynn H. Gerber, and Jay P. Shah. "Poster 132: Local Biochemical Response and Dynamics of Microdialysis Needle Insertion in Active, Latent and Absent Myofascial Trigger Points." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89, no. 11 (November 2008): e62-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.182.

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Ertekin, Ersen, Zehra Kasar, and Figen Turkdogan. "Is early diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome possible with the detection of latent trigger points by shear wave elastography?" Polish Journal of Radiology 86, no. 1 (2021): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pjr.2021.108537.

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Pecos-Martin, Daniel, Manuel José Ponce-Castro, José Jesús Jiménez-Rejano, Susana Nunez-Nagy, César Calvo-Lobo, and Tomás Gallego-Izquierdo. "Immediate effects of variable durations of pressure release technique on latent myofascial trigger points of the levator scapulae: a double-blinded randomised clinical trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 37, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2018-011738.

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Objective: Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) of the levator scapulae have a high prevalence and may influenceconditions of the neck and shoulder. The pressure release technique is one of the most recommended manual therapy techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying durations of the pressure release technique application on latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae. Methods: In a three-arm (1:1:1 ratio), double-blinded, parallel, randomised clinical trial, 60 healthy university students (23 men, 37 women) with a mean±SD age of 20.0±2.67 years were recruited. Subjects were assigned to receive pressure release in one latent MTrP of the levator scapulae lasting 30s (T30s; n=17), 60s (T60s; n=22) or 90s (T90s; n=21). Active cervical range of movement (CROM), strength, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and neck pain intensity at full stretch were measured immediately before and after treatment. Results: Mixed-model analyses of variance showed statistically significant differences for PPT (P=0.045; partial Eta2=0.103), comparing T60s versus T30s (P=0.009; Cohen’s d=1.044) and T90s versus T30s groups (P=0.001; Cohen’s d=1.253), and for left side bending strength (P=0.043; partial Eta2=0.105), comparing T90s versus T30s (P=0.023; Cohen’s d=0.907). The rest of the comparisons did not present any significant differences (P⩾0.05). Conclusions: The 60 s and 90 s applications of the pressure release technique may be recommended to increase PPT and strength, respectively, in latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae in the short term. Trial registration number: NCT03006822.

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Heredia-Rizo, A. M., I. Navarro-Carmona, and F. Piña-Pozo. "Efficacy of dry needling on latent myofascial trigger points in male subjects with neck/shoulders musculoskeletal pain. A case series." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.029.

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Abstract Aims To assess the impact of dry needling on neural mechanosensitivity and grip strength in male subjects with a history of persistent pain in the neck/shoulder area. Methods Case series study. Eight male subjects (mean age 25±6.24 years) with a recurrent history of bilateral neck/shoulder pain for at least 6 months, and with symptoms provoked by neck/shoulder postures or movement were recruited from a University-based clinical research center. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after intervention, and fifteen days later, of the pressure pain threshold (PPT) over the median, ulnar, and radial nerves, and the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Secondary measures included free-pain grip strength with a hydraulic dynamometer. A therapist assessed the presence of latent (not spontaneously painful, but painful upon palpation) myofascial trigger points (MTrP) over the scalene, subclavius, pectoralis minor, infraspinatus and serratus posterior superior muscles, on the most painful side. Deep dry needling was then performed on the latent MtrP by quickly inserting and partially removing the needle from the MTrP until 2 local twitch responses were provoked. Results PPT over the nerve trunks significantly increased after intervention (p < 0.05 for all locations). These changes remained constant in the second assessment, both in the treated (p < 0.001 for median and ulnar nerves, and p = 0.004 for radial nerve), and the non-treated upper limb (median nerve p < 0.001, ulnar nerve p = 0.003, and radial nerve p = 0.006). No statistical significance was found for PPT over the TA muscle (p > 0.05) or for grip strength (p = 0.153 on the treated side, and p = 0.564 on the non-treated upper limb). Conclusions Dry needling on the cervicothoracic and shoulder areas may help to improve peripheral neural features over the brachial plexus nerve trunks in subjects with recurrent neck/shoulder pain. No effect was observed for grip strength.

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Chen, Shu-Min, Jo-Tong Chen, Ta-Shen Kuan, Judith Hong, and Chang-Zern Hong. "Decrease in Pressure Pain Thresholds of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Middle Finger Extensors Immediately After Continuous Piano Practice." Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 8, no. 3 (January 2000): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j094v08n03_07.

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Lucas, Karen R., Peter A. Rich, and Barbara I. Polus. "Muscle activation patterns in the scapular positioning muscles during loaded scapular plane elevation: The effects of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points." Clinical Biomechanics 25, no. 8 (October 2010): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.05.006.

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Grieve, Rob, Sue Barnett, Nikki Coghill, and Fiona Cramp. "The prevalence of latent myofascial trigger points and diagnostic criteria of the triceps surae and upper trapezius: a cross sectional study." Physiotherapy 99, no. 4 (December 2013): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2013.04.002.

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Benito-de-Pedro, María, César Calvo-Lobo, Daniel López-López, Ana Isabel Benito-de-Pedro, Carlos Romero-Morales, Marta San-Antolín, Davinia Vicente-Campos, and David Rodríguez-Sanz. "Electromyographic Assessment of the Efficacy of Deep Dry Needling versus the Ischemic Compression Technique in Gastrocnemius of Medium-Distance Triathletes." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092906.

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Several studies have shown that gastrocnemius is frequently injured in triathletes. The causes of these injuries are similar to those that cause the appearance of the myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). The ischemic compression technique (ICT) and deep dry needling (DDN) are considered two of the main MPS treatment methods in latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). In this study superficial electromyographic (EMG) activity in lateral and medial gastrocnemius of triathletes with latent MTrPs was measured before and immediately after either DDN or ICT treatment. Taking into account superficial EMG activity of lateral and medial gastrocnemius, the immediate effectiveness in latent MTrPs of both DDN and ICT was compared. A total of 34 triathletes was randomly divided in two groups. The first and second groups (n = 17 in each group) underwent only one session of DDN and ICT, respectively. EMG measurement of gastrocnemius was assessed before and immediately after treatment. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.037) were shown for a reduction of superficial EMG measurements differences (%) of the experimental group (DDN) with respect to the intervention group (ICT) at a speed of 1 m/s immediately after both interventions, although not at speeds of 1.5 m/s or 2.5 m/s. A statistically significant linear regression prediction model was shown for EMG outcome measurement differences at V1 (speed of 1 m/s) which was only predicted for the treatment group (R2 = 0.129; β = 8.054; F = 4.734; p = 0.037) showing a reduction of this difference under DDN treatment. DDN administration requires experience and excellent anatomical knowledge. According to our findings immediately after treatment of latent MTrPs, DDN could be advisable for triathletes who train at a speed lower than 1 m/s, while ICT could be a more advisable technique than DDN for training or competitions at speeds greater than 1.5 m/s.

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Kim, Yushin, Hong-Ryeol Yang, Jae-Woo Lee, and Bum-Chul Yoon. "Effects of the high-power pain threshold ultrasound technique in the elderly with latent myofascial trigger points: A double-blind randomized study." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 27, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-130414.

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Parikh, Sagar S., Jay P. Shah, Jerome Danoff, Lynn H. Gerber, Lynn Y. Nakamura, and Terry Phillips. "Poster 101: The Biochemical Response Post Microdialysis Needle Insertion in Active, Latent, and Absent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88, no. 9 (September 2007): E37—E38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.459.

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Sánchez-Infante, J., A. Bravo-Sánchez, F. Jiménez, and J. Abián-Vicén. "Effects of dry needling on mechanical and contractile properties of the upper trapezius with latent myofascial trigger points: A randomized controlled trial." Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 56 (December 2021): 102456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102456.

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Benito-de-Pedro, María, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Daniel López-López, Patricia Palomo-López, Victoria Mazoteras-Pardo, and and César Calvo-Lobo. "Effectiveness of Deep Dry Needling vs Ischemic Compression in the Latent Myofascial Trigger Points of the Shortened Triceps Surae from Triathletes on Ankle Dorsiflexion, Dynamic, and Static Plantar Pressure Distribution: A Clinical Trial." Pain Medicine 21, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): e172-e181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz222.

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Abstract Objective To determine the immediate efficacy of a single session of deep dry needling (DDN) vs ischemic compression (ICT) in a latent myofascial trigger point (MTrP) of the shortened triceps surae from triathletes for ankle dorsiflexion and redistribution of plantar pressures and stability. Design A randomized simple blind clinical trial (NCT03273985). Setting An outpatient clinic. Subjects Thirty-four triathletes with a latent MTrP in the shortened gastrocnemius. Methods Triathletes were randomized to receive a single session of DDN (N = 17) or ICT (N = 17) in a latent MTrP of the shortened triceps surae. The primary outcome was ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) by a universal goniometer. Secondary objectives were distribution of dynamic and static plantar pressures by T-Plate platform pressure, with measurements both before and after five, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes of treatment. Results There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) for ankle dorsiflexion ROM or dynamic and static plantar pressures between the experimental group treated with DDN and the control group treated with ICT before and after treatment. Conclusions DDN vs ICT carried out in latent MTrPs of the shortened gastrocnemius of triathletes did not present differences in terms of dorsiflexion ROM of the tibiofibular-talar joint or in static and dynamic plantar pressure changes before and immediately after treatment.

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