Journal articles: 'Latent active strategy'

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Boons, Geert-Jan, Andrew Burton, and Paul Wyatt. "Glycosyl Phosphates: A New Latent-Active Anomeric Phosphorylation Strategy." Synlett 1996, no. 04 (April 1996): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1996-5419.

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Cao, Suoding, Zhonghong Gan, and Rene Roy. "ChemInform Abstract: Active-Latent Glycosylation Strategy. Part 5. Active-Latent Glycosylation Strategy Toward Lewis X Pentasaccharide in a Form Suitable for Neoglycoconjugate Syntheses." ChemInform 30, no. 51 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199951194.

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Meng, Lingkui, Jing Zeng, and Qian Wan. "Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in Latent/Active Glycosylation." Synlett 29, no. 02 (October 20, 2017): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588582.

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A latent/active glycosylation strategy is efficient for rapid assembly of oligosaccharides. We recently developed novel OPTB/OPSB and SPTB/SPSB glycosides as two pairs of latent/active glycosyl donors. The active OPSB and SPSB glycosyl donors are efficiently activated by Tf2O via an interrupted Pummerer reaction mechanism. In this account, the design, developments, mechanism studies and applications of these new glycosylation methodologies are described.1 Introduction2 Conceiving Ideas3 Synthesis of OPSB and SPSB Glycosides4 Substrate Scope5 Application in the Synthesis of Natural Products6 Conclusion

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BOONS, G. J., A. BURTON, and P. WYATT. "ChemInform Abstract: Glycosyl Phosphates: A New Latent-Active Anomeric Phosphorylation Strategy." ChemInform 27, no. 33 (August 5, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199633225.

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Denholm, J. T., J. C. Millan-Marcelo, and K. Fiekert. "Latent tuberculosis infection and the EndTB Strategy: ethical tensions and imperatives." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0756.

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Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is increasingly recognised as central to programmatic TB activity, and a critical element in global progress towards TB elimination. LTBI affects a much larger group of people than active disease, who by definition are asymptomatic. Furthermore, while LTBI represents a state of risk, there remains significant uncertainty regarding which individuals will progress to active disease. Therefore, the development and implementation of LTBI management policies within the End TB Strategy requires careful ethical consideration. This article reviews ethical issues related to developments in LTBI diagnosis and management, including new tools and emerging policies and practice. Implications of LTBI management practices in specific settings are discussed, including healthcare worker infection and management of likely multidrug-resistant (MDR) LTBI. Better prediction of progression to active disease and less burdensome treatments would allow ethically appropriate expansion of testing programmes in future. However, even with existing tools there is a strong ethical imperative to provide the most effective and least burdensome therapy possible to those with LTBI, particularly those at highest risk of progression and/or poor outcomes from active disease. Greater community engagement is required in designing optimal LTBI management programmes, and ensure harms and benefits are appropriately balanced in specific settings.

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Boons, Geert-Jan, and Stephen Isles. "Vinyl glycosides in oligosaccharide synthesis (part 1): A new latent-active glycosylation strategy." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 21 (May 1994): 3593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73249-7.

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Maqueira-Albo, Isis, Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini, Giorgio Dell'Erba, Giuseppina Pace, Mauro Sassi, Myles Rooney, Roland Resel, Luca Beverina, and Mario Caironi. "A latent pigment strategy for robust active layers in solution-processed, complementary organic field-effect transistors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 44 (2017): 11522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03938g.

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Hasty, Scott J., Matthew A. Kleine, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "S-Benzimidazolyl Glycosides as a Platform for Oligosaccharide Synthesis by an Active-Latent Strategy." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 18 (March 23, 2011): 4197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201007212.

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Hasty, Scott J., Matthew A. Kleine, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "S-Benzimidazolyl Glycosides as a Platform for Oligosaccharide Synthesis by an Active-Latent Strategy." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 18 (March 23, 2011): 4283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201007212.

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Cao, Suoding, Zhonghong Gan, and René Roy. "Active–latent glycosylation strategy toward Lewis X pentasaccharide in a form suitable for neoglycoconjugate syntheses." Carbohydrate Research 318, no. 1-4 (May 1999): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00080-4.

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BOONS, G. J., and S. ISLES. "ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Glycosides in Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Part 1. A New Latent- Active Glycosylation Strategy." ChemInform 25, no. 42 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199442232.

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Sun, Yixin, Lei Wu, Peng Chen, Feng Zhang, and Lifeng Xu. "Using deep learning in pathology image analysis: A novel active learning strategy based on latent representation." Electronic Research Archive 31, no. 9 (2023): 5340–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/era.2023271.

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<abstract><p>Most countries worldwide continue to encounter a pathologist shortage, significantly impeding the timely diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer patients. Deep learning techniques have performed remarkably well in pathology image analysis; however, they require expert pathologists to annotate substantial pathology image data. This study aims to minimize the need for data annotation to analyze pathology images. Active learning (AL) is an iterative approach to search for a few high-quality samples to train a model. We propose our active learning framework, which first learns latent representations of all pathology images by an auto-encoder to train a binary classification model, and then selects samples through a novel ALHS (Active Learning Hybrid Sampling) strategy. This strategy can effectively alleviate the sample redundancy problem and allows for more informative and diverse examples to be selected. We validate the effectiveness of our method by undertaking classification tasks on two cancer pathology image datasets. We achieve the target performance of 90% accuracy using 25% labeled samples in Kather's dataset and reach 88% accuracy using 65% labeled data in BreakHis dataset, which means our method can save 75% and 35% of the annotation budget in the two datasets, respectively.</p></abstract>

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Laban-Lazović, Marija, Ana Blanka, Tatjana Adžić-Vukičević, Marina Đikić, and Nikola Trboljevac. "Different forms of mycobacterial infections in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: Case reports." Medicinski glasnik Specijalne bolnice za bolesti štitaste žlezde i bolesti metabolizma 27, no. 85 (2022): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mgiszm2285041l.

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Biological agents, including TNF-alpha antagonists, have been used in treatment of autoimmune diseases for over 20 years. Due to impaired T-cell immunity and blocked effects of TNF-alpha mediator, patients receiving this therapy have increased risk of developing tuberculosis or other non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. Both tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections may occur anytime in patients who have ever used these medicines, even after the first injection. Most often we see activation of latent tuberculosis confirmed by screening tests. IGRA tests (QuantiFERON and T-SPOT.TB) are significantly more sensitive and specific for testing population of immunosuppressed patients, in comparison to tuberculosis skin test. There are contemporary recommendations for diagnosing, monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and treatment of latent and active tuberculosis in adults and children in case of planning administration of TNF-alpha antagonists or in cases when these drugs have already been used. Prevention of active tuberculosis via diagnosing LTBI and use of chemoprophylaxis is the crucial component of the strategy of World Health Organization for elimination of TB (End TB Strategy).

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Sugiyama, Yuya, Nobuhiro Ueno, Shion Tachibana, Yu Kobayashi, Yuki Murakami, Takahiro Sasaki, Aki Sakatani, et al. "The safety of vedolizumab in a patient with Crohn’s disease who developed anti-TNF-alpha agent associated latent tuberculosis infection reactivation: A case report." Medicine 102, no. 28 (July 14, 2023): e34331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034331.

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Rationale: Latent tuberculosis (TB) infection screening before inducing anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) alpha agents is important to prevent TB reactivation. However, latent TB infection reactivation may still occur, and the ideal therapeutic strategy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who develop active TB infection has not been established. Vedolizumab (VDZ) has a good safety profile, with low incidence rates of serious infections. However, its safety in patients with latent TB infection reactivation associated with anti-TNF-alpha agents remains unknown. Patient concerns: A 21-year-old Vietnamese male patient presented to our hospital with hemorrhagic stool. He had no personal or family history of IBD or TB. Diagnoses: Colonoscopy revealed multiple longitudinal ulcers and a cobblestone appearance in the terminal ileum, as well as multiple small erosions and aphtha throughout the colon. Computed tomography revealed a right lung nodular lesion. Serological interferon-gamma release assay and several culture tests were all negative. Thus, he was diagnosed with ileocolonic Crohn’s disease (CD) without TB. Interventions: The intravenous anti-TNF-alpha agent administration with an immunomodulator was initiated. Outcomes: Computed tomography revealed nodular lesion expansion at the right lung, and serological interferon-gamma release assay was positive. He was diagnosed with latent TB infection reactivation. Anti-TNF-alpha agent with an immunomodulator was immediately discontinued, and anti-TB therapy was initiated. His endoscopic findings were still active, and VDZ was selected for maintenance therapy because VDZ has a favorable safety profile with low incidence rates of serious infections. Consequently, mucosal healing was achieved without active TB relapse. Lessons: This case report presented a patient in whom VDZ was continued as maintenance therapy without inducing TB relapse in a patient with CD who developed latent TB infection reactivation associated with anti-TNF-alpha agents and summarized the safety profile of VDZ for patients with IBD with active or latent TB infection. VDZ may be a safe option for induction and maintenance therapy in patients with CD, even in cases with latent TB infection reactivation.

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Mlay, Goodluck M., and Alfred K. Hugo. "Application of optimal control to tuberculosis model with parameter estimations: Bayesian approach." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.25.

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In this paper, one-strain tuberculosis (TB) model with two control mechanisms, education campaigns and chemoprophylaxis of TB-infected patients, was studied to determine their effects on the reduction of latent and active TB cases. In the case of analysis, boundedness and positivity of the model solutions were carried out to determine the biological feasibility of the study. Besides, the calibration of the parameters by utilizing the identifiability technique through the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) was thoroughly analysed. The optimum conditions for controlling TB were derived from the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. The numerical simulations were carried out using the forward-back sweep method with the help of the Runge-Kutta fourth-order numerical schemes. Simulation results showed that the education campaigns strategy is more effective in reducing TB infections than the chemoprophylaxis of TB-infected individuals. The combination of the two control strategies reduces a significant number of infections than when each strategy is used on its own. To minimize the transmission of TB from the community, we recommend the education campaigns strategy be a focal point and treatment of latent TB to be paired with the treatment of active TB cases. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Education campaigns, Chemoprophylaxis, MCMC

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Taylor, Philip N. "Inducible Systemic Resistance to Bacterial and Fungal Diseases in Plants." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600408.

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Plants, like animals, have resistance mechanisms which are activated only by inoculation with a pathogen. The activated resistance mechanism, initiated by a local infection, can be active throughout the whole plant, protecting it from disease for the remainder of its life. The induction of such latent resistance mechanisms may provide a new strategy for disease control in the future.

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Dyson, Louise, Eric Q. Mooring, Alex Holmes, Michael J. Tildesley, and Michael Marks. "Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed 2030 goals for Yaws." Gates Open Research 3 (October 16, 2019): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13078.1.

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The World Health Organization is currently developing 2030 goals for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In these, yaws has been targeted for eradication by 2030, with 50% of member states certified free of yaws transmission by 2023. Here we summarise the yaws modelling literature and discuss the proposed goal and strategy. The current Morges strategy involves rounds of Total Community Treatment (TCT), in which all members of the community are treated, and Total Targeted Treatment (TTT), treating active cases and their contacts. However, modelling and empirical work suggest that latent infections are often not found in the same household as active cases, reducing the utility of household-based contact tracing for a TTT strategy. Economic modelling has also discovered uncertainty in the cost of eradication, requiring further data to give greater information. We also note the need for improved active surveillance in previously endemic countries, in order to plan future intervention efforts and ensure global eradication.

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Esmail, H., C. E. Barry, D. B. Young, and R. J. Wilkinson. "The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1645 (June 19, 2014): 20130437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0437.

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The global health community has set itself the task of eliminating tuberculosis (TB) as a public health problem by 2050. Although progress has been made in global TB control, the current decline in incidence of 2% yr −1 is far from the rate needed to achieve this. If we are to succeed in this endeavour, new strategies to reduce the reservoir of latently infected persons (from which new cases arise) would be advantageous. However, ascertainment of the extent and risk posed by this group is poor. The current diagnostics tests (tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays) poorly predict who will develop active disease and the therapeutic options available are not optimal for the scale of the intervention that may be required. In this article, we outline a basis for our current understanding of latent TB and highlight areas where innovation leading to development of novel diagnostic tests, drug regimens and vaccines may assist progress. We argue that the pool of individuals at high risk of progression may be significantly smaller than the 2.33 billion thought to be immune sensitized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that identifying and targeting this group will be an important strategy in the road to elimination.

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Yoo, KeunHwan. "Analysis of Bayesian latent class model of health risk behavior of juvenile probation risk subjects: Focusing on adolescence." Taegu Science University Defense Security Institute 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37181/jscs.2023.7.1.075.

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In this study, under the assumption that the degree of response to health risk behaviors of each juvenile probation risk target is different through the latent class model, the degree of problem behavior of early juveniles belonging to different potential risk groups is different. We want to confirm that it has a characteristic. As a result of the analysis, first, based on 'self-efficacy', the higher the level of home environment, academic, children, mental state, respiratory, and mental health, the higher the social support. In the case of fire extinguishers, social support was low. Second, based on 'social support', active coping strategies were higher when sleep and physical activity, respiratory or circulatory system, and mental health were lower, and personal hygiene was lower. Third, based on the 'active coping strategy', the lower the level of sleep and physical activity, personal hygiene, academic and mental status, respiratory or circulatory system, the higher the active coping strategy. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the program and provide health promotion integrated management services for the discovered subjects. In addition, it is necessary to take a multilateral approach considering the types of health promotion behaviors in establishing health promotion policies for early youth.

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Petrushina, A. D., Daria M. Slashcheva, N. S. Brynza, N. D. Pirogova, S. V. Sosnovskaya, and A. P. Chernova. "VITAMIN D AND LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN SCHOOLCHILDREN." Russian Pediatric Journal 22, no. 6 (December 15, 2019): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2019-22-6-344-348.

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The World Health Organization has adopted the global TB strategy for the period of 2016-2035. To achieve its targets, it is necessary to propose and introduce new approaches for the prevention and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in children and adolescents, as a potential source of active tuberculosis development. In this regard, the use of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) may become promising in combating tuberculosis, since most researchers suppose an adequate level of cholecalciferol to have a positive preventive and therapeutic effect in children with active and latent tuberculosis. So far the use of vitamin D may be appropriate, especially in children not adequately provided with vitamin D. The paper presents the results of the vitamin D levels study before and after prescribing cholecalciferol, as well as the dynamics of the tuberculin skin tests in school-age LTBI children receiving preventive treatment with anti-TB drugs. At the initial examination, a normal level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) was not detected in any child. After 3 months of administration of vitamin D in therapeutic doses, a normal concentration of 25(OH)D was observed in 52% of the children examined repeatedly. Analysis of the tuberculin skin test dynamics showed 47.6% of children to have a negative/doubtful test result after 3 months of treatment with anti-TB drugs and vitamin D. In 9.5% of patients, the size of the papule did not change during treatment. It is important to note that in these children, the 25(OH)D level also did not increase. А vitamin D intake at a therapeutic dosage did not cause hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria in any child. LTBI children are inadequately provided with cholecalciferol. There fore it is necessary to determine the level of vitamin D in the blood, then to prescribe the vitamin D, regardless of the time of year, along with standard therapy for a more effective outcome of LTBI treatment and prevention of active forms of tuberculosis in the future.

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BĂLTEANU, Mara, Mihaela TĂNĂSESCU, Gina CIOLAN, and Constantin MARICA. "The management of latent tuberculosis infection in Romania – limits and perspectives." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2015.3.2.

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In 2014 the World Health Organization adopted a new strategy for tuberculosis control – infectious disease with the highest mortality in the world after AIDS. This new strategy – The End TB Strategy – is aimed to reducing tuberculosis disease by 90% and tuberculosis mortality by 95%, so that by 2035 TB is no longer considered a problem global public health. The World Health Organization report on tuberculosis published in 2014 is estimated that about one third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis (approx. 2 billion); 5-10% of them will develop active disease, thus fullfiling the TB pandemia. It is therefore an essential objective to diagnose these cases of latent tuberculosis infection and to establish precise criteria of the latent TB infection treatment. Tuberculin skin test is the most important test for emphasis of TB infection in an organism. The results obtained in recent years in mycobacterial genomics and human cell immunology have led to the development of other tests that detect tuberculosis infection, of which the most commonly used is the test that measures the release of IFN-γ (Interferon gamma-releasing assay IGRA). Any patient with increased risk of infection to disease progression and who has a positive skin test is a candidate for treatment. Immuno-compromised patients (HIV infected, treatment with anti-TNF, organ transplantation, immunosuppressive medication) with LTBI have a higher risk of reactivation. Immuno-compromised patients with LTBI should receive treatment.

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Boons, Geert-Jan, Barbra Heskamp, and Floris Hout. "Vinyl Glycosides in Oligosaccharide Synthesis: A Strategy for the Preparation of Trisaccharide Libraries Based on Latent-Active Glycosylation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35, no. 2324 (December 1996): 2845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199628451.

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Guo, Xiaofeng, Alain Pascal Goumba, and Cheng Wang. "Comparison of Direct and Indirect Active Thermal Energy Storage Strategies for Large-Scale Solar Heating Systems." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101948.

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Large-scale solar heating for the building sector requires an adequate Thermal Energy Storage (TES) strategy. TES plays the role of load shifting between the energy demand and the solar irradiance and thus makes the annual production optimal. In this study, we report a simplified algorithm uniquely based on energy flux, to evaluate the role of active TES on the annual performance of a large-scale solar heating for residential thermal energy supply. The program considers different types of TES, i.e., direct and indirect, as well as their specifications in terms of capacity, storage density, charging/discharging limits, etc. Our result confirms the auto-regulation ability of indirect (latent using Phase Change Material (PCM), or Borehole thermal storage (BTES) in soil) TES which makes the annual performance comparable to that of direct (sensible with hot water) TES. The charging and discharging restrictions of the latent TES, until now considered as a weak point, could retard the achievement of fully-charged situation and prolong the charging process. With its compact volume, the indirect TES turns to be promising for large-scale solar thermal application.

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Parker, Elizabeth M., Andrea C. Gielen, Renan Castillo, Daniel W. Webster, and Nancy Glass. "Intimate Partner Violence and Patterns of Safety Strategy Use Among Women Seeking Temporary Protective Orders." Violence Against Women 22, no. 14 (July 9, 2016): 1663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216631436.

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This study examined use of safety strategies, experience of violence, and perception of danger from intimate partner violence (IPV) among 197 women seeking temporary protective orders against their abusive partners/ex-partners. Latent class analysis was used to group women into classes based on their use of safety strategies. Five classes of strategy use were identified: two high-activity classes, two moderately active classes, and one low-activity class. More severe abuse, increased perception of danger, and unemployment were associated with being in the higher activity classes. More effective interventions and outreach tools are needed to help women in IPV situations.

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Fattorini, Lanfranco, Giovanni Piccaro, Alessandro Mustazzolu, and Federico Giannoni. "TARGETING DORMANT BACILLI TO FIGHT TUBERCULOSIS." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 5, no. 1 (November 19, 2013): e2013072. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2013.072.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills about 2 million people annually. Furthermore, 2 billion people worldwide are latently infected with this organism, with 10% of them reactivating to active TB due to re-growth of nonreplicating (dormant) Mtb residing in their tissues. Because of the huge reservoir of latent TB it is important to find novel drugs/drug combinations killing dormant bacilli (microaerophiles, anaerobes and drug-tolerant persisters) surviving for decades in a wide spectrum of granulomatous lesions in the lungs of TB patients. Antibiotic treatment of drug-susceptible TB requires administration of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 months. To avoid reactivation of dormant Mtb to active pulmonary TB, up to 9 months of treatment with isoniazid is required. Therefore, a strategy to eliminate dormant bacilli needs to be developed to shorten therapy of active and latent TB and reduce the reservoir of people with latent TB. Finding drugs with high rate of penetration into the caseous granulomas and understanding the biology of dormant bacilli and in particular of persister cells, phenotypically resistant to antibiotics, will be essential to eradicate Mtb from humans. In recent years unprecedented efforts have been done in TB drug discovery, aimed at identifying novel drugs and drug combinations killing both actively replicating and nonreplicating Mtb in vitro, in animal models and in clinical trials in humans.

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Carvalho, Anna Cristina Calçada, Claudete Aparecida Araújo Cardoso, Terezinha Miceli Martire, Giovanni Battista Migliori, and Clemax Couto Sant’Anna. "Epidemiological aspects, clinical manifestations, and prevention of pediatric tuberculosis from the perspective of the End TB Strategy." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 44, no. 2 (April 2018): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562017000000461.

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ABSTRACT Tuberculosis continues to be a public health priority in many countries. In 2015, tuberculosis killed 1.4 million people, including 210,000 children. Despite the recent progress made in the control of tuberculosis in Brazil, it is still one of the countries with the highest tuberculosis burdens. In 2015, there were 69,000 reported cases of tuberculosis in Brazil and tuberculosis was the cause of 4,500 deaths in the country. In 2014, the World Health Organization approved the End TB Strategy, which set a target date of 2035 for meeting its goals of reducing the tuberculosis incidence by 90% and reducing the number of tuberculosis deaths by 95%. However, to achieve those goals in Brazil, there is a need for collaboration among the various sectors involved in tuberculosis control and for the prioritization of activities, including control measures targeting the most vulnerable populations. Children are highly vulnerable to tuberculosis, and there are particularities specific to pediatric patients regarding tuberculosis development (rapid progression from infection to active disease), prevention (low effectiveness of vaccination against the pulmonary forms and limited availability of preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection), diagnosis (a low rate of bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis), and treatment (poor availability of child-friendly anti-tuberculosis drugs). In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of tuberculosis in childhood and adolescence, highlighting the peculiarities of active and latent tuberculosis in those age groups, in order to prompt reflection on new approaches to the management of pediatric tuberculosis within the framework of the End TB Strategy.

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Johnson, Matthew, Christele Arles, and Geert-Jan Boons. "Vinyl glycosides in oligosaccharide synthesis (part 5): A latent-active glycosylation strategy for the preparation of branched trisaccharide libraries." Tetrahedron Letters 39, no. 52 (December 1998): 9801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02177-7.

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Pollara, Gabriele, Carolin T. Turner, Joshua Rosenheim, Aneesh Chandran, Lucy C. K. Bell, Ayesha Khan, Amit Patel, et al. "Exaggerated IL-17A activity in human in vivo recall responses discriminates active tuberculosis from latent infection and cured disease." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 592 (May 5, 2021): eabg7673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg7673.

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Host immune responses at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can mediate pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and onward transmission of infection. We hypothesized that pathological immune responses would be enriched at the site of host-pathogen interactions modeled by a standardized tuberculin skin test (TST) challenge in patients with active TB compared to those without disease, and interrogated immune responses by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. We show exaggerated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and T helper 17 (TH17) responses among 48 individuals with active TB compared to 191 with latent TB infection, associated with increased neutrophil recruitment and matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, both involved in TB pathogenesis. Curative antimicrobial treatment reversed these observed changes. Increased IL-1β and IL-6 responses to mycobacterial stimulation were evident both in circulating monocytes and in molecular changes at the site of TST in individuals with active TB, supporting a model in which monocyte-derived IL-1β and IL-6 promote TH17 differentiation within tissues. Modulation of these cytokine pathways may provide a rational strategy for host-directed therapy in active TB.

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Johnston, B. Lynn, and John M. Conly. "Re-Examining Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 4 (2001): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/616419.

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In April 2000, the American Thoracic Society published guidelines for targeted tuberculin testing and the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) (1). These guidelines are a joint statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and were endorsed by both the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Similar recommendations were published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America in its guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) (2). These updated guidelines were developed in recognition of the importance of treating LTBI as one component of eliminating TB in the United States - a goal reiterated in 1999 by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (3) - but also realizing the differing risks and benefits of treatment for patients based on their individual risks of developing active disease or drug toxicity (4). The 2000 edition of theCanadian Tuberculosis Standardsprovided similar recommendations for the treatment of LTBI (formerly known as chemoprophylaxis) and reminded us of the two major Canadian TB elimination initiatives: the National Tuberculosis Elimination Strategy (Medical Services Branch, 1992), with the aim of eliminating TB in First Nations people by 2010, and the National Consensus Conference on Tuberculosis (Health Canada, 1997), with an interim goal of a 5% reduction in the number of TB cases each year in Canada (5). Given the recent publication of the American guidelines and the updatedCanadian Tuberculosis Standards(Fifth Edition), it was considered timely to remind readers of the evidence supporting the use of antituberculous chemotherapy in the treatment of latent infection.

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Galindo, Javier Leonardo, Adriana Catalina Galeano, David Alfonso Suarez-Zamora, Ana Milena Callejas, Mónica Patricia Caicedo-Verástegui, Darío Londoño, Luis Gerardo García-Herreros, et al. "Comparison of the QuantiFERON-TB and tuberculin skin test for detection of latent tuberculosis infection in cancer patients in a developing country." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 00258–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00258-2018.

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Cancer patients have an increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection. It is unknown which strategy on screening should be used in this population in developing countries. We aimed to determine the concordance between the tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®-TB (QFT) assay in order to diagnose latent tuberculosis infection in cancer patients.We conducted a cross-sectional study of the agreement of diagnostic tests. Prevalence and agreement between tests were calculated. A logistic regression to assess predictors of discordance was performed. The accuracy of the TST to predict QFT results by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was evaluated.We included 149 adults with cancer without active tuberculosis. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection was 21.5% (n=32), defined as positive results on either test. Test agreement was moderate for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (κ=0.43, 90% CI 0.26–0.6). No predictor was associated with the chance of discordant results. Agreement improved slightly using a cut-off point ≥8 mm (κ=0.5, 90% CI 0.35–0.66).In a moderate-incidence setting, a moderate agreement was found between tests in cancer patients. Modification of the cut-off points of test results achieved marginally better agreement between the TST and QFT.

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Fedotova, Iryna, Oksana Kryvoruchko, and Volodymyr Shynkarenko. "Theoretical aspects of determining the types of customer loyalty." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196704004.

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An approach to identifying types of customer loyalty which is based on the customer loyalty matrix in terms of attitudinal and behavioral loyalty has been further developed. The proposed criteria are divided into three levels: high, medium and low. The improved customer loyalty matrix includes nine types of loyalty: true, active, latent, projected, neutral, basic, spurious, ultimate and no loyalty. Based on the loyalty matrix, a gradation of consumers according to the type of loyalty is made, which enables to develop a further strategy to increase the loyalty of an individual consumer.

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Santiváñez-Acosta, Rocio, Elena de las Nieves Tapia-López, and Marilina Santero. "Music Therapy in Pain and Anxiety Management during Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Medicina 56, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56100526.

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Background and Objective: The study of music therapy in labor is unknown. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy to manage pain and anxiety during labor. Materials and Methods: A search strategy was used with PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, TRIPDATABASE, and Google Scholar. The selection criteria were based on randomized clinical trials; quasi-experimental research on pain intensity and anxiety during labor was evaluated. The primary outcomes were measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). A meta-analysis of the fixed effects was performed using mean differences (MD). Twelve studies were included for the final analysis, six (778 women) of which were meta-analyzed. Results: Decreased VAS scores for pain intensity associated with music therapy were found in the latent (MD: −0.73; 95% CI −0.99; −0.48) and active (MD: −0.68; 95% CI −0.92; –0.44) phases of labor. VAS scores for anxiety decreased both in the latent (MD: −0.74; 95% CI −1.00; −0.48) and active (MD: −0.76; 95% CI −0.88; −0.64) phases. Conclusion: Music therapy seems to have beneficial effects on pain intensity and anxiety during labor, especially for women giving birth for the first time. However, the evidence is qualified as low.

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Png, May Ee, Joanne Yoong, Catherine Wei Min Ong, Dale Fisher, and Natasha Bagdasarian. "A screening strategy for latent tuberculosis in healthcare workers: Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of universal versus targeted screening." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 3 (February 21, 2019): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.334.

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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the clinical, cost-efficiency, and budgetary implications of universal versus targeted latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening strategies among healthcare workers (HCWs) in an intermediate tuberculosis (TB)-burden country.Design:Pragmatic cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis using decision-analytic modeling.Setting:A tertiary-care hospital in Singapore.Methods:We compared 7 potentially implementable LTBI screening programs including universal and targeted strategies with different screening frequencies. Feasible targeting methods included stratification by country of origin (a proxy for risk of prior TB exposure) and by high-risk occupation. The clinical and financial consequences of each strategy were estimated relative to “no screening” (current practice) and compared to locally appropriate cost-effectiveness thresholds. All analyses were conducted from the hospital’s perspective over a 3-year time horizon, based on the typical hospital planning period. Parameter uncertainties were accounted for using sensitivity analyses.Results:In our model, relative to current practice, screening new international hires and triennial screening of existing high-risk workers is most cost-effective (US$58 per quality adjusted life year [QALY]) and decreases active TB cases from 19 to 14. Screening all new hires combined with triennial universal screening, with or without annual high-risk screening or annual universal screening, reduced active TB to a range of 19 to 6 cases, but these strategies are less cost-effective and require substantially higher expenditures.Conclusions:Targeted LTBI screening for HCWs can be highly cost-effective for hospitals in settings similar to Singapore. More inclusive screening strategies (including regular universal screening) can yield better outcomes but are less efficient and may even be unaffordable.

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Chen, Shiu-Jau, and Yuan-Chuan Chen. "Potential Application of TALENs against Murine Cytomegalovirus Latent Infections." Viruses 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050414.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are still a global health problem, because the latent viruses persist in humans and cause recurring diseases. Currently, there are no therapies for CMV latent infections and the therapies for active infections are limited by side effects and other problems. It is impossible to eradicate latent viruses in animals. HCMV (human CMV) is specific to human diseases; however, it is difficult to study HCMV due to its host specificity and long life cycle. Fortunately, MCMV (murine CMV) provides an excellent animal model. Here, three specific pairs of transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) plasmids (MCMV1–2, 3–4, and 5–6) were constructed to target the MCMV M80/80.5 sequence in order to test their efficacy in blocking MCMV lytic replication in NIH3T3 cell culture. The preliminary data showed that TALEN plasmids demonstrate specific targeting and cleavage in the MCMV M80/80.5 sequence and effectively inhibit MCMV growth in cell culture when the plasmid transfection is prior to the viral infection. The most specific pairs of TALEN plasmids (MCMV3–4) were further used to confirm the negative regulation of latent MCMV replication and gene expression in Balb/c mice. The injection of specific TALEN plasmids caused significant inhibition in the copy number level of immediately early gene (ie-1) DNA in five organs of mice, when compared with the controls. The result demonstrated that TALENs potentially provide an effective strategy to remove latent MCMV in animals.

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Slobedman, Barry, Edward S. Mocarski, Ann M. Arvin, Elizabeth D. Mellins, and Allison Abendroth. "Latent cytomegalovirus down-regulates major histocompatibility complex class II expression on myeloid progenitors." Blood 100, no. 8 (October 15, 2002): 2867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v100.8.2867.

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Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in bone marrow–derived myeloid lineage cells. Although downmodulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II protein levels occurs during active viral replication, little is known about the modulation of these proteins during latent infection. When analyzed by flow cytometry, latently infected adherent cells collected from granulocyte macrophage progenitor (GM-P) cultures exhibited a striking reduction in MHC class II antigen present on the cell surface starting very early after exposure to virus that continued for more than 2 weeks. In comparison, cell surface levels of the monocyte cell surface marker CD14 remained unaltered in these cells. A recombinant virus (RV798) lacking the virus genes US2-US11 retained the ability to downmodulate MHC class II levels during latent infection. Immunoblot and immunofluorescent antibody staining analyses showed that the reduction in MHC class II surface levels during latency was associated with a block in protein trafficking. HLA-DR was retained within cytoplasmic vesicles that also contained HLA-DM. Thus, downmodulation remained independent of all previously characterized MHC class I and class II immunomodulatory viral gene products and involved a mechanism not previously ascribed to any viral function. These data show that latent infection is accompanied by reduced cell surface expression of MHC class II proteins, a strategy that would afford the virus escape from immunosurveillance and increase the chances for lifelong latent infection.

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Lasa, C., J. S. Osorio Chavez, D. Martínez-López, C. Álvarez-Reguera, V. Portilla, J. M. Cifrián-Martínez, I. Ferraz-Amaro, and R. Blanco. "AB1650 LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES: PREVALENCE AND SCREENING STRATEGY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 2060.1–2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.5674.

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BackgroundPatients with rheumatic immune-mediated diseases (R-IMID) with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) requiring biologic therapy (BT) are at an increased risk of active tuberculosis (TB). The prevalence of LTBI in patients with R-IMID varies depending on geographical location.An accurate diagnosis and prophylactic treatment of LTBI is crucial to reduce the risk of developing TB. No definitive gold standard exists for diagnosing LTBI. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are the most used tests.ObjectivesTo assess:a) Prevalence of LTBI in patients with (R-IMID), b) determine the importance of using a booster test in negative TST, c) to compare TST with the IGRA test in the detection of LTBI in patients with R-IMID and d) to perform a literature review of prevalence of LTBI in different geographical areas and its relationship with R-IMID.MethodsCross-sectional single University hospital study including all patients diagnosed with R-IMID who underwent a TST (±booster) and/or IGRA in a period from 2016 to 2020.If TST was negative, a new TST (Booster) was performed between 1 and 2 weeks after the first TST.Patients were diagnosed with R-IMID by an expert rheumatologist according to well-established ACR/EULAR classification criteria for each R-IMID.LTBI was defined by a positive TST and/or IGRA with no evidence of active TB. Diagnosis with IGRA vs TST was compared using Cohen’s kappa coefficient.We performed a literature review in search of previous prevalence studies of LTBI in patients with R-IMID. This search was performed in the month of August 2022. The aim of this review was to compare the prevalence of LTBI in patients with R-IMID in different geographical areas.ResultsWe included 1117 patients (741 women/376 men), mean age 53±15 years with LTBI. Overall LTBI prevalence was 31.7 % ranging from 25% in SLE up to 33.3% in BD.Results of prevalence compared to other countries are shown inTable 1.Booster was positive in 66 patients (7.7%) out of 857 patients with a negative simple TST. TST (+booster) was positive in 187 patients (22.9%) out of 817 with a negative or indeterminate IGRA test. IGRA test was positive in 30 (3.8%) out of 793 patients with a negative TST(+booster), as it is represented inFigure 1. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient between TST(+booster) and IGRA (QFT-plus), was 0.381.ConclusionLTBI is frequent between patients with R-IMID. LTBI screening is important in patients who need to receive BT. This assessment has to be done performing both TST and IGRA as.complementary methods to ensure the detection of all patients with LTBI, since both tests.can have false negative results, especially in patients with R-IMID receiving.immunosuppressive therapy.Table 1.Prevalence of LTBI in other geographic regions according to underlying R-IMID.Author, year (ref. in text)RegionDiagnostic criteria and study periodPrevalence in R-IMID (%)Prevalence in RA (%)Prevalence in PsA (%)Prevalence in AS (%)Prevalence in SLEPrevalence in BDSoborg, et al (2009)DenmarkTSTand IGRA2005 to March 200719%7%20%9%28%5%Chang, et, al (2011)KoreaTST or IGRA test(2007–July 2009)35%30%22%31%47%29%Mínguez, S, et al. (2012)SpainTST, T-SPOT.TB and QTF-plus2008-201013%20%17%16%22%22%Mariett X,et, al (2012)FranceTST, T-SPOT.TBand QTF-plus(2011)35.2%15.1%9.9%Miras, et al. (2014)SpainTST and T.SPOT.TBAugust 2009 to February 20127%5%Carina Mori Frade Gomes et al. (2015)BrazilTST20.6%12,8%18,8%37.6%D. Perifanou, et al. (2018)GreeceTST and IGRA test2008-201066.7%31 %15%21%Anton C, et al. (2019)BrazilTST13 %4%23%26%M. Sellami et al. (2019)North of TunisiaTST and IGRA test2015-201745.7%21.9%Lamia. Oulkadi, et, al. (2021)MoroccoTST and IGRA test2017 – 20217.7 %15.4 %15.9%2,4%24.8%Shen, et al. (2021)ChinaT.SPOT.TBOctober 2012 and June 2017.29.3%Present seriesSpainTST31.7%29.4%32.5%32.5%25%33.3%Figure 1.Proportion of positives in different test to diagnosis LTBI in R-IMID patients.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsCarmen Lasa: None declared, Joy Selene Osorio Chavez: None declared, David Martínez-López: None declared, Carmen Álvarez-Reguera: None declared, Virginia Portilla: None declared, Jose Manuel Cifrián-Martínez: None declared, Iván Ferraz-Amaro: None declared, Ricardo Blanco Speakers bureau: Ricardo Blanco Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, lilly, Bristol-Myers, Janssen, Galapagos and MSD, Consultant of: Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, lilly, Bristol-Myers, Janssen and MSD, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, MSD, novartis and Roche.

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Dawkins, Adam Peter. "Active authority or latent legitimacy? The institutional visibility of the university governing body amongst staff as a factor in its effectiveness." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 46, no. 5 (June 11, 2017): 764–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143217711191.

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This study examines the institutional visibility of the university governing body amongst staff, as an unexplored factor influencing the effectiveness of the body in performing stewardship and strategic responsibilities on behalf of the university. A constructionist view of governance is taken in order to examine the enactment of governing body institutional visibility within the spaces of the university, from the formal projection of its legal and constitutional duties, to communication of the decisions made at governing body meetings, through to governors’ informal encounters and engagement with staff. An institutional visibility spectrum was developed based on governing body ‘apparency’, ‘transparency’ and ‘engagement’, prior to interviewing secretaries and clerks as key actors in the governance system. It was found that governor visibility through engagement and interaction with a range of staff outside the ‘boardroom’ was perceived as a contributor to governing body effectiveness, including governors’ knowledge-building and ability to contribute to strategic initiatives in the host university.

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Lan, Jungang, Yeqing Wang, Shusheng Yue, Duo Xu, Yinan Li, Xiangyu Peng, Jiao Hu, Enguo Ju, Shanping He, and Tingting Li. "Targeting FoxO proteins induces lytic reactivation of KSHV for treating herpesviral primary effusion lymphoma." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): e1011581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011581.

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Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus consisting of both latent and lytic life cycles. Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive B-cell lineage lymphoma, dominantly latently infected by KSHV. The latent infection of KSHV is persistent and poses an obstacle to killing tumor cells. Like the "shock and kill" strategy designed to eliminate latent HIV reservoir, methods that induce viral lytic reactivation in tumor latently infected by viruses represent a unique antineoplastic strategy, as it could potentially increase the specificity of cytotoxicity in cancer. Inspired by this conception, we proposed that the induction of KSHV lytic reactivation from latency could be a potential therapeutic stratagem for KSHV-associated cancers. Oxidative stress, the clinical hallmark of PEL, is one of the most prominent inducers for KSHV reactivation. Paradoxically, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) triggers robust cytotoxic effects on KSHV-negative rather than KSHV-positive B lymphoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we identified forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) and FoxO3 as irrevocable antioxidant defense genes and both of them are upregulated by KSHV latent infection, which is essential for the promoted ROS scavenging in KSHV-positive B lymphoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition or functional knockdown of either FoxO1 or FoxO3 is sufficient to ablate the antioxidant ability and therefore increases the intracellular ROS level that further reverses KSHV from latency to active lytic replication in PEL cells, resulting in tremendous cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the elevated level of ROS by inhibiting FoxO proteins further sensitizes PEL cells to ROS-induced apoptosis. Our study therefore demonstrated that the lytic reactivation of KSHV by inhibiting FoxO proteins is a promising therapeutic approach for PEL, which could be further extended to other virus-associated diseases.

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Tambaum, Tiina, Felika Tuul, and Reeli Sirotkina. "WHAT IS MISSING – OLDER MALE LEARNERS OR A COMMUNITY STRATEGY?" Andragoška spoznanja 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.25.2.67-79.

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Older men’s participation in learning initiatives is low in Estonia (SHARE, 2015). The national plans for active ageing (Welfare Development Plan 2016–2023, 2016) indicate that activities related to inclusion and development are vital to improving older individuals’ quality of life in the context of the ‘longevity revolution’. There is little discussion about the ways in which older people themselves affect the success of these plans, and about the potential roles and opportunities for all members of the community to foster the inclusion of older people. Two qualitative studies conducted in Estonia in 2012 and 2017 expand upon the involvement of older men in different contexts. A content and thematic analysis revealed latent factors that may hinder older men’s learning, such as loneliness, expectations about masculinity inherited from the cultural background, a restrictive domestic comfort zone, and a lack of demand for older men’s experience. The main finding from the analysis is that older rural men in Estonia do not feel responsible for their own social health. As older men’s personal initiative to create their own learning opportunities tends to be low, the community needs to provide more support for the reduction of men’s indirect barriers.

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Li, Zichong, Cyrus Hajian, and Warner C. Greene. "Identification of unrecognized host factors promoting HIV-1 latency." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e1009055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009055.

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To counter HIV latency, it is important to develop a better understanding of the full range of host factors promoting latency. Their identification could suggest new strategies to reactivate latent proviruses and subsequently kill the host cells (“shock and kill”), or to permanently silence these latent proviruses (“block and lock”). We recently developed a screening strategy termed “Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets” (REACT) that can unambiguously identify host genes promoting HIV latency, even in the presence of high background “noise” produced by the stochastic nature of HIV reactivation. After applying this strategy in four cell lines displaying different levels of HIV inducibility, we identified FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex as host genes promoting HIV latency. shRNA knockdown of these four repressive factors significantly enhances HIV expression in primary CD4 T cells, and active HIV infection is preferentially found in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, we found that downregulation of these newly identified host inhibitors stimulates different stages of RNA Polymerase II-mediated transcription of HIV-1. The identification and validation of these new host inhibitors provide insight into the novel mechanisms that maintain HIV latency even when cells are activated and undergo cell division.

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Johnson, Matthew, Christele Arles, and Geert-Jan Boons. "ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Glycosides in Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Part 5. A Latent-Active Glycosylation Strategy for the Preparation of Branched Trisaccharide Libraries." ChemInform 30, no. 13 (June 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199913244.

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Uys, Philip. "Educational Technology for Active Connections in Blended Learning Environments." EDEN Conference Proceedings, no. 1 (June 16, 2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.38069/edenconf-2019-ac-0021.

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This conference focuses on employing educational technology for connections. It assumes that these connections will be active, and not latent – otherwise these will be meaningless and ineffective. The emphasis is thus on creating effective learning environments. Such learning environments are not just online or digital, but can also be physical learning spaces in which educational technology can play a key role.A key strategy to ensure that educational technology connections are indeed active is to employ educational technology within an active learning framework for both online and on-campus learning i.e. blended learning. Educational technology on its own does not lead to active learning – only when it is used within well-founded learning designs – of which constructive alignment is highlighted below. I am thus agreeing with Veletsianos and Moe (2017) that educational technology by itself is not “education’s silver bullet” but should be located within “the essentials of teaching and learning: theory, pedagogy and emergent trends in the research.” Such active learning will lead to learner engagement, leading to effective learning and learner success. The vision for instance for educational technologies at Charles Sturt University is to “support educational practices focussed on student success by providing cutting edge, stable learning environments”.

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Tu Phan, Le Minh, Lemma Teshome Tufa, Hwa-Jung Kim, Jaebeom Lee, and Tae Jung Park. "Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 11 (June 28, 2019): 1946–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180912105617.

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Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

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Han, Min Su, Choon Ho Ryu, Sang J. Chung, and Dong H. Kim. "A Novel Strategy for Designing Irreversible Inhibitors of Metalloproteases: Acetals as Latent Electrophiles That Interact with Catalytic Nucleophile at the Active Site." Organic Letters 2, no. 20 (October 2000): 3149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol006346w.

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MENG, XINZHU, ZHITAO WU, and TONGQIAN ZHANG. "THE DYNAMICS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES OF A SEIS EPIDEMIC MODEL." International Journal of Biomathematics 06, no. 05 (September 2013): 1350029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524513500290.

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Based on an epidemic model which Manvendra and Vinay [Mathematical model to simulate infections disease, VSRD-TNTJ3(2) (2012) 60–68] have proposed, we consider the dynamics and therapeutic strategy of a SEIS epidemic model with latent patients and active patients. First, the basic reproduction number is established by applying the method of the next generation matrix. By means of appropriate Lyapunov functions, it is proven that while the basic reproduction number 0 < R0 < 1, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease eliminates; and if the basic reproduction number R0 > 1, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and therefore the disease becomes endemic. Numerical investigations of their basin of attraction indicate that the locally stable equilibria are global attractors. Second, we consider the impact of treatment on epidemic disease and analytically determine the most effective therapeutic strategy. We conclude that the most effective therapeutic strategy consists of treating both the exposed and the infectious, while treating only the exposed is the least effective therapeutic strategy. Finally, numerical simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

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Nguyen, Kien, Curtis Dobrowolski, Meenakshi Shukla, Won-Kyung Cho, Benjamin Luttge, and Jonathan Karn. "Inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase UTX enhances the epigenetic silencing of HIV proviruses and induces HIV-1 DNA hypermethylation but fails to permanently block HIV reactivation." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): e1010014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010014.

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One strategy for a functional cure of HIV-1 is “block and lock”, which seeks to permanently suppress the rebound of quiescent HIV-1 by epigenetic silencing. For the bivalent promoter in the HIV LTR, both histone 3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) and DNA methylation are associated with viral suppression, while H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) is correlated with viral expression. However, H3K27me3 is readily reversed upon activation of T-cells through the T-cell receptor. In an attempt to suppress latent HIV-1 in a stable fashion, we knocked down the expression or inhibited the activity of UTX/KDM6A, the major H3K27 demethylase, and investigated its impact on latent HIV-1 reactivation in T cells. Inhibition of UTX dramatically enhanced H3K27me3 levels at the HIV LTR and was associated with increased DNA methylation. In latently infected cells from patients, GSK-J4, which is a potent dual inhibitor of the H3K27me3/me2-demethylases JMJD3/KDM6B and UTX/KDM6A, effectively suppressed the reactivation of latent HIV-1 and also induced DNA methylation at specific sites in the 5’LTR of latent HIV-1 by the enhanced recruitment of DNMT3A to HIV-1. Nonetheless, suppression of HIV-1 through epigenetic silencing required the continued treatment with GSK-J4 and was rapidly reversed after removal of the drug. DNA methylation was also rapidly lost after removal of drug, suggesting active and rapid DNA-demethylation of the HIV LTR. Thus, induction of epigenetic silencing by histone and DNA methylation appears to be insufficient to permanently silence HIV-1 proviral transcription.

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Wang, Cuizhu, Luying Tan, Juntong Liu, Dongxing Fu, Caixia Wang, Pingya Li, Zhuo Li, and Jinping Liu. "Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology to Decipher the Latent Mechanisms of Protopanaxatriol against Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 12097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012097.

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Gastric ulcer (GU) is a peptic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates affecting approximately 4% of the population throughout the world. Current therapies for GU are limited by the high relapse incidence and side effects. Therefore, novel effective antiulcer drugs are urgently needed. Ginsenosides have shown good anti-GU effects, and the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides, protopanaxatriol (PPT), is believed to be the active component. In this study, we evaluated the anti-GU effect of PPT in rats in an acetic acid-induced GU model. High (H-PPT) and medium (M-PPT) doses of PPT (20.0 and 10.0 mg/mg/day) significantly reduced the ulcer area and the ET-1, IL-6, EGF, SOD, MDA and TNF-α levels in serum were regulated by PPT in a dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the mechanisms of anti-GU activity of PPT based on metabolomics coupled with network pharmacology strategy. The result was that 16 biomarkers, 3 targets and 3 metabolomic pathways were identified as playing a vital role in the treatment of GU with PPT and were further validated by molecular docking. In this study, we have demonstrated that the integrated analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology is an effective strategy for deciphering the complicated mechanisms of natural compounds.

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Sánchez-Barinas, Christian David, Marisol Ocampo, Luisa Tabares, Maritza Bermúdez, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo, and Manuel Elkin Patarroyo. "Specific Binding Peptides from Rv3632: A Strategy for BlockingMycobacterium tuberculosisEntry to Target Cells?" BioMed Research International 2019 (April 14, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8680935.

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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb, i.e., the aetiological agent); the WHO has established this disease as high priority due to its ensuing mortality.Mtbuses a range of mechanisms for preventing its elimination by an infected host; new, viable alternatives for blocking the host-pathogen interaction are thus sought constantly. This article updates our laboratory’s systematic search for antigens using bioinformatics tools to clarify theMtbH37Rv Rv3632 protein’s topology and location. This article reports a C-terminal region consisting of peptides 39255 and 39256 (81Thr-Arg114) having high specific binding regarding two infection-related cell lines (A549 and U937); they inhibited mycobacterial entry to U937 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Rv3632 forms part of the mycobacterial cell envelope, formed by six linear synthetic peptides. Circular dichroism enabled determining the protein’s secondary structure. It was also found that peptide 39254 (61Gly-Thr83) was a HABP for alveolar epithelial cells and inhibited mycobacteria entry to these cells regardless of concentration. Sera from active or latent tuberculosis patients did not recognise HABPs 39254 and 39256. These sequences represent a promising approach aiming at their ongoing modification and for including them when designing a multi-epitope, anti-tuberculosis vaccine.

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Matsui, Toshitaka, Shusuke Nambu, Celia W. Goulding, Satoshi Takahashi, Hiroshi Fujii, and Masao Ikeda-Saito. "Unique coupling of mono- and dioxygenase chemistries in a single active site promotes heme degradation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 22, 2016): 3779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523333113.

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Bacterial pathogens must acquire host iron for survival and colonization. Because free iron is restricted in the host, numerous pathogens have evolved to overcome this limitation by using a family of monooxygenases that mediate the oxidative cleavage of heme into biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron. However, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, accomplishes this task without generating carbon monoxide, which potentially induces its latent state. Here we show that this unusual heme degradation reaction proceeds through sequential mono- and dioxygenation events within the single active center of MhuD, a mechanism unparalleled in enzyme catalysis. A key intermediate of the MhuD reaction is found to be meso-hydroxyheme, which reacts with O2 at an unusual position to completely suppress its monooxygenation but to allow ring cleavage through dioxygenation. This mechanistic change, possibly due to heavy steric deformation of hydroxyheme, rationally explains the unique heme catabolites of MhuD. Coexistence of mechanistically distinct functions is a previously unidentified strategy to expand the physiological outcome of enzymes, and may be applied to engineer unique biocatalysts.

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Piyathilaka, Lasitha, and Sarath Kodagoda. "Learning Hidden Human Context in 3D Office Scenes by Mapping Affordances Through Virtual Humans." Unmanned Systems 03, no. 04 (October 2015): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2301385015400063.

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Ability to learn human context in an environment could be one of the most desired fundamental abilities that a robot should have when sharing a workspace with human co-workers. Arguably, a robot with appropriate human context awareness could lead to a better human–robot interaction. In this paper, we address the problem of learning human context in an office environment by only using 3D point cloud data. Our approach is based on the concept of affordance-map, which involves mapping latent human actions in a given environment by looking at geometric features of the environment. This enables us to learn the human context in the environment without observing real human behaviors which themselves are a nontrivial task to detect. Once learned, affordance-map allows us to assign an affordance cost value for each grid location of the map. These cost maps are later used to develop an active object search strategy and to develop a context-aware global path planning strategy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Latent active strategy'

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