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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser steel hardening'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Афанасьєва, Ольга Валентинівна, Наталія Олексіївна Лалазарова, and Олена Георгіївна Попова. "Нові технології лазерної поверхневої обробки." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2021.2.07.

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Subject and purpose. Currently, gas, solid-state, and fiber lasers are used to process materials in the aviation industry. For the thermal treatment of steels, gas CO2 lasers with a capacity of more than 1 kW used, which are reliable in operation but have high cost and low efficiency. There are no results on the use of low-power (up to 20 W) pulsed-mode lasers for surface hardening of steel products. The purpose of this work is to determine the modes of surface hardening of products from carbon and alloy steels using low-power solid-state pulsed YAG lasers. Methodology. For laser hardening, a 5 W solid-state YAG laser was used (diode pumping, radiation wavelength λ = 1,064 μm, pulse mode). The use of a nonlinear crystal made it possible to obtain UV radiation with λ = 0,355 μm (third harmonic). The following modes were investigated: processing with single pulses (duration 0,1...0,4 ms) and multi-pulse processing with short (30...70 ms) pulses. The scanning speed was 8...2 mm/s. The energy in the pulse was determined by the photoelectric method. Thermal hardening was performed on the following steels: У12, P6M5. The possibility of UV radiation hardening was evaluated on steel 20, 45, У12, and ШХ15. Findings. The optimum values of pulse duration for maximum hardness in laser hardening of the investigated steels. With multi-pulse treatment of steels, the pulse duration is shorter than with single-pulse treatment, the hardening intensity is higher, and the quality of the processed surface is better. Single-pulse and multi-pulse processing are accompanied by partial melting of the surface of steel products, which does not allow it to be used in cases where a high quality of the surface is required. Laser hardening of steel by ultraviolet radiation is not accompanied by melting. Conclusion. For surface hardening of products, where partial melting of the surface is possible, low-power lasers in pulse mode can be used. Laser hardening by ultraviolet radiation is a promising direction for thermal hardening of steels, which allows maintaining the original quality of the surface layer. Thermal hardening with low-power lasers can be effective for small-sized areas of the processed parts of the fuel equipment of aircraft engines, friction elements, and, especially, the tool is small.

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2

Matsui, Fumiaki, Masami Shibao, Naoharu Yoshida, Kimihiro Shibata, Hiroki Sakamoto, Hiroshi Sakurai, Akio Hirose, and Kojiro F. Kobayashi. "Property of Laser Welded Bake-Hardening Steel in Tailored Blanks for Automobile." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.397.

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The behavior of bake-hardening of the laser weldment was investigated. The bake-hardening steel(BH steel) was welded with Nd:YAG laser followed by plastic deformation and subsequent heat-treatment. Then the influence of laser welding on the behavior of bake-hardening was investigated. The hardness of the laser weld metal significantly increased after welding. After the plastic deformation, both the base metal and weld metal became harder by work-hardening. The heat treatment resulted in more increment of hardness in both the base metal and weld metal by bake-hardening. The amount of bake-hardening reached a maximum value at the plastic strain of 5% or more. We modified a kinetic equation proposed for predicting the strength of a low-carbon bake-hardening steel and applied to the estimation of hardness of the base metal and weld metal. The calculated hardness values agree with the experimental data. The calculated activation energy for bake-hardenig was that for diffusion of carbon and nitrogen atoms in α-Fe. Thus the hardening is thought to be governed by diffusion of these solute atoms.

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3

Maharjan, Niroj, Naien Wu, and Wei Zhou. "Hardening Efficiency and Microstructural Changes during Laser Surface Hardening of 50CrMo4 Steel." Metals 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11122015.

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Laser surface hardening is an attractive heat treatment solution used to selectively enhance the surface properties of components by phase transformation. A quantitative parameter to measure the efficacy of hardening processes is still lacking, which hinders its application in industries. In this paper, we propose a simple approach to assess the effectiveness of the process by calculating its thermal efficiency. The proposed method was applied to calculate the hardening efficiency during different laser processing conditions. This study revealed that only a small portion of supplied laser energy (approximately 1–15%) is utilized for hardening. For the same laser system, the highest efficiency is achieved when surface melting is just avoided. A comparative study showed that pulsed lasers are more efficient in energy utilization for hardening than continuous wave laser. Similarly, the efficiency of a high-power laser is found to be higher than a low-power laser and an increase in beam absorption produces higher hardening efficiency. The analysis of the hardened surface revealed predominantly martensite. The hardness value gradually decreased along the depth, which is attributed to the decrease in percentage of martensite.

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4

Babu Viswanathan, G., and R. Sivakumar. "Laser Surface Hardening of Steel." Key Engineering Materials 38-39 (January 1991): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.38-39.393.

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5

UENO, Kotaro, and Takashi HOSONO. "Laser Hardening of Steel Foil." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2019.13 (2019): B01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2019.13.b01.

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6

Lakhtin, Yu M., A. N. Safonov, T. V. Gulyaeva, Ya D. Kogan, and A. V. Buryakin. "Laser hardening of 11Kh12N2V2MF steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 27, no. 4 (April 1985): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00652086.

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7

Bakhracheva, Yu S. "Combined Methods of Laser Processing of Steel." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.242.

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This article examines the influence of laser heat treatment of nitrocementation steel on the phase composition, structure and hardness of surface layers. It is shown that the combined heat treatment of steels – nitrocementation and laser hardening allows to provide high wear resistance of surface layers of steel.

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8

Li, W. B., K. E. Easterling, and M. F. Ashby. "Laser transformation hardening of steel—II. Hypereutectoid steels." Acta Metallurgica 34, no. 8 (August 1986): 1533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(86)90098-2.

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9

Morimoto, Junji, Yutaka Katoh, Shinji Fukuhara, Nobuyuki Abe, Masahiro Tsukamoto, and Shigeru Tanaka. "Micro-Hardening of Carbon Steel with a Direct Diode Laser." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.197.

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Surface treatments, surface modification and surface engineering are required to improve the wear resistance, erosion resistance, friction resistance and corrosion protection. Transformation hardening of metals has been used since ancient times to increase the hardness and thereby vastly reduce the wear rate of metal surfaces in use. Today several processes are in use to achieve the controlled heating and rapid cooling required for transformation process. Transformation hardening is one of the most attractive processes for high power diode lasers, since their moderate beam quality and their low power density is sufficient for many applications. Generally laser hardening generates less distortion than conventional methods. In this study, the effect of laser beam characteristics (beam profile, power density, power etc) was examined on the micro hardening of carbon steel.

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10

Hung, Tsung-Pin, Hao-En Shi, and Jao-Hwa Kuang. "Temperature Modeling of AISI 1045 Steel during Surface Hardening Processes." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101815.

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A Coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model was employed to simulate the possible effects of varying laser scanning parameters on the surface hardening process for AISI 1045 and AISI 4140 steels. We took advantage of the high-power density of laser beams to heat the surface of workpieces quickly to achieve self-quenching effects. The finite element model, along with the temperature-dependent material properties, was applied to characterize the possible quenching and tempering effects during single-track laser surface heat treatment. We verified the accuracy of the proposed model through experiments. The effects of laser surface hardening parameters, such as power variation, scanning speed, and laser spot size, on the surface temperature distribution, hardening width, and hardening depth variations during the single-track surface laser treatment process, were investigated using the proposed model. The analysis results show that laser power and scanning speed are the key parameters that affect the hardening of the material. The numerical results reveal that the proposed finite element model is able to simulate the laser surface heat treatment process and tempering effect of steel.

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11

Gelaw, Amessalu Atenafu, and Nele Rath. "Laser Hardening of Unimax Stainless Steel." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.41.

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Nowdays, laser hardening of materials brings a comparative advantage over the conventional hardening technique. Fast cooling rate due to the heat distribution through its own bulk material, self-quenching property (rapid cooling without external water or oil), environmentally friendly characteristics since the procedure does not exhaust smoke, the localized heat input due to adjustable laser spot size to avoid distortion and minimum time to finish the operation are some of the advantages to mention. NIKO is a company specialized in making electrical products like socket outlets and switches by using injection molding techniques. Unimax is a kind of stainless steel used by the company to prepare some parts of the injection molding components like a Nozzle. This time, the company is using more and more fiber-reinforced polymers throughout their product line. These composites are far stronger than the polymer, but on the downside, the fibers are quite abrasive. The objective of this research was to harden the Unimax stainless steel using Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser technique. First, the laser transverse speed and spot size were identified as the primary process parameters. Then, the traverse speed of 100, 150 and 400 mm/min and spot size of 2164, 2169, 2288 and 2412 um were assigned with 3 replications. Afterwards, thermal simulation was done using COMSOL Multiphysics© followed by the real test on the metal bar. Therefore, the highest hardness of 650 HV was obtained at a speed of 150 mm/min and a spot size of 2169 um diameters. Finally, the corresponding depth of hardness and roughness values of 200 um below the surface and unmelt samples respectively were obtained. HIGHLIGHTS Laser hardening of materials brings a comparative advantage over the conventional hardening technique The laser transverse speed and spot size were identified as the primary process parameters. Afterwards, thermal simulation was done using COMSOL Multiphysics© followed by the real test on the stainless steel bar The depth of hardening and Vickers hardness (HV) increased with the smaller spot size and slow traverse speed of the ND:YAG laser, but this resulted in a melt on the surface of the hardened metal One of the problems of making products using injection molding techniques using fiber-reinforced polymers is the abrasive nature of the fibers which widen the injection nozzle GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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12

NAPIÓRKOWSKI, Jerzy, Łukasz KONAT, and Marta PIETRUSZEWSKA. "EFFECT OF LASER HARDENING OF STEEL ON THE WEAR PROCESS IN AN ABRASIVE SOIL MASS." Tribologia 280, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7534.

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This paper presents the results of tests for the effects of laser hardening on the course and intensity of wear of 38GSA (38MnSi4) and Hardox 600 steels in an abrasive soil mass. The tests were carried out under laboratory conditions, using a “rotating bowl” type machine. Two types of soil, i.e. light and medium, were used as the abrasive mass. Based on the obtained test results, it was found that hardness decreased (in relation to asdelivered condition). The performed laser surface hardening process significantly increased the abrasive wear resistance only for 38GSA (38MnSi4) steel. As regards to Hardox steel, the hardening treatment reduced the abrasive wear resistance index compared to the as-delivered condition of the steel.

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13

Gorunov, A. I. "Laser hardening of 4X5MΦC die steel." Russian Engineering Research 36, no. 3 (March 2016): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x16030047.

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14

Ruiz, J., B. J. Fernández, and J. Ma Belló. "Prediction of Laser Steel Hardening Effects." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.161.

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15

Kim, Vladimir A., Angelika S. Matarykina, Snezhana S. Matarykina, and Lubov O. Nazarenko. "LASER HARDENING OF CARBON STEEL U10." Scholarly Notes of Komsomolsk-na-Amure State Technical University 1, no. 34 (June 25, 2018): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17084/iii-1(34).9.

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16

Wiiala, U. K., M. S. Sulonen, and A. S. Korhonen. "Laser hardening of TiN-coated steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 36, no. 3-4 (December 1988): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(88)90017-5.

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17

Korostelev, V. F. "Laser surface hardening of steel parts." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1822, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1822/1/012007.

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18

Zhang, Guo Ping. "Laser Surface Strengthening on Module Steel." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.285.

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Whether laser surface strengthening on module steel can have an effect on intensity, shock resistance and wearing resistance. Through analysis of different materials with different laser methods, this paper uses high-power carbon dioxide lasers to process the work of strengthening laser on CrWMn, conduct structural analysis and test on laser hardening layer, through data and figure, demonstrate that primary structure of the matrix is obviously detailed after processing and the intensity is obviously strengthened. After laser surface melting on H13, we find that the surface flawless, smooth, even and fine, highly intense and non-corrosive.

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19

Kato, Akira. "Prevention of Fracture of Cracked Steel Bars Using Laser: Part I—Laser Hardening." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225801.

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This paper investigates the effect of laser hardening on cracked steel specimens. After laser hardening around precracked shafts of SAE 1015 steel, rotary bending fatigue strength was determined. The results showed that the fatigue strength of specimens with a small crack can be raised to the strength of virgin specimens. Therefore this method may be used as a technique for fatigue fracture prevention of steel components containing cracks.

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20

Kovalchuk, Yuriy, and Ivan Lisovyi. "Laser-plasma Strengthening of Pre-heat-treated Road Transport Details in the Agro-industrial Complex." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 51 (2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2021.51.54-60.

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The aim of the work is to determine the laser-plasma effect on the structure and microhardness of surfaces of ordinary and after heat treatment by hardening with low and high tempering steel 40HN with different structure, to study the possibility of laser-plasma treatment to strengthen the surface at different stages of manufacturing or repair transport details in the agro-industrial complex. The article presents the results of laser-plasma exposure to the structure and microhardness of surfaces of ordinary and after heat treatment by hardening with low and high tempering steel 40HN with different structure: normalized or annealed steel immediately after machining, and after volumetric heat treatment with different types tempering for different hardness, determined by the purpose of the workpieces. First, the features of the microstructure and hardness of steel with a ferritic-pearlitic structure during laser-plasma treatment were studied. The highest temperature, which causes melting and evaporation of the material, during laser treatment occurs on the surface of the processed products. During further cooling due to intensive heat dissipation into the cold core of the metal in the melting zone is hardening from the liquid state and the formation of martensite. Adjacent to these areas is the zone of martensite obtained by quenching during cooling from the solid austenitic state. Then the influence of laser-plasma treatment on the features of the microstructure and hardness of steel with the structure of tempering sorbitol and with the structure of martensite was considered. Laser-plasma treatment can be used with high efficiency to strengthen structural steels. It allows to strengthen the surface of structural steel to a high hardness of 9-11 GPa to a depth of about 0.2 mm. The hardening effect is obtained on steels with different structure, characteristic for different stages of the techno¬logical process. Therefore, the use of laser-plasma treatment to strengthen the surface is possible at different stages of the technological process of manufacturing or repairing parts of road transport in agriculture.

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21

Jin, Biao, Min Li, TaeWoo Hwang, and YoungHoon Moon. "Feasibility Studies on Underwater Laser Surface Hardening Process." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/845273.

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Laser surface hardening process is a very promising hardening method for ferrous and nonferrous alloys where transformations occur during cooling after laser melting in the solid state. This study experimentally characterizes laser surface hardening of tool steel in both water and air. For the underwater operation, laser surface scanning is performed over the tool steel surface which is immersed in water. The laser surface hardening tests are performed with a maximum 200 W fiber laser with a Gaussian distribution of energy in the beam. For the surface hardening, single-track melting experiment which sequentially scans elongated path of single line has been performed. As the hardened depth depends on the thermal conductivity of the material, the surface temperature and the penetration depth may be varied by underwater laser processing. The feasibility of underwater laser surface hardening process is discussed on the basis of average hardness level and hardened bead shape.

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22

Rathmann, Lewin, and Tim Radel. "Influence of laser hardening on laser induced periodic surface structures on steel substrates." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1135/1/012024.

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Abstract Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are used to structure surfaces for functionalization. Thus, hydrophilic states are generated using LIPSS. However, these nanostructures do not withstand mechanical loads and therefore cannot be used for most tribological applications. Within this work the approach of laser hardening of LIPSS is investigated. It is shown that laser hardening leads to an alteration of prior structured surfaces. That effects the wetting behaviour. The higher the laser power during hardening, the more increases the contact angle of a single droplet on the surface and the more the surface lacks in terms of wetting behaviour. This phenomenon is attributed to changes in LIPSS’ aspect ratio. A high ratio leads to low contact angles and is shifted to low values when the laser power increases resulting in high contact angles. Hence, it is concluded that the thermal load during laser hardening, and it’s influence on the wettability must be taken into account when LIPSS are subjected to laser hardening.

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23

Sagaro, R., J. S. Ceballos, J. Mascarell, and A. Blanco. "Tribological behaviour of line hardening of steel U13A with Nd: YAG laser." Revista de Metalurgia 35, no. 3 (June 30, 1999): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1999.v35.i3.620.

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24

Napadłek, Wojciech. "Influence Environment and Parameters Ablative Laser Texturing on Selected Properties Surface Layer Steel 100CrMnSi6-4." Advanced Materials Research 874 (January 2014): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.874.17.

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This paper presents results of laboratory investigation microstructure bearing steel 100CrMnSi6-4 after laser hardening in the air and cryogenic environment. Usied high-power laser CO2 (4 kW) were selected the best parameters for hardening process (power density, scanning speed, the overlap surface hardened zones). As a result, laser hardening of the surface layer steel 100CrMnSi6-4 with selected process parameters obtained highdispersing martensitic microstructure of microhardness to 900HV0.1 with isolated fragmented chromium carbides. In the heat affected zone found martensitic- bainitic and bainite microstructure. In comparison with conventional hardening (e.g. inductive) were significant microstructure fragmentation and increase hardness about 15%. This paper presents ablative laser texturing surface layer above steel hardened before by laser. Texturing process was carried out in two environments and used pulsed iterbium fiber laser radiation Nd: YAG with a wavelength λ = 1064 nm.

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25

MAHARJAN, NIROJ, WEI ZHOU, YU ZHOU, and NAIEN WU. "LASER SURFACE HARDENING OF AISI 1055 STEEL IN WATER SUBMERGED CONDITION." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 01 (April 3, 2019): 1950087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19500872.

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Underwater laser hardening might produce better surface mechanical properties than conventional laser hardening in air due to additional cooling effect by water. However, it has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the effect of water layer on laser surface hardening of AISI 1055 steel. It is found that laser surface hardening is feasible with water layer up to 3[Formula: see text]mm above the steel surface. A higher surface hardness is achieved during underwater processing. This is attributed to fast cooling by water which facilitates complete martensitic transformation. Nevertheless, the hardened area is smaller than that in conventional laser hardening in air due to attenuation of laser energy. Above 3[Formula: see text]mm, the laser beam is severely attenuated due to formation of vapor plume. Furthermore, it is found that surface oxidation cannot be prevented completely even during underwater treatment, and the water movement results in random distribution of metal slag on the surface.

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26

Krasheninnikov, Valeriy V., Аleksandr G. Malikov, Аnatolii M. Orishich, and Аleksandr O. Tokarev. "Investigation of the Laser-Powder Cladding Effect on Steel Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 788 (August 2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.788.52.

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The investigation was carried out in the laser-technological complex with the power up to 8 kW, ITAM SB RAS. An inert-gas jet was supplied coaxially with the beam. A protective nozzle from which gaseous Ar was injected was used to protect the hardening joint. The parameters of the laser hardening process with the surface alloying was optimized on the samples of low-carbon steel 20, construction steel 45, and spring steel 65G.Special cladding powders containing carbon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, boron, and nitrogen were chosen for laser-powder cladding. They are intended for cladding wear-resistant layers onto machine parts, tools and equipment operated under abrasion-wear conditions with moderate shock loading.It was found that an optimal radiation power was 2 kW. Extra water cooling of treated parts is unpractical during laser hardening because it did not improve the hardening effect. The best effect of surface alloying was reached when the powder of rapid tool steel Р6М5 was injected in the liquid metal pool. High hardness of the clad layer remained at further heating up to 550°C. The use of laser thermal treatment and laser-powder cladding provides thermal hardening and enables increasing hardness and hence wear resistance of low-carbon steel parts by 3 - 4 times, whereas the base part remains viscous.

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27

Kusano, Takahiko, Ryutaro Tanaka, Akira Hosokawa, Takashi Ueda, Tatsuaki Furumoto, and Yong Chuan Lin. "Influence of On-the-Machine Laser Hardening on Machinability of Carbon Steel in Turning." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.690.

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This study deals with the influence of laser hardening for a carbon steel AISI 1045 on machinability in turning. Turning test was conducted for the purpose to clarify the influence of laser hardening for steel surface on the chip controllability and surface roughness. In turning laser hardened steel, continuous chip is broken in the laser hardened zone during cutting due to higher brittleness. The broken chips have spiral form and their length is approximately equal to those generated by less than 10 revolution cutting. The surface roughness shows slightly lower compared with non-laser hardened steel.

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28

Mironov, Viktor, Mihails Lisicins, Pavels Onufrievs, Faina Muktepavela, and Arturs Medvids. "Hardening of Steel Perforated Tape by Nd:YAG Laser." Key Engineering Materials 721 (December 2016): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.721.456.

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One of the directions of application of the perforated metal material is their use as cutting elements in the production of processing tools. In this case it is necessary to carry out hardening of cutting surfaces to increase their hardness. One of the methods of hardening metals could be laser treatment. Therefore, the present work is a study of the effect of Nd:YAG laser radiation on the microstructure and hardness of fragments formed from steel perforated tape. Different laser scan speeds (doses) were used in the experiments. The results have shown that the increase the microhardness of 30-40% after the laser treatment of steel perforated tape in the surface layer in a depth range up to 1 μm take place. The studies of microstructure of fragments formed from steel perforated tape have shown the reduction of the structure size and the presence of a thin oxide compounds, which is consistent with the results on nanoindentation. Hardening of the metal by laser radiation is carried out without surface melting which eliminates the change of macroroughness and the need for subsequent machining process.

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29

Akhter, R., A. Hussain, W. A. Farooq, and M. Aslam. "Laser Surface Hardening of GCr15 Bearing Steel Ring." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.130.

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Surface hardening of GCr15 bearing steel ring was carried out using CW CO2 laser. The laser power used was in the range of 300 to 500 Watts. A rectangular beam shape was used to cover the area to be hardened. A three fold increase in the hardness of the transformed zone was achieved. The depth of hardness attained was around 1mm. The depth and width of the laser treated zone were studied as function of laser power and working speed for specific spot size. The microstructure of the transformed zone is also discussed. Subzero cooling technique was applied to convert the retained austenite to martensite.

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30

Karthikeyan, K. M. B., T. Balasubramanian, V. Thillaivanan, and G. Vasanth Jangetti. "Laser Transformation Hardening of EN24 Alloy Steel." Materials Today: Proceedings 22 (2020): 3048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.440.

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31

Wiesner, P., and M. Eckstein. "Laser hardening of steel and cast iron." Welding International 1, no. 10 (January 1987): 986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709449050.

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32

Levcovici, S. M., D. T. Levcovici, V. Munteanu, M. M. Paraschiv, and A. Preda. "Laser Surface Hardening of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994900770345665.

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33

la Rocca, A. V., E. Ramous, and M. Cantello. "Laser surface hardening of thin steel slabs." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 5 (May 1987): 1737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132400.

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34

Shiue, R. K., and C. Chen. "Laser transformation hardening of tempered 4340 steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 23, no. 1 (January 1992): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02660862.

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35

Yang, L. J., S. Jana, and S. C. Tam. "Laser transformation hardening of tool-steel specimens." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 21, no. 2 (March 1990): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(90)90001-b.

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Postnikov, V. S., V. S. Tomsinskii, and Yu V. Palkina. "Laser hardening of ZhGr0.5D3K0.3 P/M steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 11 (November 1991): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00811069.

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Filep, A., Márton Benke, Valéria Mertinger, and Gábor Buza. "Residual Stress in Plain Carbon Steel Induced by Laser Hardening." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.321.

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Technological residual stresses have great importance in the manufacturing processes and the lifetime of components. The residual stresses formed by quenching can be very diverse because of its multiple sources. Alternative quenching processes such as laser hardening have a great potential for different applications. The direction of heat transfer during laser hardening is the opposite compared to conventional quenching. This further increases the complexity of the developed stress state. The residual stress profile and the microstructure formed by laser hardening treatment are investigated in the present manuscript.

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Tarasova, Tatiana Vasilievna, I. S. Belashova, S. D. Kuzmin, and S. A. Egorov. "Features of Laser Treatment of Corrosion-Resistant Steels of Austenitic and Carbide Classes." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.296.

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In this paper effect of a fiber laser on the microstructure and properties of steels 95X18 and 12X18H10T is shown. The regularities of changes in the structure of a laser-treated surface by X-ray diffraction and X-ray microscopic analyzes were studied. The high efficiency of laser heat treatment of steel 95X18 with the subsequent tempering, to improve the tribological properties of the surface layers has been established. For steel 12X18H10T laser shock hardening method (405 HV) is recognized to be effective.

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Jain, Anil Kumar, A. V. Alias, Abhay Kumar Jha, and Parameshwar Prasad Sinha. "Optimisation of Laser Process Parameter on Laser Transformation Hardening of AISI440C." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.203.

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High yield strength and good wear resistance of hypereutectic steels in hardened and tempered condition made them attractive to manufacture rotating parts of mechanical systems. However, they suffered with poor corrosion, owing to high carbon content. The need for a material with improved strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance for bearing application resulted in the design of a new steel having 17 wt.% Cr, up to 0.75 wt.% Mo and 1 wt.% C, which was christened as 440C. This martensitic grade of stainless steel was surface hardened by laser transformation hardening (LTH) technique using Pulsed Nd: YAG laser. Optimised process parameter could result in 300 µm thick hardened layer consisted of martensite, retained austenite and fine carbide with an average hardness of 540 VHN, while it was about 220 VHN in the core. Laser process parameter like energy/power density, pulse width, scanning speed and overlap ratio were responsible in influencing the microstructural constituents, hardness achievable and in turn dictates the wear resistance capability of the material. Experimental results such as temperature distribution, depth of hardening have been verified analytically. A reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental measurements was obtained. This paper highlights the details of experimental work.

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Kurnoskin, Ivan A., Svetlana E. Krylova, and Alexey Yu Plesovskikh. "Development of Hardening Technology for Oil and Gas Pumping and Compressor Equipment Using Laser Hardening." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.433.

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This paper considers the results of modes testing for surface laser hardening. It also includes the development of compositions for light-absorbing coating for industrial application of laser hardening. The paper presents the influence of the light-absorbing coating on the structuring of the surface layer under laser hardening of medium-carbon alloy steel.

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Černý, Ivo, Jiří Sís, and Dagmar Mikulová. "Evaluation of Fatigue Strength of Heat Treated and Laser Hardened 42CrMo4 Steel Considering Localized Initiation Mechanisms." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.31.

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Laser surface hardening is an advanced method of surface treatment of structural steels with a great potential for wide industrial applications. According to the recent literature results and knowledge about laser hardening, fatigue resistance can be either reduced or increased, even considerably, depending on numerous parameters of basic material, the technology parameters etc. This contribution contains results of a partial study of effect of laser hardening of relatively small specimens on fatigue resistance of 42CrMo4 steel. Two different parameters of laser hardening were used, one of them resulted in considerable longitudinal residual stresses surface speed of laser beam 4 mm/s. Results of fatigue tests of basic reference material had a surprisingly high, atypical scatter, particularly in the region near fatigue limit. Fractographical analyses indicated that this scatter was connected with presence of single inclusions, even quite large, which in some cases caused fatigue crack initiation. Compressive residual stresses after the laser treatment improved fatigue strength and reduced the scatter, likely due to short crack retardation in the compressive residuals tress field. Further analyses and discussion are provided using Murakami method of fatigue life evaluation of materials containing defects.

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Gupta, Aniruddha, and Ashish Kumar Nath. "Temperature Field of Repetitive Laser Pulse Irradiation and its Effect on Laser Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.823.

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Analytical expressions for the temperature rise in a semi-infinite workpiece due to the heating with CW and repetitive laser pulse irradiation have been derived. It has been shown that the soaking time at a temperature above the phase transformation temperature, on which the homogeneity of microstructure and the depth of hardening depend, can be increased by heating with repetitive laser pulses. Experimental results of surface hardening of high-carbon steel with repetitive laser pulses showed higher depth of hardening and better microstructure homogeneity compared to those with continuous wave laser.

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عزيمة, خليل. "تأثير سرعة المسح للحزمة الليزرية على خصائص منطقة التقسية في الفولاذ الكربوني." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v2i1.85.

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Surface heat treatment of steel by using laser technology is the most developed method of hardening for machine elements and tools, where it formes on the surface structure with optimal properties. The structure depends on phase's transformation which occures in steel after laser treatment. The mechanism of mutual reaction between laser beam and steel is bind by kind of laser generation, wave length, power and scanning speed. The scanning speed of CW laser beam became the most important parameters of laser surface treatment. This paper concentrate on the study of the effect of laser scanning speed for steel surface on the depth of heating zone in three kind of carbon steel and the microhardness inside heat effected zone. It has been shown that both of microhardness and depth of hardening layer are decreased when scanning speed is increased. Also, it has been studied the relation between microhardness and the containment of carbon in steel.

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Kito, Takashi, Ryutaro Tanaka, Akira Hosokawa, Takashi Ueda, and Tatsuaki Furumoto. "Prevention of Burr Formation in Face Milling of Carbon Steel by Laser Hardening." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.672.

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. Burr is formed at workpiece edge in most metal cutting process. These burrs make troubles on production lines in terms of added cost and time for deburring process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of workpiece hardening on the burr formation in face milling of carbon steel AISI 1045. Before machining, laser hardening by CO2 laser is irradiated on the side face along the line where burr is expected to be formed. The laser irradiated area of carbon steel has high hardness and brittle characteristic in comparison with mother phase. In case of machining laser hardened workpiece, the burr height was smaller compared with standard steel. By controlling laser irradiation conditions, burr is not observed so that the chipping (negative burr) like chamfering is caused. From these results, it was clarified that laser hardening is effective to prevent burr formation and this technique can be applied to high efficiency processing.

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Hung, Tsung-Pin, Chao-Ming Hsu, Hsiu-An Tsai, Shuo-Ching Chen, and Zong-Rong Liu. "Temperature Field Numerical Analysis Mode and Verification of Quenching Heat Treatment Using Carbon Steel in Rotating Laser Scanning." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030534.

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Temperature history and hardening depth are experimentally characterized in the rotational laser hardening process for an AISI 1045 medium carbon steel specimen. A three-dimensional finite element model is proposed to predict the temperature field distribution and hardening zone area. The laser temperature field is set up for an average distribution and scanned along a circular path. Linear motion also takes place alongside rotation. The prediction of hardening area can be increased by increasing the rotational radius, which in turn raises the processing efficiency. A good agreement is found between the experimental characterized hardness value and metallographic composition. The uniformity of the hardening area decreases with increasing laser scanning speed. The increased laser power input could help to expand the hardening depth.

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Napadłek, W. "Analysis of Selected Properties 100CrMnSi6-4 Surface Layer after Laser Micro-Smelting." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0113.

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AbstractThe use of laser ablation phenomenon with the “thermal effect” to produce surface textures, mainly lubricant micro-containers in the form of spherical micro-bowls in the surface layer of 100CrMnSi6-4 alloy of bearing steel. This is interesting research topic. The application the local (zonal) laser hardening of the steel surface layer on the surface of the bearing raceway or casts gives technological opportunities to deploy those technologies in the production process. The article presents the selected results of the own laboratory studies of hardness, microstructure and surface stereometry bearing steel 100CrMnSi6-4 in different states after volume hardening and low tempering, as well as those obtained as a result of laser surface texturing and laser pulsed hardening. The study results can be used to modify the surface layer of 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel and in the nearest future use ablative laser texturing of the rolling bearings treadmill surface in the production of lubricanting micro-containers, for improving the wear resistance tribological pair of roller – raceway in the friction conditions.

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Liu, An Zhong, Yan Yan, Su Zhang, and Jian Hua Cui. "Research on Tempering Experiment for Laser Phase Transformation-Hardening Specimen." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1595.

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In this paper, the specimens of GCr15 steel were quenched by laser transformation hardening experiment and then they were tempered at different temperatures. The tempering micromorphology and microstructure of laser surface hardening layer were studied, and the photos of scanning electric microscope(SEM) were used in the fractal analysis. The relationship between the tempered temperatures and the hardness of the hardening layer surface was researched, and the relationship between the hardness of the hardening layer surface and the fractal dimension of the surface hardening layer SEM photos was also researched.

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Němeček, Stanislav, Michal Míšek, Ivo Černý, Jiří Sís, Nikolaj Ganev, and Kamil Kolařík. "Laser Hardening Parameters Influencing Component Lifetime and Residual Stresses." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.306.

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Laser surface hardening is an advanced method of surface treatment of structural steels with a great potential for wide industrial applications. The technology is quite new and so, investigations have to be performed in order to gain a comprehensive knowledge about effects on microstructure, hardness, surface properties of treated materials, but also mechanical an particularly fatigue properties. Concerning fatigue resistance of material treated with this technology, results and knowledge recently published in the literature indicate that fatigue resistance can be either reduced or increased, even considerably, depending on numerous parameters of basic material, laser hardening parameters etc. This contribution contains results of a partial study of effect of laser hardening of relatively small specimens on fatigue resistance of 42CrMo4 steel. Two different parameters of the treatment were used, namely two speeds of laser beam on the material surface at constant beam energy. Unlike the lower speed, when fatigue resistance was slightly reduced, higher speed of laser beam resulted in a slight increase of fatigue resistance and fatigue limit. The results are discussed considering an occurrence of residuals stresses. Key words: Laser hardening, residual stress, lifetime, fatigue, fracture, microstructure, surface

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Tokarev, Aleksandr, Zinaida Bataeva, Gennadii Grachev, Aleksandr Smirnov, Maksim Khomyakov, and Artiom Gerber. "Laser-Plasma Treatment of Structural Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 788 (August 2015): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.788.58.

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To conduct high production hardening modification of iron-carbon and titanium alloy surface layers a laser-plasma method (LPM) is developed. The method is based on the use of optical pulse discharge plasma. A discharge is ignited with laser pulses repeated with a high frequency by a CO2-laser oscillator - amplifier system. A laser pulse is focused on the treated surface. To form plasma in alignment with the beam in the laser head, a high velocity gas flow (air, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide) is created. The pressure of the plasma-forming gas can reach 0.5 MPa, and the output speed of the laser head can be 300 m/s.The results of the experiment on the impact of laser-plasma action on the structure and microhardness of the structural steel surface are presented. Laser-plasma treatment leads to the formation of a layer with the martensitic structure on the surface of structural low-alloyed steel 40Kh. This layer is formed due to quenching in a liquid state (QLS) and quenching in a solid state (QSS). The microhardness of the martensitic layer is 11-13 GPa, the hardened zone depth reaches 0.3 mm. It is proposed to use laser-plasma treatment of structural steel as a method for the local surface hardening of machine parts and tools.

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MIZOO, Kazuaki, and Yasuo SAWAI. "Hardening of Carbon Steel using a Fiber Laser." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 85, no. 3 (2016): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.85.292.

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