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Journal articles on the topic 'Laser hybrid deposition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 October 2022

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1

Mikšovský, Jan, Miroslav Jelínek, Petr Písařík, Tomáš Kocourek, Jan Remsa, and Karel Jurek. "DLC/TI THIN FILMS PROPERTIES PREPARED BY HYBRID LASER TECHNOLOGIES." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 8 (June 30, 2017): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.8.0011.

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Layers of diamond-like carbon are usable in many fields of industry as well as in medicine. Many scientific groups have worked with different types of deposition techniques to prepare DLC layers with improved or unique properties. The DLC properties could be improved by various dopations. In this study, we focused on DLC layers doped by titanium, prepared by hybrid laser depositions. Two techniques were used: Dual pulse laser deposition (DualPLD) and pulse laser deposition in combination with magnetron sputtering (PLD/MS). Preliminary tests for morphology, wettability, adhesion, hardness, corrosion, friction and wearability were examined.

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2

Qian, Ying Ping, Ju Hua Huang, and Hai Ou Zhang. "Study on the Factors Influencing the Layer Precision in Hybrid Plasma-Laser Deposition Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3828.

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The present study is a continuation of the previous research on direct metal part fabrication with hybrid plasma-laser deposition manufacturing (PLDM). It is remarkably important for manufacturing high accurate part to investigate the factors influencing the precision of deposited layer and obtain the influence rules. Many factors perhaps affect the layer precision, such as average power of laser, repetition frequency, pulse width, hybrid angle between laser beam and plasma beam, speed of powder feed, deposition speed, and amount of feed along Z direction and so on. In this paper, the factors except laser parameters published in other paper were researched experimentally. The results were concluded as follows: (1) The width of the layer increases and the thickness decreases with the increasing of hybrid angle. (2) The depth of layer increases with the increasing of the amount of powder feed but the width of layer is nearly unchanged. (3) The width and thickness of layer reduces with the increasing of deposition speed. (4) The deviation between the amount of feed along Z direction and the depth of depositing layer makes the part precision decrease.

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3

Zhao, Yuhui, Zhiguo Wang, Jibin Zhao, Zhenfeng He, and Hongwei Zhang. "Comparison of Substrate Preheating on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Hybrid Specimens Fabricated by Laser Metal Deposition 316 L with Different Wrought Steel Substrate." Crystals 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100891.

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The combination of additive manufacturing and conventional metal forming processes provides the possibility for improvements of forming efficiency and flexibility. Substrate preheating is an implementable technique to improve the interface adhesion properties of the hybrid forming method. The present experiment investigates the adhesion of additive manufactured 316 L steel on P20 and 1045 steel substrates under two substrate temperatures, and the geometrical characterization, interfacial microstructure and mechanical property of the hybrid specimens were compared. As a result, it was found that the ratio of deposition height to the width was reduced and the width was increased under substrate preheating. Tensile results show that the ultimate strength of 1045 and 316 L hybrid specimens was obviously increased, while the properties of hybrid specimens P20 and 316 L were similar, under different substrate temperature conditions. For the hybrid specimens with the metallurgically bonding characteristic, the tensile properties can reach the level of 316 L depositioned specimens fabricated by laser metal deposition (LMD). Furthermore, substrate preheating had little effect on the microstructure of the laser metal deposition zone, and significant influence on the microstructure of the heat affected zone, which was reflected in the difference of the hardness distribution.

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4

Jelínek, Miroslav, Tomáš Kocourek, Josef Zemek, and Jaromír Kadlec. "SiCxLayers Prepared by Hybrid Laser Deposition and PLD." Plasma Processes and Polymers 6, S1 (March 17, 2009): S366—S369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200930803.

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5

Fecht, Nikolaus. "Großbauteile per 3D-Druck/Large components – 3D-printed." wt Werkstattstechnik online 110, no. 11-12 (2020): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2020-11-12-85.

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Im BMBF-Forschungsprojekt ProLMD entstanden in Teamarbeit neue Hybrid-Prozesse, die konventionelle Fertigungsverfahren mit Laserauftragschweißen (Laser Material Deposition, LMD) zu einem neuen Fertigungsansatz vereinen. Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik ILT aus Aachen arbeitete dabei eng zusammen mit sieben Industriepartnern und entwickelte drei Roboterzellen für diese neue Form der hybrid-additiven Fertigung. In the BMBF research project ProLMD, new hybrid processes were developed in teamwork, which combine conventional production methods with laser material deposition (LMD) to a new production approach. The Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen worked closely with seven industrial partners and developed three robot cells for this new form of hybrid-additive manufacturing.

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6

Antoszewski, Bogdan, Hubert Danielewski, Jan Dutkiewicz, Łukasz Rogal, Marek St Węglowski, Krzysztof Kwieciński, and Piotr Śliwiński. "Semi-Hybrid CO2 Laser Metal Deposition Method with Inter Substrate Buffer Zone." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040720.

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This article presents the results of the metal deposition process using additive materials in the form of filler wire and metal powder. An important problem in wire deposition using a CO2 laser was overcome by using a combination of the abovementioned methods. The deposition of a multicomponent alloy—Inconel 625—on a basic substrate such as structural steel is presented. The authors propose a new approach for stopping carbon and iron diffusion from the substrate, by using the Semi-Hybrid Deposition Method (S-HDM) developed by team members. The proposed semi-hybrid method was compared with alternative wire and powder deposition using laser beam. Differences of S-HDM and classic wire deposition and powder deposition methods are presented using metallographic analysis, within optic and electron microscopy. Significant differences in the obtained results reveal advantages of the developed method compared to traditional deposition methods. A comparison of the aforementioned methods performed using nickel based super alloy Inconel 625 deposited on low carbon steel substrate is presented. An alternative prototyping approach for an advanced high alloy materials deposition using CO2 laser, without the requirement of using the same substrate was presented in this article. This study confirmed the established assumption of reducing selected components diffusion from a substrate via buffer layer. Results of metallographic analysis confirm the advantages and application potential of using the new semi-hybrid method for prototyping high alloy materials on low alloy structural steel substrate.

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7

Hubler, Graham K. "Pulsed Laser Deposition." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 2 (February 1992): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400040586.

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Research on materials grown by pulsed laser deposition, or PLD, has experienced phenomenal growth since late 1987 when T. Venkatesan (one of the authors for this issue) and co-workers pointed out that extreme nonequilibrium conditions created by pulsed laser melting of YBaCuO allowed in-situ preparation of thin films of this high transition temperature (Tc) superconducting material. Since then, PLD has emerged as the primary means for high throughput deposition of high-quality superconducting thin films for research and devices. This probably came as no surprise to J.T. Cheung (another of this issue's authors), who performed original research in this area and tirelessly labored during the 1980s to convince a skeptical audience of the advantages of PLD.Along with the success of PLD in the arena of high-temperature superconductivity, however, is the explosion of activity in the deposition of many other materials, made possible by the unique features of pulsed laser deposition, materials previously not amenable to in-situ thin film growth. Creative minds reasoned that since PLD can deposit a demanding, complex material such as the perovskite structure Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ, why not other perovskites or multicomponent oxide materials? It also turns out that the range of properties of multicomponent oxides is virtually limitless. They can be metallic, insulating, semiconducting, biocompatable, superconducting, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and so on. One is not limited to the properties of elements or binary compounds on which the electronics and microelectronics industries are based. Indeed, in a recent review of hybrid ferromagnetic- semiconductor structures, G. Prinz states, “… there has been little work devoted to incorporating magnetic materials into planar integrated electronic (or photonic) circuitry there are potential applications that have no analog in vacuum electronics but that remain unrealized, awaiting the development of appropriate materials and processing procedures.” In pulsed laser deposition, we may well have in hand the “appropriate processing procedure” to deposit sequential epitaxial layers of high quality materials that possess profoundly different properties.

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8

Grzesik, Wit. "Hybrid manufacturing of metallic parts integrated additive and subtractive processes." Mechanik 91, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.58.

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This review paper highlights the hybrid manufacturing processes which integrate the additive and subtractive processes performing on one hybrid platform consisting of the LMD (laser metal deposition) unit and multi-axis CNC machining center. This hybrid technology is rapidly developed and has many applications in Production/Manufacturing 4.0 including the LRT (laser repair technology). In particular, some important rules and advantages as well as technological potentials of the integration of a powder metal deposition and finishing CNC milling/turning operations are discussed and overviewed. Some representative examples such as formation of difficult features around the part periphery, deposition of functional layers and coatings and repair of high-value parts in aerospace industry are provided. Moreover, the technological strategies, CAD/CAM and CAI programs and construction designs of the hybrid manufacturing platforms are explained. Some conclusions and future trends in the implementation of hybrid processes are outlined.

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9

Qian, Ying Ping, Ju Hua Huang, and Hai Ou Zhang. "Influence of Laser Parameters on Precision in Hybrid Plasma Laser Deposition Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3811.

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The present study is a continuation of the previous research on direct metal component fabrication by hybrid plasma and laser deposition manufacturing (PLDM). The overall performance of component depends not only on the plasma but also on the laser. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of laser parameters, such as average power, repetition frequency and pulse width, on the precision of single layer and analyze the influence rule. The results of this research are presented as follows: (1) The width of single layer decreases with the enhancing of average power and the thickness increases with the enhancing of average power. (2) The width of single layer minishes with the increasing of repetition frequency until it reaches a minimum value, and the thickness increases with the increasing of repetition frequency until it reaches a maximum value. (3) The width of single layer decreases with the increasing of pulse width and the thickness increases with the increasing of pulse width.

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10

Kocourek, Tomas, Miroslav Jelinek, Jaromir Kadlec, Cyril Popov, and Antonino Santoni. "Thin TiCN Films Prepared by Hybrid Magnetron-Laser Deposition." Plasma Processes and Polymers 4, S1 (April 2007): S651—S654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200731603.

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11

Lisiecki, Aleksander, and Dawid Ślizak. "Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020190.

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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the novel technique of laser deposition of Fe-based powder under cryogenic conditions provided by a liquid nitrogen bath. Comparative clad layers were produced by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed process combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (hybrid) under cryogenic conditions. The influence of process parameters and cooling conditions on the geometry, microstructure, and hardness profiles of the clad layers was determined. The optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and XRD test methods were used to determine the microstructure and phase composition. The results indicate that the proposed technique of forced cooling the substrate in a nitrogen bath during the laser deposition of Fe-based powder is advantageous because it provides favorable geometry of the clad, low dilution, a narrow heat-affected zone, a high hardness and uniform profile on the cross-sections, homogeneity, and refinement of the microstructure. The influence of the forced cooling on microstructure refinement was quantitatively determined by measuring the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS). Additionally, highly dispersed nanometric-sized (200–360 nm) precipitations of complex carbides were identified in interdendritic regions.

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12

Jelinek, Miroslav, Tomáš Kocourek, Karel Jurek, Michal Jelinek, Barbora Smolková, Mariia Uzhytchak, and Oleg Lunov. "Preliminary Study of Ge-DLC Nanocomposite Biomaterials Prepared by Laser Codeposition." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030451.

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This paper deals with the synthesis and study of the properties of germanium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. For deposition of doped DLC films, hybrid laser technology was used. Using two deposition lasers, it was possible to arrange the dopant concentrations by varying the laser repetition rate. Doped films of Ge concentrations from 0 at.% to 12 at.% were prepared on Si (100) and fused silica (FS) substrates at room temperature. Film properties, such as growth rate, roughness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology, wavelength dependent X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) composition, VIS-near infrared (IR) transmittance, and biological properties (cytotoxicity, effects on cellular morphology, and ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)) were studied in relation to codeposition conditions and dopant concentrations. The analysis showed that Ge-DLC films exhibit cytotoxicity for higher Ge doping.

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13

Wang, DengZhi, QianWu Hu, YinLan Zheng, Yong Xie, and XiaoYan Zeng. "Study on deposition rate and laser energy efficiency of Laser-Induction Hybrid Cladding." Optics & Laser Technology 77 (March 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.08.019.

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14

Novotný, Michal, Jiří Bulíř, Ján Lančok, and Miroslav Jelínek. "A Comparison of Plasma in Laser and Hybrid Laser-Magnetron SiC Deposition Systems." Plasma Processes and Polymers 4, S1 (April 2007): S1017—S1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200732320.

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15

Jelinek, Miroslav, Tomas Kocourek, Jan Remsa, Petr Pisarik, and Jan Miksovsky. "Doped and Multilayer Biocompatible Materials Prepared by Hybrid Laser Deposition." International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 8, no. 4 (2018): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijbbb.2018.8.4.252-258.

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16

Jones, J. G., C. Muratore, A. R. Waite, and A. A. Voevodin. "Plasma diagnostics of hybrid magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 7 (December 2006): 4040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.096.

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17

Jelinek, Miroslav, Tomas Kocourek, Josef Zemek, Michal Novotný, and Jaromír Kadlec. "Thin SiC x layers prepared by hybrid laser–magnetron deposition." Applied Physics A 93, no. 3 (June 20, 2008): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4727-4.

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18

Axente, Emanuel, Livia Elena Sima, and Felix Sima. "Biomimetic Coatings Obtained by Combinatorial Laser Technologies." Coatings 10, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050463.

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The modification of implant devices with biocompatible coatings has become necessary as a consequence of premature loosening of prosthesis. This is caused mainly by chronic inflammation or allergies that are triggered by implant wear, production of abrasion particles, and/or release of metallic ions from the implantable device surface. Specific to the implant tissue destination, it could require coatings with specific features in order to provide optimal osseointegration. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) became a well-known physical vapor deposition technology that has been successfully applied to a large variety of biocompatible inorganic coatings for biomedical prosthetic applications. Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a PLD-derived technology used for depositions of thin organic material coatings. In an attempt to surpass solvent related difficulties, when different solvents are used for blending various organic materials, combinatorial MAPLE was proposed to grow thin hybrid coatings, assembled in a gradient of composition. We review herein the evolution of the laser technological process and capabilities of growing thin bio-coatings with emphasis on blended or multilayered biomimetic combinations. These can be used either as implant surfaces with enhanced bioactivity for accelerating orthopedic integration and tissue regeneration or combinatorial bio-platforms for cancer research.

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19

GRZESIK, Wit. "HYBRID ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS: A REVIEW." Journal of Machine Engineering 18, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7629.

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This review paper highlights the hybrid manufacturing processes which integrate the additive and subtractive processes performing on one hybrid platform consisting of the LMD (laser metal deposition) unit and CNC machine tools. In particular, some important rules and advantages as well as technological potentials of the integration of different AM technique and finishing CNC machining operations are discussed and overviewed. Some representative examples such as formation of difficult features around the part periphery, deposition of functional layers and coatings and repair of high-value parts in aerospace industry are provided. Some conclusions and future trends in the implementation of hybrid processes are outlined.

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20

Zhu, Fu Dong, and Bi Yun Zhu. "Research on Laser-Hybrid Cladding of Ni-Cr Alloy on Copper." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.270.

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In order to improve the wear resistance of the surface of thick copperplate, A layer of Ni-Co-Cr alloy on thick copperplate surface is performed by laser –hybrid cladding process. In laser cladding processing, it is known that it is difficult to get good metallurgical bonding between the layer and copperplate. Micro-arc deposition technology is developed to get a thin alloy layer on the surface of thick copperplate, and then using laser cladding method to make thick coating. Micro organization analysis and wear resistance comparison experiments are taken to the specimen. From the microscopic structure analysis, it can be seen that the deposition and substrate form favorable metallurgy bonding, as a narrow metallurgical bonding zone, about 20μm in width. The micro- structure photos show that the coating is more compact, and crystal grains are refined grain composed of γ-Ni, Cr7C3 and CrB. The micro-hardness of the cladding zone is between 650HV~850HV, which is much higher than the copper substrate. Roughness measurement of the specimens shows that the cladding layer is smoother. The experiment’s result shows that laser-arc hybrid cladding can perform coating of Ni-Cr alloy, metallurgy bonding with the copperplate, on its surface.

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Lisiecki, Aleksander, and Dawid Ślizak. "Hybrid Laser Deposition of Composite WC-Ni Layers with Forced Local Cryogenic Cooling." Materials 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154312.

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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of forced and localized cooling by nitrogen vapours stream under cryogenic conditions during laser deposition of WC-Ni powder on the geometry, microstructure of clad layers and dry sliding wear resistance of the coatings. For this purpose, comparative tests were performed by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed novel process of laser deposition with additional localized cooling of the solidifying deposit by nitrogen vapours stream. Due to presence of gaseous nitrogen in the region of the melt pool and solidifying deposit, the process was considered as combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (performed simultaneously), thus the hybrid process. The influence of the heat input and cooling conditions on the geometrical features, dilution rate, share of carbides relative to the matrix, and the fraction share of carbides, as well as hardness profiles on cross sections of single stringer beads was analysed and presented. The XRD, EDS analysis and the sieve test of the experimental powder were used to characterize the composite WC-Ni type powder. The OM, SEM, EDS and XRD test methods were used to study the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of clad layers. Additionally, ball-on-disc tests were performed to determine the wear resistance of representative coatings under dry sliding conditions. The results indicate that the novel demonstrated technique of localized forced cooling of the solidifying deposit has advantageous effect, because it provides approximately 20% lower penetration depth and dilution, decreases tendency for tungsten carbides decomposition, provides more uniform distribution and higher share of massive eutectic W2C-WC carbides across the coating. While the conventionally laser cladded layers show tendency for decomposition of carbide particles and resolidifying dendritic complex carbides mainly M2C, M3C and M7C3 containing iron, nickel, and tungsten, and with Ni/Ni3B matrix. The quantitative relationship between heat input, cooling conditions and the carbides grain size distribution as well as carbides share in relation to the matrix was determined.

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22

Wang, Xinlin, Han Yu, Jinkun Jiang, Chengui Xia, and Zengxia Zhang. "Influences of Pulse Shaping on Single-Track Clad of AISI316L Stainless Steel by Laser Material Deposition." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020248.

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As a very common type of laser additive manufacturing technology, laser material deposition (LMD) is widely used, having exceptional application advantages including surface enhancing, repairing damaged parts with high value-add, and building functionally graded material. At present, the continuous wave laser is a common laser mode used in the LMD process. The investigation of pulse shaping, which can add a degree of control over the thermal history, is limited. In this study, the effects of pulse shaping on the geometrical characteristics, microstructure, and microhardness were investigated through conducting single-track experiments with different laser shapes, including continuous, rectangular, ramp up, ramp down, and hybrid ramp. The results indicated that the clads created by continuous and ramp up laser shape presented the maximum and minimum dimensions of geometrical characteristics, respectively. The rectangular and hybrid ramp laser shape deposited the clads with similar dimensions. The continuous laser shape produced the clad with the coarsest microstructure and lowest hardness because of the lowest cooling rate. The smallest grain size and highest hardness presented in the clad were seen with the rectangular laser shape owing to the biggest cooling rate. The cooling rates in ramp up and ramp down were restrained by the gradual heating and gradual cooling, respectively.

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23

Serbezov, Valery. "Pulsed Laser Deposition: The Road to Hybrid Nanocomposites Coatings and Novel Pulsed Laser Adaptive Technique." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221013804484863.

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Serbezov, Valery. "Pulsed Laser Deposition: The Road to Hybrid Nanocomposites Coatings and Novel Pulsed Laser Adaptive Technique." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 7, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210511307010026.

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25

Wang, Zhan Jie. "W09I Deposition of Epitaxial PZT Films by Hybrid Process : Sol-Gel Method and Pulsed Laser Deposition(International Workshop on "New Frontiers of Smart Materials and Structural Systems")." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2006.14 (2006): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2006.14.311.

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26

Zhang, Xiaoyu, Dichen Li, and Weijun Zhu. "Numerical Modeling Design for the Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of Laser Directed Energy Deposition and Shot Peening Forming Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si Alloy." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 4877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214877.

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Hybrid additive manufacturing is of great significance to make up for the deficiency of the metal forming process; it has been one of the main trends of additive manufacturing in recent years. The hybrid process of laser directed energy deposition (laser DED) and shot peening is a new technology combining the principles of surface strengthening and additive manufacturing, whose difficulty is to reduce the interaction between the two processes. In this paper, a new model with a discrete phase and fluid–solid interaction method is established, and the location of the shot peening point in the hybrid process is optimized. The distributions of the temperature field and powder trajectory were researched and experiments were carried out with the optimized parameters to verify simulation results. It was found that the temperature field and the powder trajectory partly change, and the optimized injection point is located in the stress relaxation zone of the material. The densities and surface residual stresses of samples were improved, and the density increased by 8.83%. The surface stress changed from tensile stress to compressive stress, and the introduced compressive stress by shot peening was 2.26 times the tensile stress produced by laser directed energy deposition.

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Lutter-Günther, Max, Stephan Wagner, Christian Seidel, and Gunther Reinhart. "Economic and Ecological Evaluation of Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Technologies Based on the Combination of Laser Metal Deposition and CNC Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 805 (November 2015): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.805.213.

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Hybrid additive manufacturing technologies combine selective material deposition with a conventional milling process in one machine, enabling the production of complex metal parts and reducing the need for part specific tools. The hybrid technology offers technological advantages compared to more established additive fabrication processes, such as powder bed fusion. Compared to powder bed based additive processes, which are currently in a prevailing positon regarding AM adaption, hybrid additive technologies enable increased build rates, enhanced build volumes and a reduction of machine changes. In the Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process, metal powder is deposited through a nozzle and melted by a laser on the surface of the part. By integrating the LMD process into a machining center, good surface roughness and low tolerances can be realized by means of e. g. milling without reclamping. In comparison to powder bed based processes, cost and resource input have not been investigated in detail. In this study, hybrid additive manufacturing technologies are analyzed regarding cost and resource input. A cost model for hybrid additive processes is introduced that enables the analysis of the manufacturing cost structure for a given part. Furthermore, the resource inputs for the operation of a hybrid production machine are estimated.

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28

Mohammed, Suzan B., Hayder J. Abdulrahman, and Ayoub A. Bazzaz. "Tuning Hybrid Nano-semiconductor-glass Via High Intensity Laser." NeuroQuantology 19, no. 7 (August 11, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.7.nq21081.

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Conceptually, the high intensity laser represents the simplest thin film deposition techniques that consists of both a target and a substrate holders housed in a vacuum chamber with a high powered pulsed laser as the external energy source for evaporation of target material (Semiconductor Glass). Using deposit thin laser films three ranges of frequencies were produced: (0-15,000 mJ/cm2) as a result tuning of semiconductor was satisfying condition, while the second, 0-33,000 mJ/cm2 as a result tuning of semiconductor had a stable condition and the last 0-100,000 mJ/cm2 as a result tuning of semiconductor was unstable condition. The results demonstrate a decrease in resistance due to charging the semiconductor glass by high intensity laser as well as a superior charge efficiency and lifetime of semiconductor glass coated cells compared to high intensity laser. The current increase in the charge appeared proportional with extra energy stored of the semiconductor glass coated electrodes at 2Co (>23%) in comparison with control. It is concluded that an increase in the capacity of semiconductor glass may address the main difficulty for utilizing the high intensity laser chemistry for future demands.

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Perea-Lopez, N., J. Tao, J. B. Talbot, J. McKittrick, G. A. Hirata, and S. P. DenBaars. "A novel hybrid pulsed laser deposition/metalorganic vapour deposition method to form rare-earth activated GaN." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 12 (May 19, 2008): 122001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/12/122001.

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30

Escobar-Alarcón, L., D. A. Solís-Casados, J. Perez-Alvarez, S. Romero, J. G. Morales-Mendez, and E. Haro-Poniatowski. "Preparation of Bi:TiO2 thin films by an hybrid deposition configuration: pulsed laser deposition and thermal evaporation." Applied Physics A 117, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8276-8.

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31

Liu, Renwei, Zhiyuan Wang, Todd Sparks, Frank Liou, and Cedo Nedic. "Stereo vision-based repair of metallic components." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2015-0118.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate a stereo vision-based hybrid (additive and subtractive) manufacturing process using direct laser metal deposition, computer numerical control (CNC) machining and in-process scanning to repair metallic components automatically. The focus of this work was to realize automated alignment and adaptive tool path generation that can repair metallic components after a single setup. Design/methodology/approach Stereo vision was used to detect the defect area for automated alignment. After the defect is located, a laser displacement sensor is used to scan the defect area before and after laser metal deposition. The scan is then processed by an adaptive algorithm to generate a tool path for repairing the defect. Findings The hybrid manufacturing processes for repairing metallic component combine the advantages of free-form fabrication from additive manufacturing with the high-accuracy offered by CNC machining. A Ti-6Al-4V component with a manufacturing defect was repaired by the proposed process. Compared to previous research on repairing worn components, introducing stereo vision and laser scanning dramatically simplifies the manual labor required to extract and reconstruct the defect area’s geometry. Originality/value This paper demonstrates an automated metallic component repair process by integrating stereo vision and a laser displacement sensor into a hybrid manufacturing system. Experimental results and microstructure analysis shows that the defect area could be repaired feasibly and efficiently with acceptable heat affected zone using the proposed approach.

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Avram, Oliver, Chris Fellows, Marco Menerini, and Anna Valente. "Automated platform for consistent part realization with regenerative hybrid additive manufacturing workflow." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119, no. 3-4 (November 29, 2021): 1737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08218-5.

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AbstractNowadays, the role of hybridization within the wider manufacturing ecosystem gains significant momentum with multiple commercial solutions already available on the market. Despite the very promising benefits of combining and selectively exploiting the advantages of additive and subtractive technologies on the same machine, hybrid additive manufacturing is far from reaching its full potential. One of the central limitations of existing hybrid process chains is the lack of a harmonized, structured and automated workflows to support an adaptive manufacturing strategy. This work is motivated by the need to bridge this gap and to capture the logic behind an adaptive hybrid process chain with the aim to support the achievement of enhanced product quality and improved operational efficiency in hybrid additive manufacturing. The paper discusses the implementation of a hybrid CAx platform and the underlying methodology aiming at the dynamic reduction of variabilities associated with the laser metal deposition process. The hybrid workflow identifies the most adapted sequence and planning of additive and subtractive operations while considering part inspection as an in-envelope functionality to quantify the geometrical and dimensional part deviations and to trigger the regenerative mechanism. The methodology is demonstrated on a hybrid machine by deploying laser ablation for the in situ removal of build deviations and an adapted deposition operation as part of a regenerative strategy leading to higher part confidence.

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Voropaev, A. A., A. D. Akhmetov, Thomas Hassel, and George G. Klimov. "Research of the Structure Defects at Wire-Feed Laser and Laser-Arc Deposition with AlMg6." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.504.

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In comparison with other additive methods, the wire additive manufacturing has some advantages, chief among: high deposition rate and low price for consumables. Otherwise there are some disadvantages such as a high level of internal defects (hot, cold cracks, pores). Adding laser radiation to a WAAM process can significantly reduce data flaws. In this paper outlined research results on the effect of laser radiation (pulsed and permanent) on structure and internal defects of deposit layers to create three-component structures from AlMg6 alloy. Reported samples was made by using hybrid laser-arc method and by applying a single laser. Presented photos of macrosections of obtained samples. Spectral analysis was performed to identify the nature of changes of grains in different processes. Were made the measurements of internal defects and chemical analysis of the obtained walls.

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Krishnaswamy, J., A. Rengan, J. Narayan, K. Vedam, and C. J. McHargue. "Thin‐film deposition by a new laser ablation and plasma hybrid technique." Applied Physics Letters 54, no. 24 (June 12, 1989): 2455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101070.

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Qian, Ying-ping, Hai-ou Zhang, and Gui-lan Wang. "Research of rapid and direct thick coatings deposition by hybrid plasma-laser." Applied Surface Science 252, no. 18 (July 2006): 6173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.07.014.

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Kodama, Shuhei, and Wataru Natsu. "Effects of Electrolyte on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Picosecond Laser Pulses." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020327.

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Short-pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures (SPLIPSSs) have the possibility to control tribology, wettability and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the optimal structure depends on each functionality, which has not been clarified. The hybrid process with a short-pulsed laser and electrochemical machining (SPLECM) is, then, proposed to fabricate micro/nano hybrid structures and to modify the surface composition for providing high functionalities with material surfaces. Electrochemical machining is a well-established micro-elution and deposition method with noncontact between a workpiece and a tool. In this study, the effects of electrolytes on SPLIPSSs were investigated experimentally by the picosecond laser irradiation on 304 stainless steel substrates in various electrolytes. The geometry of SPLIPSSs depended on the types and the concentration of electrolytes. In the case of copper nitrate solution and copper sulfate solution, LIPSSs and spheroidization of copper were obtained. This study demonstrated the possibility of SPLECM to fabricate micro/nano structures and to control surface composition.

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Hussein, Mohammed T., and Fouad A. Senaed. "Hybrid Structure of Organic-Inorganic Photovoltaic Fast Carrier Transport." Nano Hybrids and Composites 30 (November 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.30.19.

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Hybrid organic Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) –inorganic Cadmium Sulfide (CdS), double layered structures were deposited on glass substrate at different thickness using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) with Q-Switching Nd: YAG laser with energy (240,500 mJ) at (25 Celsius) and within vacuum conditions of (10-3 torr). The photoluminescence (PL) is showing that the CdS quenches emissions from CuPc indicating the carrier transfer to the CdS. Also, the CuPc/CdS hybrid structures have the capability for various absorptions as can be seen in the ultraviolet-visible absorption researches and the charge carrier extractions from PL analysis have been adequate for the solar cell applications. FT-IR spectra have been specified for CdS and CuPc.

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Uhlmann, Eckart, Jan Düchting, Torsten Petrat, Erwin Krohmer, Benjamin Graf, and Michael Rethmeier. "Effects on the distortion of Inconel 718 components along a hybrid laser-based additive manufacturing process chain using laser powder bed fusion and laser metal deposition." Progress in Additive Manufacturing 6, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40964-021-00171-9.

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AbstractThe combination of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), known for its geometrical freedom and accuracy, and the nozzle-based laser metal deposition process (LMD), known for its high build-up rates, has great potential to reduce the additive manufacturing times for large metallic parts. For the industrial application of the LPBF-LMD hybrid process chain, it is necessary to investigate the influence of the LMD process on the LPBF substrate. In addition, the build plate material also has a significant impact on the occurrence of distortion along the additive manufacturing process chain. In the literature, steel build plates are often used in laser-based additive manufacturing processes of Inconel 718, since a good metallurgical bonding can be assured whilst reducing costs in the production and restoration of the build plates. This paper examines the distortion caused by LMD material deposition and the influence of the build plate material along the hybrid additive manufacturing process chain. Twin cantilevers are manufactured by LPBF and an additional layer is subsequently deposited with LMD. The distortion is measured in the as-built condition as well as after heat treatment. The effect of different LMD hatch strategies on the distortion is determined. The experiments are conducted using the nickel-base alloy Inconel 718. The results show a significant influence of LMD path strategies on distortion, with shorter tool paths leading to less distortion. The remaining distortion after heat treatment is considerably dependent on the material of the build plate.

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Colpitts, Candace, Amin M. Ektesabi, Rachael A. Wyatt, Bryan D. Crawford, and Amirkianoosh Kiani. "Mammalian Fibroblast Cells Show Strong Preference for Laser-Generated Hybrid Amorphous Silicon-SiO2 Textures." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000327.

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Background In this study, we investigated a method to produce bioactive hybrid amorphous silicon and silicon oxide patterns using nanosecond laser pulses. Methods Microscale line patterns were made by laser pulses on silicon wafers at different frequencies (25, 70 and 100 kHz), resulting in ablation patterns with frequency-dependent physical and chemical properties. Results Incubating the laser-treated silicon substrates with simulated body fluid demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of the laser-treated samples were stable under these conditions, and favored the deposition of bone-like apatite. More importantly, while NIH 3T3 fibroblasts did colonize the untreated regions of the silicon wafers, they showed a strong preference for the laser-treated regions, and further discriminated between substrates treated with different frequencies. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that laser materials processing of silicon-based devices is a promising avenue to pursue in the production of biosensors and other bionic devices.

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Rittinghaus, Silja-Katharina, Janett Schmelzer, Marcus Willi Rackel, Susanne Hemes, Andreas Vogelpoth, Ulrike Hecht, and Andreas Weisheit. "Direct Energy Deposition of TiAl for Hybrid Manufacturing and Repair of Turbine Blades." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194392.

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While repair is mainly used to restore the original part geometry and properties, hybrid manufacturing aims to exploit the benefits of each respective manufacturing process regarding either processing itself or resulting part characteristics. Especially with the current implementation of additive manufacturing in the production of TiAl, turbine blades for both hybrid manufacturing and repair new opportunities are enabled. One main issue is the compatibility of the two or more material types involved, which either differ regarding composition or microstructure or both. In this study, a TNMTM-alloy (Ti-Nb-Mo) was manufactured by different processes (casting, forging, laser additive manufacturing) and identically heat-treated at 1290 °C. Chemical compositions, especially aluminum and oxygen contents, were measured, and the resulting microstructures were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). The properties were determined by hardness measurements and high-temperature compression tests. The comparison led to an overall assessment of the theoretical compatibility. Experiments to combine several processes were performed to evaluate the practical feasibility. Despite obvious differences in the final phase distribution caused by deviations in the chemical composition, the measured properties of the samples did not differ significantly. The feasibility of combining direct energy deposition (DED) with either casting or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was demonstrated by the successful build of the dense, crack-free hybrid material.

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Wang, Yuhui, Wei Liu, Chen Li, Lan Jiang, Jie Hu, Yunlong Ma, and Suocheng Wang. "Selective deposition of gold particles onto silicon at the nanoscale controlled by a femtosecond laser through galvanic displacement." RSC Advances 10, no. 71 (2020): 43432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03059g.

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Paldi, Robynne L., Xing Sun, Xin Li Phuah, Juanjuan Lu, Xinghang Zhang, Aleem Siddiqui, and Haiyan Wang. "Deposition pressure-induced microstructure control and plasmonic property tuning in hybrid ZnO–AgxAu1−x thin films." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 10 (2021): 2870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00887g.

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ZnO–Ag_xAu_1−x oxide–nanoalloy vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films have been grown via pulsed laser deposition and the film morphology and optical properties were tuned through oxygen partial pressure.

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Badea, Nicoleta Maria, M. Jelinek, T. Tite, Mariana Prodana, A. Campean, and Ioana Demetrescu. "The Behavior of SiC Films Fabricated by Hybrid Laser-Magnetron Deposition after Immersion." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.537.

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The in-vitro bioactivity of SiC growing using the innovative hybrid laser-magnetron deposition technique was investigated. The biological response has been analysed after being immersed in a human blood plasma solution for 10 days. Surface analysis by SEM microscopy shows clearly an adsorption process after immersion. The products formed are mainly attributed to a rich-calcium phosphate and silica-complexes layers. Citotoxicity test shows a normal phenotype of fibroblast cell culture on SiC and MTT assay indicates an increased viability of cells around 15% after only one day of immersion. Results obtained are supported by FTIR analysis. Strong changes in the absorbance of bands after immersion are observed, which indicates a strong bioactivity of SiC.

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Sun, J., J. D. Wu, H. Ling, W. Shi, Z. F. Ying, and F. M. Li. "Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma-assisted Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition of Compound Films." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 7 (July 2002): 1692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0249.

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A novel method was developed for low-temperature preparation of thin films. Pulsed laser ablation was combined with electron cyclotron resonance microwave discharge, constituting a novel hybrid film preparation method called electron cyclotron resonance plasma–assisted reactive pulsed laser deposition. We demonstrated the feasibility of the method by preparing compound films of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, and aluminum nitride from elemental starting materials. The mechanisms responsible for efficient compound formation and film growth are discussed, together with characterization of the prepared films, analysis of the plasma composition, and comparison of the films prepared with and without assistance of the plasma. The unique features of the method make it suitable for one-step preparation of compound thin films at low temperatures.

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Qin, L. Y., J. H. Men, L. S. Zhang, S. Zhao, C. F. Li, G. Yang, and W. Wang. "Microstructure homogenizations of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured by hybrid selective laser melting and laser deposition manufacturing." Materials Science and Engineering: A 759 (June 2019): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.049.

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Xin, Bo, Xianxin Zhou, Guang Cheng, Jun Yao, and Yadong Gong. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall structure by hybrid laser metal deposition and laser remelting process." Optics & Laser Technology 127 (July 2020): 106087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106087.

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Loh, Tamie A. J., and Daniel H. C. Chua. "Origin of Hybrid 1T- and 2H-WS2 Ultrathin Layers by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 49 (November 24, 2015): 27496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b09277.

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Zhang, Hai-ou, Ying-ping Qian, and Gui-lan Wang. "Study of rapid and direct thick coating deposition by hybrid plasma-laser manufacturing." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 3-4 (October 2006): 1739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.02.049.

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Obata, Kotaro, Koji Sugioka, Koichi Toyoda, Hiroshi Takai, and Katsumi Midorikawa. "Si Barrier Metal Growth by Hybrid Radical Beam-Pulsed Laser Deposition of TiN." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 12B (December 30, 2000): 7031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.7031.

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Lai, Youfeng, Hong Cheng, Zhenglin Jia, Qizhong Li, Meijun Yang, Song Zhang, Mingxu Han, Rong Tu, Takashi Goto, and Lianmeng Zhang. "Fine‐grained 3C‐SiC thick films prepared via hybrid laser chemical vapor deposition." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 102, no. 9 (March 30, 2019): 5668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.16445.

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