Academic literature on the topic 'Latent active strategy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Boons, Geert-Jan, Andrew Burton, and Paul Wyatt. "Glycosyl Phosphates: A New Latent-Active Anomeric Phosphorylation Strategy." Synlett 1996, no. 04 (April 1996): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1996-5419.
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Cao, Suoding, Zhonghong Gan, and Rene Roy. "ChemInform Abstract: Active-Latent Glycosylation Strategy. Part 5. Active-Latent Glycosylation Strategy Toward Lewis X Pentasaccharide in a Form Suitable for Neoglycoconjugate Syntheses." ChemInform 30, no. 51 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199951194.
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Meng, Lingkui, Jing Zeng, and Qian Wan. "Interrupted Pummerer Reaction in Latent/Active Glycosylation." Synlett 29, no. 02 (October 20, 2017): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588582.
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A latent/active glycosylation strategy is efficient for rapid assembly of oligosaccharides. We recently developed novel OPTB/OPSB and SPTB/SPSB glycosides as two pairs of latent/active glycosyl donors. The active OPSB and SPSB glycosyl donors are efficiently activated by Tf2O via an interrupted Pummerer reaction mechanism. In this account, the design, developments, mechanism studies and applications of these new glycosylation methodologies are described.1 Introduction2 Conceiving Ideas3 Synthesis of OPSB and SPSB Glycosides4 Substrate Scope5 Application in the Synthesis of Natural Products6 Conclusion
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BOONS, G. J., A. BURTON, and P. WYATT. "ChemInform Abstract: Glycosyl Phosphates: A New Latent-Active Anomeric Phosphorylation Strategy." ChemInform 27, no. 33 (August 5, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199633225.
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Denholm, J. T., J. C. Millan-Marcelo, and K. Fiekert. "Latent tuberculosis infection and the EndTB Strategy: ethical tensions and imperatives." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0756.
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Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is increasingly recognised as central to programmatic TB activity, and a critical element in global progress towards TB elimination. LTBI affects a much larger group of people than active disease, who by definition are asymptomatic. Furthermore, while LTBI represents a state of risk, there remains significant uncertainty regarding which individuals will progress to active disease. Therefore, the development and implementation of LTBI management policies within the End TB Strategy requires careful ethical consideration. This article reviews ethical issues related to developments in LTBI diagnosis and management, including new tools and emerging policies and practice. Implications of LTBI management practices in specific settings are discussed, including healthcare worker infection and management of likely multidrug-resistant (MDR) LTBI. Better prediction of progression to active disease and less burdensome treatments would allow ethically appropriate expansion of testing programmes in future. However, even with existing tools there is a strong ethical imperative to provide the most effective and least burdensome therapy possible to those with LTBI, particularly those at highest risk of progression and/or poor outcomes from active disease. Greater community engagement is required in designing optimal LTBI management programmes, and ensure harms and benefits are appropriately balanced in specific settings.
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Boons, Geert-Jan, and Stephen Isles. "Vinyl glycosides in oligosaccharide synthesis (part 1): A new latent-active glycosylation strategy." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 21 (May 1994): 3593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73249-7.
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Maqueira-Albo, Isis, Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini, Giorgio Dell'Erba, Giuseppina Pace, Mauro Sassi, Myles Rooney, Roland Resel, Luca Beverina, and Mario Caironi. "A latent pigment strategy for robust active layers in solution-processed, complementary organic field-effect transistors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 44 (2017): 11522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03938g.
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Hasty, Scott J., Matthew A. Kleine, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "S-Benzimidazolyl Glycosides as a Platform for Oligosaccharide Synthesis by an Active-Latent Strategy." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 18 (March 23, 2011): 4197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201007212.
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Hasty, Scott J., Matthew A. Kleine, and Alexei V. Demchenko. "S-Benzimidazolyl Glycosides as a Platform for Oligosaccharide Synthesis by an Active-Latent Strategy." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 18 (March 23, 2011): 4283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201007212.
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Cao, Suoding, Zhonghong Gan, and René Roy. "Active–latent glycosylation strategy toward Lewis X pentasaccharide in a form suitable for neoglycoconjugate syntheses." Carbohydrate Research 318, no. 1-4 (May 1999): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00080-4.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Cao, Suoding. ""Active-latent" glycosylation strategy in oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate syntheses." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10415.
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Nelzin, de Pizzol Audrey. "Les relations entre l'Union européenne et les organisations d'intégration économique régionale d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes - Quelles mutations ?" Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0495/document.
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Depuis 1999, l’Union européenne a inauguré une nouvelle approche dans ses relations avec l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes. A cet égard, le premier sommet Union européenne – Amérique latine – Caraïbes, dit « sommet de Rio » marque un tournant grâce au lancement du « partenariat stratégique ». Dans ce cadre, toutes les organisations régionales d’intégration économique situées dans cette zone géographique, et non pas uniquement le MERCOSUR, apparaissent comme des partenaires importants. Le changement obéit autant à des contraintes externes qu’à une stratégie extérieure. Dans le domaine des échanges commerciaux, le but déclaré est d’atteindre « une libéralisation mutuelle des échanges » sur une base équitable et mutuellement profitable tout en défendant certaines valeurs communes. Cependant, le cadre juridique longtemps en vigueur s’est avéré inadapté à l’avènement d’une ambition économique et politique d’une telle ampleur. Par conséquent, l’Union européenne se trouve confrontée au défi de réformer les cadres juridiques de ses relations avec les organisations régionales d’intégration économique d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. La thèse analyse l’évolution et la restructuration actuelles des instruments juridiques des relations entre l’Union européenne l’Amérique latine et les CaraïbesSince 1999, the European Union began a new competitive approach in its relationships with Latin America and the Caribbean. In this respect, the first step has been made in the European Union-Latin America and Caribbean’ Summit [Rio Summit (1999)] with the launch of a new partnership called “Strategic Partnership”. In this context, all organisations of regional economic integration – not only the MERCOSUR the most competitive one – are considered as important partners. The change is due to external constraints as well as an external strategy. In the field of commercial exchanges, the goal is to attempt “mutual liberalisation of exchanges” on a fair and mutually profitable basis, defending at the same time “common values”. However, the traditional legal framework of the relations is obviously unsuitable for such an ambitious economic and political project. So, from a legal aspect, the European Union is confronted with the challenge of reforming the contractual frameworks of its relations with regional economic integrations in Latin America and in the Caribbean. The issue concerns an analysis of the evolution and restructuring of existing legal instruments of the European Union’s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean
Desde 1999, la Unión Europea instauró un nuevo enfoque en sus relaciones con América Latina y el Caribe. En este enfoque llamado “estratégico”, todas las organiza-ciones comarcales de integración económicas ubicadas en esta zona geográfica y no úni-camente el MERCOSUR, se pueden ver como interlocutores importantes. La primera cumbre Unión Europea /América latina/Caribe (cumbre de Rio) es una fecha importante en la evolución de las relaciones gracias al lanzamiento “de la colaboración estratégica”. En lo que toca a los intercambios comerciales, la meta declarada es alcanzar una “liberalización mutual de los intercambios” a partir de una base equitativa y mutualmente provechosa de-fendiendo a la vez ciertos valores comunes. Sin embargo, el marco jurídico en vigor durante una larga temporada se ha reve-lado inadecuado para el advenimiento de una ambición económica y política de esta impor-tancia. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea se enfrenta hoy en día al desafío jurídico de la renovación del marco convencional de sus relaciones con las organizaciones de integración económica de América Latina y del Caribe. El asunto se refiere a un análisis de las rela-ciones exteriores de la Unión Europea desde el punto de vista de los desafíos jurídicos. Utilizamos el análisis sistémico para poner de relieve los factores explicativos de la evolu-ción y de la reestructuración actuales de los instrumentos jurídicos de las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y América-Latina Caribe
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Das, Anupama. "Allylic Halogenation Route to Latent-Active Trans-Glycosylation of Allyl Glycoside Donors." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5626.
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Allylic halogenation of allyl glycosides as a new route to allyl glycoside donors in glycosylations is investigated in this thesis. Allyl functionality is one of the commonly adopted protecting groups to hydroxyl groups in sugar chemistry. In addition, allyl glycosides act as glycosyl donors, through isomerization to the corresponding vinyl glycosides. Facile conversion of allyl moiety to other functionalities, as well as, stabilities under acidic and basic conditions offer rich possibilities of this moiety in sugar chemistry. Chapter 1 provides a succinct overview of glycosylation reactions and mechanisms.
An area of intense interest is to transform a latent allyl moiety to an active glycosyl donor. In this effort, allylic halogenation reaction is considered appealing, due to the expected reactivity of the mixed halo-acetal of allyl glycoside towards an electrophile and the subsequent transformation to a glycosylation-active intermediate, suitable as an active glycosyl donor. Early experiments show that allylic bromination of allyl glycosides, using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS)/azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) in CCl4 generates mixed halo-allyl glycoside intermediate, the reaction of which with an acceptor in the presence of Ag(I) or triflic acid (TfOH) affords the corresponding trans-glycoside in a good yield. The reaction is verified with a number of glycoside acceptors, including allyl glycoside acceptors. In the case of allyl glycoside acceptors, the resulting trans-glycoside possesses allyl moiety at the reducing end, which, in turn, is subjected allylic activation and subsequent glycosylation. Di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide syntheses are accomplished in good yields by this new route. Chapter 2 describes the development of this new method.
Radical halogenations in CCl4 warranted a replacement to the solvent, as well as, further optimizations of the reaction. In these efforts, diethylcarbonate (Et2O)2CO) is identified as a suitable solvent to conduct (i) radical halogenation and (ii) the subsequent glycosylation. The glycosylation is promoted either by TfOH or trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf). A one-pot methodology is developed and method is verified with the synthesis of xyloyranoside, mono-, di- and trisaccharides. Chapter 3 provides the details of these developments.
Halo-allyl mixed acetal of allyl glycoside is found to undergo S¬N2 and S¬¬¬¬N2’ reactions with thiolate nucleophiles. The SN2’ reaction leads to 3-thiocresylpropenyl (TCP) glycoside, as a stable vinyl glycoside, which can be stored for longer duration, unlike, vinyl glycosides that are quite unstable due to faster hydrolysis. TCP glycoside is subjected to remote activation using iodonium reagent and activation leads to the formation of glycosylation active intermediate. Glycosylations with aglycosyl and glycosyl acceptors are conducted facile and the corresponding trans-glycosides are obtained in excellent yields. Chapter 4 describes the development of this new, stable TCP-based vinyl glycoside methodology in glycosylations.
Overall, the thesis illustrates establishing allyl glycosides as glycosyl donors as allylic halogenations and subsequent glycosylations. The new method merits in the repertoire of contemporary glycosylation techniques of remote activation-based glycosylations.UGC
Books on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Burton, Andrew James. Glycosyl Phosphates and Glycosyl Nucleoside Diphosphates via a new latent-active Phosphorylation strategy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
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Garofalo, Giuseppe, ed. Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-605-1.
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From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.
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Gonzalez, Mike. Communism in Latin America. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.014.
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Latin America’s communist parties were shaped by the Soviet Union’s political priorities up to 1945. This sparked debate with those that emphasized the specificity of Latin American conditions, notably the Peruvian Marxist Mariátegui. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 launched a new continental strategy, based on the guerrilla warfare strategies advocated by Che Guevara. By the late 1960s, these had failed. The election of Salvador Allende to the Chilean presidency in 1970 briefly suggested an electoral strategy to socialism, until it was crushed in the military coup of 1973. Nicaragua’s Sandinista Revolution opened new hopes for a Central American revolution, but this movement was destroyed with the active support of the U.S.. In 1994 the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico signalled a new phase of resistance against neo-liberalism and a rising tide of new social movements carried Left governments to power in what President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela dubbed the era of ‘twenty-first-century socialism’.
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Gomez Arana, Arantza. Lessons to be learned from the EU policy towards Mercosur. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719096945.003.0008.
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“(…) Russia and China, as well as partners in Latin-America, deserve a clear European strategy. Africa has, unfortunately, been absent from the EU’s strategic agenda for years and needs to be reengaged. (…)The Union can be a global actor considering we possess the objectives, principles and instruments. Unfortunately the political will is often lacking and the question is whether the EU Member States will take action to change this.” (Miguel Angel Moratinos, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, 20 January 2010). The views of Miguel Angel Moratinos during the Spanish Presidency recognize a series of gaps in the strategic behaviour, the existence of partiality in the strategic agenda, and a lack of will in the European Union external relations. These quote suggest that if this has the situation in 2010, then EU policies during the 1980s and 1990s towards a Latin-American region such as Mercosur were not the most structured nor did the EU develop these policies to their full EU potential. At the same time, the EU’s internal institutional and legal frameworks also changed as a result of different treaties and enlargements. These internal changes affected either positively or negatively EU relations with Latin America. On the one hand, the Iberian enlargement affected EU policy positively towards Latin America, whilst on the other hand, policy towards Central and Easter European countries which culminated in the 2004 enlargement was affected negatively on EU-Latin America relations.
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Ferreira da Silva, Álvaro, and Pedro Neves. Portugal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.003.0013.
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Business groups emerged in Portugal in the late nineteenth century amid nascent industrialization and revealing strong ties to colonial business. Economic nationalism, corporatism, and the decreasing importance of colonies nurtured different business groups in the aftermath of the Great Depression: increasingly diversified while oriented to the domestic market; inward-looking and with large capital shares in affiliate firms; internalizing corporate finance in intra-group capital flows. Everything changed dramatically in 1975, when large industrial and financial groups were nationalized. When they re-emerged twenty years later, they had metamorphosed into a different species: more focused, yet still with unrelated product portfolios; transmuted into multinationals active overseas; organized in pyramidal structures that magnify their control rights; and employed financing based on capital markets and intermediation. The quasi-experimental situation created by the 1975 nationalization emphasizes the importance of flexibility in adapting strategy and control structures to different economic and institutional contexts.
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Griffith-Jones, Stephany, José Antonio Ocampo, and Paola Arias. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0013.
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Based on the seven case studies analysed in this volume, this chapter concludes that national development banks (NDBs) have been successful in many cases in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, key new sectors like renewable energy, and financial inclusion. They have developed new instruments, such as far greater use of guarantees, equity (including venture capital) and debt funds, and new instruments for financial inclusion. The context in which they operate is key to their success. Active countercyclical policies, low inflation, fairly low real interest rates, a well-functioning financial sector, and competitive exchange rates are crucial. They are also more effective if the country has a clear development strategy, linked to production sector strategies that foster innovative sectors. Under these conditions, the chapter argues that there is great need for a larger scale of NDB activity in Latin America and in developing countries in general.
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Mathews, Jud. State Action and Constitutional Containment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the U.S. Supreme Court’s use of, and departures from, the state action rule. It begins by reconstructing the state action rule’s origins in the Civil Rights Cases. From the late nineteenth century onward, the state action rule served as a constitutional containment device, bolstering the Court’s monopoly over constitutional interpretation and eliminating uncomfortable questions about what rights meant for the ordering of American society. A changing political context and the emergence of new normative demands in the twentieth century put this regime under pressure, which the Court managed through a series of strategic evasions of the state action rule, even while pledging fealty to it.
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Geismer, Lily. A Multiracial World. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and its commitment to equal opportunity and changing individual attitudes through one-on-one interaction. While METCO offered a rare example of interracial and urban–suburban cooperation, its focus on collective benefits rather than collective responsibility had wide-ranging consequences. Tracing the development of METCO offers an important case study of the trade-offs that suburban liberal activists made in their quests to achieve social justice. The organizers' pragmatic approach ensured the acceptance of the program in the suburbs and paved the way for later support of diversity claims about the value of affirmative action. This strategy, nevertheless, fortified the consumer-based and individualist dimensions of the Route 128 political culture. It ultimately made community members more resistant to grappling with the systemic and historical circumstances that necessitated programs like METCO and affirmative action in the first place.
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Macey, William H., and Alexis A. Fink, eds. Employee Surveys and Sensing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939717.001.0001.
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This volume comprises 27 chapters focused on the design and execution of employee survey programs. These chapters reflect the latest advances in technology and analytics and a pervasive emphasis on driving organizational performance and effectiveness. The individual chapters represent the full range of survey-related topics, including design, administration, analysis, feedback, and action-taking. The latest methodological trends and capabilities are discussed including computational linguistics, applications of artificial intelligence, and the use of qualitative methods such as focus groups. Extending beyond traditional employee surveys, contributions include the role of passive data collection as an alternative or supplement in a comprehensive employee listening system. Unique contextual factors are discussed including the use of surveys in a unionized environment. Individual contributions also reflect increasing stakeholder concerns for the protection of privacy among other ethical considerations. Finally, significant clarifications to the literature are provided on the use of surveys for measuring organization culture, strategic climate, and employee engagement.
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Boisseau, Tracey Jean, and Tracy A. Thomas. After Suffrage Comes Equal Rights? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0010.
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A politicized culture and century-long debate over women’s nature and role may turn out to be the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)’s principal contribution to American feminism. Despite perceptions that an equal rights amendment was the next logical step following the Nineteenth Amendment, arguments broke out among feminist activists over whether an equal rights amendment would menace important legal victories, such as protective legislation for women’s employment. Yet even after other federal legislation quieted labor advocates’ concerns, virulent disagreement over an equal rights amendment among politicized women continued for years. Only in the late 1960s did politically active women come to embrace the ERA as a strategic goal. Even then the question of women’s differences from men—whether physical, psychological, or social—did not evaporate. Instead, new battle lines between progressive and newly organized conservative women were drawn in ways that doomed the amendment’s ratification chances.
Book chapters on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Filipović, Nenad, Nina Tomić, Maja Kuzmanović, and Magdalena M. Stevanović. "Nanoparticles. Potential for Use to Prevent Infections." In Urinary Stents, 325–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04484-7_26.
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AbstractOne of the major issues related to medical devices and especially urinary stents are infections caused by different strains of bacteria and fungi, mainly in light of the recent rise in microbial resistance to existing antibiotics. Lately, it has been shown that nanomaterials could be superior alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Generally, nanoparticles are used for many applications in the biomedical field primarily due to the ability to adjust and control their physicochemical properties as well as their great reactivity due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. This has led to the formation of a new research field called nanomedicine which can be defined as the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in diagnostics, imaging, observing, prevention, control, and treatment of diseases. For example, coverings or coatings based on nanomaterials are now seen as a promising strategy for preventing or treating biofilms formation on healthcare kits, implants, and medical devices. Toxicity, inappropriate delivery, or degradation of conventionally used drugs for the treatment of infections may be avoided by using nanoparticles without or with encapsulated/immobilized active substances. Most of the materials which are used and examined for the preparation of the nanoparticles with encapsulated/immobilized active substances or smart reactive nanomaterials with antimicrobial effects are polymers, naturally derived antimicrobials, metal-based and non-metallic materials. This chapter provides an overview of the current state and future perspectives of the nanoparticle-based systems based on these materials for prevention, control, or elimination of biofilm-related infections on urinary stents. It also addresses manufacturing conditions indicating the huge potential for the improvement of existing and development of new promising stent solutions.
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William Tong, C. Y. "Antivirals." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0059.
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Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that utilize many of the host metabolic machineries for reproduction. Unlike the binary fission of bacteria, the replication process of viruses is more like a production line with a final assembly process to produce their progenies. Any agents used to prevent viral replication must be specific to the virus and cause as little problem for the host as possible. The rate of virus replication can also cause problems. In rapidly reproducing viruses, the high replication rate generates mutants that could be selected for resistance to antivirals. On the other hand, viruses could remain latent with little metabolic activity. None of the current antivirals are effective against latent viruses. The life cycle of a typical virus goes through the following stages: ● Attachment; ● Entry and uncoating; ● Replication of viral nucleic acid; ● Establishing latency or persistent infection (in some viruses); ● Translation of viral protein and post-translational modifications; ● Secretion and assembly of viral particles; and ● Release from host cells. Each of these steps can be used as antiviral targets. The most common strategy is to use a nucleoside analogue as a false substrate. However, such a false substrate can also be taken up by host polymerase and could result in toxicity, e.g. mitochondrial toxicity in some of the earlier antiretroviral drugs. The most successful example to circumvent this problem is aciclovir, which is the prodrug of the active agent aciclovir tri-phosphate. Aciclovir is a substrate for the viral enzyme thymidine kinase carried by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which converts it into aciclovir monophosphate. As this only happens inside cells infected by HSV or VZV, it is concentrated only in infected cells. Host enzymes then add further phosphates to form the active agent aciclovir triphosphate, which has a higher affinity to viral polymerase than host polymerase. It acts as a false substrate for the viral polymerase and results in premature termination of nucleic acid replication. A similar mechanism is utilized in ganciclovir against cytomegalovirus (CMV). The viral phosphate kinase involved in the case of CMV is the UL97 protein.
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Jackson, Van. "Pivoting in Posthegemony Asia." In Pacific Power Paradox, 131–63. Yale University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300257281.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on U.S. strategy during the presidency of Barack Obama, who pursued a deliberately conservative approach of “rebalancing” to Asia—that is, reallocating greater time and resources away from the Middle East and toward the region deemed to be of greatest importance to U.S. interests. The chapter first recounts how the United States had been disproportionately responsible for a global financial crash, then looks at Obama's entry just in time to deal with the aftermath. The chapter also emphasizes that the financial crisis had the potential to pose a singularly grave threat to the Asian peace. It argues that economic vitality had not only become a prerequisite for domestic political legitimacy in Asia but also incentivized suppressing territorial disputes and historical rivalries. The chapter chronicles how Obama found himself navigating numerous latent and active conflicts in Asia. It then stresses the pivot's answer to the problem of Asian security: to sustain Asia's “operating system,” which Obama understood as “the complex legal, security, and practical arrangements that have underscored four decades of prosperity and security.”
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Patiño Vidal, Cristian, Cristina Muñoz-Shugulí, Marcelo Patiño Vidal, María José Galotto, and Carol López de Dicastillo. "Active Electrospun Mats: A Promising Material for Active Food Packaging." In Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101781.
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Nowadays, polymeric materials are widely used in the development of food packages. However, as food products with a greater safety and longer durability are required, packaging research area has been focused on the production of functional materials able to reach such further protection. The incorporation of natural and synthetics active compounds into the polymeric materials by traditional techniques has been the main used strategy, surging thus the research area of active food packaging. Furthermore, the latest science advances provide promising technologies for developing packaging materials, such as the electrospinning. This technique has allowed obtaining ultrathin electrospun mats based on micro- and/or nanofibers that have been proposed as novel active materials able to be applied as wrapper films, sachets and bags during the food packaging. In this chapter, the description of electrospinning, the effect of their principal parameters during the development of active food packaging materials as well as their current applications on different foodstuffs are presented.
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Loučanová, Erika, Ján Parobek, and Martina Nosáľová. "The Perception of Intelligent Packaging Innovation: The Latest Process and Technological Progress." In Food Preservation and Packaging - Recent Process and Technological Advancements [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107461.
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As a result of global change and progress in recent decades, the approach to utilizing product packaging materials has changed. Subsequently, innovative packaging is the result of creative thinking beyond the usual thinking framework. A complete understanding of the customer’s needs is an indispensable requirement for the ability to develop packaging with optimized performance. The study deals with the perception of intelligent and active packaging by respondents in Slovakia. The approach of Kano model was applied for the study of customers’ attitudes to the individual functions of active and intelligent packaging. Firstly, the requirements of the packaging functions among the monitored age categories were identified. Subsequently, the innovation status within the individual age categories was evaluated. Thereafter, a 3D simulation was used to figure out the resultant perception of intelligent and active packaging functions in Slovakia. Based on the research results, we can conclude that the awareness of customers in Slovakia about intelligent packaging innovations is at a low level and is oriented towards a weak green strategy.
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Ayón, David R. "Latino Diasporas, Obama’s Executive Action Strategy, and U.S.–Latin American Relations." In Contemporary U.S.–Latin American Relations, 236–54. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315731711-10.
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Payzant, Thomas W. "Extended-Service Schools as a District-Wide Strategy." In Community Schools in Action. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169591.003.0029.
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Approaches to education reform rarely follow a simple, linear path. Rather than pursuing one approach single-mindedly over an extended period of years, school reform—informed by research, changes in public policy, and differences in the dynamic needs of students from changing communities—tends to be characterized by continuous change and sometimes seems to recycle approaches that have been tried before. For those of us who have worked toward education reform throughout our careers, this process of change does not betray a lack of consistency or commitment but constitutes a necessary response to the continually changing conditions in which public schools must operate. The demographics of our schools are dynamic, particularly because of escalating numbers of immigrants from around the world. Our fiscal circumstances are in continual flux. Community expectations of what schools should provide are subject to change as well, often through a growing national awareness of the connection between the quality of America’s schools and the character of our democratic institutions. Two of the most significant reform strategies to emerge during the past decade may seem contradictory: on the one hand, those strategies that concentrate relentlessly on instructional improvement, and, on the other hand, those that seek to establish the school as a community centerpiece for addressing a broad range of personal, social, and family needs that relate to the health of the community as a whole. At first glance these two strategies—a narrow focus on teaching and learning contrasted with a wider focus through what are called extended-service or full-service schools— appear to be at cross-purposes. Poor student performance, particularly when combined with difficult economic times, gives rise to a set of tough questions that all educational leaders sooner or later must confront: Can schools be all things to all people? Are educators being asked to take on too much? Can schools be expected to solve all of society’s problems with very limited resources? Is it not better for schools to do a few things well, rather than taking on too much and risking superficial results?
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Bhattacharyya, Som Sekhar, and Neenu Neenu. "Active Social Listening and Its Impact on Firm Strategies." In Global Challenges and Strategic Disruptors in Asian Businesses and Economies, 95–114. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4787-8.ch006.
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Due to the present customer voice in a digital world, keeping a watchful eye on what customers were expressing on social media became a necessary firm imperative. For this study, the authors found that rather than using FGDs and survey research, digital tools like the applications of social media listening could serve as a valuable platform for gathering insights about a firm's latest strategy. This could be complemented by the existing channels of feedback. This research study focused on customer perspective. Data was collected from Indian consumers and social media handling experts regarding social listening based upon a semi structured open-ended questionnaire. The data collected was content analyzed based upon thematic content analysis. Customer voices were reading majorly complaints and compliments followed by advocacy. This helped to comprehend how well firm managers aligned and helped in getting insights regarding marketplace reflections for assessing a firm, its products, and its brands.
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Minta, Michael D. "Race, Ethnicity, and a Theory of Substantive Representation in Congressional Oversight." In Oversight. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149257.003.0002.
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This chapter outlines the relationship between race, ethnicity, and substantive representation via an in-depth discussion of how racial and ethnic group consciousness operates among black and Latino representatives in Congress. While all members of Congress face the pressure of making the right decisions to increase their chances at reelection, black and Latino legislators, unlike most white legislators, face an additional pressure: they are motivated by a group norm that requires them to engage in collective group action on issues of concern to other blacks and Latinos. White legislators are mainly responsible for being responsive to the constituents in their districts, whereas black and Latino legislators are also expected to represent the interests of all blacks and Latinos nationally. The strategy they pursue of “strategic group uplift” falls at the intersection of their electoral goals and their commitment to advance group interests.
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Bhattacharyya, Som Sekhar, and Neenu Neenu. "Active Social Listening and Its Impact on Firm Strategies." In Research Anthology on Business Continuity and Navigating Times of Crisis, 655–76. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4503-7.ch032.
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Due to the present customer voice in a digital world, keeping a watchful eye on what customers were expressing on social media became a necessary firm imperative. For this study, the authors found that rather than using FGDs and survey research, digital tools like the applications of social media listening could serve as a valuable platform for gathering insights about a firm's latest strategy. This could be complemented by the existing channels of feedback. This research study focused on customer perspective. Data was collected from Indian consumers and social media handling experts regarding social listening based upon a semi structured open-ended questionnaire. The data collected was content analyzed based upon thematic content analysis. Customer voices were reading majorly complaints and compliments followed by advocacy. This helped to comprehend how well firm managers aligned and helped in getting insights regarding marketplace reflections for assessing a firm, its products, and its brands.
Conference papers on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Zhang, Yisheng, Andrew G. Alleyne, and Danian Zheng. "Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Control Strategy for an Active Vibration Isolation System." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32081.
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Controller design methodologies based on a single controller are often unable to provide both high performance (i.e., tracking bandwidth) and desired robustness (i.e. retaining stability) in the presence of uncertainty or plant variation. This paper presents a hybrid control strategy to circumvent the basic trade-off between performance and robustness from an individual controller. This hybrid control strategy utilizes a robust controller for guaranteed robustness when the plant model is not well known, and makes an adaptive controller active for high performance after sufficient plant information has been collected on-line. To avoid a degraded transient after controller switching, a bumpless transfer scheme is designed and incorporated into this hybrid control strategy. This bumpless transfer design is a novel extension from a conventional latent tracking bumpless transfer design for a SISO plant with 1 DOF controllers to either a SISO plant with multiple DOF controllers or a MIMO plant. Experimental results implemented on an active vibration isolation testbed demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid control strategy including the bumpless transfer design.
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Saulić, Markola, Ivica Đalović, Dragana Božić, and Sava Vrbničanin. "PROCENA AKTIVNE REZERVE SEMENA KOROVSKIH BILJAKA U ZEMLJIŠTU." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.093s.
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Knowledge and understanding of the size and composition of soil weed seed reserves can help in planning a successful and timely weed control strategy and assessing the dynamics of weed emergence. It is very important to have an insight into what percentage of the latent plant community will pass into the active community. The seedling emregence method gives the number and structure of seeds that have passed the dormancy phase. It was determined that in the monoculture of soybean 24.9% of seeds are ready to germinate out of the total estimated weed seed bank, while in the three-field crop rotation 23.61% of seed. The largest number of germinated seeds comes from the weed species Chenopodium albumand Chenopodium hybridum.
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Platon, Nicolae, Felicia Zaporojan, and Elena Cabac. "Animation as a fundamental element of the touristic offer." In Conferinta stiintifica internationala "Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana", editia VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.40.
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Lately, animation has become a fundamental element of the touristic offer, being the basis of the touristic motivation, the one that determine the consumers-tourists to travel. Active people, stressed by their professional activity, want to stand out during their holidays or touristic trips. Thus, a very large number of tourists seek to organize their vacation as actively as possible, considering accordingly various types of entertainment. Based on the above, this article was developed to highlight the need to complement the touristic offer with a set of activities, which take the form of touristic animation, so that to increase the attractiveness of the touristic product, marketed by tourism agencies: tour operators and travel retail agencies. This study deals with a research topic with theoretical and practical aspects, presenting the types of animation, their purpose and their principles as well.
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Ali, MEng, CEng, MIChemE, Sawsan M., Santhanam Thyagarajan, Ashwani Kataria, Sami Al Ankar, and Amal Al Marzooqi. "Impact of CCUS Impurities on Dense Phase CO2 Pipeline Surface Engineering Design." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207354-ms.
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Abstract Numerous CO2 injection pipeline applications have been developed and implemented in the past decades in the UAE and all around the globe. Transporting the CO2 in dense phase, rather than in gas or liquid phases, is well recognized of being techno-economically attractive with respect to its major CAPEX benefits of optimized pipeline material of construction; which is driven by the high water solubility in dense phase CO2 as well as the optimized pipeline size which is greatly influenced by the density and viscosity characteristics of supercritical/dense phase CO2. In light of the active deployment of dense phase CO2 injection EOR pipeline transportation across the various existing and future CO2 capture facilities across the UAE, ADNOC onshore technical expertise team has been conducting intensive research analysis on the unique thermodynamic aspects of dense phase CO2 pipeline systems. The focus was directed towards understanding the transient characteristics, which directly influence crucial design strategies including and not limited to CO2 purity specifications, CO2 pipeline pressure and temperature operating envelopes as well as the developed operating philosophy which involves start-up, shutdown and depressurization. While optimizing the economics of the carbon capture units (CCUS) is a pivotal strategy mandating rationalizing the dictated purity level of the captured CO2 and valorizing the projects. However, such thrifty initiatives to moderate the costs of the selected CO2 removal technologies can lead to underlying cascading effects of the lower purity recovered CO2 on systems design and its operation. As part of the nation's strategic objective to reduce carbon footprint, CO2 has been recovered for EOR re-injection applications. Relaxing the purity specification met by the CO2 capture units can positively improve the cost of the recovery plant while may potentially have adverse impacts on CO2 pipeline integrity. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the CO2 purity specification on the flow assurance safety performance of dense phase CO2 pipeline. It is worth highlighting that the design of CO2 systems is challenged by the paucity of the available reference design guidelines since domain of CO2 itself is still evolving under an active area of research. Although some previous publications have demonstrated the latent underlying effects of imputiries such as (N2, H2, SO2, NO2, CH4, C2H6, and Argon) on the physical and thermodynamic behavior of CO2 systems, however, this was supported by literature experimental modelling without transient analysis. In this paper, the behavior of varying CO2 purity levels on the design and operational aspects of CO2 pipeline is substantiated and both steady state and transient flow assurance modelling are presented. Gauging the system's design integrity cannot be solely assured from the perspective of steady state behavior and hence this paper's findings provide additional information to that previously published with the detailed modelling applied for varying purity scenarios of captured CO2 streams employed in EOR applications across the UAE. The findings of the analysis are benchmarked against plausible worldwide CO2 compositions with a wide range of impurity levels with further in depth demonstration of the transient effects which are usually absent in the available literature.
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Baybuzenko, T. Yu, G. G. Krasnjansky, V. K. Kuchinsky, L. L. Litvinsky, Yu N. Lobach, O. A. Purtov, V. M. Rudko, et al. "Decommissioning Strategy for Chernobyl NPP." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4752.
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At present, Chernobyl NPP is under decommissioning after the final shutdown of Unit 3 at the end of 2000. The decommissioning activity is being carried out on the basis of the “Decommissioning Conception for ChNPP” approved in 1992. In accordance with the acting legislation, this concept should be reconsidered in 2002 at the latest. Presently, a new version of the concept is being developed. This document is based on the decommissioning strategy, which foresees the long-term safe storage of reactors’ cores (up to 100 years) and coolant circuit facilities (up to 50 years) within the existing building constructions together with dismantling of auxiliary equipment. Key decisions are the following: 1) the final goal of decommissioning is the condition described as a “brown field site”; 2) decommissioning involves measures for decontamination and dismantling of the contaminated structures; 3) structures having contamination levels at or below free release are considered as “conditionally clear” and for them the decommissioning goals have been achieved; 4) it is anticipated that the dismantling of building constructions and refinement of site will be considered in the framework of Chernobyl Exclusion Zone rehabilitation. This paper describes the decommissioning process for materials and reactor facilities and presents an overview of the decommissioning program activities.
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Shintani, Kohei, Tomotaka Sugai, Keisuke Ishizaki, Nicolas Knudde, Ivo Couckuyt, and Tom Dhaene. "A Set Based Design Method Using Bayesian Active Learning." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22212.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose a new Set-based concurrent engineering method using Bayesian active learning and to show an application to a multi-disciplinary design optimization problem. In the early stages of the system design process, it is required to set a target value considering the uncertainty of design conditions. If any change of design condition occurs by an external factor in the later development process, the predefined target value cannot be held, and critical rework can be inevitable. To avoid this issue, it is important in the early design stage to solve not only a single target solution but also feasible design solutions that satisfy all multi-disciplinary requirements. In order to discover the feasible region with limited resources, an efficient sampling strategy using CAE simulation is necessary. In this study, a sampling strategy based on Bayesian active learning is proposed to discover a feasible region of multi-disciplinary constraints concurrently. In the proposed method, Gaussian Process models of the multi-disciplinary constraints are trained. Based on posterior distributions of trained Gaussian Processes, new acquisition function by combining two different types of acquisition functions, Probability of Feasibility and Entropy Search is proposed and maximized to generate new sampling points to improve the prediction accuracy of feasible region effectively. To show the effectiveness of the proposed Set-based concurrent engineering method to a multi-disciplinary design problem, a suspension design problem is demonstrated.
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Chaudhari, Kaushal R., and Tapan A. Trivedi. "Analysis on control strategy of Shunt Active Power Filter for three-phase three-wire system." In 2014 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2014.6955179.
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Galluzzi, Renato, Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza, Salvatore Circosta, Angelo Bonfitto, Nicola Amati, and Andrea Tonoli. "Operational Considerations for Active Electromagnetic Suspension Systems." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89393.
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Abstract The use of active suspensions has been rekindled by increasingly stringent comfort requirements in light of the diffusion of electric and safe-driving vehicles. In particular, electromagnetic solutions can guarantee intrinsic reversibility and regenerative operation, which would allow for energy harvesting and/or reuse on active quadrants. However, the use of non-ideal actuators has an impact in the regenerative and active capabilities of any active damping solution. To address this shortcoming, this work aims at validating optimal active operation. Hence, a linear quadratic regulator is used to tune a linear optimal control strategy in a quarter-car model. This plant is equipped first with an ideal actuator. Later, this device is enhanced with multiple non-ideal features: inertial and friction contributions of the moving parts, compliance of the parts that exchange forces with the suspension and the resistive load of the motor windings. Details regarding comfort, handling, are compared. Then, the realistic actuator model is compared for comfort- and handling-oriented control tasks. For both strategies, operational aspects like dynamic performance, control calibration, suspension duty cycle, damping force-speed characteristics and power absorption are discussed. It is demonstrated that a significant part of the control effort is used to mitigate non-ideal features of the realistic actuator.
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Bueno-Benito, Elena, Biel Tura, and Mariella Dimiccoli. "Leveraging Triplet Loss for Unsupervised Action Segmentation." In LatinX in AI at Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference 2023. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai202306185.
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In this paper, we propose a novel fully unsupervised framework that learns action representations suitable for the action segmentation task from the single input video itself, without requiring any training data. Our method is a deep metric learning approach rooted in a shallow network with a triplet loss operating on similarity distributions and a novel triplet selection strategy that effectively models temporal and semantic priors to discover actions in the new representational space. Under these circumstances, we successfully recover temporal boundaries in the learned action representations with higher quality compared with existing unsupervised approaches. The proposed method is evaluated on two widely used benchmark datasets for the action segmentation task and it achieves competitive performance by applying a generic clustering algorithm on the learned representations.
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Fan, Wei, Kunpeng Liu, Hao Liu, Hengshu Zhu, Hui Xiong, and Yanjie Fu. "Feature and Instance Joint Selection: A Reinforcement Learning Perspective." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/280.
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Feature selection and instance selection are two important techniques of data processing. However, such selections have mostly been studied separately, while existing work towards the joint selection conducts feature/instance selection coarsely; thus neglecting the latent fine-grained interaction between feature space and instance space. To address this challenge, we propose a reinforcement learning solution to accomplish the joint selection task and simultaneously capture the interaction between the selection of each feature and each instance. In particular, a sequential-scanning mechanism is designed as action strategy of agents and a collaborative-changing environment is used to enhance agent collaboration. In addition, an interactive paradigm introduces prior selection knowledge to help agents for more efficient exploration. Finally, extensive experiments on real-world datasets have demonstrated improved performances.
Reports on the topic "Latent active strategy"
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Lindsey, George R. Military Humanitarian/Civic Action: The Reserve Component as An Instrument of United States Strategy in Latin America. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345896.
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Bonzi Teixeira, Augusto, Eric Fernando Boeck Daza, Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack, Virginia Snyder, Arturo Daniel Alarcon Rodriguez, and Leopoldo Montanez. Electrokit: Power Utility Toolkit-The Overview: Best Practices in Electric Power Distribution Companies in the Latin America and Caribbean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003764.
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The Electrokit is an initiative created by the IDB to strengthen transformation and continuous improvement of electric utilities in the LAC region. It follows international standards that characterize and evaluate utilities based on indicators and best practices. The Electrokit is organized in 16 activities that are common to most electricity utilities. The aim of the toolkit is to provide power utilities, policy and decision-makers access to best practices, current trends, and expertise to: (i) identify challenges, develop a strategy and action plan for addressing them; and (ii) support utilities to be more sustainable, efficient, improve customer experience and accelerate innovation to stay ahead of the rapidly sector transformation. The Overview presents the main objectives of the toolkit, the structure of its areas and activities, and a guide on how companies could design an action plan.
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Katz, Sabrina, Miguel Algarin, and Emanuel Hernandez. Structuring for Exit: New Approaches for Private Capital in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003074.
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Structured financing solutions encompass a range of investment approaches that provide liquidity to investors without the need for a traditional equity exit event, such as a strategic sale, sale to another financial investor, or public market listing. Structuring mechanisms across the debt-to-equity spectrum determine the exit terms of the deal, therefore providing considerable downside protection to investors. Structured financing solutions are an incipient but increasingly important set of tools for investors active in Latin America to address the financing gap for companies that lack access to bank financing and are not attractive targets for traditional PE and VC players. Many investors employing these strategies are in an experimental phase, reporting new lessons learned with each deal completed. Impact investors have been among the top drivers of these structuring innovations, as they have grappled with the additional limitations associated with the straight equity model for environmental or social enterprises. However, the use of structured financing is by no means restricted to the impact investing space. Fund managers have invested USD4b in private credit deals in Latin America since 2018, more than the previous ten years combined. PE and VC investors have also increasingly employed quasi-equity and debt instruments. ACON Investments, for example, has employed mezzanine structures in several deals from its latest funds. Brazil-focused venture capital firm SP Ventures has recently begun investing from its debut venture debt fund. Growing experimentation by fund managers demonstrates the opportunity for investors across ticket sizes, strategies, and the impact-to-commercial spectrum. The structures discussed and the case studies highlighted in this report contain some of the major lessons applicable to a wide group of private capital investors in Latin America targeting certain and timely exits with consistent returns.
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Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, Alan MacDonald, Kirsty Upton, Nick Hepworth, Clare Gorman, John Matthews, et al. Groundwater: Making the Invisible Visible - K4D Briefing Pack. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.027.
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This briefing pack provides some of the latest evidence and information about groundwater, along with key messaging and resources. In this pack we discuss the UK’s Water action at COP26; programme activities around water and climate, water governance, finance, and gender and the UK’s well developed water ‘offer’, that together, can help reach the goal of global water security. Groundwater is water found underground in aquifers which, although hidden from view, are vital to agriculture, economic growth, nature and health. Groundwater is an especially important source of water as rainfall varies due to Climate Change. The sections in this briefing pack are: UK position on water; UK water offer; Latest innovation and developments around groundwater; Supported networks for knowledge, connection and opportunities; Water as a strategic climate asset; Water governance; Water finance; Water Finance and Water Risk Filter; Gender and water; GCRF Water Security and Sustainable Development Hub – case studies; Upcoming events and networks; Key reading; Key videos.
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Viguri, Sofía, Sandra López Tovar, Mariel Juárez Olvera, and Gloria Visconti. Analysis of External Climate Finance Access and Implementation: CIF, FCPF, GCF and GEF Projects and Programs by the Inter-American Development Bank. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003008.
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In response to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IDB Group Board of Governors endorsed the target of increasing climate-related financing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 15% in 2015 to 30% of the IDB Groups combined total approvals by 2020. Currently, the IDB Group is on track to meet this commitment, as in 2018, it financed nearly US$5 billion in climate-change-related activities benefiting LAC, which accounted for 27% of total IDB Groups annual approvals. In 2019, the overall volume and proportion of climate finance in new IDBG approvals have increased to 29%. As the IDB continues to strive towards this goal by using its funds to ramp-up climate action, it also acknowledges that tackling climate change is an objective shared with the rest of the international community. For the past ten years, strategic partnerships have been forged with external sources of finance that are also looking to invest in low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Doing this has contributed to the Banks objective of mobilizing additional resources for climate action while also strengthening its position as a leading partner to accelerate climate innovation in many fields. From climate-smart technologies and resilient infrastructure to institutional reform and financial mechanisms, IDB's use of external sources of finance is helping countries in LAC advance toward meeting their international climate change commitments. This report collects a series of insights and lessons learned by the IDB in the preparation and implementation of projects with climate finance from four external sources: the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It includes a systematic revision of their design and their progress on delivery, an assessment of broader impacts (scale-up, replication, and contributions to transformational change/paradigm shift), and a set of recommendations to optimize the access and use of these funds in future rounds of climate investment. The insights and lessons learned collected in this publication can inform the design of short and medium-term actions that support “green recovery” through the mobilization of investments that promote decarbonization.
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.
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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Report 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004394.
Full textAbstract:
In the IDB Group, diversity is in the cornerstone of everything we do in Latin America and the Caribbean. We strongly believe that an active investment in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) entails many institutional benefits including more innovative solutions for our clients, and a stronger position in capital markets, and an overall perception as a preferred place to work. Recognizing our diversity and our commitment to making our organization more inclusive and equitable is what makes our institution the premier development finance institution for Latin America and the Caribbean, and the reason why we have included DEI in our Institutional Strategy and the Vision 2025. In 2021, we achieved significant milestones including becoming the first multilateral development bank in the Americas, and the second worldwide, to achieve the EDGE Move certification, the second level in a three level globally recognized gender certification, and the integration of equity as a core principle of our strategy thus ensuring a focus on the individual needs of our employees and provide fair opportunities and an equal outcome for all. Our institution still has much work to do in DEI, and we intend to be the standard-bearer in the Region and a source of inspiration and guidance for our clients. What is being highlighted in this DEI 2021 Report are the crucial steps taken to lay a path to better results within the IDB Group. For example, we continue to complete a gender pay gap analysis annually. In 2021, the analysis results for the IDB estimated an unexplained wage differential for base salaries of 0.8% in favor of men. While for IDB Invest, the analysis results estimated the unexplained wage differential for base salaries of 2.8% in favor of men. Putting this into context, our differential is less than /- 5% which is considered statistically insignificant by the Economic Dividends for Gender Equality (EDGE) standards. This report describes our efforts to advance this DEI agenda during 2021. We highlight our best practices to develop an organizational culture that encourages diverse experiences, measure our progress in numbers, and share the initiatives, actions, and targets we have set up for the upcoming years.