Journal articles on the topic 'Late pruning'
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1
Hayns, C. L., O. M. Lindstrom, and M. A. Dirr. "Pruning Effects on the Cold Hardiness of `Haggerston Gray' Leyland Cypress and `Natchez' Crape Myrtle." HortScience 26, no. 11 (November 1991): 1381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1381.
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The effects of late summer, fall, and winter pruning on the cold hardiness of × Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A.B. Jacks. `Hag gerston Gray' (Leyland cypress) and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' (crape myrtle) were determined. Pruning in late summer through early winter significantly reduced the cold hardiness of both taxa. The maximum difference in cold hardiness between pruned trees and controls for × Cupressocyparis leylandii `Haggerston Gray' in October, December, January, and February was 3, 3, 2, and 6C, respectively. The maximum difference in cold hardiness between pruned plants and controls for Lagerstroemia `Natchez' in December, January, and February was 3, 4, and 2C, respectively. Early spring pruning of Leyland cypress and late winter or early spring pruning of crape myrtle are suggested from these data.
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Wilkie, J. D., M. Sedgley, and T. Olesen. "The timing of pruning affects flushing, flowering and yield of macadamia." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 7 (2010): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09167.
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Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × M. tetraphylla) trees were pruned at different times at sites near Alstonville, northern New South Wales, Australia, to examine the effects on vegetative flushing, subsequent flower raceme production and yield. Pruning of cv. 849 and cv. A268 modified the cycle of flush development. Pruning times that resulted in immature flushes on the canopy in late autumn or early winter inhibited raceme production. In contrast, pruning in late May and early June did not generally reduce raceme production relative to production on unpruned trees. The times of pruning that reduced raceme production also reduced yield. The yields of trees pruned in late May were also reduced, presumably because of decreased light interception. In the season after treatment the trees pruned in early April had greater numbers of racemes per unit of tree canopy volume than the trees pruned in late May. The trees of the lighter flowering cv. 849 pruned in early April had higher yield efficiencies than the trees pruned in late May, whereas there was no effect on yield efficiency in the prolifically flowering cv. A268. The differences in raceme production in the season after pruning may have been due to a combination of an alternate bearing response, characteristics of the stems produced after pruning, or maturity of the flushes. In a separate experiment, uniconazole sprays immediately after pruning reduced the length of the new stems, slowed canopy expansion, and increased kernel recovery compared with untreated hedged trees, but did not affect flowering or yield. In another experiment, hedging in early June had no effect on raceme production in cv. 849 trees in consecutive seasons, and no effect on canopy volume or yield in the first season. In contrast, canopy volume and yield were reduced in the second season. Finally, pruning of young, yet-to-flower cv. 849 trees from late winter to spring staggered flush development, with the earliest pruned trees producing more racemes and setting more fruit than the later pruned trees.
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Marini, Richard P., and Daniel Rossi. "A Partial Economic Analysis of Three Pruning Treatments on Mature Peach Trees." HortScience 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.2.242.
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Abstract Mature ‘Sunqueen’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were dormant pruned in March, summer pruned in late July, or summer topped in late July for 3 consecutive years. Pruning and fruit thinning costs were lower for summer topped trees than for dormant or summer pruned trees. Yield, fruit size, and crop value were reduced by summer topping, compared to dormant pruning and summer pruning. When results were combined for 1982 and 1983, the crop value, minus pruning and thinning costs, was $16,749, $16,389, and $14,854/ha for dormant pruned, summer pruned, and summer topped trees, respectively.
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Li, Kuo-Tan, and Alan N. Lakso. "Photosynthetic Characteristics of Apple Spur Leaves after Summer Pruning to Improve Exposure to Light." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.969.
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Summer pruning increases canopy light penetration and re-exposes spur leaves of the interior canopy of apple trees (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). However, we hypothesized that leaf photosynthetic ability is determined by the pre-pruning light environment, and the re-exposure intensity after summer pruning is incapable of restoring the photosynthesis efficiency of shaded leaves. To test this hypothesis, a commercial-type thinning-cuts pruning was applied to mature central leader `Empire'/M.26 apple trees. Changes in light availability, leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), photosystem II efficiency, and specific leaf weight (SLW) were recorded periodically before and after pruning. Leaf photosynthesis declined slightly through the growing season and was well correlated with pre-pruning light availability until late September. Although Pn decreased more substantially late in the season on exterior leaves than on interior leaves, Pn of leaves in the inner and middle canopies was lower than exterior leaves until late October. Maximum efficiency of photosystem II of dark-adapted leaves, measured by chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), was not related to prior exposure or re-exposure. Specific leaf weight was well correlated with pre-pruning light availability and with leaf Pn in August but not in October. Results suggested that commercial summer pruning significantly increases light environments in the inner and middle canopies. However, light availability at interior and middle canopy sites was still much lower than exterior canopy and, consequently, leaf photosynthetic ability did not increase after summer pruning.
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Hoki, Kunihito, and Masakazu Muramatsu. "Efficiency of three forward-pruning techniques in shogi: Futility pruning, null-move pruning, and Late Move Reduction (LMR)." Entertainment Computing 3, no. 3 (August 2012): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2011.11.003.
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Day, Kevin R., and R. Scott Johnson. "Minimal Pruning during Orchard Development Improves Yield of Late-season `Fairtime' Peaches." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 497B—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.497b.
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Minimal dormant pruning after the first and second growing seasons, followed by standard pruning thereafter, improved total tree yield in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th years after planting. Trees that were pruned in accordance with standard local practice had ≈50% yield compared to minimally pruned trees in years 3 through 5. Fruit from minimally pruned trees was sgnificantly smaller, but mathematical adjustment of crop load indicated that overall yield efficiency was improved in the 3rd and 4th years for trees receiving minimal pruning.
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MORAIS, L. E., P. C. CAVATTE, E. F. MEDINA, P. E. M. SILVA, S. C. V. MARTINS, P. S. VOLPI, S. ANDRADE JÚNIOR, J. A. MACHADO FILHO, C. P. RONCHI, and F. M. DAMATTA. "THE EFFECTS OF PRUNING AT DIFFERENT TIMES ON THE GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND YIELD OF CONILON COFFEE (COFFEA CANEPHORA) CLONES WITH VARYING PATTERNS OF FRUIT MATURATION IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (October 19, 2011): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711001141.
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SUMMARYThe economics of coffee plantations is intrinsically linked to pruning, which can improve the canopy architecture and thereby increase productivity. However, recommended pruning times on conilon coffee plantations have been made on an entirely empirical basis. In this study, by evaluating growth, photosynthetic gas exchanges, starch accumulation and crop productivity, the effects of pruning at different times between harvest and flowering were investigated for six conilon coffee clones with distinct stages of fruit maturation (early, intermediate and late). Clones with an early maturation stage were pruned at four different times: 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after harvest (DAH). Intermediate clones were pruned at 0, 30 and 60 DAH, and late clones were pruned at 0 and 30 DAH. Overall, the rates of shoot growth and net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance and the crop yield were not affected by the pruning treatments in any of the clones. In addition, pruning times did not affect the concentrations of starch or the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The carbon isotope composition ratio was marginally affected by the treatments. These results suggest that the pruning time after harvests is relatively unimportant and pruning operations can be scheduled to optimise the use of labour, which directly impacts the production costs of coffee.
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Sus, Josef, Radka Zeinerová, and Lukáš Zíka. "Influence of the pruning system on the growth and productivity of slender spindle apple trees." Horticultural Science 45, No. 2 (June 4, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2017-hortsci.
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Slender spindle is currently the most widespread pruning system for apple trees in the Czech Republic. However, further modifications of this pruning system have been developed. In this study, two pruning systems were compared in the years 2012 to 2015: slender spindle and modified slender spindle (characterised by ‘click’ pruning). The pruning systems were validated on three varieties, using either winter pruning or winter pruning supplemented with late summer pruning in August. The studied parameters included the average length of annual shoots, increase of trunk cross-sectional area (ITCA), fruit yield per tree, specific yield, average fruit weight, number of fruits and their size in various parts of the tree crown, the number of interventions by pruning and the total weight of the removed biomass. There were no significant differences in most of the parameters mentioned above. Application of the ‘click’ pruning technique over several years significantly increased the number of cuttings but the total biomass removed was lower compared with traditional slender spindle.
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Holb, I. J., J. M. Gáll, and B. Fodor. "Effect of Production System and Pruning on Temporal Development of Cercospora depazeoides and on Berry Yield in Black Elderberry Orchards." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0625.
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In a 2-year study, the temporal development of Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora depazeoides) and berry yield were evaluated in two production systems (integrated and organic) and in two winter pruning treatments (trees pruned to four and eight scaffolds) in two black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) orchards in Hungary. Under organic production, leaf spot onset occurred 2 to 4 weeks earlier (mid- and late July) in both years and both orchards compared with the integrated program. Disease then continuously progressed until the final assessment date (late September) in both years, reaching a maximum final disease incidence of 15.9% in the integrated system and of 38.2% in the organic system. In general, disease progress after late August was greater on trees pruned to eight scaffolds than on trees pruned to four scaffolds in both production systems. Both final disease incidence and area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the integrated treatments compared with organic ones. Across all treatments, both disease measures were significantly (P < 0.05) lower on trees pruned to four scaffolds compared with trees pruned to eight scaffolds. However, when the effect of pruning on final disease incidence and AUDPC was analyzed separately for integrated and organic systems, pruning caused uniformly significant differences in disease development only for the organic system. Berry yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the integrated system compared with the organic system, but pruning showed no significant effect on yield. Overall, pruning to four scaffolds resulted in consistently lower disease development in organic production compared to integrated. Thus, winter pruning may be useful as a Cercospora leaf spot management practice in organic elderberry orchards.
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Strik, Bernadine C., and Arthur Poole. "Timing and Severity of Pruning Effects on Cranberry Yield Components and Fruit Anthocyanin." HortScience 26, no. 12 (December 1991): 1462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1462.
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Timing and severity of pruning in a 30-year-old commercial `McFarlin' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bed were studied. Treatments in 1989 and 1990 consisted of early or late pruning and heavy, moderate, light, or no pruning. Yield component data were collected in Fall 1989 and 1990, just before harvest. Time of pruning did not affect yield components. In 1989, the unpruned and lightly pruned vines had a higher total plant fresh weight, fewer berries, higher berry yield, longer and more fruiting uprights, and fewer nonfruiting uprights (U,) compared with moderately or heavily pruned vines. Average length of UN and anthocyanin content of berries in 1989 were not influenced by pruning. In 1990, the effects of pruning severity were similar to 1989. In 1990, unpruned vines had a lower percent fruit set and berries contained less anthocyanin than pruned vines. Annual pruning with conventional systems in use decreases yield.
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Ehlenfeldt, Mark K., and Bryan T. Vinyard. "Pruning Time × Cultivar Effects on Flower-bud Hardiness in Northern Highbush and Southern Highbush Blueberry." HortScience 50, no. 5 (May 2015): 673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.5.673.
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A study was conducted to determine if early-fall pruning (vs. more typical winter pruning) of either northern highbush or southern highbush blueberries was detrimental to the development of optimum levels of mid-winter cold hardiness in floral buds under New Jersey conditions. Using a detached-shoot freeze-thaw assay, flower-bud LT50 values were determined in early January for both ‘Jersey’ (northern highbush) and ‘Legacy’ (southern highbush) blueberry bushes that had been subjected to early- or late-pruning protocols. Across 2 years, intrinsic differences due to genotype and genotype × year were present, but no significant differences due to pruning time were observed. The lack of pruning effects on flower-bud LT50 values suggests that cultivars with southern germplasm selected in areas such as North Carolina and further north may be treated similarly to northern highbush with respect to pruning time, including early-fall pruning.
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DeGomez, Thomas E., Lloyd W. Martin, and Patrick J. Breen. "Effect of Nitrogen and Pruning on Primocane Fruiting Red Raspberry ‘Amity’." HortScience 21, no. 3 (June 1986): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.441.
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Abstract Nitrogen was applied to red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L. cv. Amity) in the spring (March, April, and May) at 67 and 135 kg·ha−1, and 3 pruning treatments were imposed: a) pruning of dormant floricanes at 0 cm (ground level); b) pruning of dormant floricanes at 0 cm plus cutting back primocanes to 40 cm in mid-May; and c) pruning dormant floricanes to 20 cm. Date of flowering, time interval from flowering to fruit maturity, and fruit size were unaffected. High N (135 kg·ha−1) increased yield late in the harvest season, increasing total yield by 14% (8.1 vs. 7.0 MT·ha−1). Pruning back the current season primocanes increased the number of branched canes but reduced yield per cane and did not increase total yield.
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Burrell, R. E., and G. L. Reighard. "Late dormant pruning affects split pit incidence in peach." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1177 (November 2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1177.21.
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Harber, Renee M., Andrew P. Nyczepir, Umedi L. Yadava, and Ronald R. Sharpe. "Rootstock, Pruning, and Soil Fumigation in Relation to Dormancy and Cold Hardiness of `Redhaven' Peach." HortScience 27, no. 2 (February 1992): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.2.99.
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The effects of rootstock, pruning, and preplant soil fumigation on floral bud dormancy status and shoot cold hardiness of `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were monitored. Dormancy status, expressed as percent floral budbreak, was significantly affected by rootstock and pruning, although differences were small. In late January, significant interactions occurred between rootstock and pruning treatments, as well as between pruning and soil treatments. Pruning of trees on Lovell rootstock resulted in significantly lower budbreak as compared to trees on Nemaguard and unpruned trees on Lovell. Also, for trees pruned in December, higher budbreak was associated with those growing in fumigated vs. nonfumigated soil. Treatment effects on dormancy status did not correspond with treatment effects on hardiness. In fact, differences in hardiness were minimal and probably not biologically meaningful.
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Tessier, Hugo, Vincent Gripon, Mathieu Léonardon, Matthieu Arzel, Thomas Hannagan, and David Bertrand. "Rethinking Weight Decay for Efficient Neural Network Pruning." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8030064.
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Introduced in the late 1980s for generalization purposes, pruning has now become a staple for compressing deep neural networks. Despite many innovations in recent decades, pruning approaches still face core issues that hinder their performance or scalability. Drawing inspiration from early work in the field, and especially the use of weight decay to achieve sparsity, we introduce Selective Weight Decay (SWD), which carries out efficient, continuous pruning throughout training. Our approach, theoretically grounded on Lagrangian smoothing, is versatile and can be applied to multiple tasks, networks, and pruning structures. We show that SWD compares favorably to state-of-the-art approaches, in terms of performance-to-parameters ratio, on the CIFAR-10, Cora, and ImageNet ILSVRC2012 datasets.
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Cirami, RM, and DG Furkaliev. "Effect of time of pruning and hydrogen cyanamide on growth and development of glasshouse-grown Cardinal grapes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 2 (1991): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910273.
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Weekly pruning treatments combined with hydrogen cyanamide applications from early May to late June in 1987 and 1988 were evaluated for their ability to advance budburst, flowering, colouring and maturity of Cardinal grapes grown in unvented, unheated vegetable glasshouses. The glasshouse provides protection from frost, hail, wind and birds, and permits production of unblemished fruit. Hydrogen cyanamide-treated vines reached maturity approximately 1 month earlier (P<0.05) than untreated vines pruned on the same day. Budburst occurred 28-61 days after pruning with application of hydrogen cyanamide. The interval between pruning and vine responses was variable over the 2 years, but manipulation of the time of pruning significantly (P<0.05) affected the time of ripening in the glasshouse environment. Ripe grapes were produced from 7 November to 19 December by using different pruning times.
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Li, Kuo-Tan, and Alan N. Lakso. "589 Summer Pruning Effects on Leaf and Whole Canopy Gas Exchange in Apple Trees." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 548C—548. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.548c.
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Summer pruning is primarily used in apples to increase the light penetration into inner canopy to improve fruit color. However, summer pruning may reduce fruit size. We hypothesize that removing healthy exterior shoots reduces the whole-tree carbon supply in relation to pruning severity. If the crop load (i.e., demand) is high, fruit size and quality will be reduced. The effects of summer pruning on photosynthetic activity and recovery of shaded leaves after re-exposure were monitored on a range of exposures in canopies of `Empire' apple trees. The photosynthetic ability of leaves was positively related to its prepruning exposure. There was little recovery of photosynthetic activity of shade leaves until late growing season, indicating the re-exposure of shade leaves after summer pruning cannot replace the role of exterior leaves removed by pruning. Whole canopy net CO2 exchange (NCER) was measured on `Empire'/M9 trees with a commercial range of pruning severity. Reductions in NCER were approximately proportional to pruning severity and % leaf area removed and were as great as 60% in the most severe pruning. Canopy light interception decreased slightly. The effects on canopy NCER thus appeared to be primarily related to reduced photosynthetic efficiency and secondarily to reduced light interception.
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Marchi, Thiago, Doglas Broetto, Alessandro Jefferson Sato, Aline José Maia, Renato Vasconcelos Botelho, and Andricia Verlindo. "Época e intensidade de poda no desenvolvimento e produção de amoreira-preta cv. Xavante cultivada em sistema orgânico." Comunicata Scientiae 6, no. 3 (December 29, 2015): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v6i3.670.
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The practice of winter pruning, held in temperate fruit, has great influence on the development and production of these crops. Changes in pruning system may result in significant changes in the time of harvest, yield and fruit quality.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of time and intensity of pruning in the development and production of blackberry cv. Xavante in organic production system. The experiment was conducted during the crop year 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 in the experimental orchard of the State University of Centro-Oeste (Unicentro)Guarapuava - PR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications in a 2x2 factorial design, with two pruning times: early and late, and two intensities of pruning side branches: short and long, a total of four treatments. The variables analyzed were: budding percentage (%), percentage of flowering (%), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits, total soluble solids (°brix), yield (kg), estimated yield (kg ha-1) and early yield (kg plant-1 and %). The time and intensity of pruning did not influence the average fruit weight and soluble solids. Early pruning can be a good strategy to obtain higher yields in early harvest. Early and long pruning is recommended in the most productive terms.
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Elena, Georgina, and Jordi Luque. "Seasonal Susceptibility of Grapevine Pruning Wounds and Cane Colonization in Catalonia, Spain Following Artificial Infection with Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora." Plant Disease 100, no. 8 (August 2016): 1651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-15-1186-re.
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Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora are two fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the period during which grapevine pruning wounds remain susceptible to fungal infection and to describe the colonization of canes artificially inoculated with these pathogens. In the first experiment, pruning wounds made in either fall or winter were separately inoculated with each pathogen at different times after pruning. Wound susceptibility to both pathogens decreased as the period between pruning and inoculation increased, from high percentages recorded in the first inoculation round (D. seriata, 97.5% and P. chlamydospora, 75%) down to approximately 10% 12 weeks after pruning. Pruning wounds remained more susceptible to D. seriata after a late pruning in winter whereas no overall seasonal changes in wound susceptibility were detected for P. chlamydospora. In the second experiment, canes were pruned by leaving two different lengths between the top node and the pruning wound before inoculations. Pathogens were recovered at different incubation periods and from different sites along the canes to estimate fungal cane colonization. A longer pruned internode made cane colonization by P. chlamydospora difficult, as indicated by fungal recoveries lower than 10% at the lowest recovery site, whereas D. seriata was less inhibited.
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de Oliveira, Pedro Brás, Maria José Silva, Ricardo B. Ferreira, Cristina M. Oliveira, and António A. Monteiro. "Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density." HortScience 42, no. 1 (February 2007): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.77.
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In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.
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Falginella, Luigi, Federica Gaiotti, Nicola Belfiore, Giovanni Mian, Lorenzo Lovat, and Diego Tomasi. "Effect of early cane pruning on yield components, grape composition, carbohydrates storage and phenology in <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. cv. Merlot." OENO One 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5466.
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Dormant cane pruning has a great impact on vineyard management both in terms of labour costs and the time required to complete this field operation in the absence of mechanisation. In this study, we investigated over three seasons the influence of five pruning dates on yield components, grape composition, phenology and carbohydrate reserves in the variety Merlot, grown in a warm climate area. Pruning was conducted soon after harvest, at the end of leaf fall, two bud dormancy stages and vine bleeding. Early pruning, carried out a few days after the grape harvest, did not significantly affect vine productivity or grape composition in the next season compared to full winter pruning. Similarly, non-structural carbohydrate concentration in trunk and roots showed no difference just before budburst, no matter the timing of pruning. Late winter pruning at vine bleeding slightly postponed budburst and flowering; it also delayed veraison in one out of two years of observation without affecting grape maturity. Our findings suggested that, in a warm-climate area where leaf fall occurs within a ten-week period after harvest, early pruning had no detrimental effects on reserve accumulation in storage organs and, therefore, in vine yield and grape composition in the next harvest, thus allowing viticulturists to operate winter pruning over an extended interval of time.
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Johnson, Kenneth B., and Todd N. Temple. "Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance Aids Restoration of Tree Health in Field-Grown Pear and Apple Diseased with Fire Blight." Plant Disease 101, no. 7 (July 2017): 1263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-16-1772-re.
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Induction of systemic acquired resistance as a therapeutic aid to restoration of tree health was evaluated in 3- to 14-year-old pear and apple trees diseased with fire blight. Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) was applied to diseased trees in late spring near the time of removal of primary fire blight cankers, which had originated from floral infection. Suspensions of ASM (7.5 to 22.5 g of active ingredient per liter plus silicone surfactant) were painted onto a 30- to 45-cm length of branch tissue immediately below primary pruning cuts or sprayed onto an 80- to 100-cm length of central trunk. In some experiments, a second ASM treatment was made in late June to early July in conjunction with secondary pruning of redeveloped cankers. After pruning primary cankers, effects of ASM were measured by assessing weight and length of secondary cankers that were the result of fire blight redevelopment. Over 5 years of field experiments, trees that received an ASM treatments yielded 62% less diseased wood at the time of secondary and tertiary canker removal compared with non-ASM-treated trees. Moreover, tree mortality and proportion of pruning cuts where fire blight redeveloped were reduced by ASM. Induction of systemic acquired resistance could prove practical as an aid to pruning therapy in young, fire-blight-susceptible pear and apple trees where, after canker removal, disease symptoms frequently redevelop owing to residual cells of the pathogen distributed within symptomless portions of the tree.
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Haynes, C. L., O. M. Lindstrom, and M. A. Dirr. "PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1142F—1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1142.
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The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.
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Haynes, C. L., O. M. Lindstrom, and M. A. Dirr. "PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1142f—1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1142f.
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The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.
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Chen, Chong, Bao-Hua Li, Xiang-Li Dong, Cai-Xia Wang, Sen Lian, and Wen-Xing Liang. "Effects of Temperature, Humidity, and Wound Age on Valsa mali Infection of Apple Shoot Pruning Wounds." Plant Disease 100, no. 12 (December 2016): 2394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0625-re.
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Valsa canker, caused by Valsa mali, is a destructive disease of apple in China. The pathogen infects apple branches, mainly through pruning wounds, and causes branch and tree death. To determine the conditions required for V. mali infection through pruning wounds and growth within the xylem, pruning wounds on 1- to 4-year-old apple branches were inoculated with conidia in vitro under artificially controlled conditions and in vivo in the orchard. The effects of temperature, wetness duration, and wound age on conidial infection through pruning wounds as well as hyphal growth in the xylem were examined. The results showed that, after invading through pruning wounds, V. mali hyphae grew along xylem vessels, tracheids, and rays, expanding longitudinally and laterally. The hyphae could enter adjacent xylem vessels and tracheids through micropores to form a dense hyphal network. Wetness duration did not exhibit an essential effect on conidial infection from pruning wounds. Conidia spread to pruning wounds with rainwater could infect the xylem without any other extra moisture. Temperature for V. mali conidia infection through pruning wounds and hyphal extension in the xylem ranged from 5 to 35°C, with the optimum at 20°C. Pruning wounds made in late March were susceptible to V. mali infection in March, April, and May; the susceptibility was markedly deceased by June, and the pathogen could barely infect through the pruning wounds in November. The infected pruning wounds began to show symptoms from the spring of the following year. More than half of the observed Valsa canker lesions emerged in the spring of the second year, and new canker twigs were also developed from the inoculations in the spring of the third year. March, April, and May are the critical periods for protecting pruning wounds against infection by V. mali in China, and coating pruning wounds with protective film immediately after pruning is an easy and effective measure to protect the pruning wounds.
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Duryea, Mary L., and Steven K. Omi. "Top pruning Douglas-fir seedlings: morphology, physiology, and field performance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 1371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-212.
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Seedlings from nine Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed sources were top pruned at six nurseries in the Pacific Northwest and then planted at field sites in their own seed zones and on one common site. Seedlings pruned tall (25 cm) and early in the growing season flushed again about 5 weeks after pruning and set bud 2 weeks later than unpruned controls. Nursery yield (number of shippable seedlings) was the same for tall–early pruned and control seedlings; however, pruning increased the number of seedlings with multiple leaders from 10 to 38%. Pruned seedlings were smaller than unpruned seedlings in height, stem diameter, bud length, and root and shoot weights at the time of field planting. First-year field survival and growth were the same for pruned and unpruned seedlings at all planting sites. Second-year field growth of pruned seedlings was generally greater than that of unpruned seedlings, and frequency of multiple leaders was reduced. However, pruned seedlings were still shorter than unpruned ones after 2 years. Field growth was greater when seedlings were pruned early rather than late (end of growing season) and tall rather than short (15 cm). Late–short pruning yielded shorter seedlings with smaller terminal buds and should be avoided. If pruning benefits nurseries by expediting grading, handling, and planting and, perhaps, enhancing growth later in the field, it should be continued as a cultural practice. However, longer-term measurements are needed for assessing the full effect of pruning on seedling growth.
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Höhn, Daniela, Roberta Marins Nogueira Peil, Lais Perin, Priscila Monalisa Marchi, Paulo Roberto Grolli, and Albertina Radtke Wieth. "Rice husk substrates and pruning time for gypsophila production." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 12, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2018v12i2.7894.
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This research evaluated the growth, yield and quality of gypsophila New Amore® variety grown in gutters filled with substrate in a system with leaching recirculation in southern Brazil. The treatments were the result of the combination of four substrates [carbonized rice husk (CRH100%), raw rice husk (RRH100%), CRH + organic commercial substrate S10 (Beifort®) (15%) and RRH+S10 (15%)] with two pruning times (early and late). The substrates did not affect the dry matter partitioning between the flowers and vegetative organs or the balance between the shoot and root growth. However, RRH100% reduced the shoot growth, flower stem yield and quality. The CRH100% and RRH+S10 substrates can be indicated for gypsophila cultivation once, in a general way, they presented promising results. The late pruning increased the gypsophila growth and yield and benefited the quality of the stems. The gypsophila plants adapted well to the employed crop system.
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Moran, M. A., S. E. Bastian, P. R. Petrie, and V. O. Sadras. "Late pruning impacts on chemical and sensory attributes of Shiraz wine." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 24, no. 4 (May 10, 2018): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12350.
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Suchocka, Marzena, Tatiana Swoczyna, Joanna Kosno-Jończy, and Hazem M. Kalaji. "Impact of heavy pruning on development and photosynthesis of Tilia cordata Mill. trees." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): e0256465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256465.
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Tree pruning is carried out to reduce conflict with infrastructure, buildings, and any other human activity. However, heavy pruning may result in a diminished tree crown capacity for sugar production and exposure to fungal infection. This risk leads to a decrease in tree stability or vigour. In this work, we analysed the effect of heavy pruning of roadside trees on the photosynthetic performance process compared to neighbouring unpruned trees. Four years of tree crown growth was studied by terrestrial imaging. Tree vitality (Roloff’s classification) and risk (Visual Tree Assessment) were evaluated. Over-pruned trees showed intensified photosynthetic efficiency during the growing season following pruning. Particularly ET0/TR0 and PIABS tended to increase in pruned trees while higher Fv/Fm was noted only in late October, suggesting delayed leaf senescence. After four years, pruned trees rebuilt their crowns, however not in their entirety. Results obtained from biometric, vitality, and risk assessment showed high differentiation in pruned tree crown recovery. Our results revealed that despite the intensified efforts of trees to recover from wounding effects, severe pruning evokes dieback occurrence and a higher risk of failure in mature trees.
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Ferraz, Rafael Augusto, Sarita Leonel, Daniela Mota Segantini, Marco Antonio Tecchio, and Luis Eduardo Correa Antunes. "Yield and crop cycle time of peaches cultivated in subtropical climates and subjected to different pruning times." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4099.
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The cultivation of peaches in regions of subtropical and tropical climate is currently achieved through a set of practices such as using less demanding cultivars in cold conditions, applying plant growth regulators to break dormancy, and performing specific pruning, like production and renewal pruning. Research on the climate adaptation of cultivars is of great importance in establishing a crop in a given region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three cultivars subjected to different production pruning times in Botucatu/SP, where 2-year old peach trees were evaluated, grown at a spacing of 6.0 x 4.0 meters. The experimental design was a split plot design with four blocks, using the cultivars Douradão, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel, and the subplots corresponded to pruning times in May, June, July and August. Ten plants were used per plot, with the four central plants considered useful and the remaining considered as margins. Pruning in June and July showed the best results in terms of percentage of fruit set and production. The cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the best percentage of fruit set when pruned in June (44.96%), and best fruit production when pruned in July (18.7 kg plant-1). Pruning in May anticipated the harvest of cultivar BRS Rubimel by 13 days whereas pruning carried out in July and August provided late harvests for cultivars Douradão and BRS Kampai.
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Ferraz, Rafael Augusto, Sarita Leonel, Daniela Mota Segantini, Marco Antonio Tecchio, and Luis Eduardo Correa Antunes. "Yield and crop cycle time of peaches cultivated in subtropical climates and subjected to different pruning times." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4099.
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<p>The cultivation of peaches in regions of subtropical and tropical climate is currently achieved through a set of practices such as using less demanding cultivars in cold conditions, applying plant growth regulators to break dormancy, and performing specific pruning, like production and renewal pruning. Research on the climate adaptation of cultivars is of great importance in establishing a crop in a given region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three cultivars subjected to different production pruning times in Botucatu/SP, where 2-year old peach trees were evaluated, grown at a spacing of 6.0 x 4.0 meters. The experimental design was a split plot design with four blocks, using the cultivars Douradão, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel, and the subplots corresponded to pruning times in May, June, July and August. Ten plants were used per plot, with the four central plants considered useful and the remaining considered as margins. Pruning in June and July showed the best results in terms of percentage of fruit set and production. The cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the best percentage of fruit set when pruned in June (44.96%), and best fruit production when pruned in July (18.7 kg plant-1). Pruning in May anticipated the harvest of cultivar BRS Rubimel by 13 days whereas pruning carried out in July and August provided late harvests for cultivars Douradão and BRS Kampai.</p>
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de Grummond, Nancy T. "Grape Pips from Etruscan and Roman Cetamura del Chianti: On Stratigraphy, Literary Sources and Pruning Hooks." Etruscan Studies 21, no. 1-2 (November 7, 2018): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2018-0013.
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Abstract Recently an article appeared raising some issues about the interpretation of grape pips that were excavated at Cetamura del Chianti by the present writer (2012-14). This commentary makes suggestions concerning the arguments in that article with reference to 1) stratigraphy at the site; 2) literary sources on Etruscan viticulture; and 3) the use of the pruning hook by the Etruscans. The present article makes a contribution to the study of Etruscan viticulture by assembling an appendix on actual pruning hooks that have been discovered in Italy dating from the Late Bronze Age down to the second century B. C. E., as well as an appendix on representations of a youth holding the pruning hook in Etruscan art, mainly from the fourth and third centuries B. C. E.
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Santos, Roberto, Bradley H. Taylor, and Roger Kjelgren. "EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING ON WATER RELATIONS AND SHOOT GROWTH OF `BELLAIRE' PEACH." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 748A—748. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.748a.
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The effect of root pruning on shoot length and water relations of `Bellaire' peach was investigated as a means of controlling vegetative growth. On 27 April, 25 May, and 23 June, 1990, five-year-old trees were root pruned to a 0.35 m depth at either 0.4 or 0.8 m from the tree trunks along both sides of the row. Shoot growth was measured biweekly through the growing season, and the diurnal pattern of stomatal conductance and water potential was followed in late June, July, and August. Stomatal conductance of the root-pruned treatments was less than the control, while there were no differences in water potential among treatments. Reduced shoot elongation was evident within a month of root pruning at 0.4 m for all timing treatments, but at 0.8 m it varied with the date of pruning. The first root pruning at 0.4 m reduced cumulative shoot elongation 39% compared to the un-pruned control trees, while the remaining treatments reduced it 14%. While root pruning limited cumulative shoot elongation in all treatments, the earliest 0.4 m treatment was most effective, possibly due to pruning of a larger percent of the root system prior to rapid shoot elongation. Stomatal closure in root-pruned trees appeared to moderate diurnal water deficits at levels similar to the control.
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Norcini, Jeffrey G., Judith M. McDowell, and James H. Aldrich. "EFFECT OF DIKEGULAC ON BOUGAINVILLEA FLOWERING UNDER INCREASING AND DECREASING DAYLENGTH." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 634f—634. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.634f.
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Profitability and production of hanging baskets of bougainvillea, a short day species, could increase if vegetative growth and flowering were more easily controlled. Three-month-old rooted liners of Bougainvillea `Barbara Karst' and `Rainbow Gold' were transplanted into 4.5-liter hanging baskets (3 liners/basket) in late April (Expt. 1) or late July 1991 (Expt. 2) and pruned 2 or 3 days later. Selected combinations of 0, 600, 800, 1200, or 1600 ppm dikegulac were applied at 0, 2, and 4 weeks after initial pruning. Control plants were also pruned at 4 weeks. Plants were grown under full sun. Peak flowering occurred 9 to 10 weeks after initial pruning in both experiments. Dikegulac enhanced flowering of both cultivars under increasing and decreasing daylengths but was greatest under increasing daylengths, especially for `Rainbow Gold'. There was little to no effect on branching.
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MEENAKSHI THAKUR and RAKESH KUMAR. "Agro-meteorological indices of aromatic rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) influenced by pruning time in the western Himalayas." Journal of Agrometeorology 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v20i1.499.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2015-2017 at CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India to calculate agro-meteorological indices and to study the duration of different phenological phases of damask rose (Rosa damascena) varieties under mid hills of western Himalayas. Agro-meteorological indices were computed for two damask rose varieties Himroz and Jwalaat different pruning time from October 30 to January 15 at fifteen days’ interval. The results indicated that the number of days required forattaining each phenological stage, decreased with delay in pruning time. Variation in different phenological stages of damask rose varieties were observed. Higher GDD, PTU and HTU were accounted by Jwala as compared to Himroz during all the phenophases of R. damascena. Plants pruned on January 15 (late pruning) required lesser GDD, PTU as well as HTU, while plants pruned on October 30 (early pruning) accumulated higher GDD, PTU and HTU during crop growth period. The results showedthat agro-meteorological indices play a vital role in the productivity of R. damascenacrop.
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Hinesley, L. Eric, and Layne K. Snelling. "Correcting Loss of the Terminal Bud in Fraser Fir Christmas Trees." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.260.
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Various pruning treatments were evaluated to determine the best procedure to correct terminal bud loss in Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.]. Removing the top node (expanding terminal and subterminal buds) soon after budbreak combined with light pruning of the major branches in the next two lower whorls best restored a normal leader. This procedure allowed one or more shoots just below the cut to become orthotropic leaders in the first growing season. All but one of these shoots were removed, and only a single leader was retained after growth matured in late August or September.
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Kline, Wesley L., Stephen A. Garrison, and June F. Sudal. "(6) Sucker Removal and Pruning Affect on Heirloom Tomato Yield and Fruit Size." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1015C—1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1015c.
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Heirloom tomato production is increasing in the Eastern United states as consumer demand increases. Pruning and suckering heirloom tomatoes have not been studied to see if there is any need for this labor-intensive activity. A 2-year study was undertaken to evaluate whether pruning or suckering would affect yield or fruit size for two heirloom cultivars (`Mortgage Lifter' and `Prudens Purple'). The treatments imposed on the cultivars were 1) removing all suckers from the second or third stem down after the flower cluster; 2) removing the bottom two suckers, or 3) removing no suckers. Pruning had no effect on early yield or fruit size (harvests 1–4). Mid-season (harvests 5–7) total and marketable yields were significantly higher for removing two suckers or not suckering over the other two treatments for year 1, but not year 2. The tomato fruit size was only reduced for the non-suckering treatment. There were no statistical differences among the pruning treatments for yield or fruit size for late season harvests (8-10) for both years. Marketable yields were statistically higher for no suckering over the two- and three-stem treatments, but not different from two suckers when all harvests were combined for the season for year 1. No statistical differences were observed in year 2. However, fruit size was reduced when not suckering compared to the other treatments. The cultivar `Prudens Purple' did have higher total and marketable yield than `Mortgage Lifter' for both early and total combined harvests, but not for mid- or late-season harvests in year 1. There were no statistical differences between the two cultivars for year 2.
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Gundersheim, Norman A., and Marvin P. Pritts. "Pruning Practices Affect Yield, Yield Components, and Their Distribution in `Royalty' Purple Raspberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 3 (May 1991): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.3.390.
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A factorial arrangement of 48 treatments was used to evaluate the effects of cane density, time of cane density adjustment, primocane tipping, and cane or branch length on yield components in `Royalty' purple raspberry [(Rubus occidentals × R. idaeus) × R. idaeus] over 2 years. Yield was positively related to cane density and length, while fruit size and fruit count per lateral were negatively related to cane and branch length. When branches on tipped canes were shortened in late winter, more buds became fruitful at the proximal end of the branch, but fruiting laterals did not have more flowers or fruit. Fruiting laterals were longer on shortened canes, resulting in a decrease in the fruit: wood ratio. Plants performed similarly whether floricane density was adjusted in late winter orprimocane density was adjusted in late spring. Although potential yield was higher when primocanes were tipped in late spring, harvesting was more difficult because of branch orientation, and the incidence of cane blight infection was higher. Our study suggests that maintaining at least 12 canes per meter of row, avoiding primocane tipping, retaining full cane length, and providing adequate light, moisture, and nutrient levels can result in high yields of large fruit.
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Butzler, Thomas M., Jack Bailey, and Marvin K. Beute. "Integrated Management of Sclerotinia Blight in Peanut: Utilizing Canopy Morphology, Mechanical Pruning, and Fungicide Timing." Plant Disease 82, no. 12 (December 1998): 1312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1312.
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Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by Sclerotinia minor, generally becomes severe only after vines meet in the row middles and a dense canopy develops. Dense foliage appears to support a microclimate conducive to the colonization of peanut limbs by S. minor. Removal of excess foliage before and during a Sclerotinia blight epidemic on the susceptible genotype NC 7 has been shown to reduce the rate of disease progress. Field tests in 1993 and 1994 examined control of Sclerotinia blight among four peanut genotypes (NC 7, VA 93B, NC Ac 18016, and Tam-span 90) with diverse canopy morphologies. Each cultivar had foliage pruned with a rotary mower once (1993 and 1994) or twice (1994) during the season. Applications of fluazinam (9.2 kg a.i./ha) were imposed on the genotype × pruning treatments. Soil temperatures under the canopy of each genotype and pruning treatment were measured and compared. Disease data were collected weekly by counting the number of feet of plants exhibiting lesions with visible fungus growth. Tamspan 90, a resistant Spanish peanut, had the least Sclerotinia blight incidence. Pruning measurably affected soil temperature for approximately 2 weeks following pruning. Removal of foliage reduced disease and increased disease control affected by fluazi-nam in fields with high disease pressure. In some tests, yields were increased by pruning through a reduction in disease pressure. Yields were lower when peanuts were pruned excessively, especially late in the season. Pruning of excessive vine growth can be an alternative, or complement, to fungicide treatments when done in midseason during favorable weather when moderate to high disease pressure occurs.
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Chatterjee, Ranjeet, Aradhana Sen, Sandip Mahanta, Ravi Kiran Thirumdasu, and Dipika Mal. "Performance of off season bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under different growing condition, transplanting dates and pruning level." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1721.
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Bell pepper fruits fetches higher premium during early winter or late winter as off-season crops. An experiment was conducted during late winter (February to June) of 2013 at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India to compare the performance of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in open field and agro shade net under different transplanting dates and pruning level which was laid out in split split plot design with 3 replications. The results revealed that agro shade net cultivation of bell pepper emerged as best in terms of highest plant height (52.42 cm), and higher number of fruit (11.18 plant-1). The interaction effect combining shade net cultivation with 1st February planting date coupled with 3 shoot pruning proved superiority with respect to growth and yield characters of bell pepper and resulted in many fold improvement in the form of higher fruit number (16.21 plant-1), individual fruit weight (107.54 g) and maximum fruit yield (1743.21 g plant-1).
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Mohamed, Abdel-Rahman, Abdel-Rahman M. A. Mohamed, Heba Sayed, Lidia Sas-Paszt, and Augustyn Mika. "A modification in an open centre training system for increasing the crotch angles of peach scaffold branches." Horticultural Science 48, No. 3 (September 24, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/64/2020-hortsci.
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One-year-old ‘Florida Prince’ cultivar peach trees grafted on a ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock were planted in the early spring of 2018 at the Centre of Agricultural Research and Experiments, Minia University, located in southwest Egypt. The trees were planted 5 × 5 m in a randomised complete block design with four replicates, with ten trees in each replicate. In the late spring, two different pruning systems were applied; traditional open centre (OC) and de-branched top trees (DBT). The OC trees were headed at 80 cm above the ground. DBT is a modification of the OC, but no heading was undertaken and the new shoot growth arising from the 20 cm at the top of the plant were removed. Before the winter pruning took place, measurements were taken on the upper two opposite branches. The average length and diameter values of the upper two opposite branches at the top of the trees trained to the OC were higher than those trained with the DBT. In contrast, the distance between the upper two branches (25 cm) at the top of the DBT trees was significantly higher. Likewise, the values of the crotch angles (48°) and the number of branches (81 of 100 branches) that showed desired crotch angles (more than 40°) were remarkably higher in the trees trained with the DBT. After the winter pruning took place, the DBT trees were higher than the OC trees. Additionally, the trees trained with the DBT had low pruning costs and took less time. Moreover, the pruning wood weight of the DBT trees was about half of the pruning wood weight of the OC trees. In conclusion, the DBT training system showed the desired impact on the crotch angles and the tested pruning characteristics.
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Stover, E. W., C. B. Watkins, M. J. Fargione, and K. A. Iungerman. "Effects of AVG, NAA, Ethephon, and Summer Pruning on Preharvest Drop and Fruit Quality of `McIntosh'." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 513b—513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.513b.
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Ethylene production increases dramatically during maturation and ripening of `McIntosh' apples, frequently resulting in preharvest drop and accelerated fruit softening. As harvest approaches, commercial growers must balance the need for color development with minimizing fruit softening and drop. The effects of plant growth regulators and summer pruning on this balance were evaluated in this study. Treatments were applied to trees in the Mid-Hudson in 1995 and 1996 and a subset of growth regulator treatments was applied in the Champlain Valley in 1996. NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) significantly reduced drop on only one sample date in only one of the three trials. Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) at 150 ppm plus 10 ppm NAA, accelerated ripening and permitted harvest before substantial drop occurred, but earlier harvest resulted in smaller fruit size. AVG (aminoethoxy vinyl glycine) at 124 gram a.i./ha, on otherwise untreated trees, significantly delayed drop compared to the controls in two of three trials and resulted in better fruit firmness out of storage. Use of ethephon on AVG-treated trees significantly enhanced red color but also accelerated drop, although drop was reduced compared to ethephon only treatment. Late summer pruning significantly accelerated red color development, drop and ripening in both years. Pruning 16 Aug. 1996 significantly accelerated drop compared to pruning 1 Aug. 1996. Combining AVG application and pruning on 16 Aug. 1996 resulted in improved color without increasing drop compared to controls.
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Hrabar, Halszka, Dawood Hattas, and Johan T. du Toit. "Differential effects of defoliation by mopane caterpillars and pruning by African elephants on the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane foliage." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 3 (May 2009): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409005872.
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Abstract:Plant responses to herbivory vary depending on herbivory type, yet the comparative effects of defoliation (e.g. by insects) and pruning (e.g. by large mammals) on a single tree species are poorly documented. We investigated this in the Northern Province of South Africa by comparing the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane trees previously defoliated by caterpillars or pruned by elephants, the two main browsers of C. mopane foliage. Shoots were up to 160% and 125% longer after natural (elephant) and simulated pruning and leaves ~25% longer in regrowth after natural pruning (n = 13–15 trees per treatment). Shoot density and chemical defences in leaves (tannin:protein ratio and total polyphenolic concentration) were, however, no different from control trees. Simulated defoliation resulted in statistically insignificant changes to regrowth in terms of leaf and shoot size (both slightly decreased) and shoot density (slightly increased). Natural (caterpillar) defoliation, however, resulted in regrowth with significantly decreased shoot and leaf size (about 50% and 20% of control lengths, respectively), as well as decreased leaf chemical defence. Shoot and leaf length were longer on trees flushing for the first time after pruning and late-season defoliation had a greater negative impact than mid-season defoliation. Despite the differences in regrowth characteristics after pruning and defoliation, mopane plants showed no apparent trade-off in investment between tolerance and resistance after either herbivory type, as neither regrowth nor chemical defence occurred at the expense of the other.
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Measham, Penelope F., Audrey G. Quentin, and Nicholas MacNair. "Effects of Summer Pruning and Cropload on Summer and Winter Bud Carbohydrates in Sweet Cherry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 4 (July 2014): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.4.478.
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Orchard management practices have the potential to influence carbohydrate supply to storage organs, including buds. This study was designed to assess if bud carbohydrates could be manipulated by orchard practices in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Additionally, we investigated the impact of any such changes on subsequent bud burst and fruit quality the next season. We examined the effect of pruning at different fruit growth stages and cropload on summer and winter bud non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and on fruit quality at harvest the next summer in two cultivars. Buds were collected postharvest in summer and after the onset of dormancy in winter, and individual soluble sugars and starch were extracted. The next growing season, flower number and fruit set were recorded. When fruit reached full maturity, fruit were harvested for quality assessment. We observed qualitative changes in NSCs from buds collected in summer and winter. Pruning significantly reduced available NSCs in late summer buds but made little difference by winter; only early pruning showed slight changes in sucrose and glucose. However, early pruning positively influenced the next season’s fruit grade. High cropload resulted in higher NSCs in winter buds than the low cropload. Significant changes in sucrose from summer to winter were observed, and levels of sucrose in the buds differed between cultivars. Different levels of winter bud sucrose between cultivars corresponded to different rates of bud burst. Although pruning was able to manipulate NSCs in buds within a few weeks, these changes were not sufficient to influence the rate of bud burst within a cultivar, but pruning did influence fruit quality in the next season.
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Price, A. J., C. D. Monks, and J. A. Kelton. "Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis angulata) Density, Biomass and Seed Production in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Following Regrowth Due to Inadequate Control." Peanut Science 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps12-8.1.
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ABSTRACT A field experiment evaluated simulated salvage herbicide application injury and injury timing on cutleaf groundcherry density, biomass, seed production, and crop yield in a peanut system. Treatments included: 1) a non-treated control; 2) hand pruning; 3) diclosulam applied preemergence (PRE) alone at 27 g/ha ; 4) paraquat applied at cracking early postemergence (EPOST) at 140 g/ha followed by bentazon at 560 g/ha late postemergence (POST) alone or mixed with 5) 2,4-DB at 220 g/ha; 6) acifluorfen at 280 g/ha; 7) imazapic at 70 g/ha; or 8) chlorimuron ethyl at 9 g/ha. Hand pruning and POST herbicide treatments were performed at 1-week intervals for four weeks beginning in June of each year. Herbicide treatments do not reflect current peanut herbicide recommendations but were chosen based on likely differential cutleaf groundcherry biomass and subsequent seed production. Diclosulam applied PRE provided season-long cutleaf groundcherry control; imazapic applied POST in combination with bentazon also provided excellent control. Use of bentazon alone or mixed with chlorimuron ethyl, or hand pruning resulted in similar cutleaf groundcherry biomass and subsequent seed production compared to the non-treated control in almost all comparisons. Peanut yield reflected early-season weed interference and late season cutleaf groundcherry control. Highest yields were recorded for diclosulam PRE and POST applications containing 2,4-DB and imazapic with 6040, 5990, and 6430 kg/ha, respectively. When early-season weed control efforts fail to completely control cutleaf groundcherry, it is crucial to have effective late season herbicide options for salvage treatments in order to prevent additions to the seed bank. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen, bentazon, chlorimuron ethyl, diclosulam, imazapic, paraquat, 2,4-DB, cutleaf groundcherry, Physalis angulata (L.) PHYAN, peanut, Arachis hypogaea (L.).
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Choi, Seong-Tae, Doo-Sang Park, and Seong-Mo Kang. "Nutrient Accumulation and Flower Bud Formation Affected by the Time of Terminal Bud Set on Water Sprouts of Persimmon." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.523.
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Heavy pruning to lower tree height of persimmon results in excessive production of water sprouts and reduced yield. This experiment was conducted on ‘Fuyu’ (Diospyros kaki) trees to assess if the time for terminal bud set of water sprouts affected flower bud formation. Some sprouts were not pruned to serve as fruiting branches for the next season. Thirty to 40 water sprouts were tagged in 2005 and 2006, the growth of which stopped from mid-June to late August. The later terminal buds set, the lower the percent dry weight in the apical 10 cm. The apical segments of sprouts that continued to grow to mid- to late August were characterized by low soluble sugars, starch, and inorganic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) compared with those that set terminal buds earlier. The number of flower buds from the water sprouts that set terminal buds by early August the previous year bore more than 12 flower buds the next year, whereas those that grew to mid- to late August bore fewer than three. It was concluded that water sprouts could be used as fruiting branches for the next year as long as terminal buds set by early August, thereby alleviating yield reductions that come with heavy pruning.
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Oliveira, Pedro B., Cristina M. Oliveira, and António A. Monteiro. "Pruning Date and Cane Density Affect Primocane Development and Yield of `Autumn Bliss' Red Raspberry." HortScience 39, no. 3 (June 2004): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.3.520.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of date of summer pruning and cane densities on growth and fruiting characteristics of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) plant. Three summer-pruning dates (early, middle, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed to the greenhouse-grown primocane-fruiting raspberry `Autumn Bliss' in 2 consecutive years (1994 and 1995). A higher light microclimate and CO2 assimilation rate were measured within the canopy at the lowest density. Some compensation in CO2 assimilation rates were observed in the upper leaves of the high-density treatments, probably in response to low light. Delayed pruning decreased yield per cane and per row. The highest yields per cane were always observed at the lowest cane density. Densities of 16 and 24 canes/m produced the highest fruit yield. Light conditions appeared to be the most important environmental factor affecting plant productivity. Fruit were a weaker sink than roots; therefore, the role of carbohydrate reserves should be investigated.
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Zheng, Wei, Jesús García, Pedro Balda, and Fernando Martínez de Toda. "Effects of late winter pruning at different phenological stages on vine yield components and berry composition in La Rioja, North-central Spain." OENO One 51, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.4.1863.
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Aims: Under global warming, the desynchrony between technology maturity and phenolic maturity of wine grapes is a worthy concern. Late winter pruning (LWP) has been proved to be an effective way to delay the grape phenological stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LWP at different phenological stages (based on Baillod & Baggiolini system) on the delay of the grape ripening, on vine yield components as well as on berry composition, among others, the anthocyanin to sugar ratio.Methods and results: The two-year (2015 and 2016) trial was conducted in Rioja wine region (North of Spain) on Maturana vines and in each year, four pruning treatments were carried out taking apical buds/shoots as reference: (1) winter pruning at stage A (WPA; dormant bud); (2) LWP at stage C (LWPC; green shoot tip) in 2015 and at stage F (LWPF; inflorescence clearly visible) in 2016; (3) LWP at stage G (LWPG; inflorescences separated); (4) LWP at stage H (LWPH; flowers separated). LWPC failed to delay the late phenological stages and did not exert important influence on vine yield and berry composition. LWPG and LWPH succeeded to delay all the phenological stages of grapes to a great extent and created a considerably cooler and longer ripening period compared to WPA. Vine yield was not affected by LWPF and was reduced significantly (averagely by 41%) by LWPG. LWPH lead to great losses in yield (averagely by 67%), especially in 2015. LWPG did not change the fruit composition while LWPH increased the ratio of anthocyanin to sugar and helped to maintain a relatively high level of acidity in berries.Conclusions: The primary cause of the decline in production seems to be the losses of flowers and/or the reduction in fruit set percentage in the current season, instead of the losses in inflorescences within buds in the previous season. For Maturana grapes, LWP after the stage F would reduce the vine yield and could be applied as an alternative to the time consuming cluster thinning to meet the needs of yield control. Delaying the winter pruning to stage H could improve the fruit quality in spite of the greater risk of botrytis and a serious decline in production.Significance and impact of the study: The outcomes of this research open a door for the winegrowers to realize the yield control in a simple way. Also, for those who only pursue wines of top quality (regardless of production), a very late winter pruning might provide them with high-quality grapes. Moreover, as can be seen obviously from our results, viticulturists could postpone the budburst date to whatever extent they wish thus reducing the risk of spring frost injury to zero, though this point is not our focus in the study.
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Durner, Edward F. "Dormant Pruning and Fall Ethephon Application Influence Peach Pistil Hardiness." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 5 (September 1995): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.5.823.
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Flower bud hardiness of ethephon-treated (100 mg·liter-1 in October), dormant pruned (in December) `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) trees was studied from December through March using exotherm analysis. In early December, buds not treated with ethephon were 0.5C hardier than ethephon-treated buds. From mid-December through March, ethephon-treated buds were 0.5 to 2.1C hardier than nontreated buds. When a main effect of pruning was detected, buds from pruned trees were 0.8 to 2.8C less hardy than buds from nonpruned trees. On several dates, a significant interaction on flower bud hardiness between ethephon treatment and pruning was detected. For trees not treated with ethephon, buds from pruned trees were 1.8 to 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. Pruning did not affect hardiness of buds from ethephon-treated trees. Ethephon delayed bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 9 days. Pruning accelerated bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 3 days compared to nonpruned trees. Flower bud dehardening under controlled conditions was also studied. As field chilling accumulated, flower buds dehardened more rapidly and to a greater extent when exposed to heat. Pruning accelerated and intensified dehardening. Ethephon reduced the pruning effect. The percentage of buds supercooling from any ethephon or pruning treatment did not change as chilling accumulated. In trees not treated with ethepbon, fewer buds supercooled as heat accumulated, and pruning intensified this effect. In pruned, ethephon-treated trees, fewer buds supercooled after exposure to heat. The number of buds supercooling in nonpruned trees did not change with heat accumulation. Flower bud rehardening after controlled dehardening was also evaluated. After dehardening in early February, there was no difference in the bud hardiness of pruned or nonpruned trees. Buds from ethepbon-treated trees were hardier than those from nontreated trees. With reacclimation, buds from pruned trees were not as hardy as those from nonpruned trees. The percentage of buds supercooling from ethephon-treated trees did not change with deacclimation or reacclimation treatments. After deacclimation in late February, buds from pruned trees were 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. After reacclimation, buds from pruned, ethephon-treated trees rehardened 2.6C while buds from all other treatments remained at deacclimated hardiness levels or continued to deharden. Ethephon-treated pistils were shorter than nontreated pistils. Pistils from pruned trees were longer than those from nonpruned trees. Deacclimated pistils were longer than nondeacclimated pistils. Differences in hardiness among ethephon and pruning treatments were observed, but there was no relationship between pistil moisture and hardiness.
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Crabbe, Jacques J. "Episodic Growth and Shoot Differentiation in Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 603b—603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.603b.
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The flushing behavior of shoot growth and its consequences on shoot differentiation are important features in fruit tree development, with regard to flowering ability. In this respect, two different approaches were applied to young `M26' apple trees. First, poorly branched 2-year-old trees were headed back, either in the second-year or in the first-year wood, at different times from right before to 6 weeks after budbreak. Early pruning resulted in rapid and prolonged regrowth, with a final very similar shaping of the tree to that of the intact controls. Late pruning, in contrast, leads to a two-step reaction (late spring and summer flushes), sometimes stronger on 2-year-old than on 1-year-old wood. In a second experiment, buds and young shoots were sampled on pruned trees in locations where they could be supposed to remain short shoots or grow long, with one or two flushes. They were weighed, their leaves and internodes measured, and the plastochron evaluated. During budbreak and the first month afterwards, shoot differentiation appears achieved. The primary difference between long and short shoot types does not consist in faster internode elongation but, rather, in faster production (reduced plastochron) of larger leaves.