Journal articles: 'Late Quaternary Africa'

1

Roberts, N., J. Deacon, and N. Lancaster. "Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa." Geographical Journal 155, no. 1 (March 1989): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635393.

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SCHOLZ, CHRISTOPHER A., and BRUCE P. FINNEY. "Late Quaternary sequence stratigraphy of Lake Malawi (Nyasa), Africa." Sedimentology 41, no. 1 (February 1994): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01397.x.

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Meadows, M. E. "Late Quaternary peat accumulation in southern Africa." CATENA 15, no. 5 (October 1988): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(88)90064-1.

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Ramsay, Peter J., and J. Andrew G. Cooper. "Late Quaternary Sea-Level Change in South Africa." Quaternary Research 57, no. 1 (January 2002): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2290.

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AbstractA Late Quaternary sea-level curve for South Africa is presented on the basis of new and published data from a range of sea level indicators and a variety of locations. Available evidence suggests that sea level in South Africa broadly follows that described from the Caribbean but that deviations occur during sea-level highstands. During the last interglaciation (oxygen isotope stage 5) and the late Holocene, coastal emergence produced higher sea levels in South Africa than those identified in the Caribbean during the same time intervals. This is tentatively ascribed to predicted lithospheric deformation in continental margin settings.

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Runge, Jürgen. "New results on Late Quaternary landscape and vegetation dynamics in eastern Zaire (Central Africa)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Volumes 99 (September 13, 1995): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfgsuppl/99/1995/65.

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Scott, L. "Late quaternary forest history in Venda, Southern Africa." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 53, no. 1-2 (November 1987): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(87)90008-x.

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Narcisi, Biancamaria. "Late Quaternary Eolian Deposition in Central Italy." Quaternary Research 54, no. 2 (September 2000): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2155.

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Records of eolian quartz from two continuous sediment sequences drilled in Lagaccione and Lago di Vico volcanic lakes in central Italy contribute to the knowledge of eolian deposition in the central Mediterranean during the last 100,000 years. The chronology is based on 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating and tephra analysis. Pollen data provide the paleoenvironmental framework and enable correlation between the cores. Eolian inputs were high during the steppe phases corresponding to oxygen isotope stages 4 and 2. Low inputs correspond to the forest phases of the last interglacial and the middle Holocene. Eolian inputs have increased in the late Holocene. Patterns of eolian deposition in central Italy resemble the Antarctic dust record from the Vostok ice core. The Italian patterns may also correspond with hydrological changes registered in North Africa. The main source of dust loading over the Mediterranean now, North Africa, may have played an important role in dust supply throughout the last climatic cycle.

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Pokras, Edward M., and Alan C. Mix. "Eolian Evidence for Spatial Variability of Late Quaternary Climates in Tropical Africa." Quaternary Research 24, no. 2 (July 1985): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90001-8.

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Study of the eolian fraction of late Quaternary sediments from the tropical Atlantic reveals that two modes of long-term climate variability have existed in tropical Africa during the last 150,000 yr. Tropical northwest Africa (i.e., the southwestern Sahara and Sahel) was driest during glaciations and stades, but wetter than at present during interglaciations and interstades. This may be a response to ice sheets at higher latitudes, via equatorward displacement of the westerlies and the subtropical high. In contrast, central equatorial Africa (southeast of the Sahara) was most arid during interstades and times of ice growth, and most humid during deglaciation. Wet periods in this area correspond to insolation maxima in northern hemisphere summer. A 23,000-yr precessional rhythm is suggested, supporting a direct link between African Monsoon intensity and orbitally modulated insolation. The late Holocene is the only time observed when both areas are arid during an interglacial episode. This may reflect, in part, anthropogenic disturbance of late Holocene climates.

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Osmaston, Henry A., and Sandy P. Harrison. "The Late Quaternary glaciation of Africa: A regional synthesis." Quaternary International 138-139 (September 2005): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.005.

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10

Thackeray, J. F. "Temperature Indices from Late Quaternary Sequences in South Africa." South African Geographical Journal 72, no. 2 (September 1990): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1990.10586374.

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11

Rognon, P. "Late quaternary climatic reconstruction for the maghreb (North Africa)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58, no. 1-2 (February 1987): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90003-4.

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Lézine, Anne-Marie. "Evolution of the West African Mangrove During the Late Quaternary: A Review." Palynologie et changements globaux : XIVe symposium de l’Association des palynologues de langue française 51, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033139ar.

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ABSTRACT The review of pollen data on mangrove pollen deposition in modern and late Quaternary sediments of West Africa points to two distinct signals linked to the sedimentary environment concerned. Along the littoral and on the slope of the continental shelf, mangrove peat deposits recording more than 40% of Rhizophora percentages reflect the postglacial sea-level rise and give evidence for the associated paleogeographical modifications (e.g. during the Nouakchottian transgression). Deep oceanic records show that the mangrove was present along the West African coasts during the Late Glacial Maximum reflecting local conditions of fresh water input and sea surface temperatures not as low as previously suggested. Mangrove developed after 12 500 BP as far north as 21°N; its maximum extension was recorded ca. 9500 BP reflecting the enhanced monsoon circulation over West Africa.

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13

Miller, Charlotte, Jemma Finch, Trevor Hill, Francien Peterse, Marc Humphries, Matthias Zabel, and Enno Schefuß. "Late Quaternary climate variability at Mfabeni peatland, eastern South Africa." Climate of the Past 15, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 1153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1153-2019.

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Abstract. The scarcity of continuous, terrestrial, palaeoenvironmental records in eastern South Africa leaves the evolution of late Quaternary climate and its driving mechanisms uncertain. Here we use a ∼7 m long core from Mfabeni peatland (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) to reconstruct climate variability for the last 32 000 years (cal ka BP). We infer past vegetation and hydrological variability using stable carbon (δ13Cwax) and hydrogen isotopes (δDwax) of plant-wax n-alkanes and use Paq to reconstruct water table changes. Our results indicate that late Quaternary climate in eastern South Africa did not respond directly to orbital forcing or to changes in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western Indian Ocean. We attribute the arid conditions evidenced at Mfabeni during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to low SSTs and an equatorward displacement of (i) the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, (ii) the subtropical high-pressure cell, and (iii) the South Indian Ocean Convergence Zone (SIOCZ), which we infer was linked to increased Antarctic sea-ice extent. The northerly location of the high-pressure cell and the SIOCZ inhibited moisture advection inland and pushed the rain-bearing cloud band north of Mfabeni, respectively. The increased humidity at Mfabeni between 19 and 14 cal kyr BP likely resulted from a southward retreat of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ, consistent with a decrease in Antarctic sea-ice extent. Between 14 and 5 cal kyr BP, when the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ were in their southernmost position, local insolation became the dominant control, leading to stronger atmospheric convection and an enhanced tropical easterly monsoon. Generally drier conditions persisted during the past ca. 5 cal ka BP, probably resulting from an equatorward return of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ. Higher SSTs and heightened El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity may have played a role in enhancing climatic variability during the past ca. 5 cal ka BP. Our findings highlight the influence of the latitudinal position of the westerlies, the high-pressure cell, and the SIOCZ in driving climatological and environmental changes in eastern South Africa.

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14

Jolly, D., S. P. Harrison, B. Damnati, and R. Bonnefille. "Simulated climate and biomes of Africa during the late quaternary." Quaternary Science Reviews 17, no. 6-7 (April 1998): 629–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00015-8.

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15

Marean, Curtis W., and Diane Gifford-Gonzalez. "Late Quaternary extinct ungulates of East Africa and palaeoenvironmental implications." Nature 350, no. 6317 (April 1991): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350418a0.

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16

Scott, L. "Palynological evidence for late quaternary warming episodes in Southern Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101, no. 3-4 (April 1993): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90015-b.

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17

Botha, G. A., and N. Fedoroff. "Palaeosols in Late Quaternary colluvium, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 2 (August 1995): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00072-2.

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18

Castañeda, Isla S., Josef P. Werne, Thomas C. Johnson, and Timothy R. Filley. "Late Quaternary vegetation history of southeast Africa: The molecular isotopic record from Lake Malawi." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 275, no. 1-4 (May 2009): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.008.

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19

Klein, Richard G. "Carnivore Size and Quaternary Climatic Change in Southern Africa." Quaternary Research 26, no. 1 (July 1986): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90089-x.

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The relationship between carnassial length and latitude south is analyzed for 17 African carnivore species to determine if individuals tend to be larger in cooler climates, as predicted by Bergmann's Rule. With modern data in support, middle and late Quaternary temperatures might then be inferred from mean carnassial length in fossil samples, such as those from Equus Cave, Elandsfontein, Sea Harvest. Duinefontein, and Swartklip in the Cape Province of South Africa. One problematic aspect of the study is the use of carnassial length and latitude as necessary but imperfect substitutes for body size and temperature, respectively. For some species, another difficulty is the relatively small number of available modern specimens, combined with their uneven latitudinal spread. Still, in 14 of the species, carnassial length does tend to increase with latitude south, while mean carnassial length in the same species tends to be greater in those fossil samples which accumulated under relatively cool conditions, as inferred from sedimentologic, palynological, or geochemical data. Given larger modern samples from a wide variety of latitudes, refinement of the mathematical relationship between carnassial length and latitude in various species may even permit quantitative estimates of past temperatures in southern Africa.

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20

Fitchett, Jennifer M., Stefan W. Grab, Marion K. Bamford, and Anson W. Mackay. "Late Quaternary research in southern Africa: progress, challenges and future trajectories." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 72, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2017.1297966.

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21

Ivory, Sarah J., Anne-Marie Lézine, Annie Vincens, and Andrew S. Cohen. "Waxing and waning of forests: Late Quaternary biogeography of southeast Africa." Global Change Biology 24, no. 7 (April 27, 2018): 2939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14150.

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22

Botha, Greg A., Ann G. Wintle, and John C. Vogel. "Episodic late quaternary palaeogully erosion in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." CATENA 23, no. 3-4 (December 1994): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90076-0.

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23

Thackeray, J. F. "Late Quaternary environmental changes inferred from small mammalian fauna, southern Africa." Climatic Change 10, no. 3 (July 1987): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00143907.

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24

Kiage, Lawrence M., and Kam-biu Liu. "Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes in East Africa: a review of multiproxy evidence from palynology, lake sediments, and associated records." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 5 (October 2006): 633–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133306071146.

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This paper presents an overview of paleoenvironmental changes in East Africa during the late Quaternary based on evidence from pollen, diatoms, microscopic charcoal, and lake level records and associated proxies. The paleoenvironmental records derived from different proxies complement each other to provide a more accurate and complete assessment of the paleoenvironmental changes in East Africa. The records show that the period prior to c. 42,000 14C yr BP was characterized by warm climatic conditions similar to the present. This was followed by a change to cold dry conditions from 42,000 to 30,000 14C yr BP, and cold and moist conditions from 30,000 to 21,000 14C yr BP. Temperatures during the latter period leading to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were probably 2 to 4.1°C lower than the present. Between c. 21,000 and 12,500 14C yr BP East Africa's environment was generally cool, punctuated by two significant episodes of prolonged desiccation. Warm and moist conditions punctuated by rapid climatic changes prevailed in the region during the deglacial and middle Holocene period. Ice core records document two significant and abrupt drought events in the region, one at 8300 14C yr BP and the other at 5200 14C yr BP. The onset of a longer and more extensive desiccation period commencing 4000 14C yr BP was registered in nearly all sites. The climate of East Africa was generally drier than present during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) while fairly wet conditions prevailed during the Little Ice Age (LIA) interrupted by three episodes of aridity, more severe than those of more recent times. Whereas this review advances our understanding of climate and vegetational changes in East Africa beyond the Last Glacial Maximum, it also highlights limitations of the paradigms that explain the forcing mechanisms behind the changes. However, unequivocal interpretation of the multiproxy data from East Africa with respect to paleoenvironmental changes becomes extremely complex and challenging especially when the anthropogenic input is considered.

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Faith, J. Tyler, Brian M. Chase, and D. Margaret Avery. "Late Quaternary micromammals and the precipitation history of the southern Cape, South Africa." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 848–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.105.

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AbstractThe southern Cape of South Africa is important to understanding regional climate because it straddles the transition between the winter and summer rainfall zones. We examine late Quaternary changes in rainfall seasonality and aridity through analysis of micromammal assemblages from three sites: Boomplaas Cave and Nelson Bay Cave in the aseasonal rainfall zone and Byneskranskop 1 in the winter rainfall zone. Our interpretation is based on analysis of 123 modern micromammal assemblages accumulated by barn owls (Tyto alba), which empirically links species composition to climate. The Pleistocene record (∼65 to 12 ka) from Boomplaas Cave, together with the last glacial maximum (LGM) samples from Nelson Bay Cave, indicates enhanced winter rainfall, especially during the LGM. Boomplaas Cave documents progressive aridification from the LGM to the earliest Holocene, followed by a return to moderately humid conditions through the Holocene. Byneskranskop 1 indicates a dominance of winter rains over the last 17 ka and a shift from an arid middle Holocene to a humid later Holocene. Agreement between the micromammal record and other local and regional proxies reinforces the potential of southern African micromammal assemblages as paleoclimate indicators.

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Norström, E., F. H. Neumann, L. Scott, R. H. Smittenberg, H. Holmstrand, S. Lundqvist, I. Snowball, H. S. Sundqvist, J. Risberg, and M. Bamford. "Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics and hydro-climate in the Drakensberg, South Africa." Quaternary Science Reviews 105 (December 2014): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.016.

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Mitchell, Peter J. "The late Quaternary landscape at Sehonghong in the Lesotho highlands, southern Africa." Antiquity 70, no. 269 (September 1996): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083757.

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In the rough and rugged country of the Lesotho highlands, rock-paintings and archaeological deposits in the rock-shelters record hunter-gatherer life-ways; at Sehonghong, a long sequence runs from recent times to and through the Last Glacial Maximum. Survey of the region's Middle and Later Stone Age sites shows a pattern of concentrations that likely applies to other parts of the Lesotho highlands.

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Loftus, E., J. Sealy, M. J. Leng, and J. A. Lee-Thorp. "A late Quaternary record of seasonal sea surface temperatures off southern Africa." Quaternary Science Reviews 171 (September 2017): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.003.

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Meadows, Michael E., and Andrew J. Baxter. "Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of the southwestern Cape, South Africa: a regional synthesis." Quaternary International 57-58 (June 1999): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(98)00060-3.

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Haslett, Simon K., and Catherine F. C. Davies. "Late Quaternary climate-ocean changes in western North Africa: offshore geochemical evidence." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 31, no. 1 (March 2006): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2006.00193.x.

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31

Peters, Joris, Achilles Gautier, James S. Brink, and Wim Haenen. "Late Quaternary Extinction of Ungulates in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reductionist's Approach." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 1 (January 1994): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1004.

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32

Faith, J. Tyler. "Late Quaternary dietary shifts of the Cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) in southern Africa." Quaternary Research 75, no. 1 (January 2011): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.011.

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AbstractThe Cape grysbok is endemic to southern Africa's Cape Floral Region where it selectively browses various species of dicotyledonous vegetation. Fossil evidence indicates that the grysbok persisted under glacial and interglacial conditions throughout the late Quaternary and inhabited a range of environments. This study employs mesowear analysis to reconstruct grysbok diets over time and in response to changing environments at Nelson Bay Cave, Die Kelders Cave 1, Klasies River Mouth, and Swartklip 1. Results indicate that the amount of grasses (monocots) versus leafy vegetation (dicots) included in the diet fluctuated over time and largely in agreement with changes in faunal community structure. The case for dietary flexibility is particularly clear at Nelson Bay Cave, where there is a significant trend from mixed feeding towards increased browsing from the late Pleistocene (~ 18,500 14C yr BP) through the Holocene. Dietary shifts at Nelson Bay Cave are consistent with the hypothesis that declining grassland productivity is responsible for the terminal Pleistocene extinction of several large ungulates in southern Africa. Furthermore, the short-term dietary shifts demonstrated here (100s to 1000s of years) provide an important caution against relying on taxonomic uniformitarianism when reconstructing the dietary preferences of fossil ungulates, both extant and extinct.

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Klein, Richard G., and Kathryn Cruz-Uribe. "Size Variation in the Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis) and Late Quaternary Climatic Change in South Africa." Quaternary Research 46, no. 2 (September 1996): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0059.

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The average adult size of the rock hyrax varies greatly across South Africa. Regression analysis suggests that mean hyrax size is more closely linked to precipitation than to temperature, probably because precipitation has a much greater impact on preferred hyrax food plants. The relationship between mean size and precipitation is curvilinear, such that size increases up to about 700 mm/annum and declines thereafter. This parallels a tendency for less palatable grasses to replace more palatable ones where rainfall exceeds 700 mm/annum. In conjunction with other indicators of past climate, hyrax size variation can be used to reconstruct precipitation history near deeply stratified South African late Quaternary sites, including Elands Bay Cave, Die Kelders Cave 1, and Nelson Bay Cave.

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CATALANO, STEFANO, FRANCESCO PAVANO, GINO ROMAGNOLI, GIUSEPPE TORTORICI, and LUIGI TORTORICI. "Late Tortonian–Quaternary tectonic evolution of central Sicily: the major role of the strike-slip deformation." Geological Magazine 155, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000528.

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AbstractWe here propose a new kinematic picture of central Sicily based on the results of detailed field mapping of the region, combined with structural analyses and the interpretation of the available literature subsurface data. Our study focused on the tectonic boundary of a structural depression, the Caltanissetta Trough, which is now filled with allochthonous terrains resting on the deep-seated inverted African palaeomargin units. Our data refer to the tectonosedimentary evolution of the thrust-top basins, from Late Tortonian to Quaternary times. The study points out the occurrence of regional E–W-oriented dextral shear zones, cutting the NE-oriented trends of the thrust belt. This new evidence would confirm the major role of the E–W trend in the tectonic inversion of the external portions of the Africa palaeomargin in Sicily. Our results could contribute to a better understanding of the location in Sicily of the tectonic lineaments accommodating the hundreds of kilometres of lateral displacement, caused by the Late Miocene–Quaternary Tyrrhenian Basin opening to the north of the island.

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Salzmann, Ulrich, Philipp Hoelzmann, and Irena Morczinek. "Late Quaternary Climate and Vegetation of the Sudanian Zone of Northeast Nigeria." Quaternary Research 58, no. 1 (July 2002): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2356.

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AbstractThe Lake Tilla crater lake in northeastern Nigeria (10°23′N, 12°08′E) provides a ca. 17,000 14C yr multiproxy record of the environmental history of a Sudanian savanna in West Africa. Evaluation of pollen, diatoms, and sedimentary geochemistry from cores suggests that dry climatic conditions prevailed throughout the late Pleistocene. Before the onset of the Holocene, the slow rise in lake levels was interrupted by a distinct dry event between ca. 10,900 and 10,500 14C yr B.P., which may coincide with the Younger Dryas episode. The onset of the Holocene is marked by an abrupt increase in lake levels and a subsequent spread of Guinean and Sudanian tree taxa into the open grass savanna that predominated throughout the Late Pleistocene. The dominance of the mountain olive Olea hochstetteri suggests cool climatic conditions prior to ca. 8600 14C yr B.P. The early to mid-Holocene humid period culminated between ca. 8500 and 7000 14C yr B.P. with the establishment of a dense Guinean savanna during high lake levels. Frequent fires were important in promoting the open character of the vegetation. The palynological and palaeolimnological data demonstrate that the humid period terminated after ca. 7000 14C yr B.P. in a gradual decline of the precipitation/evaporation ratio and was not interrupted by abrupt climatic events. The aridification trend intensified after ca. 3800 14C yr B.P. and continued until the present.

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Zabel, Matthias, Ralph R. Schneider, Thomas Wagner, Adesina T. Adegbie, Uwe de Vries, and Sadat Kolonic. "Late Quaternary Climate Changes in Central Africa as Inferred from Terrigenous Input to the Niger Fan." Quaternary Research 56, no. 2 (September 2001): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2261.

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AbstractTime series of terrigenous source elements (Al, K, Ti, Zr) from core GeoB4901-8 recovered from the deep-sea fan of the Niger River record variations in riverine sediment discharge over the past 245,000 yr. Although the flux rates of all the elements depend on physical erosion, which is mainly controlled by the extent of vegetation coverage in central Africa, element/Al ratios reflect conditions for chemical weathering in the river basin. Maximum sediment input to the ocean occurs during cold and arid periods, when precipitation intensity and associated freshwater runoff are reduced. High carbonate contents during the same periods indicate that the sediment supply has a positive effect on river-induced marine productivity. In general, variations in the terrestrial signals contain a strong precessional component in tune with changes in low-latitude solar radiation. However, the terrestrial signal lags the insolation signal by several thousand years. K/Al, Ti/Al, and Zr/Al records reveal that African monsoonal precipitation depends on high-latitude forcing. We attribute the shift between insolation cycle and river discharge to the frequently reported nonlinear response of African climate to primary orbital configurations, which may be caused by a complex interaction of the secondary control parameters, such as surface albedo and/or thermohaline circulation.

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Finné, Martin, Elin Norström, Jan Risberg, and Louis Scott. "Siliceous microfossils as late-Quaternary paleo-environmental indicators at Braamhoek wetland, South Africa." Holocene 20, no. 5 (April 22, 2010): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683610362810.

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Meadows, Michael E., and Jean M. Sugden. "The late quaternary palaeoecology of a floristic kingdom: the southwestern Cape South Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 101, no. 3-4 (April 1993): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90019-f.

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39

Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., and J. A. Coetzee. "A review of late quaternary pollen studies in East, Central and Southern Africa." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 55, no. 1-3 (June 1988): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(88)90083-8.

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40

Littmann, Thomas. "Spatial patterns and frequency distribution of Late Quaternary water budget tendencies in Africa." CATENA 16, no. 2 (April 1989): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(89)90039-8.

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41

Thackeray, Francis. "Comment on Temperature Indices from Late Quaternary Terrestrial Sequence at Wonderkrater, South Africa." Quaternary Research 42, no. 3 (November 1994): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1086.

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42

Tierney, Jessica E., James M. Russell, and Yongsong Huang. "A molecular perspective on Late Quaternary climate and vegetation change in the Lake Tanganyika basin, East Africa." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 5-6 (March 2010): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.030.

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43

Potts, Richard, and Alan Deino. "Mid-Pleistocene Change in Large Mammal Faunas of East Africa." Quaternary Research 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1010.

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AbstractSingle-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age estimates of 392,000 ± 4000 to 330,000 ± 6000 yr from Lainyamok, a middle Pleistocene fossil locality in the southern Kenya rift, document the oldest evidence from sub-Saharan Africa of a diverse, large mammal fauna consisting entirely of extant species. The inferred age of this fauna implies an upper limit for extinction of species that characterize well-calibrated, mid-Pleistocene fossil assemblages in East Africa. For its age and species richness, the Lainyamok fauna is surprising for its lack of extinct forms (e.g., the bovine Pelorovis) well documented in later faunal assemblages of East and South Africa. Definitive presence of the South African blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas) is also unexpected, especially as this alcelaphine bovid is the dominant large mammal in the Lainyamok fauna. These age estimates and the faunal composition at Lainyamok indicate that geographic ranges and taxonomic associations of extant largebodied mammals were susceptible to wide fluctuations in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 330,000 yr. This inference is consistent with the hypothesis of nonanalogue, or ephemeral, biotas believed to characterize late Quaternary ecosystems of northern continents.

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Pierau, Roberto, Till J. J. Hanebuth, Sebastian Krastel, and Rüdiger Henrich. "Late Quaternary climatic events and sea-level changes recorded by turbidite activity, Dakar Canyon, NW Africa." Quaternary Research 73, no. 2 (March 2010): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.07.010.

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The relationship of sea-level changes and short-term climatic changes with turbidite deposition is poorly documented, although the mechanisms of gravity-driven sediment transport in submarine canyons during sea-level changes have been reported from many regions. This study focuses on the activity of the Dakar Canyon off southern Senegal in response to major glacial/interglacial sea-level shifts and variability in the NW-African continental climate. The sedimentary record from the canyon allows us to determine the timing of turbidite events and on the basis of XRF-scanning element data, we have identified the climate signal at a sub-millennial time scale from the surrounding hemipelagic sediments. Over the late Quaternary the highest frequency in turbidite activity in the Dakar Canyon is confined to major climatic terminations when remobilisation of sediments from the shelf was triggered by the eustatic sea-level rise. However, episodic turbidite events coincide with the timing of Heinrich events in the North Atlantic. During these times continental climate has changed rapidly, with evidence for higher dust supply over NW Africa which has fed turbidity currents. Increased aridity and enhanced wind strength in the southern Saharan–Sahelian zone may have provided a source for this dust.

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Yechieli, Y., M. Magaritz, Y. Levy, U. Weber, U. Kafri, W. Woelfli, and G. Bonani. "Late Quaternary Geological History of the Dead Sea Area, Israel." Quaternary Research 39, no. 1 (January 1993): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1007.

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AbstractA 34.5 m borehole, which was drilled near the Dead Sea coast (altitude -394 m) in the southern part of the fan delta of Wadi Zeelim, reveals the geological history of that area from the latest Pleistocene to present. The depositional time frame is based on six 14C dates and two U-Th dates. An erosional (or nondepositional) period is implied by the hiatus between 21,100 yr B.P. (U-Th age, depth 33 m) and 11,315 yr B.P. (14C age, depth 32 m). A subsequent arid phase is recorded by a 6.5-m-thick layer of halite; based on 14C dates this phase relates to the abrupt Younger Dryas cold period reported in temperate to polar regions. The fragility of the environment in this region is indicated by the fact that the region experienced such a severe, short aridification phase (less than 1000 yr), evidence of which is found widely in the desert fringes of the Middle East and North Africa. The aragonite found in most of the Holocene section indicates that the well site was covered by the lake for most of the Holocene. Exceptions are the intervals at 0-3 and 10-14 m depths which represent low stands of the lake.

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Marean, Curtis W. "Implications of Late Quaternary Mammalian Fauna from Lukenya Hill (South-Central Kenya) for Paleoenvironmental Change and Faunal Extinctions." Quaternary Research 37, no. 2 (March 1992): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90085-w.

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AbstractLate Quaternary paleoenvironmental data for East Africa are derived primarily from montane sources and thus we know little about the changing composition of East African savannas. Four archaeological sites at Lukenya Hill in the savanna of the Athi-Kapiti Plains of Kenya that date to the last 40,000 yr preserve a large mammalian fauna. The prehistoric hunters concentrated on migratory ungulates and virtually ignored the resident inselberg ungulates throughout the occupation. Faunas of the last glacial maximum are dominated by an extinct small alcelaphine antelope. Arid-adapted ungulates are present that are regionally absent historically, and Pelorovis is present as well. The small alcelaphine and arid-adapted ungulates are absent in the Holocene deposits. This suggests that there was an expansion of dry savannas during the last glacial maximum. The last glacial maximum aridity, combined with a lack of pastoral-set fires, would have resulted in a vegetative mosaic distinct from the present. Dry woody growth and dry and/or tall grass, all of which are poor forage for ungulates, would have been common where seasonally moist short grasslands are presently extant. These conditions favored the large-bodied, highly hypsodont species in Africa that became extinct with the onset of wet conditions during the early Holocene.

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Coetzee, Louise, and James S. Brink. "Fossil oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) from the Florisbad Quaternary deposits, South Africa." Quaternary Research 59, no. 2 (March 2003): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-5894(02)00024-8.

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AbstractIn a pioneer application of acarology to Quaternary fossil-bearing sediments in southern Africa, the oribatid composition in the Florisbad Quaternary sediments was determined and compared to the currently known distribution of those species. Nine species of oribatid mites were recorded in the Holocene aeolian deposits of the third test pit, three species from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) horizon sediments of the third test pit, and thirteen species from the Holocene spring sediments. The Florisbad results indicate a better agreement between the oribatid fauna of the last interglacial MSA horizon of the third test pit and the organic-rich mid-Holocene deposits near the spring than between either of these and early- and late-Holocene aeolian sediments of the third test pit, suggesting some similarity in microsedimentary environments. The majority of the species recorded in the sediments are parthenogenetic and can be regarded as pioneer species.

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Bubenzer, O., K. Kindermann, S. Kröpelin, M. Melles, J. Richter, F. Schäbitz, B. Tezkan, R. Vogelsang, B. Wagner, and G. C. Weniger. "From Africa to Europe in the Late Quaternary – Ways of dispersal, bridges and barriers." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.200.

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Leblanc, Marc J., Christian Leduc, Frank Stagnitti, Peter J. van Oevelen, Chris Jones, Linus A. Mofor, Moumtaz Razack, and Guillaume Favreau. "Evidence for Megalake Chad, north-central Africa, during the late Quaternary from satellite data." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 230, no. 3-4 (January 2006): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.016.

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Stewart, Brian A., and Peter J. Mitchell. "Late Quaternary palaeoclimates and human-environment dynamics of the Maloti-Drakensberg region, southern Africa." Quaternary Science Reviews 196 (September 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Late Quaternary Africa'

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