Relevant bibliographies by topics / Laser imprint

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Laser imprint'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Liu, D. X., T. Tao, J. Li, Q. Jia, and J. Zheng. "Mitigating laser imprint with a foam overcoating." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 7 (2022): 072707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096994.

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In direct-drive inertial confinement fusion, laser imprint can cause areal density perturbations on the target shell that seed the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and further degrade the implosion. To mitigate the effect of laser imprint, a foam overcoating layer outside the target shell has been suggested to increase the thermal smoothing of the conduction region (between the ablation front and the critical density surface) and mass ablation of the ablation front. In this paper, we use a two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code FLASH to investigate the laser imprint mitigation performance and find other physical mechanisms of foam overcoatings. First, radiation ablation dynamically modulates density distribution not only to increase the frequency of the perturbed ablation front oscillation but also to decrease the amplitude of the oscillation. Second, a larger length of the shocked compression region reduces the amplitude of the perturbed shock front oscillation. The areal density perturbations decrease with the decrease in the perturbations of the ablation front and shock front. Based on the abovementioned physical mechanisms, we propose the optimal ranges of foam parameters to mitigate laser imprint with the aid of dimensional analysis: the foam thickness is about two to three times that of the perturbation wavelength, and the foam density is about 1/2–3/2 times that of the critical density.
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Teuschel, Marco, Paul Heyes, Samu Horvath, Christian Novotny, and Andrea Rusconi Clerici. "Temperature Stable Piezoelectric Imprint of Epitaxial Grown PZT for Zero-Bias Driving MEMS Actuator Operation." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101705.

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In piezoelectric transducer applications, it is common to use a unipolar operation signal to avoid switching of the polarisation and the resulting nonlinearities of micro-electromechanical systems. However, semi-bipolar or bipolar operation signals have the advantages of less leakage current, lower power consumption and no additional need of a DC−DC converter for low AC driving voltages. This study investigates the potential of using piezoelectric layers with an imprint for stable bipolar operation on the basis of epitaxially grown lead zirconate titanate cantilevers with electrodes made of a metal and metal oxide stack. Due to the manufacturing process, the samples exhibit high crystallinity, rectangular shaped hysteresis and a high piezoelectric response. Furthermore, the piezoelectric layers have an imprint, indicating a strong built-in field, which shifts the polarisation versus electric field hysteresis. To obtain the stability of the imprint, laser doppler vibrometry and switching current measurements were performed at different temperatures, yielding a stable imprinted electric field of −1.83 MV/m up to at least 100 °C. The deflection of the cantilevers was measured with a constant AC driving voltage while varying the DC bias voltage to examine the influence of the imprint under operation, revealing that the same high deflection and low nonlinearities, quantified by the total harmonic distortion, can be maintained down to low bias voltages compared to unipolar operation. These findings demonstrate that a piezoelectric layer with a strong imprint makes it possible to operate with low DC or even zero DC bias, while still providing strong piezoelectric response and linear behaviour.
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Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Tomoaki Yoshino, Yohei Suzuki, and Tadahiko Inohara. "Micro-/Nano-Texturing onto Plasma-Nitrided Tool Surface by Laser Printing for CNC Imprinting and Piercing." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (2022): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020265.

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A new data transformation method for micro-manufacturing using a topological model for a micro-/nano-texture was proposed for a surface-decorated product. Femtosecond laser printing was utilized to form the micro-/nano-textures into the hardened thick layer of dies by plasma nitriding. At first, the plasma-nitrided AISI316L flat substrate was laser-printed as a punch to imprint the tailored nano-textures onto the AA1060 aluminum plate for its surface decoration with topological emblems. Second, the plasma-nitrided SKD11 cylindrical punch was laser-trimmed to form the nanostructures on its side surface. This nano-texture was imprinted onto the hole surface concurrently with piercing a circular hole into electrical steel sheet. The fully burnished surface had a shiny, metallic quality due to the nano-texturing. The plasma nitriding, the laser printing and the CNC (computer numerical control) imprinting provided a way of transforming the tailored textures on the metallic product.
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TSUCHIYA, Hiroyuki, Hiroaki KURIHARA, and Junichi IKENO. "430 Study on laser imprint of glass." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2006.6 (2006): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2006.6.289.

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Lin, C. Y., Yung Chun Lee, Fei Bin Hsiao, and C. H. Chuang. "Parametric Investigation of Laser-Assisted Direct Imprint (LADI) Technique." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.307.

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Nano-imprinting Lithography (NIL) has been considered as the most promising technique for nano-scaled fabrication and patterning. Recently, a new approach known as Laser-Assisted Direct Imprinting(LADI) has been proposed and demonstrated as an even more efficient way for direct nanofabrication and nanopatterning. In this study, we focused on silicon materials and utilized a single KrF excimer laser pulse (248 nm wavelength and 30 ns pulse duration) as the heating source. Molds of micro-scaled size have been prepared using conventional photolithography techniques. A working platform based on an Excimer Laser Micro-Machining system is constructed for LADI process. The influence of laser fluence and the imprinted pressure on the resulting structures was verifying by varying the laser fluence (1.0 ~ 1.2 J/cm2) and the imprinted load (3 ~ 9kg). The results have shown that the morphology and the imprinted depth were directly related to the laser fluence and the imprinted pressure. Quantitative data are obtained and will be addressed.
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Schell, Felix, Timm Bredtmann, Claus Peter Schulz, Serguei Patchkovskii, Marc J. J. Vrakking, and Jochen Mikosch. "Molecular orbital imprint in laser-driven electron recollision." Science Advances 4, no. 5 (2018): eaap8148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8148.

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Alaci, Stelian, Florina Carmen Ciornei, Constantin Filote, and Ionuţ Cristian Românu. "Analysis of Postimpact Plastic Indentation Profiles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.223.

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The paper presents the analysis of plastic indentations resulting after the impact between a steel ball and a disc made of mild steel, rotating about a vertical axis. The imprints are analysed using a laser scanner, the profiles of the mark, in normal and tangent section about the impact point radius, being relevant. It is shown that the use of parabolas is sufficient to approximate the profiles of the imprint. The profiles from the two sections are interpolated and then brought for comparison into the same coordinate system. Finally, the curvature radii of the profiles from the two sections are found and the remark that increasing the angular speed of the disc presents opposite effects to the curvature radius in the two sections.
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Hasegawa, Kouki, Shigeru Tanaka, Ivan Bataev, et al. "Toward a Better Understanding of Shock Imprinting with Polymer Molds Using a Combination of Numerical Analysis and Experimental Research." Materials 15, no. 5 (2022): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051727.

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In the last decade, a new technique has been developed for the nanoimprinting of thin-metal foils using laser-induced shock waves. Recent studies have proposed replacing metal or silicone molds with inexpensive polymer molds for nanoimprinting. In addition, explosive-derived shock waves provide deeper imprinting than molds, greatly simplifying the application of this technology for mass production. In this study, we focused on explosive-derived shock waves, which persist longer than laser-induced shock waves. A numerical analysis and a set of simplified molding experiments were conducted to identify the cause of the deep imprint. Our numerical analysis has accurately simulated the pressure history and deformation behavior of the workpiece and the mold. Whereas a high pressure immediately deforms the polymer mold, a sustained pressure gradually increases the molding depth of the workpiece. Therefore, the duration of the pressure can be one of the conditions to control the impact imprint phenomenon.
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JUNGWIRTH, K. "Recent highlights of the PALS research program." Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 2 (2005): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034605050317.

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The Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) research program covers a broad spectrum of laser–plasma experiments in the range of power densities of 1014-5 × 1016W/cm2, aimed at development and applications of laser plasma-based ion and soft X-ray sources of plasma based ultra-bright XUV lasers in particular. In parallel to these two main lines of research, various principal tasks of laser plasma physics are being studied, such as generation and propagation of laser-induced shock waves, laser ablation, and crater creation processes or laser imprint treatment. Results selected of numerous experimental projects performed at PALS within the period 2002–2004 are surveyed in the paper, experiments with intense soft XUV laser beams being highlighted on the first place.
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Martinez, D. A., V. A. Smalyuk, I. V. Igumenshchev, et al. "Measurement of ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov evolution from laser imprint." Physics of Plasmas 24, no. 10 (2017): 102702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991703.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Liotard, Romain. "Étude de la transition solide-plasma du polystyrène et de son influence sur les simulations de fusion par confinement inertiel en attaque directe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0222.

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La fusion par confinement inertiel (FCI) en attaque directe est une méthode envisagée pour obtenir une réaction de fusion nucléaire en irradiant une cible avec plusieurs impulsions laser de haute intensité. Cette cible est une sphère constituée d'un matériau solide appelé ablateur (généralement du polystyrène), entourant un combustible de fusion (généralement du deutérium-tritium (DT) cryogénique). L'énergie apportée par l'irradiation laser provoque l'éjection de l’ablateur et l'implosion de la cible par effet fusée. Le travail mécanique exercé sur le point chaud (le centre de la cible) pendant l'implosion doit permettre de déclencher des réactions de fusion. Actuellement, les codes hydrodynamiques radiatifs utilisés pour simuler les implosions de FCI supposent généralement que l'ablateur est initialement à l'état plasma, bien qu'il soit à l'état solide. Cet état solide pourrait jouer un rôle lors de l'interaction initiale entre les lasers et la cible. En raison de la transparence initiale de l'ablateur, le laser peut pénétrer la cible, ce qui est appelé l'effet de "shine-through", et modifier le dépôt d'énergie laser, ce qui peut conduire à une modification de la dynamique des chocs se propageant dans la cible. De plus, les modifications de l’empreinte laser peuvent influencer l’évolution des instabilités hydrodynamiques au cours de l’implosion.L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un modèle de transition solide-plasma du polystyrène fondé sur les modèles existants et pouvant être intégré aux codes hydrodynamiques de simulation de FCI. Pour ce faire, il a fallu adapter le modèle aux contraintes spécifiques de ces codes, en tenant compte des dépendances du modèle vis-à-vis de l'évolution de toutes les grandeurs hydrodynamiques, et en optimisant les coûts numériques pour éviter une augmentation excessive du temps de simulation. L'intégration de ces modifications a requis une validation expérimentale du modèle, effectuée grâce à une expérience réalisée sur le laser GCLT du CEA-DIF mesurant l'évolution de la transmittance d'une feuille de polystyrène irradiée par une impulsion laser. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une bonne corrélation entre les simulations et les mesures expérimentales, confirmant ainsi la validité du nouveau modèle couplé. Ce modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour étudier les effets potentiels de l'état solide initial sur les simulations de FCI en attaque directe. Les résultats ont révélé que la prise en compte de la transition solide-plasma influence la croissance des instabilités hydrodynamiques. Nous avons observé une réduction des instabilités de basse fréquence spatiale pour des cibles possédant un ablateur épais, et une augmentation générale des instabilités de haute fréquence spatiale due à la non-linéarité du phénomène de transition solide-plasma<br>Direct drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method considered for achieving nuclear fusion reactions by irradiating a target with multiple high-intensity laser pulses. This target is a sphere made of a solid material called an ablator (usually polystyrene), which surrounds a fusion fuel (usually cryogenic deuterium-tritium (DT)). The energy delivered by the laser irradiation causes the ejection of the ablator and the implosion of the target due to the rocket effect. The mechanical work exerted on the hotspot (the center of the target) during the implosion is expected to trigger fusion reactions. Currently, the radiative hydrodynamic codes used to simulate ICF implosions generally assume that the ablator is initially in a plasma state, although it is actually in a solid state. This solid state could play a role during the initial interaction between the lasers and the target. Due to the initial transparency of the ablator, the laser can penetrate the target, leading to the "shine-through" effect, which can modify the laser energy deposition and potentially alter the dynamics of the shocks propagating within the target. Additionally, changes in the laser imprint can influence the evolution of hydrodynamic instabilities during the implosion.The objective of this thesis is to develop a solid-to-plasma transition model for polystyrene based on existing models, that can be integrated into hydrodynamic simulation codes for ICF. To achieve this, the model needed to be adapted to the specific constraints of these codes, taking into account the dependencies of the model on the evolution of all hydrodynamic quantities, and optimizing the numerical costs to avoid an excessive increase in simulation time. The integration of these modifications required experimental validation of the model, which was carried out through an experiment on the GCLT laser at CEA-DIF, measuring the evolution of the transmittance of a polystyrene sheet irradiated by a laser pulse. The results showed a good correlation between simulations and experimental measurements, confirming the validity of the new coupled model. This model was then used to study the potential effects of the initial solid state on direct drive ICF simulations. The results revealed that accounting for the solid-to-plasma transition influences the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities. Specifically, we observed a reduction in low spatial frequency instabilities for targets with a thick ablator, and a general increase in high spatial frequency instabilities due to the non-linearity of the solid-to-plasma transition phenomenon
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Engel, Thierry. "Guide d'ondes pour faisceau laser a co2 de forte puissance : Texte imprimé." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13085.

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Identification des modes de propagation a faibles pertes des guides de section circulaire et rectangulaire. Attenuation des guides de geometrie et de materiaux differents, en configuration droite et en flexion. Couplage d'un faisceau gaussien au guide et incidence des defauts de positionnement et d'orientation du guide sur la transmission. La partie experimentale decrit la fabrication du guide et le montage experimental. L'etude montre que le transport de faisceaux laser co::(2) d'une puissance avoisinant le kilowatt avec une transmission totale de 99% est possible au moyen d'un guide creux rectangulaire metallique
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Boucher, Yann. "Propriétés optiques d'empilements multicouches de semiconducteurs III/V GaAs/AlGaAs [Texte imprimé] : application à l'étude de microcavités laser à émission surfacique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1993. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00713900.

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Ce mémoire est consacré à l'étude d'empilements multicouches de semi-conducteurs gaas/algaas, et plus particulièrement d'empilements périodiques (réflecteurs de Bragg), étudiés en tant que tels ou comme éléments intégrés à des structures plus complexes. Les structures étudiées sont caractérisées par leur spectre de réflectivité linéaire. Pour interpréter ces résultats, nous développons deux approches théoriques complémentaires: la première, basée sur un formalisme matriciel, permet de décrire exactement la propagation d'une onde optique dans une structure stratifiée quelconque et a servi de support a un programme de calcul. La seconde, en termes de couplage d'ondes, complète utilement la première en fournissant les dépendances explicites du comportement des structures en fonction des indices et des épaisseurs des matériaux choisis. Nous établissons l'expression explicite de la constante de couplage et nous exposons les principes de la synthèse des dispositifs complexes. Nous consacrons tout un chapitre aux microcavités lasers à émission surfacique. Dans un échantillon réalisé par le l.c.r. de Thomson-csf, nous avons validé la possibilité d'une émission laser biraie. Ce composant a été utilisé pour réinjecter une cavité laser saphir dopé au titane. Nous avons par ailleurs pompé la micro cavité par des impulsions optiques ultrabrèves (=100 FS) et analysé son spectre d'émission laser biraie avec une camera à balayage de fente. A l'aide d'un modèle simple, nous montrons qu'il est nécessaire de tenir compte non seulement des porteurs libres photo créés dans les puits quantiques, mais encore de ceux crées dans les barrières, suite à l'absorption par ces dernières d'une partie du flux de pompé. La prise en compte de cet effet dans nos simulations donne des résultats en bon accord avec nos observations expérimentales
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Chia, Gomez Laura Piedad. "Elaboration et caractérisation de matériaux fonctionnels pour la stereolithographie biphotonique." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MULH9153.

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La stéréolithographie biphotonique (TPS) est une technique de microfabrication 3D basée sur la polymérisation par absorption biphotonique qui permet d’obtenir en une seule étape des structures 3D complexes avec des détails sub-100nm. Aujourd’hui, en raison des conditions spécifiques de fabrication liées à la TPS (fort flux, confinement spatial de la photoréaction,…), un des enjeux concerne le développement de matériaux fonctionnels compatibles avec ce procédé. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer de nouveaux matériaux fonctionnels à base de polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIP) pour élaborer des capteurs chimiques. Une première partie de ce travail a consisté à mettre en place différentes méthodes dédiées à la caractérisation des propriétés géométriques, chimiques et mécaniques des matériaux élaborés par TPS. Par exemple, la vibrométrie laser a été utilisée pour la première fois afin de sonder de façon non-invasive les propriétés mécaniques de microstructures réalisées par TPS. Dans un second temps, ce travail a été mis à profit pour étudier l’impact du processus de fabrication (i.e. conditions photoniques) ainsi que des paramètres physico-chimiques affectant la photoréaction (i.e. inhibition par oxygène et nature du monomère) sur les propriétés finales des matériaux. Enfin, en s’appuyant sur les résultats obtenus, des microcapteurs chimiques à base de MIP, à lecture optique ou mécanique, ont été fabriqués. Leurs propriétés de reconnaissance moléculaire, ainsi que leurs sélectivités ont été démontrées pour une molécule cible modèle (D-L-Phe)<br>The two-photon stereolithography (TPS) technique is a micro-nanofabrication method based on photopolymerization by two-photon absorption that allows in a single manufacturing step to obtain complex 3D structures with high-resolution details (sub-100nm). Due to the specific conditions of TPS process (intense photon flux, spatial confinement of the photoreaction…) one of the main concerns today is the development of functional materials compatible with the TPS. According to the aforementioned, the general objective of this thesis was to develop new functional materials based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) to elaborate chemical microsensors. In the first step of this work, different methods were implemented to characterize the geometrical, chemical and mechanical properties of the materials synthesized by TPS. For example, laser-Doppler vibrometry was used for first time to evaluate the mechanical properties of microstructures fabricated by TPS in a non-invasive way. In the second step, the characterization methodology was used to study the impact of the manufacturing process (i.e. photonic conditions) and the physicochemical parameters that affect the photoreaction (i.e. oxygen inhibition and the nature of the monomer) and the final properties of the materials. Finally, the obtained results enabled the prototyping of chemical microsensors based on MIP. Their molecular recognition properties and their selectivity were demonstrated for the molecule (D-L-Phe) by an optical and a mechanical sensing method
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Voshell, Sharon M. Gagné Michel R. "Molecular recognition in synthetic systems I. Rigidified dendritic systems for imparting enantioselective molecular recognition to platinum-containing molecularly imprinted polymers II. Using laser polarimetry to identify an enantioselective receptor for (-)-adenosine from a racemic dynamic combinatorial library /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,618.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
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Chen, Chun-Liang, and 陳俊良. "An investigation of laser-assisted imprint." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71077871819791839545.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>機械工程學系碩博士班<br>92<br>The object of this thesis is to study the imprint phenomena of nano-scale nickel substrate using molecular dynamics theory, and the results are explained and compared with actual experiments. The imprint workpiece in the numerical simulation is the material of nickel of the construction of FCC. The Gear’s fifth order predictor-corrector algorithms is adapted to calculate the positions, velocities, and accelerations of atoms under various displacement condition, while the interactions of atoms are dealt with Verlet’s neighbor lists and Morse’s potential. 　　The numerical simulations contain three parts. The first part is to study the difference of force on the compressing molds with various system temperatures. The imprint substrate is made of nickel and the mold is copper. The second part is to study the stress on the imprint substrates with various system temperatures. And the third part is to study the spring-back of substrate atoms under different temperature after imprint. From the numerical simulations, it can be found: (1) the mold will bring substrate atoms away from the workpiece, (2) the loading force is lower while system temperature is higher at the imprint process (3) the high compressing stress can be found at the bottom of the mold and in the corner of imprint area, (4) the spring-back phenomenon was obtained while the deformation and temperature are increased.
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Bassett, Derek William. "Fluid management in immersion and imprint microlithography." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2043.

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The important roles of fluid dynamics in immersion lithography (IL) and step-and-flash imprint lithography (S FIL) are analyzed experimentally and theoretically. In IL there are many challenges with managing a fluid droplet between the lens and the wafer, including preventing separation of the fluid droplet from the lens and deposition of small droplets behind the lens. Fluid management is also critical in S FIL because the imprint fluid creates capillary and lubrication forces, both of which are primarily responsible for the dynamics of the template and fluid motion. The fluid flow and shape of the wafer determine how uniform the gap height between the wafer and the template is, and they affect the resistance during the alignment phase. IL was investigated as a methodology to improve laser lithography for making photomasks. The fluid flow in IL was investigated by building a test apparatus to simulate the motion of the fluid droplet during microlithographic production, and using this apparatus to conduct experiments on various immersion fluids and wafer topcoats to determine what instabilities would occur. A theoretical model was used to predict the fluid separation instabilities. Finite element simulations were also used to model the fluid droplet, and these simulations accurately predict the fluid instabilities and quantitatively agreed with the model and experiments. It is shown that the process is viable: capillary forces are sufficient to keep the fluid droplet stable, heating effects due to the laser are negligible, and other concerns such as evaporation and dissolution are manageable. Euler beam theory and the lubrication equation were used to model the bending of an S FIL template and the flow of the fluid between the template and a non-flat wafer. The template filling time, conformance of the template to the wafer, and the alignment phase are investigated with an analytical model and finite element simulations. Analysis and simulations show that uniformity of the residual film thickness and ease of proper alignment depend greatly on the planarity of the wafer, the properties of the template, and the surface tension of the fluid.<br>text
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Yang, Chih-Hsiang, and 楊智翔. "The Design of a Compact Laser Interference Lithography System for the Fabrication of Large Area Nano-Imprint Mold." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28721079246732003666.

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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>動力機械工程學系<br>96<br>In order to improve the utilization ratio of light source in LCD display, we propose to replace the traditional absorption polarizer with the reflection nano-polarizer, and combine with nanoimprint lithography technology to achieve the goal of mass production of nano-polarizer. Accordingly, the nanoimprint mold plays a critical role in nanoimprint process. There are many different methods to fabricate the nanoimprint mold, for example, optical lithography, E-beam lithography and so on. Amount these techniques, laser interference lithography provides an inexpensive, rapid and easy way to fabricate nano-patterns. To fabricate high density and large-area nano-patterns, some ameliorated interference lithography systems have been proposed. However, these interference lithography systems are either complicated or expensive. The objective of this study is aimed at designing a compact and cost-effective interference lithography system and by step-and-tiling method to fabricate large-area nanoimprint mold. Interference lithography is based on the interference of two or more coherent laser beams incident from different directions intersect on a photoresist-coated substrate. The resulting fringes recorded in the photoresist can be used to fabricate 1-D or 2-D period structures. In this study, we first consider the standing wave effect in interference lithography. By establishing a Hardmask design model and combine with the use of ARC, we can reduce the standing wave effect more effectively. The experimental set-up used in this work is Lloyds-mirror . To combine with the two-axis nano-stage and maintain the stability and precision of nano-stage, we designed a horizental-type Lloyd’s-mirror set-up and verified the viability. Besides, to better understand the factors that contribute to the fabrication of nanoimprint mold, we also consider the experiment process recipe, the mask material suit for this set-up, and the optimum condition for tiling. Similarly, a two-dimensional pattern can be generated by superposition of two sinusoidal standing waves with this sep-up. In the consideration of cost-effective condition, the compact interference lithography system not only provides a rapid way to fabricate large-area nanoimprint mold but has the advantage of flexibility in fabricating different dimensional period structures.
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Lin, Meng-kuei, and 林盟貴. "FEM Simulation of Multi-layer Metal Thin Film Nano-Imprint Process." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94092348288682048080.

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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>機械工程所<br>95<br>The polymer thin film layer is mainly used in nano imprint process. It is uncommonly applied imprint process to metal thin film due to it needs ultra-high stamp pressure and spring back problems. How to choose working temperature and metal layer structures to reduce the imprint force is the major research topics nowadays. The research works presented in this thesis uses the finite element method to simu-late nano imprint process on Aluminum thin film. The numerical mesh quality problems due to large deformation are improved by adaptive meshing technique. The temperature dependent strain-stress curves of Aluminum wire were given from micro-force tensile test, and modi-fied by compared with real imprint experimental results. Referring to the literature produced metal/polymer bi-layer structures (NIMB) ex-periment; we modified the single metal layer simulation model to bi-layer Aluminum/polymer thin film. Various thickness ratios and form-ing temperatures are studied by bi-layer simulation model to reveal how they affected the imprint force. The results presented in this study could great help to choose better bi-layer structure as well as the imprint parameters.
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Aljedaibi, Abdulrahman. "Nanostructured Gold-Modified Laser Scribed Graphene Biosensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664295.

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Recently, laser scribed graphene (LSG) technology has shown great potential for the development of a plethora of sensing platforms due to its high sensitivity, 3D porous structure, and flexibility. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have shown high potential as recognition elements for many applications such as biosensing. Hence, we report in this thesis a novel biosensing platform that utilizes nanostructured gold to enhance the performance of LSG sensors coupled with a biomimetic MIP biosensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a nanostructured gold modified MIP based LSG biosensor to detect HER-2, which is an important breast cancer biomarker. HER-2 positive breast cancer is more aggressive and does not respond to the same treatment as standard breast cancer. As such, a simple and accurate sensing approach is highly needed for early detection of this type of cancer biomarkers. The LSG sensor platform was fabricated by irradiation of polyimide substrates using a CO2 laser under optimized conditions. Nanostructured gold was electrodeposited onto LSG to enhance its sensitivity and active surface area. Deposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, and gold chloride (HAuCl4) concentration were optimized to yield complete nanostructured gold coverage and enhanced electrical conductivity of LSG-Au electrodes. A deposition voltage of -0.9 V at 50 mM HAuCl4 for 4 minutes proved to be the optimal condition for gold deposition to yield a 150% peak current enhancement. To fabricate our MIP biosensor, 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was chosen from several functional monomers to form PEDOT due to its high conductivity and synergy with nanostructured gold. Electropolymerization of EDOT is performed after adsorbing 0.4mg/mL of HER-2 on the LSG-Au electrode for 20 min. The efficiency of LSG-Au-MIP was optimized by choosing an appropriate extraction agent and HER-2 concentration to be adsorbed on gold. The developed sensing strategy could differentiate between three rebinding concentrations of 10 ng/mL, 100ng/mL, and 200 ng/mL, which is sufficient to determine the HER-2 status of breast cancer since the clinical cut-off is 30.5ng/mL. The developed sensing strategy showed a high degree of novelty and could be useful for the non-invasive detection of cancer biomarkers.
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Books on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Welsh, Charles. A bookseller of the last century: Being some account of the life of John Newbery, and of the books he published, with a notice of the later Newberys. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Runciman, Steven (1903-2000). Sicilian Vespers [Texte Imprimé]: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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Webber, David M. Capitalising upon Globalisation. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423564.003.0003.

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Having mapped out in the previous chapter, New Labour’s often contradictory and even ‘politically-convenient’ understanding of globalisation, chapter 3 offers analysis of three key areas of domestic policy that Gordon Brown would later transpose to the realm of international development: (i) macroeconomic policy, (ii) business, and (iii) welfare. Since, according to Brown at least, globalisation had resulted in a blurring of the previously distinct spheres of domestic and foreign policy, it made sense for those strategies and policy decisions designed for consumption at home to be transposed abroad. The focus of this chapter is the design of these three areas of domestic policy; the unmistakeable imprint of Brown in these areas and their place in building of New Labour’s political economy. Strikingly, Brown’s hand in these policies and the themes that underpinned them would again reappear in the international development policies explored in much greater detail later in the book.
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Williams, Gareth D. From Venice to Sicily. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190272296.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 focuses on Bembo’s complex motivations for leaving Venice for Messina in 1492, and particularly on four individuals who shaped his humanism both before and during his time in Sicily. It is surely no coincidence that Pietro departed for Sicily soon after assisting Angelo Poliziano, that revolutionary figure in philological method, in collating, during the great man’s visit to Venice in summer 1491, the celebrated ancient manuscript of Terence that belonged to the Bembo family. Constantine Lascaris’ reputation as a teacher was far reaching, but Giorgio Valla, Lascaris’ former pupil from his Milan days and later Pietro’s teacher in Venice, may well have helped Bembo toward Messina. The naturalistic interests in De Aetna were perhaps partly nurtured by Lascaris; they also bear the imprint of another major influence on the young Pietro in Venice: Ermolao Barbaro. He was appointed Venetian ambassador to Rome in 1490; scandal estranged him from the Republic in 1491.
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Vigdor, Steven E. The Dark Side. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814825.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 deals with the remaining mysteries in cosmology—dark matter, dark energy, and inflationary expansion—and the experiments aimed at solving them. It reviews the evidence for dark matter, and experiments to detect the microscopic particles proposed as its constituents: weakly interacting massive particles and invisible axions. Contrasts are drawn between the failure to understand the scale of dark energy theoretically and the ambitious new survey telescopes, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (or LSST), that aim to constrain its equation of state. The theoretical concepts and possible experimental signatures of cosmic inflation are described. Searches for possible imprints from primordial inflation-induced gravitational waves on the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB polarization) are discussed in the context of the pioneering first detection by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (or LIGO) of gravitational waves from distant black-hole mergers. Philosophical questions regarding the falsifiability of inflation are raised.
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Conway, Rebecca, ed. Djalkiri. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327272.

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Djalkiri are “footprints" – ancestral imprints on the landscape that provide the Yolŋu people of eastern Arnhem Land with their philosophical foundations. This book describes how Yolŋu artists and communities keep these foundations strong, and how they have worked with museums to develop a collaborative, community-led approach to the collection and display of their artwork. It includes contributions from Yolŋu elders and artists as well as Indigenous and non-Indigenous historians and curators. Together they explore how the relationship between communities and museums has changed over time. From the early 20th century, anthropologists and other collectors acquired artworks and objects and took photographs in Arnhem Land that became part of collections at the University of Sydney. Later generations of Yolŋu have sought out these materials and, with museum curators, proposed a new type of relationship, based on a deeper respect for Yolŋu intellectual frameworks and a commitment to their central role in curation. This book tells some of their stories.
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Harrington, Clodagh, and Alex Waddan. Obama v. Trump. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447003.001.0001.

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This monograph examines how Trump’s election as President signals a rollback of the Obama years. In 2008, in what seemed a seminal moment for the country’s politics, the United States elected an African American as President. Yet, eight years later, in the form of Donald Trump, the nation put in office a man who was the very antithesis of his predecessor. The book determines what can legitimately be regarded as the legacy of the Obama presidency and investigates how far the Trump administration has reversed it. The analysis is embedded in a historical context, based on examination and scrutiny of how, and how successfully, presidents in the modern era have overturned the work of their predecessor when they have attempted to do so. The authors focus on meaningful priority shifts, policy changes and the imprint of presidential leadership, providing a framework for assessing Obama’s legacy, which in turn affords context to a discussion of the Trump administration’s capacity to fulfil its promise to reverse the direction taken by the Obama White House. Looking beyond the noise and hyperbole, the book examines how robust the Obama legacy has proved to be in the face of Trump’s challenge. Clodagh Harrington is Associate Professor of American Politics at De Montfort University. Alex Waddan is Associate Professor in American Politics at the University of Leicester.
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Book chapters on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Lin, C. Y., Yung Chun Lee, Fei Bin Hsiao, and C. H. Chuang. "Parametric Investigation of Laser-Assisted Direct Imprint (LADI) Technique." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-990-3.307.

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Zenger, Okan, and Gözde Baydemir Peşint. "Synthesis of Double-Layer Imprinted Polymers: BSA." In Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1629-1_6.

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Yang, Ki Yeon, Sung Hoon Hong, Heon Lee, and Jeong Woo Choi. "Fabrication of Nano-Sized Gold Dot Array Using Bi-Layer Nano Imprint Lithography." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-995-4.446.

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Schweber, Simone, and Irene Ann Resenly. "Curricular Imprints or the Presence of Curricular Pasts: A Study of One Third Grader’s Holocaust Education 12 Years Later." In Holocaust Education in Primary Schools in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73099-8_1.

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Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Tadahiko Inohara, Yohei Suzuki, and Tomomi Shiratori. "Femtosecond Laser Micro-/Nano-Texturing to Die Substrates for Fine Imprinting to Products." In Fundamentals and Application of Femtosecond Optics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105795.

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A femtosecond laser micro−/nano-texturing was proposed to fabricate the coated and surface treated dies with the tailored textures for surface decoration and surface property control of metal, polymer and glass products. The polygonal model for microtextures with nanotextures by the LIPSS-effect was utilized to fabricate a DLC-coated SKD11 die with a star-shaped emblem. This die was set up into the cassette die set for directly imprinting this emblem into aluminum alloy and PET sheets. The periodic surface structure was synthesized as a surface geometry model to build up the super-hydrophobic surface on the nitrogen supersaturated AISI316 die. This die was also set up into a hot stamping system to directly imprint the hydrophobic surface onto the phosphorous glass products. Through the femtosecond laser micro−/nano-texturing and CNC-imprinting, the metal, polymer and glass product surfaces were optically decorated to have color grating and plasmonic brilliance and functionally controlled to be hydrophobic.
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Tokita, Alison. "Narrated and Danced Memory of War and Resignation." In Cultural Imprints. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501761621.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the musical substyles that enhance storytelling in the narrative arts collectively known as katarimono, particularly the medieval musical narrative genres of Heike recitation and kōwaka danced ballads, but also in later Tokugawa-period genres. Both narrate to musical accompaniment the battles between the Heike and Genji warrior clans in the twelfth century. The chapter discusses styles related to Heike recitation that have persisted over time and that have been adapted to different performance genres, and it explores the proposition that the formulae and musical substyles employed for specific kinds of narrative content, in this case content related to war, enhanced the memorability of the narratives and their impact on listeners. Ultimately, the chapter traces the persistence of these two broad styles of musical expression even as they change over time and across different genres to show how this practice of katarimono shaped and kept the cultural memory of the wars alive in popular memory.
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Bethe, Monica. "In Memorandum." In Cultural Imprints. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501761621.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses on the heirloom robe held by the Kanze troupe of noh actors. The robe was purportedly worn by the fifteenth-century Kanze troupe leader On'ami in connection with a 1443 performance of the warrior play Tomonaga dedicated to the repose of the recently deceased shogun Yoshikatsu. The chapter describes the play which includes an enactment of the Kannon senbō repentance rite, and since On'ami's time, the robe has been used exclusively for the variant performance of this rite. The chapter then situates the robe within its nexus of meanings: originally an elegant warrior costume, it was later made into a monk's robe and subsequently returned to the secular world of performance only to be re-ritualized by its specific connection to the dramatization of the senbō rite performed for the deceased warrior in Tomonaga. Ultimately, the chapter considers how the piece sheds light on the distinctive decorative technique known as takeyamachi.
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Mayhew, David R. "After World War II." In The Imprint of Congress. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300215700.003.0006.

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This chapter considers three impulses of the post-World War II era. Two of them deal with the economy, bracketing its course from an inspiration flowing out of the war through an ideological and policy retake a generation later. The other impulse covers one of the major developments of American, not to mention transnational, history—the civil rights revolution of those times. In the three impulses detailed here, economic planning devices, energy supply, the cities, travel, infrastructure, the tax code, industrial structure, the workplace, immigration, demographic patterns, the electorate, rights standards, and relations among the races, gained lasting imprints from U.S. government participation, among others.
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Bouchez, Jean-Luc, and Adolphe Nicolas. "Macroscopic imprints of ductile deformation." In Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843876.003.0005.

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The fundamentals of structural geology are presented, namely, folds, planar structures (cleavage or schistosity, foliation) and linear ones (lineations), regarded as emblematic for geologists. Ductile imprints of folds, affecting stratified formations, combined with brittle imprints, often remain modest in terms of strain intensity. Folding is essentially inhomogeneous and often results from the buckling (bending) of the layers (or stratification) as a consequence of layer parallel compression. Folded structures are frequently accompanied by fractures. Hence they may be classified as brittle–ductile. They are mostly encountered at low depths and constitute the upper structural level of the Earth’s crust. Ductile deformation sensu stricto appears at the lower structural level. The macroscopic aspects of ductile deformations and their implications will be examined. The principal operating mechanism, crystalline plasticity, represents the mechanical aspect of deformation, sometime assisted by chemical aspects (pressure-solution). While homogeneous deformation constitutes our principal concern, heterogeneous deformation is often present, particularly when examined at fine scales. At low shear strain (γ‎ &lt; 0.7, or θ‎ ~35°, equivalent to ~30% shortening), plastic deformation generally leads to a planar and a linear anisotropy strengthening with increasing deformation. At higher shear strain, any pre-existing planar structure becomes so stretched that it cannot be recognized. The new structure may be purely planar, purely linear or plano-linear. Lattice fabrics, appearing in rocks subjected to plastic deformation and resulting from deformation mechanisms at the grain-scale, are examined in detail in Chapter 6.
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Savant, Sarah Bowen. "Shaping Memory of the Conquests: The Case of Tustar." In Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694235.003.0005.

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The military conquest of a hostile territory and its population is a paradigmatic form of violence and leaves deep imprints on the memories of the conquerors and the vanquished alike. Examining these imprints and the ways in which they are manipulated by later narrators in specific historical cases can bring to light the multiple functions that memories of violent conquest can serve. An interesting case study is provided by the Muslim conquest of the Iranian city of Tustar. Towards the end of a short seventh-century Nestorian work known as the Khūzistān Chronicle, we find as something of an appendix an account of the Arab conquest of the region and of Shūsh and Shūstrā, or as Arabs came to know the towns, al-Sūs and Tustar. The Chronicle was completed, at the latest, by 680 and is widely recognised as providing a rare window into events, because of its detailed reporting and proximity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Sun, Y., K. Barr, A. Jones, N. B. Sá, M. Ware, and J. Peatross. "Distortions in the Angular Distribution of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering as a Focal Diagnostic." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jw5a.50.

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We present measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering out the side of an intense laser focus, showing how subtle defects in laser field including spatial chirp imprint on the angular distribution of the scattered light.
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Allam, Srinivasa Rao, Yuto Yoneda, William R. Kerriddge-Johns, Yasushi Fujimoto, and Takashige Omatsu. "Green Skyrmion fiber laser." In JSAP-Optica Joint Symposia. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/jsapo.2024.19p_c43_3.

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Optical skyrmions are topologically stable quasiparticles with variegated polarization textures [1], formed by the mixture of quantized spin and orbital angular momentum. In recently, their topological polarization textures have been successfully imprinted on polarization sensitive materials, such as azo-polymers [2], and they have also been utilized in nonlinear frequency conversion [3], and quantum entanglement [4].
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Kaur, Jaismeen, Marie Ouillé, Zhao Cheng, et al. "Waveform control of relativistic laser-matter interactions." In Ultrafast Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ufo.2023.m2.4.

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We report on the first experimental evidence of direct waveform control of relativistic-intensity laser-plasma interactions driven by a kHz near-single-cycle laser source. We show how the driving laser waveform has a clear and reproducible imprint on the spatio-spectral emission properties of secondary particle and radiation beams from gas jets and plasma mirrors.
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Fei-Bin Hsiao, Di-Bao Wang, Chun-Ping Jen, et al. "Modeling of heat transfer for laser-assisted direct nano imprint processing." In 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics - ROBIO. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2005.246362.

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Chen, Cheng-Hung, Jia-Yush Yen, Lien-Sheng Chen, and Shuo-Hung Chang. "Stitching Technology Using Hybrid Actuators in Nano Imprint." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49260.

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With advancements in nanotechnology and the continuing reduction of the minimum feature size in integrated-circuit technologies, there is a need for next-generation lithography (NGL) tools. The direct transfer of grating structures stitched from interference lithography to a mold for nano imprinting offers a low-cost alternative for printing sub-100nm features with great potential accuracy, high resolution, and reductivity. This research presents dual stage laser-interferometer equipment to meet these requirements. In moving forward to the stitching of a small interference area, the most important issue is alignment. If the period of this interference fringe can be guaranteed, the stage can be moved in chronological alignment with the period. This paper also presents SEM results of stitching of a 600nm periodic structure.
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Boschetto, D., E. G. Gamaly, A. V. Rode, et al. "Reflectivity oscillations of laser-excited Bi: imprint of atomic vibrations through electron-phonon coupling." In 2007 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and the International Quantum Electronics Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386830.

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Shen, Ninggang, Chelsey N. Pence, Robert Bowers, et al. "Surface Micro-Scale Patterning for Biomedical Implant Material of Pure Titanium via High Energy Pulse Laser Peening." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4181.

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Pure titanium (commercial pure cpTi) is an ideal dental implant material without the leeching of toxic alloy elements. Evidence has shown that unsmooth implant surface topologies may contribute to the osteoblast differentiation in human mesenchymal pre-osteoblastic cells, which is helpful to avoid long-term peri-abutment inflammation issues for the dental implant therapy with transcutaneous devices. Studies have been conducted on the grit blasted, acid etched, or uni-directional grooved Ti surface. However, for these existing approaches, the surface quality is difficult to control or may even damage the implant. A novel idea has been studied in which more complex two-dimensional (2D) patterns can be imprinted into the dental implant material of cpTi by high energy pulse laser peening (HEPLP). The strong shock wave generated by HEPLP press a stainless steel grid, used as a stamp, on Ti foils to imprint a 2D pattern. In this study, the multiple grid patterns and grid sizes were applied to test the cell’s favor. The HEPLP induced shock wave pressure profile and history were simulated by a 2D multi-physics hydrodynamic numerical analysis for a better understanding of this technique. Then, the cell culture tests were conducted with the patterned surface to investigate the contribution of these 2D patterns, with the control tests of the other existing implant surface topography forming approaches.
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Nakagawa, Gou, and Tanemasa Asano. "Oriented Growth of Location-Controlled Si Crystal Grains Using Ni Nano-Imprint and Excimer Laser Annealing." In 2007 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2007.f-6-5l.

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Yoon, Geun-Young, Takahisa Jitsuno, Masahiro Nakatsuka, and Yoshiaki Kato. "Shaping a focused laser beam by continuous wavefront control using a deformable mirror." In Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tua.4.

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Uniform irradiation of laser beam is needed for the directly driven inertial confinement fusion, laser-chemistry and industrial applications such as laser welding, semiconductor processing and laser microfabrication. For improving the irradiation uniformity on a fusion target, several beam smoothing techniques such as a random phase plate (RPP)1, induced spatial incoherence (ISI)2, smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)3 and kinoform phase plate (KPP)4 have been proposed. The RPP has energy loss of ~ 15 % by a large diffraction angle, and the ISI and the SSD have imprint problems by instantaneous speckle pattern. The precise KPP with a continuous phase distribution is difficult to fabricate, even if the energy loss can be reduced to 5%. We are developing an active optical system to compensate (or control) a wavefront aberration included in a large-scale laser system for fusion. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor using a large F-number plastic micro-lens array5 and continuous faceplate type deformable mirror6 have been developed and their good performance has been demonstrated.
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Ivan, Marius G., Jean-Baptiste Vaney, Dick Verhaart, and Erwin Meinders. "Direct laser write (DLW) as a versatile tool in manufacturing templates for imprint lithography on flexible substrates." In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by Frank M. Schellenberg and Bruno M. La Fontaine. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.814481.

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Reports on the topic "Laser imprint"

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Kalantar, D. H., L. B. DaSilva, and S. Glendinning. Measurements of laser imprint by XUV radiography using an x-ray laser. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/249256.

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Kalantar, D. H., E. Wolfrum, and J. Zhang. X-ray laser measurements of direct drive imprint on vulcan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/632785.

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Kalantar, D. H., M. H. Key, and L. B. DaSilva. Measurements of direct drive laser imprint in thin foils by XUV radiography using an X-ray laser backlighter. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/464293.

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Kalantar, D. H., A. Demir, and M. H. Key. XUV radiography measurements of direct drive imprint in thin aluminum foils using a Ge x-ray laser on Vulcan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/236216.

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Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.

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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.
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