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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser stabilization; differential absorption; LIDAR'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ge Ye, Hu Yi-Hua, Shu Rong, and Hong Guang-Lie. "A novel frequency stabilization method for the seed laser of the pulse optical parametric oscillator in differential absorption lidar." Acta Physica Sinica 64, no. 2 (2015): 020702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.020702.

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2

Ishii, Shoken, Kohei Mizutani, Philippe Baron, Hironori Iwai, Ryoko Oda, Toshikazu Itabe, Hirotake Fukuoka, et al. "Partial CO2 Column-Averaged Dry-Air Mixing Ratio from Measurements by Coherent 2-μm Differential Absorption and Wind Lidar with Laser Frequency Offset Locking." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00180.1.

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Abstract A coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar (Co2DiaWiL) with a 2-μm single-frequency Q-switched laser with laser frequency offset locking was used for long-range CO2 measurement. The frequency stabilization of the single-frequency λ on pulsed laser was 1.0 MHz. Experimental horizontal CO2 measurement over a column range of 2.6–5.6 km and 900 shot pairs (1-min integration time) was conducted on 22 October 2009 to examine the detection sensitivity of the Co2DiaWiL. The achieved precision was less than 2.1%. The root-mean-square of the differences between the 30-min CO2 averages measured by the Co2DiaWiL and a ground-based in situ instrument was 0.9% (3.5 ppm). Experimental vertical CO2 measurements were conducted in February 2010 and January and February 2011. The partial CO2 column-averaged dry-air mixing ratios (XCO2) for an altitude between 0.4 and 1.0 km in 2010 and 2011 were 403.2 ± 4.2 and 405.6 ± 3.4 ppm, respectively. In the paper, the Co2DiaWiL results were well validated carefully against those of the airborne in situ instrument; they agreed well within the margin of error. The values of XCO2 measured in presence of cirrus clouds near the tropopause (hard target cases) show a difference of less than 4.1 ppm with the airborne measurements performed on 14 February 2010. This result demonstrates the capability of the Co2DiaWiL to measure XCO2 within a precision better than 1%.

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3

Dinovitser, Alex, Murray W. Hamilton, and Robert A. Vincent. "Stabilized master laser system for differential absorption lidar." Applied Optics 49, no. 17 (June 3, 2010): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.003274.

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4

Ayrapetyan, Valerik, and Alexander Makeev. "EXPLOSIVES LASER PROBING BY DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 9 (2019): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-9-120-125.

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A scheme of a lidar complex for remote identification of explosives by the method of differential absorption and scattering is proposed. Computational studies on the remote study of the spectroscopic parameters of some explosives (TNT, TATR, DNT) were carried out.

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5

Bruneau, D., T. Arnaud des Lions, P. Quaglia, and J. Pelon. "Injection-seeded pulsed alexandrite laser for differential absorption lidar application." Applied Optics 33, no. 18 (June 20, 1994): 3941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.003941.

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6

Spuler, Scott, Kevin Repasky, Bruce Morley, Drew Moen, Tammy Weckwerth, Matt Hayman, and Amin Nehrir. "Advances in Diode-Laser-Based Water Vapor Differential Absorption Lidar." EPJ Web of Conferences 119 (2016): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611902003.

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7

Gong, Yu, Lingbing Bu, Bin Yang, and Farhan Mustafa. "High Repetition Rate Mid-Infrared Differential Absorption Lidar for Atmospheric Pollution Detection." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082211.

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Developments in mid-infrared Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), for gas remote sensing, have received a significant amount of research in recent years. In this paper, a high repetition rate tunable mid-infrared DIAL, mounted on a mobile platform, has been built for long range remote detection of gas plumes. The lidar uses a solid-state tunable optical parametric oscillator laser, which can emit laser pulse with repetition rate of 500 Hz and between the band from 2.5 μm to 4 μm. A monitoring channel has been used to record the laser energy in real-time and correct signals. Convolution correction technology has also been incorporated to choose the laser wavelengths. Taking NO2 and SO2 as examples, lidar system calibration experiment and open field observation experiment have been carried out. The observation results show that the minimum detection sensitivity of NO2 and SO2 can reach 0.07 mg/m3, and 0.31 mg/m3, respectively. The effective temporal resolution can reach second level for the high repetition rate of the laser, which demonstrates that the system can be used for the real-time remote sensing of atmospheric pollution gas.

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8

Yu, Jin, Patrick Rambaldi, and Jean-Pierre Wolf. "Dual-wavelength diode-seeded Ti:sapphire laser for differential absorption lidar applications." Applied Optics 36, no. 27 (September 20, 1997): 6864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.006864.

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9

Romanovskii, Oleg A., Sergey A. Sadovnikov, Olga V. Kharchenko, and Semen V. Yakovlev. "Opo lidar sounding of trace atmospheric gases in the 3 – 4 μm spectral range." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817605016.

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The applicability of a KTA crystal-based laser system with optical parametric oscillators (OPO) generation to lidar sounding of the atmosphere in the spectral range 3–4 μm is studied in this work. A technique developed for lidar sounding of trace atmospheric gases (TAG) is based on differential absorption lidar (DIAL) method and differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). The DIAL-DOAS technique is tested to estimate its efficiency for lidar sounding of atmospheric trace gases. The numerical simulation performed shows that a KTA-based OPO laser is a promising source of radiation for remote DIAL-DOAS sounding of the TAGs under study along surface tropospheric paths. A possibility of using a PD38-03-PR photodiode for the DIAL gas analysis of the atmosphere is shown.

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10

Vogelmann, H., T. Trickl, M. Perfahl, and S. Biggel. "New laser design for NIR lidar applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817601027.

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Recently, we quantified the very high spatio-temporal short term variability of tropospheric water vapor in a three dimensional study [1]. From a technical point of view this also depicted the general requirement of short integration times for recording water-vapor profiles with lidar. For this purpose, the only suitable technique is the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) working in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region. The laser emission of most water vapor DIAL systems is generated by Ti:sapphire or alexandrite lasers. The water vapor absorption band at 817 nm is predominated for the use of Ti:sapphire. We present a new concept of transversely pumping in a Ti:Sapphire amplification stage as well as a compact laser design for the generation of single mode NIR pulses with two different DIAL wavelengths inside a single resonator. This laser concept allows for high output power due to repetitions rates up to 100Hz or even more. It is, because of its compactness, also suitable for mobile applications.

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11

Shayeganrad, Gholamreza. "Single laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for remote profiling atmospheric oxygen." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 111 (December 2018): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.07.015.

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12

Imaki, Masaharu, Ryota Kojima, and Shumpei Kameyama. "Development of wavelength locking circuit for 1.53 micron water vapor monitoring coherent differential absorption LIDAR." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 05039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817605039.

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We have studied a ground based coherent differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) for vertical profiling of water vapor density using a 1.5μm laser wavelength. A coherent LIDAR has an advantage in daytime measurement compared with incoherent LIDAR because the influence of background light is greatly suppressed. In addition, the LIDAR can simultaneously measure wind speed and water vapor density. We had developed a wavelength locking circuit using the phase modulation technique and offset locking technique, and wavelength stabilities of 0.123 pm which corresponds to 16 MHz are realized. In this paper, we report the wavelength locking circuits for the 1.5 um wavelength.

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13

Weckwerth, Tammy M., Kristy J. Weber, David D. Turner, and Scott M. Spuler. "Validation of a Water Vapor Micropulse Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 11 (November 2016): 2353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0119.1.

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AbstractA water vapor micropulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument was developed collaboratively by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Montana State University (MSU). This innovative, eye-safe, low-power, diode-laser-based system has demonstrated the ability to obtain unattended continuous observations in both day and night. Data comparisons with well-established water vapor observing systems, including radiosondes, Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (AERIs), microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs), and ground-based global positioning system (GPS) receivers, show excellent agreement. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the DIAL and radiosondes is consistently greater than 0.6 from 300 m up to 4.5 km AGL at night and up to 3.5 km AGL during the day. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the DIAL and AERI is greater than 0.6 from 300 m up to 2.25 km at night and from 300 m up to 2.0 km during the day. Further comparison with the continuously operating GPS instrumentation illustrates consistent temporal trends when integrating the DIAL measurements up to 6 km AGL.

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14

Spuler, S. M., K. S. Repasky, B. Morley, D. Moen, M. Hayman, and A. R. Nehrir. "Field-deployable diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for profiling water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2015): 1073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1073-2015.

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Abstract. A field-deployable water vapor profiling instrument that builds on the foundation of the preceding generations of diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) laboratory prototypes was constructed and tested. Significant advances are discussed, including a unique shared telescope design that allows expansion of the outgoing beam for eye-safe operation with optomechanical and thermal stability; multistage optical filtering enabling measurement during daytime bright-cloud conditions; rapid spectral switching between the online and offline wavelengths enabling measurements during changing atmospheric conditions; and enhanced performance at lower ranges by the introduction of a new filter design and the addition of a wide field-of-view channel. Performance modeling, testing, and intercomparisons are performed and discussed. In general, the instrument has a 150 m range resolution with a 10 min temporal resolution; 1 min temporal resolution in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere is demonstrated. The instrument is shown capable of autonomous long-term field operation – 50 days with a > 95% uptime – under a broad set of atmospheric conditions and potentially forms the basis for a ground-based network of eye-safe autonomous instruments needed for the atmospheric sciences research and forecasting communities.

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15

Spuler, S. M., K. S. Repasky, B. Morley, D. Moen, M. Hayman, and A. R. Nehrir. "Field deployable diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for profiling water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 11 (November 18, 2014): 11265–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-11265-2014.

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Abstract. A field deployable water vapor profiling instrument that builds on the foundation of the preceding generations of diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) laboratory prototypes has been constructed and tested. Significant advances are discussed, including: a unique shared telescope design that allows expansion of the outgoing beam for eye-safe operation with opto-mechanical and thermal stability, multi-stage optical filtering enabling measurement during daytime bright-cloud conditions, rapid spectral switching between the online and offline wavelengths enabling measurements during changing atmospheric conditions, and enhanced performance at lower ranges by the introduction of a new filter design and the addition of a wide field-of-view channel. Performance modeling, testing and intercomparisons have been performed and are discussed. In general, the instrument has 150 m range resolution with 10 min temporal resolution – 1 min temporal resolution in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere is demonstrated. The instrument was shown capable of autonomous long term field operation – 50 days with a >95% uptime – under a broad set of atmospheric conditions and potentially forms the basis for a ground-based network of eye-safe autonomous instruments needed for the atmospheric sciences research and forecasting communities.

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16

Fridlander, Joseph, Fengqiao Sang, Victoria Rosborough, Fabrizio Gambini, Simone Tommaso Suran-Brunelli, Jeffrey R. Chen, Kenji Numata, Mark Stephen, Larry A. Coldren, and Jonathan Klamkin. "Dual Laser Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuit for Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 28, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2021.3091662.

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17

Pal, Avishekh, C. Douglas Clark, Michael Sigman, and Dennis K. Killinger. "Differential absorption lidar CO_2 laser system for remote sensing of TATP related gases." Applied Optics 48, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): B145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.48.00b145.

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18

Wang, X., H. Fritsche, O. Lux, H. J. Eichler, Z. G. Zhao, Casey Schuett, and Bastian Kruschke. "Dual-wavelengthQ-switched Er:YAG laser around 1.6 μm for methane differential absorption lidar." Laser Physics Letters 10, no. 11 (October 16, 2013): 115804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/10/11/115804.

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19

Pencheva, V., S. Penchev, and T. Dreischuh. "Development of lidar for remote methane sensing using an optimal configuration of high-power laser diodes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2240, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2240/1/012033.

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Abstract A broadband differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is developed making us of the properties of high-power pulsed laser diodes for the purpose of monitoring methane, a major atmospheric greenhouse biogas. The detection range is optimized for the CH4 Q-branch 2v3 overtone spectrum centered at 1.667 μm and mixed with water-vapor absorption bands of. The resonance absorption evaluated of the DIAL signal is an integral sum of the multiple CH4 resonance absorption lines modulating the characteristic broad laser line and simultaneously compensating the interfering water-vapor absorption. A compact DIAL scheme is developed using an optimal configuration of high-power laser diodes matching the selected spectral parameters.

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20

Ishii, S., M. Koyama, P. Baron, H. Iwai, K. Mizutani, T. Itabe, A. Sato, and K. Asai. "Ground-based integrated path coherent differential absorption lidar measurement of CO<sub>2</sub>: hard target return." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 6 (November 29, 2012): 8579–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-8579-2012.

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Abstract. The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) have made a great deal of effort to develop a coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar (Co2DiaWiL) for measuring CO2 and wind speed. First, coherent Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar experiments were conducted using the Co2DiaWiL and a hard target (surface return) located about 7.12 km south of NICT on 11, 27, and 28 December 2010. The detection sensitivity of a 2-μm IPDA lidar was examined in detail using the CO2 concentration measured by the hard target. The precisions of CO2 measurement for the hard target and 900, 4500 and 27 000 shot pairs were 6.5, 2.8, and 1.2%, respectively. The results indicated that a coherent IPDA lidar with a laser operating at a high pulse repetition frequency of a few tens of KHz is necessary for measuring the CO2 concentration of the hard target with a precision of 1–2 ppm. Statistical comparisons indicated that, although a small amount of in situ data and the fact that they were not co-located with the hard target made comparison difficult, the CO2 volume mixing ratio measured with the Co2DiaWiL was about 5 ppm lower than that measured with the in situ sensor. The statistical results indicated that there were no differences between the hard target and atmospheric return measurements. A precision of 1.5% was achieved from the atmospheric return, which is lower than that obtained from the hard-target returns. Although long-range DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) CO2 measurement with the atmospheric return can result in highly precise measurement, the precision of the atmospheric return measurement was widely distributed comparing to that of the hard target return. Our results indicated that it is important to use a Q-switched laser to measure the range-gated differential absorption optical depth with the atmospheric return and that it is better to simultaneously conduct both hard target and atmospheric return measurements to enable highly accurate CO2 measurement.

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21

Popov, E. E., A. A. Sergeev, A. P. Pogoda, V. M. Petrov, and A. S. Boreysho. "Electro-optic Q-switched Cr:LiSAF laser." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/2/022034.

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Abstract We demonstrate electro-optic Q-switched solid state laser with Cr:LiSAF active medium. A single 50 ns pulse with 14 mJ of output energy is demonstrated. Simultaneous generation of several peaks with a step of 1.4 nm within the spectrum envelope with a full width at half maximum of 10.3 nm is demonstrated. For an electro-optic Q-switched mode a Pockels cell is used. Demonstrated laser can be used in differential absorption lidar systems.

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22

Wang, Yunpeng, Tongyu Dai, Xinyu Liu, Youlun Ju, and Baoquan Yao. "Dual-wavelength injection-seeded Q-switched Ho:YLF laser for CO2 differential absorption lidar application." Optics Letters 44, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 6049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.006049.

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23

Choi, Sungchul, Sunghoon Baik, Seungkyu Park, Nakgyu Park, and Dukhyeon Kim. "Implementation of Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) for Molecular Iodine Measurements Using Injection-Seeded Laser." Journal of the Optical Society of Korea 16, no. 4 (December 25, 2012): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/josk.2012.16.4.325.

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24

Xiang, Chengzhi, Xin Ma, Ge Han, Ailin Liang, and Wei Gong. "ON-LINE WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION OF PULSED LASER FOR CO₂ DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-141-2016.

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Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) remote sensing is a promising technology for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> detection. However, stringent wavelength accuracy and stability are required in DIAL system. Accurate on-line wavelength calibration is a crucial procedure for retrieving atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration using the DIAL, particularly when pulsed lasers are adopted in the system. Large fluctuations in the intensities of a pulsed laser pose a great challenge for accurate on-line wavelength calibration. In this paper, a wavelength calibration strategy based on multi-wavelength scanning (MWS) was proposed for accurate on-line wavelength calibration of a pulsed laser for CO<sub>2</sub> detection. The MWS conducted segmented sampling across the CO<sub>2</sub> absorption line with appropriate number of points and range of widths by using a tunable laser. Complete absorption line of CO<sub>2</sub> can be obtained through a curve fitting. Then, the on-line wavelength can be easily found at the peak of the absorption line. Furthermore, another algorithm called the energy matching was introduced in the MWS to eliminate the backlash error of tunable lasers during the process of on-line wavelength calibration. Finally, a series of tests was conducted to elevate the calibration precision of MWS. Analysis of tests demonstrated that the MWS proposed in this paper could calibrate the on-line wavelength of pulsed laser accurately and steadily.

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25

Wang, Bowen, Xiang Peng, Haidong Wang, Yang Liu, and Hong Guo. "Laser-frequency stabilization with differential single-beam saturated absorption spectroscopy of ⁴He atoms." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 043001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084605.

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Differential single-beam saturated-absorption spectroscopy (DSSAS) is proposed to stabilize lasing frequency and suppress Doppler-broadened background and common-mode optical noise. The spectral first-derivative demodulated signal of metastable [Formula: see text] atoms is used as an error signal to stabilize a fiber laser around 1083 nm. Experimental results show that, compared with existing non-DSSAS frequency stabilization, DSSAS stabilization produces better stability and lower fluctuations, especially for frequency-noise-corrupted lasers. In DSSAS stabilization, for data acquired over 7000 s, the root mean square frequency fluctuation of the fiber laser is 16.4 kHz, and the frequency stability described by the modified Allan deviation is 4.1 × 10−12 at 100 s. Even for a defective laser with poor frequency stability, the proposed scheme demonstrates experimentally high capability of noise suppression and reduces the frequency fluctuations by two orders of magnitude. Given its simplicity and compact design, frequency stabilization by DSSAS is promising for quantum-sensor applications, such as atomic magnetometers, atomic gyroscopes, and atomic clocks.

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26

Wang, Shuaibo, Ju Ke, Sijie Chen, Zhuofan Zheng, Chonghui Cheng, Bowen Tong, Jiqiao Liu, Dong Liu, and Weibiao Chen. "Performance Evaluation of Spaceborne Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar for Carbon Dioxide Detection at 1572 nm." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 2570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162570.

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As one of the most influential greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) has a profound impact on the global climate. The spaceborne integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar will be a great sensor to obtain the columnar concentration of CO2 with high precision. This paper analyzes the performance of a spaceborne IPDA lidar, which is part of the Aerosol and Carbon Detection Lidar (ACDL) developed in China. The line-by-bine radiative transfer model was used to calculate the absorption spectra of CO2 and H2O. The laser transmission process was simulated and analyzed. The sources of random and systematic errors of IPDA lidar were quantitatively analyzed. The total systematic errors are 0.589 ppm. Monthly mean global distribution of relative random errors (RREs) was mapped based on the dataset in September 2016. Afterwards, the seasonal variations of the global distribution of RREs were studied. The global distribution of pseudo satellite measurements for a 16-day orbit repeat cycle showed relatively uniform distribution over the land of the northern hemisphere. The results demonstrated that 61.24% of the global RREs were smaller than 0.25%, or about 1 ppm, while 2.76% of the results were larger than 0.75%. The statistics reveal the future performance of the spaceborne IPDA lidar.

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27

CASTREJÓN GARCÍA, R., J. R. VARELA, A. A. CASTREJÓN PITA, and J. R. CASTREJÓN PITA. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR PROCESSING ELASTIC-LIDAR RETURN SIGNALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 02 (January 20, 2006): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206033218.

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A method for interpreting elastic-lidar return signals in heavily-polluted atmospheres is presented. It is based on an equation derived directly from the classic lidar equation, which highlights gradients of the atmospheric backscattering properties along the laser optical path. The method is evaluated by comparing its results with those obtained with the differential absorption technique. The results were obtained from locating and ranging measurements in pollutant plumes and contaminated environments around central México.

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28

Siozos, Panagiotis, Giannis Psyllakis, Peter C. Samartzis, and Michalis Velegrakis. "Autonomous Differential Absorption Laser Device for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030460.

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A ground-based, integrated path, differential absorption (IPDA) light detection device capable of measuring multiple greenhouse gas (GHG) species in the atmosphere is presented. The device was developed to monitor greenhouse gas concentrations in small-scale areas with high emission activities. It is equipped with two low optical power tunable diode lasers in the near-infrared spectral range for the atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapors (CO2, CH4 and H2O). The device was tested with measurements of background concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere (Crete, Greece). Accuracies in the measurement retrievals of CO2 and CH4 were estimated at 5 ppm (1.2%) and 50 ppb (2.6%), respectively. A method that exploits the intensity of the recorded H2O absorption line in combination with weather measurements (water vapor pressure, temperature, and atmospheric pressure) to calculate the GHG concentrations is proposed. The method eliminates the requirement for measuring the range of the laser beam propagation. Accuracy in the measurement of CH4 using the H2O absorption line is estimated at 90 ppb (4.8%). The values calculated by the proposed method are in agreement with those obtained from the differential absorption LiDAR equation (DIAL).

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29

Nehrir, Amin R., Kevin S. Repasky, John L. Carlsten, Michael D. Obland, and Joseph A. Shaw. "Water Vapor Profiling Using a Widely Tunable, Amplified Diode-Laser-Based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1201.1.

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Abstract A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for automated profiling of water vapor in the lower troposphere has been designed, tested, and is in routine operation at Montana State University. The laser transmitter for the DIAL instrument uses a widely tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) to injection seed two cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) to produce a laser transmitter that accesses the 824–841-nm spectral range. The DIAL receiver utilizes a 28-cm-diameter Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope; an avalanche photodiode (APD) detector; and a narrowband optical filter to collect, discriminate, and measure the scattered light. A technique of correcting for the wavelength-dependent incident angle upon the narrowband optical filter as a function of range has been developed to allow accurate water vapor profiles to be measured down to 225 m above the surface. Data comparisons using the DIAL instrument and collocated radiosonde measurements are presented demonstrating the capabilities of the DIAL instrument.

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30

Yu, Saifen, Zhen Zhang, Manyi Li, and Haiyun Xia. "Multi-frequency differential absorption lidar incorporating a comb-referenced scanning laser for gas spectrum analysis." Optics Express 29, no. 9 (April 13, 2021): 12984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.421096.

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31

Ponsardin, Patrick, Noah S. Higdon, Benoist E. Grossmann, and Edward V. Browell. "Spectral control of an alexandrite laser for an airborne water-vapor differential absorption lidar system." Applied Optics 33, no. 27 (September 20, 1994): 6439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.006439.

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32

Aubourg, A., F. Balembois, and P. Georges. "Comment on ‘Dual-wavelength Q-switched Er:YAG laser around 1.6μm for methane differential absorption lidar’." Laser Physics Letters 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2014): 048001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/11/4/048001.

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33

Goers, Uta-Barbara. "Laser remote sensing of sulfur dioxide and ozone with the mobile differential absorption lidar ARGOS." Optical Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.213584.

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34

Toriumi, Ryoichi. "Tunable solid‐state blue laser differential absorption lidar system for NO₂ monitoring." Optical Engineering 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.600617.

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Wulfmeyer, V., St Schmitz, J. Bösenberg, S. Lehmann, and C. Senff. "Injection-seeded alexandrite ring laser: performance and application in a water-vapor differential absorption lidar." Optics Letters 20, no. 6 (March 15, 1995): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.000638.

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Milton, M. J. T., G. Ancellet, A. Apituley, J. B�senberg, W. Carnuth, F. Castagnoli, T. Trickl, et al. "Raman-shifted laser sources suitable for differential?absorption lidar measurements of ozone in the troposphere." Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050363.

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Yakovlev, Semyon, Sergey Sadovnikov, Olga Kharchenko, and Natalya Kravtsova. "Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Methane with IR OPO Lidar System." Atmosphere 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010070.

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A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system designed on the basis of optical parametric oscillators (OPO) with nonlinear KTiOAsO4 (KTA) and KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystals is described. The crystals allow laser radiation tuning in the infrared region (IR) wavelength region. The measurements in the 3.30–3.50 μm spectral range, which includes a strong absorption band of methane, are carried out. Lidar backscattered signals in the spectral band 3.30–3.50 μm has been measured and analyzed along the horizontal path in the atmosphere. Based on the experimental results, CH4 concentrations ~2.085 ppm along a 800 m surface path are retrieved in the spectral range under study with a spatial resolution of 100 m.

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Späth, F., A. Behrendt, S. K. Muppa, S. Metzendorf, A. Riede, and V. Wulfmeyer. "High-resolution atmospheric water vapor measurements with a scanning differential absorption lidar." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 21 (November 21, 2014): 29057–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-29057-2014.

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Abstract. The scanning differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH) is presented. The UHOH DIAL is equipped with an injection-seeded frequency-stabilized high-power Ti:sapphire laser operated at 818 nm with a repetition rate of 250 Hz. A scanning transceiver unit with a 80 cm primary mirror receives the atmospheric backscatter signals. The system is capable of water vapor measurements with temporal resolutions of a few seconds and a range resolution between 30 and 300 m at daytime. It allows to investigate surface-vegetation-atmosphere exchange processes with high resolution. In this paper, we present the design of the instrument and illustrate its performance with recent water vapor measurements taken in Stuttgart-Hohenheim and in the frame of the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE). HOPE was located near research center Jülich, in western Germany, in spring 2013 as part of the project "High Definition of Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction" (HD(CP)2). Scanning measurements reveal the 3-dimensional structures of the water vapor field. The influence of uncertainties within the calculation of the absorption cross-section at wavelengths around 818 nm for the WV retrieval is discussed. Radiosonde intercomparisons show a very small bias between the instruments of only (−0.04 ± 0.11) g m−3 or (−1.0 ± 2.3) % in the height range of 0.5 to 3 km.

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Petros, Mulugeta, Tamer F. Refaat, Upendra N. Singh, Jirong Yu, Charles Antill, Ruben Remus, Bryant D. Taylor, et al. "Development of an advanced Two-Micron triple-pulse IPDA lidar for carbon dioxide and water vapor measurements." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817601009.

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An advanced airborne triple-pulse 2-μm integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is under development at NASA Langley Research Center that targets both carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) measurements simultaneously and independently. This lidar is an upgrade to the successfully demonstrated CO2 2-μm double-pulse IPDA. Upgrades include high-energy, highrepetition rate 2-μm triple-pulse laser transmitter, innovative wavelength control and advanced HgCdTe (MCT) electron-initiated avalanche photodiode detection system. Ground testing and airborne validation plans are presented.

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Gibert, Fabien, Fabien Marnas, Dimitri Edouart, and Pierre H. Flamant. "An a Posteriori Method Based on Photo-Acoustic Cell Information to Correct for Lidar Transmitter Spectral Shift: Application to Atmospheric CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements." Applied Spectroscopy 61, no. 10 (October 2007): 1068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207782217798.

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An a posteriori corrective method based on photo-acoustic cell (PAC) information is proposed to correct for laser transmitter spectral shift during atmospheric CO2 measurements by 2 μm heterodyne differential absorption lidar (HDIAL) technique. The method for using the PAC signal to retrieve the actual atmospheric CO2 absorption is presented in detail. This issue is tackled using a weighting function. The performance of the proposed corrective method is discussed and the various sources of error associated with the PAC signal are investigated. For 300 shots averaged and a frequency shift (from the CO2 absorption line center) lower than the CO2 absorption line half-width, the relative error on HDIAL CO2 mixing ratio measurements is lower than 1.3%. The corrective method is validated in absolute value by comparison between HDIAL and in situ sensor measurements of CO2.

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Li, Jinyi, Ziwei Yu, Zhenhui Du, Yue Ji, and Chang Liu. "Standoff Chemical Detection Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy: A Review." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 2771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172771.

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Remote chemical detection in the atmosphere or some specific space has always been of great interest in many applications for environmental protection and safety. Laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is a highly desirable technology, benefiting from high measurement sensitivity, improved spectral selectivity or resolution, fast response and capability of good spatial resolution, multi-species and standoff detection with a non-cooperative target. Numerous LAS-based standoff detection techniques have seen rapid development recently and are reviewed herein, including differential absorption LiDAR, tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, dual comb spectroscopy, laser heterodyne radiometry and active coherent laser absorption spectroscopy. An update of the current status of these various methods is presented, covering their principles, system compositions, features, developments and applications for standoff chemical detection over the last decade. In addition, a performance comparison together with the challenges and opportunities analysis is presented that describes the broad LAS-based techniques within the framework of remote sensing research and their directions of development for meeting potential practical use.

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Zhou, Yueting, Jianxin Liu, Songjie Guo, Gang Zhao, Weiguang Ma, Zhensong Cao, Lei Dong, et al. "Laser frequency stabilization based on a universal sub-Doppler NICE-OHMS instrumentation for the potential application in atmospheric lidar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 1807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1807-2019.

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Abstract. Lidar is an effective tool for high-altitude atmospheric measurement in which a weak absorption line for the target gas is selected to ensure a large optical depth. The laser frequency stabilization to the line center is required, and a sub-Doppler (sD) spectroscopy of the target line is preferred as a frequency reference. In this paper, a novel universal sD noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) instrumentation based on a fiber-coupled optical single-sideband electro-optic modulator (f-SSM) for the potential application in atmospheric lidar for different target gases with different types of lasers is reported. The f-SSM can replace all frequency actuators in the system, so as to eliminate the individual design of feedback servos that often are tailored for each laser. The universality of the instrumentation was demonstrated by the alternative use of either an Er-doped fiber laser or a whispering-gallery-mode laser. Then the instruments based on both lasers were used to produce the sD signals of acetylene, which worked as a frequency reference to stabilize the laser. By performing the lockings, relative frequency stabilizations of 8.3×10-13 and 7.5×10-13 at an integration time of 240 s were demonstrated.

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Repasky, Kevin S. "Development of a widely tunable amplified diode laser differential absorption lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor." Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 043515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3383156.

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Wagner, Gerd, Andreas Behrendt, Volker Wulfmeyer, Florian Späth, and Max Schiller. "High-power Ti:sapphire laser at 820 nm for scanning ground-based water–vapor differential absorption lidar." Applied Optics 52, no. 11 (April 10, 2013): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.52.002454.

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Hamperl, Jonas, Jan Fabian Geus, Kjell M. Mølster, Andrius Zukauskas, Jean-Baptiste Dherbecourt, Valdas Pasiskevicius, Lukas Nagy, et al. "High Energy Parametric Laser Source and Frequency-Comb-Based Wavelength Reference for CO2 and Water Vapor DIAL in the 2 µm Region: Design and Pre-Development Experimentations." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030402.

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We present a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) laser transmitter concept designed around a Nested Cavity Optical Parametric Oscillator (NesCOPO) based Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA). The spectral bands are located around 2051 nm for CO2 probing and 1982 nm for H216O and HD16O water vapor isotopes. This laser is aimed at being integrated into an airborne lidar, intended to demonstrate future spaceborne instrument characteristics: high-energy (several tens of mJ nanosecond pulses) and high optical frequency stability (less than a few hundreds of kHz long term drift). For integration and efficiency purposes, the proposed design is oriented toward the use of state-of-the-art high aperture periodically poled nonlinear materials. This approach is supported by numerical calculations and preliminary experimental validations, showing that it is possible to achieve energies in the 40–50 mJ range, reaching the requirement levels for spaceborne Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) measurements. We also propose a frequency referencing technique based on beat note measurement of the laser signal with a self-stabilized optical frequency comb, which is expected to enable frequency measurement precisions better than a few 100 kHz over tens of seconds integration time, and will then be used to feed the cavity locking of the NesCOPO.

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Sadovnikov, S. A. "Software system for numerical simulation of broadband laser gas analysis of the atmosphere." Information and Control Systems, no. 6 (December 18, 2018): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2018-6-66-73.

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Introduction: Successful monitoring of environmental parameters requires the development of flexible software complexes with evolvable calculation functionality. Purpose: Developing a modular system for numerical simulation of atmospheric laser gas analysis. Results: Based on differential absorption method, a software system has been developed which provides the calculation of molecular absorption cross-sections, molecular absorption coefficients, atmospheric transmission spectra, and lidar signals. Absorption line contours are calculated using the Voigt profile. The prior information sources are HITRAN spectroscopic databases and statistical models of the distribution of temperature, pressure and gas components in the atmosphere. For modeling lidar signals, software blocks of calculating the molecular scattering coefficient and aerosol absorption/scattering coefficients were developed. For testing the applicability of various laser sources in the problems of environmental monitoring of the atmosphere, a concentration reconstruction error calculation block was developed for the atmospheric gas components, ignoring the interfering absorption of laser radiation by foreign gases. To verify the correct functioning of the software, a program block was developed for comparing the results of the modeling of atmospheric absorption and transmission spectra by using the standard SPECTRA information system. The discrepancy between the calculation of the atmospheric transmission spectra obtained using the developed system as compared to the SPECTRA results is less than 1%. Thus, a set of the presented program blocks allows you to carry out complex modeling of remote atmospheric gas analysis. Practical relevance: The software complex allows you to rapidly assess the possibilities of using a wide range of laser radiation sources for the problems of remote gas analysis.

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Iwai, Hironori, Shoken Ishii, Ryoko Oda, Kohei Mizutani, Shinya Sekizawa, and Yasuhiro Murayama. "Performance and Technique of Coherent 2-μm Differential Absorption and Wind Lidar for Wind Measurement." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00111.1.

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Abstract A coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar (Co2DiaWiL) has been built with a high-power Q-switched Tm,Hm:YLF laser to measure CO2 concentration and radial wind speed. The performance of the Co2DiaWiL is described and analyzed, with a view to demonstrating system capabilities for remote measurements of wind velocities in the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere. Bias in the velocity measurements was estimated at −0.0069 m s−1 using measurements from a stationary hard target. The Co2DiaWiL achieved a velocity precision of 0.12 m s−1, derived from the magnitude of random error in radial wind velocity measurements. These measurements were made for ranges out to 20–25 km by using a horizontally fixed beam mode for average times of 1 min. Quantitative intercomparisons of 1-min averages between the Co2DiaWiL and a sonic anemometer revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This study demonstrated measurements of horizontal wind profiles, by making radial wind velocity measurements with the Co2DiaWiL using conical scanning. Profile differences at higher levels could be attributed to probable large horizontal separations of the radiosondes and the low signal-to-noise ratio of the Co2DiaWiL. A pseudo-dual-Doppler technique was developed to retrieve horizontal wind components with a single-Doppler lidar and a steering mirror. Intercomparisons of the 1-min-averaged u and υ components from the pseudo-dual-Doppler lidar measurements with those from the sonic anemometer revealed correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.83, respectively.

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Xiang, Chengzhi, Xin Ma, Ge Han, Ailin Liang, and Wei Gong. "ON-LINE WAVELENGTH CALIBRATION OF PULSED LASER FOR CO<sub>2</sub> DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 2, 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-141-2016.

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Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) remote sensing is a promising technology for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> detection. However, stringent wavelength accuracy and stability are required in DIAL system. Accurate on-line wavelength calibration is a crucial procedure for retrieving atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration using the DIAL, particularly when pulsed lasers are adopted in the system. Large fluctuations in the intensities of a pulsed laser pose a great challenge for accurate on-line wavelength calibration. In this paper, a wavelength calibration strategy based on multi-wavelength scanning (MWS) was proposed for accurate on-line wavelength calibration of a pulsed laser for CO<sub>2</sub> detection. The MWS conducted segmented sampling across the CO<sub>2</sub> absorption line with appropriate number of points and range of widths by using a tunable laser. Complete absorption line of CO<sub>2</sub> can be obtained through a curve fitting. Then, the on-line wavelength can be easily found at the peak of the absorption line. Furthermore, another algorithm called the energy matching was introduced in the MWS to eliminate the backlash error of tunable lasers during the process of on-line wavelength calibration. Finally, a series of tests was conducted to elevate the calibration precision of MWS. Analysis of tests demonstrated that the MWS proposed in this paper could calibrate the on-line wavelength of pulsed laser accurately and steadily.

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Sun, Xiaoli, James B. Abshire, Anand Ramanathan, Stephan R. Kawa, and Jianping Mao. "Retrieval algorithm for the column CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratio from pulsed multi-wavelength lidar measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 3909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3909-2021.

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Abstract. The retrieval algorithm for CO2 column mixing ratio from measurements of a pulsed multi-wavelength integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is described. The lidar samples the shape of the 1572.33 nm CO2 absorption line at multiple wavelengths. The algorithm uses a least-squares fit between the CO2 line shape computed from a layered atmosphere model and that sampled by the lidar. In addition to the column-average CO2 dry-air mole fraction (XCO2), several other parameters are also solved simultaneously from the fit. These include the Doppler shift at the received laser signal wavelength, the product of the surface reflectivity and atmospheric transmission, and a linear trend in the lidar receiver's spectral response. The algorithm can also be used to solve for the average water vapor mixing ratio, which produces a secondary absorption in the wings of the CO2 absorption line under humid conditions. The least-squares fit is linearized about the expected XCO2 value, which allows the use of a standard linear least-squares fitting method and software tools. The standard deviation of the retrieved XCO2 is obtained from the covariance matrix of the fit. The averaging kernel is also provided similarly to that used for passive trace-gas column measurements. Examples are presented of using the algorithm to retrieve XCO2 from measurements of the NASA Goddard airborne CO2 Sounder lidar that were made at constant altitude and during spiral-down profile maneuvers.

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Gardi, Alessandro, Roberto Sabatini, and Subramanian Ramasamy. "Bistatic LIDAR System for the Characterisation of Aviation-Related Pollutant Column Densities." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.257.

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In this paper, we investigate an innovative application of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology for the aviation-related pollutant measurements. The proposed measurement technique is conceived for high-resolution characterisation in space and time domains of aviation-related pollutant gases. The system performs Integral Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) measurement in a bistatic LIDAR measurement setup. The airborne component consists of a tuneable Near Infrared (NIR) laser emitter installed on an Unmanned Aircraft (UA) and the ground subsystem is composed by a target reference surface (calibrated for reflectance) and a differential transmittance measuring device based on a NIR Camera calibrated for radiance. The specific system implementation for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) measurement is discussed. A preliminary assessment of the error figures associated with the proposed system layout is performed.

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