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Journal articles on the topic 'Larviciding'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Ngadjeu, Carmène Sandra, Abdou Talipouo, Sévilor Kekeunou, Patricia Doumbe-Belisse, Idriss Nasser Ngangue-Siewe, Landre Djamouko-Djonkam, Edmond Kopya, et al. "Knowledge, practices and perceptions of communities during a malaria larviciding randomized trial in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): e0276500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276500.

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Background Urban malaria is becoming a major public health concern in major cities in Cameroon. To improve malaria vector control, a pilot larviciding trial was conducted to assess its impact on mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity in Yaoundé. The present study investigated perceptions and practices of communities on malaria control during the larviciding trial implemented in Yaoundé. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in non-intervention and intervention areas. Quantitative data were collected during three cross-sectional surveys using a structured pre-tested questionnaire while qualitative data were obtained through interviews. A total of 26 in-depth interviews and eight focus group discussions with community members were performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to assess the perception of the community on larviciding impact on some malaria or bed nets use indicators. Results People living in intervention areas were 2.64 times more likely to know the mode of malaria transmission (95% CI: 1.82–3.84; p<0.001) and 1.3 time more likely to know mosquito breeding habitats (95% CI: 1.06–1.56; p = 0.009) compared to those living in non-intervention areas. In intervention areas, interviewee opinions on larviciding were generally good i.e. most interviewees reported having noticed a reduction in mosquito nuisance and malaria cases following larviciding implementation; whereas in non-intervention areas no report of reduction of mosquito nuisance was recorded. LLINs were regularly used by the population despite the implementation of larviciding treatments. There was high interest in larviciding program and demand for continuation, even if this needs the community involvement. Conclusion The larviciding program in the city of Yaoundé did not negatively affected community members’ behaviour and practices concerning the use of treated nets. The study indicated the acceptance of larviciding program by the population. This positive environment could favour the implementation of future antilarval control activities in the city of Yaoundé.
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2

Dambach, Peter, Till Bärnighausen, Anges Yadouleton, Martin Dambach, Issouf Traoré, Patricia Korir, Saidou Ouedraogo, et al. "Is biological larviciding against malaria a starting point for integrated multi-disease control? Observations from a cluster randomized trial in rural Burkina Faso." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): e0253597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253597.

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Objectives To evaluate the impact of anti-malaria biological larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on non-primary target mosquito species in a rural African setting. Methods A total of 127 villages were distributed in three study arms, each with different larviciding options in public spaces: i) no treatment, ii) full or iii) guided intervention. Geographically close villages were grouped in clusters to avoid contamination between treated and untreated villages. Adult mosquitoes were captured in light traps inside and outside houses during the rainy seasons of a baseline and an intervention year. After enumeration, a negative binomial regression was used to determine the reductions achieved in the different mosquito species through larviciding. Results Malaria larviciding interventions showed only limited or no impact against Culex mosquitoes; by contrast, reductions of up to 34% were achieved against Aedes when all detected breeding sites were treated. Culex mosquitoes were captured in high abundance in semi-urban settings while more Aedes were found in rural villages. Conclusions Future malaria larviciding programs should consider expanding onto the breeding habitats of other disease vectors, such as Aedes and Culex and evaluate their potential impact. Since the major cost components of such interventions are labor and transport, other disease vectors could be targeted at little additional cost.
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3

Berlin Rubin, Nina, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Adriane Lesser, Marie Lynn Miranda, and Randall Kramer. "Process Evaluation of a Community-Based Microbial Larviciding Intervention for Malaria Control in Rural Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 7309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197309.

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Microbial larviciding can be an effective component of integrated vector management malaria control schemes, although it is not commonly implemented. Moreover, quality control and evaluation of intervention activities are essential to evaluate the potential of community-based larviciding interventions. We conducted a process evaluation of a larval source management intervention in rural Tanzania where local staff were employed to apply microbial larvicide to mosquito breeding habitats with the aim of long-term reductions in malaria transmission. We developed a logic model to guide the process evaluation and then established quantitative indicators to measure intervention success. Quantitative analysis of intervention reach, exposure, and fidelity was performed to assess larvicide application, and interviews with larviciding staff were reviewed to provide context to quantitative results. Results indicate that the intervention was successful in terms of reach, as staff applied microbial larvicide at 80% of identified mosquito breeding habitats. However, the dosage of larvicide applied was sufficient to ensure larval elimination at only 26% of sites, which does not meet the standard set for intervention fidelity. We propose that insufficient training and protocol adaptation, environment and resource issues, and human error contributed to low larvicide application rates. This demonstrates how several small, context-specific details in sum can result in meaningful differences between intervention blueprint and execution. These findings may serve the design of other larval source management interventions by demonstrating the value of additional training, supervision, and measurement and evaluation of protocol adherence.
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4

Parvez, S. D., and S. S. Al Wahaibi. "Comparison of three larviciding options for malaria vector control." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 4 (September 21, 2003): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.627.

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A field study was carried out over 27 weeks in the south Batinah region of Oman to assess the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of different strategies for vector control of malaria. Three larviciding strategies for Anopheles spp. were applied to intervention areas and compared with a control area, with over 2000 breeding sites monitored for 6 months. The normal method of spraying 1 ppm temephos larvicide fortnightly was found to be less efficient and less cost-effective than using 0.5 ppm temephos applied weekly. A third, more environmentally favourable method, to search for vector larvae and treat only those breeding places, was more effective than fortnightly spraying but less effective than the weekly half dose and was the most expensive strategy
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Rulisa, Alexis, Luuk van Kempen, Leon Mutesa, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Chantal M. Ingabire, Fredrick Kateera, Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt, Michèle van Vugt, and Bart van den Borne. "Willingness to Contribute to Bio-Larviciding in the Fight against Malaria: A Contingent Valuation Study among Rice Farmers in Rwanda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 11575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111575.

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There is broad consensus that successful and sustained larval source management (LSM) interventions, including bio-larviciding campaigns, require embeddedness in local community institutions. Ideally, these community structures should also be capable of mobilizing local resources to (co-)finance interventions. To date, farmer cooperatives, especially cooperatives of rice growers whose economic activity facilitates mosquito breeding, have remained under the radar in designing community-based bio-larviciding campaigns. This study explores the potential of rice farmer cooperatives in Bugesera district, Rwanda, to take up the aforementioned roles. To this purpose, we surveyed 320 randomly selected rice farmers who belonged to one of four rice cooperatives in the area and elicited their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for application of Bti, a popular bio-larvicide, in their rice paddies. Results from a (non-incentivized) bidding game procedure, which tested two alternative contribution schemes showed that financial contributions would be significantly different from zero and sufficient to carry a co-financing share of 15–25 per cent. A strong heterogeneity in mean WTP is revealed across cooperatives, in addition to variation among individual farmers, which needs to be anticipated when engaging farmer cooperatives in LSM.
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Ranjbar, Mansour, Khodadad Gorgij, Mahdi Mohammadi, Ali Haghdoost, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Fatemeh Nikpour, Masoud Salehi, et al. "Efficacy of applying self-assessment of larviciding operation, Chabahar, Iran." Malaria Journal 11, no. 1 (2012): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-329.

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7

Rahman, Rifat, Adriane Lesser, Leonard Mboera, and Randall Kramer. "Cost of microbial larviciding for malaria control in rural Tanzania." Tropical Medicine & International Health 21, no. 11 (August 31, 2016): 1468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12767.

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Vignolles, Cécile, Rainer Sauerborn, Peter Dambach, Christian Viel, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Ali Sié, Christophe Rogier, and Yves M. Tourre. "RE-EMERGING MALARIA VECTORS IN RURAL SAHEL (NOUNA, BURKINA FASO): THE PALUCLIM PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-237-2016.

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The Paluclim project applied the tele-epidemiology approach, linking climate, environment and public health (CNES, 2008), to rural malaria in Nouna (Burkina Faso). It was to analyze the climate impact on vectorial risks, and its consequences on entomological risks forecast. The objectives were to: 1) produce entomological risks maps in the Nouna region, 2) produce dynamic maps on larvae sites and their productivity, 3) study the climate impact on malaria risks, and 4) evaluate the feasibility of strategic larviciding approach.
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Vignolles, Cécile, Rainer Sauerborn, Peter Dambach, Christian Viel, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Ali Sié, Christophe Rogier, and Yves M. Tourre. "RE-EMERGING MALARIA VECTORS IN RURAL SAHEL (NOUNA, BURKINA FASO): THE PALUCLIM PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-237-2016.

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The Paluclim project applied the tele-epidemiology approach, linking climate, environment and public health (CNES, 2008), to rural malaria in Nouna (Burkina Faso). It was to analyze the climate impact on vectorial risks, and its consequences on entomological risks forecast. The objectives were to: 1) produce entomological risks maps in the Nouna region, 2) produce dynamic maps on larvae sites and their productivity, 3) study the climate impact on malaria risks, and 4) evaluate the feasibility of strategic larviciding approach.
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10

Ahmad Zaki, Zuhainy, Nazri Che Dom, and Ibrahim Ahmed Alhothily. "Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Treatment on Aedes Population Using Different Applications at High-Rise Buildings." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020067.

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Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is an effective biological insecticide for killing mosquito larvae. However, choosing the suitable application method for larviciding is critical in increasing its effectiveness. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Bti (VectoBac®) WG using various applications at high-rise buildings. Three different applications of Bti treatment were applied at three high-rise buildings in Bandar Saujana Putra. The ULV machine is used for Pangsapuri Impian, a mist blower for Pangsapuri Seri Saujana and a pressured sprayer for BSP 21. BSP Skypark does not undergo treatment and acts as a control. The efficacy of Bti treatment was measured by analyzing the ovitrap surveillance data collected (POI and MLT) for pre and post-treatment. Post-treatment ovitrap surveillance indicates that the Aedes sp. mosquito density was lower than the density at the time of pre-treatment surveillance. Overall, the Aedes albopictus species in both an indoor and outdoor environment setting had shown a reduction. The highest Aedes sp. density reduction is seen through the use of mist blowers in outdoor settings for Aedes albopictus, (%POI reduction = 87.4%; %MLT reduction = 93.8%). The mist blower yielded results that is significantly higher compared to other larviciding applications; the order from greatest to the least was mist blower > pressured sprayer > ULV. It can be concluded that each application produces different degrees of effectiveness in reducing the Aedes sp. density in different environmental settings.
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Husni, Husni, Th B. Rahayujati, and S. Supargiyono. "Evaluation of malaria risk factors prevention and control program in Kulon Progo Regency." Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.26891.

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Evaluation of malaria risk factors prevention and control program in Kulon Progo RegencyPurposeThe purpose of this research was to evaluate the program of prevention and control of malaria risk factors in Kulon Progo District in 2016 based on system approach.MethodThis research was evaluation program used mixed methods (sequential explanatory design). Data collected from 7 public health center of active focus malaria and district health office. Respondents were program managers and head of public health center, district program managers, head of control and eradication of communicable diseases, and head of district health offices. The instruments used structured questionnaires and in-depth interview guides. Quantitative data analysis was descriptive and qualitative data used Miles and Huberman model.Results Most of the availability of human resources, funds, facilities, materials, and methods already meet implementation needs except entomologists, allocation of funds activities other than IRS, time of the implementation of larval fish deployment. Most of the processes that started from the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation have gone well except for planning other than IRS, preparation vector control without entomology database, implementation of environmental management, larviciding, and larval fish deployment. Coverage of LLINs, coverage of IRS, control of LLINs efficacy, and test of vector resistance have met the target, except coverage of larviciding and larval fish deployment was not available.ConclusionPrevention and control program of malaria risk factors has implemented but wasn’t based on entomological data. District health offices should recruit entomologist to support vector control activities.
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12

LIU, RONGSONG, and STEPHEN A. GOURLEY. "Resistance to larvicides in mosquito populations and how it could benefit malaria control." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 24, no. 3 (December 20, 2012): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792512000459.

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We model larviciding of mosquitoes taking into account the evolution of resistance to the larvicides, the evolutionary costs of resistance and the implications for malaria control. There is evidence that resistance comes with various costs, one of which is reduced adult longevity for resistant mutants. The mosquito adult lifespan is one of the most crucial parameters in malaria transmission due to a long developmental time for the malaria parasite in the insect. A possible malaria control strategy is therefore to shorten this adult lifespan by larviciding with a potent larvicide to which mosquitoes become resistant. This novel strategy is studied using a mathematical model for the wild type and resistant mutants and by incorporating the malaria disease dynamics using an SEI type model with standard incidence that incorporates the latency period of the parasite in wild-type and resistant mosquitoes. We consider the linear stability of the malaria-free equilibrium in which the resistant strain is dominant and derive a condition for the global eradication of malaria. Numerical simulations are presented, which offer further insights. The parameter to which the analysis is most sensitive is the per-capita death rate of resistant adult mosquitoes. Increasing this parameter dramatically reduces the basic reproduction number R0. However, increasing it too much causes the wild type to outcompete the resistant mutants, and the control strategy fails. Exploitation of costs of resistance to larvicides thus offers a possible malaria control measure if the larvicide is sufficiently potent and costs of resistance are neither too great nor too small.
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13

Buckner, Eva A., Katie F. Williams, Samantha Ramirez, Constance Darrisaw, Juliana M. Carrillo, Mark D. Latham, and Christopher R. Lesser. "A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/21-7038.

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ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P &lt; 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P &gt; 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., &gt;20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.
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Hribar, Lawrence J., Edsel M. Fussell, and Andrea L. Leal. "Larviciding Offshore Islands Reduces Adulticidal Treatment of Populated Areas Adjacent To National Wildlife Refuges." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 27, no. 4 (December 2011): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/11-6171.1.

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Suaya, Jose A., Donald S. Shepard, Moh-Seng Chang, Mariana Caram, Stefan Hoyer, Duong Socheat, Ngan Chantha, and Michael B. Nathan. "Cost-effectiveness of annual targeted larviciding campaigns in Cambodia against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti." Tropical Medicine & International Health 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2007): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01889.x.

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Awad, O. M., and A. Shimaila. "Operational use of neem oil as an alternative anopheline larvicide. Part A: laboratory and field efficacy." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 4 (September 21, 2003): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.637.

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We conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anopheline larvae. No difference in LC50 was observed between laboratory and field strains for temephos, chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil. No difference in susceptibility was found after 3 months of application every 2 weeks. Water treated with a single application of traditional larvicides was free of larvae after 4 weeks; neem oil-treated water, however, was free after 2 weeks but not at 4 weeks. Application of chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil every 2 weeks for 7 rounds resulted in dramatic reduction in larval density with no statistically significant differences. An adult survey after larviciding also showed no significant difference. The efficacy of crude neem oil appears to be below that of conventional larvicides
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17

Subramanian, S., S. P. Pani, P. K. Das, and P. K. Rajagopalan. "Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, South India: 2. Epidemiological evaluation of the effect of vector control." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (December 1989): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800031095.

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SUMMARYThis article examines the evaluation of a bancroftian filariasis control programme undertaken in Pondicherry from 1981–5. Integrated vector management was applied in one half of the town, and routine operations under the national programme (larviciding and chemotherapy) continued in the comparison area. The programme was evaluated by monitoring relative change in the epidemiological statistics of both populations. The results indicate that there was significant reduction in prevalence of microfilaraemia in juveniles in the controlled area. An apparent reduction in intensity of microfilaraemia was also observed but this was a consequence of the reduction in prevalence, since the density of microfilariae remained unchanged. The results suggest that primary constraints on the epidemiological evaluation of the vector control of filariasis are the longevity and the population characteristics of the parasite.
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Maheu-Giroux, Mathieu, and Marcia C. Castro. "Impact of Community-Based Larviciding on the Prevalence of Malaria Infection in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2013): e71638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071638.

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Tesfazghi, Kemi, Jenny Hill, Caroline Jones, Hilary Ranson, and Eve Worrall. "National malaria vector control policy: an analysis of the decision to scale-up larviciding in Nigeria." Health Policy and Planning 31, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czv055.

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Obopile, M., G. Segoea, K. Waniwa, D. S. Ntebela, K. Moakofhi, M. Motlaleng, T. Mosweunyane, et al. "Did microbial larviciding contribute to a reduction in malaria cases in eastern Botswana in 2012–2013?" Public Health Action 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): S50—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.17.0012.

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Li, James, Kevin Sze, and Jonathan P’ng. "Evaluation of Storm-Water Impacts on Larviciding Chemicals at Catch Basins for West Nile Virus Control." Journal of Environmental Engineering 138, no. 2 (February 2012): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000477.

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Mboera, Leonard, Randall Kramer, Marie Miranda, Stella Kilima, Elizabeth Shayo, and Adriane Lesser. "Community Knowledge and Acceptance of Larviciding for Malaria Control in a Rural District of East-Central Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2014): 5137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505137.

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Toolabi, Ramesh, Mohammad Reza Abai, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, Hassan Vatandoost, Mansooreh Shayeghi, Saeed Tavakoli, and Mohammad Sistanizadeh Aghdam. "Larviciding Activity of Acroptilon repens Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus under Laboratory Conditions." Pharmacognosy Journal 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2018): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.3.74.

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Garms, R., T. L. Lakwo, R. Ndyomugyenyi, W. Kipp, T. Rubaale, E. Tukesiga, J. Katamanywa, R. J. Post, and U. V. Amazigo. "The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding." Acta Tropica 111, no. 3 (September 2009): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.001.

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Widiarti, Widiarti, Riyani Setiyaningsih, and Diana Andriyani Pratamawati. "IMPLEMENTASI PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR DBD DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 17, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.17.1.116.20-30.

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ABSTRACT Central Java Province is one of the provinces with considerable dengue cases in Indonesia. One of the strategic efforts that have been implemented is controlling mosquitoes with fogging and larviciding with temephos at water reservoirs. However, cases remain increase or outbreaks occur in several districts/cities. The study was conducted to determine the causes of the high dengue fever cases in Central Java Province as to improve the implementation of such programs. Data related to the implementation of vector control were collected from various sources. The results showed that the PSN program in several districts did not optimally run because the community did not routinely do it. Larviciding with temephos was only carried out in the event of outbreaks and in the endemic areas. Fogging, which should be implemented in two cycles, was generally implemented only in one cycle due to limited insecticides availability and wide area coverage. It can be concluded that the high dengue fever cases in Central Java Province was caused by the gap between the program and the implementation in the field. Keywords: Dengue vector, larvaciding, sogging ABSTRAK Provinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan salah satu provinsi yang menyumbang kasus demam berdarah dengue (DBD) cukup besar di Indonesia. Salah satu upaya strategis yang telah dilakukan adalah mengendalikan nyamuk dengan pengasapan dan larvasidasi dengan temephos pada Tempat Penampungan Air (TPA). Upaya tersebut belum memberikan hasil yang optimal karena masih terjadi peningkatan kasus atau Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di beberapa kabupaten/kota. Kajian secara deskriptif dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran permasalahan tingginya kasus DBD di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dalam rangka perbaikan dan pengembangan kebijakan pengendalian vektor DBD. Data dan informasi yang dikumpulkan berupa dokumen yang meliputi pelaksanaan pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (PSN), larvasidasi yang dilakukan, fogging, dan data lain yang berkaitan dengan pengendalian vektor. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa program PSN tidak berjalan optimal di beberapa kabupaten di Jawa Tengah karena masyarakat tidak melakukannya secara rutin. Larvasidasi dengan temephos hanya dilakukan pada saat terjadi KLB dan hanya di daerah endemis DBD. Fogging pada umumnya dilakukan hanya dalam satu siklus kehidupan vektor, yang mana seharusnya dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Hal ini disebabkan karena keterbatasan insektisida dan cakupan wilayah cukup luas. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingginya DBD di Provinsi Jawa Tengah disebabkan adanya kesenjangan antara program yang telah dicanangkan dengan implementasi di lapangan. Kata kunci: Vektor DBD, larvasidasi, pengasapan
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Crosa, G., L. Yaméogo, D. Calamari, M. E. Diop, K. Nabé, and F. Kondé. "Analysis of the effects of rotational larviciding on aquatic fauna of two Guinean rivers: the case of permethrin." Chemosphere 44, no. 3 (July 2001): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00279-4.

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Vaux, Alexander G. C., Colin Johnston, Thom Dallimore, Liz McGinley, Clare Strode, Archie K. Murchie, Nalini Iyanger, et al. "Working towards a Co-Ordinated Approach to Invasive Mosquito Detection, Response and Control in the UK." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145166.

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The United Kingdom (UK) has reported a single detection of the eggs of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in each of the three years from 2016 to 2018, all in southeast England. Here, we report the detection of mosquito eggs on three occasions at two sites in London and southeast England in September 2019. Mosquito traps were deployed at 56 sites, in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as part of a coordinated surveillance programme with local authorities, Edge Hill University, and government departments. Response to each detection was coordinated by Public Health England’s (PHE) local health protection teams, with technical support from PHE’s Medical Entomology group, and control conducted by the respective local authority. Control, including source reduction and larviciding, was conducted within a 300 metre radius of the positive site. The response followed a National Contingency Plan for Invasive Mosquitoes: Detection of Incursions. Although the response to these incidents was rapid and well co-ordinated, recommendations are made to further develop mosquito surveillance and control capability for the UK.
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Dale, Pat E. R., Jon M. Knight, and Peter L. Daniels. "Using Present Value as a Simple Approach to Compare Mosquito Larval Control Methods." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6684.1.

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ABSTRACT Simple economic-based comparisons of source reduction and larvicide treatment are generally lacking in the mosquito control literature. The aim is to address this by developing an Excel tool that calculates the total present value (PV) of control methods. We use 15 years as the time frame, but this can be varied. Total PV is calculated based on the cost of each method at the start. A 3% discount rate is applied to recurring costs, and one-off costs are included throughout because they are part of the total PV. The data are based on information provided by mosquito control agencies in southeast Queensland, Australia. Values in the tool can be simply edited to reflect specific program characteristics. The outcome for the data used showed that source reduction is an appropriate option if maintenance is minimal. When major maintenance is needed, then larviciding may be the better option, particularly if money is the main consideration. However, if the frequency of applying larvicides increases, then source reduction becomes an increasingly attractive option.
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Wigati, R. A., Sidiq Setyo Nugroho, Anggi Septia Irawan, and AG Triwibowo. "The Pattern of Vector Control in Malaria Endemic Areas of Central Java Province." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213307005.

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Malaria remains a public health problem in Indonesia, therefore, a study was conducted to guarantee a reduction in malaria cases and to support an elimination program. This study aims to determine the patternof vector control in malaria-endemic areas of Central Java Province from August to December 2016, through searching of reports and articles on malaria vector control. Malaria eradication efforts that were carried out included curative treatment and preventive action, by controlling the vector. Meanwhile, malaria vector control in Central Java Province from 2011 to 2015, includes insecticide-treated mosquito nets, larvae fish spreading, repellent use, indoor residual spraying, and larviciding. However, several obstacles to malaria vector control include, increase in the number of breeding sites, population movements from malaria endemic areas, presence of imported cases, geographic condition, attitude and behavior of people, policy differences in governance, and insufficient control budgets. Malaria is always present in Central Java Province, due to differences in vector control programme, mode of control, time, and budget. Therefore, malaria vector control policies depend on legislation, local regulation, cross-sectoral budget, support, and contribution.
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Nsimba, Francis Zakanda, Thierry Lengu Bobanga, Pius Zakayi Kabututu, and Jean-Marie Iyamba Liesse. "Larvicidal Activity of Inorganic Salts Against Anopheles Stephensi and Culex Quinquefasciatus." International Annals of Science 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.10.1.45-51.

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Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide every year and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. In this study, the larvicidal bioassays for activities of aqueous solutions of weak acid [(NH4)2SO4 and NaH2PO4] and weak base (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) inorganic salts against late instar larvae of disease vectors Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus were carried out under laboratory settings. The four inorganic salts showed varied levels of larvicidal activities after 24 h-exposure on Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the larvicidal activities were relatively higher in Na2CO3 (LC50 = 3162 and 447 ppm) and NaHCO3 (LC50 = 5623 and 398 ppm) solutions as compared to those in (NH4)2SO4 (LC50 = 7943 and 1995 ppm) and NaH2PO4 (LC50 = 7943 and 7120 ppm). The present study showed that the inorganic salts Na2CO3, NaHCO3, (NH4)2SO4 and NaH2PO4 could serve as potential larviciding agents considering their low toxicity. Therefore, this study provides a first report on the larvicidal activity of the inorganic salts on mosquito larvae of disease vectors.
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Guzzetta, Giorgio, Filippo Trentini, Piero Poletti, Frederic Alexandre Baldacchino, Fabrizio Montarsi, Gioia Capelli, Annapaola Rizzoli, Roberto Rosà, Stefano Merler, and Alessia Melegaro. "Effectiveness and economic assessment of routine larviciding for prevention of chikungunya and dengue in temperate urban settings in Europe." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2017): e0005918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005918.

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Healy, Kristen B., Emily Dugas, and Dina M. Fonseca. "Development of a Degree-Day Model to Predict Egg Hatch of Aedes albopictus." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6841.1.

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ABSTRACT Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is an important nuisance mosquito species and known vector of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Despite their cosmopolitan distribution around the world, there is a paucity of accurate predictive models based on rates of development at different temperatures (degree-day models). These types of models can benefit mosquito control districts by predicting when to target early-season larval development, when populations are likely at their lowest levels. In this study, we determined the effect of temperature and nutrient levels on the development rates and male and female adult size of 2 Ae. albopictus populations: one field-collected, the other a 20-year-old lab colony. We found relatively small differences in the effects of temperature and nutrient levels between populations. Data from these studies were used to create a predictive degree-day model, which when tested in New Jersey correlated with field observations of early-season field populations of Ae. albopictus. While other important factors, such as day length and fluctuating temperatures, should be evaluated, data from this study will contribute to the development of operational strategies to effectively time early-season larviciding against this species.
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Murray, Heidi L., Catherine A. Pruszynski, and Lawrence J. Hribar. "Ground Applications of Vectobac® WDG with A1 Super-Duty Mist Sprayer® and Micronair® AU5000 Atomizer for Suppression of Aedes aegypti Populations in the Florida Keys." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/21-7030.

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ABSTRACT Since 2011, the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District (FKMCD) has used the WALS® application strategy with VectoBac® WDG containing Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis via helicopter in Key West for the control of Aedes aegypti larval populations. In 2018, FKMCD conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of using a trailer-mounted A1 Super Duty Mist Sprayer® (A1 Mist Sprayers) with a Micronair® AU5000 (Micron Group) atomizer to apply VectoBac WDG by ground at the rate of 0.5 lb/acre (0.56 kg/ha). Bioassay cups were placed in a residential area encompassing open, moderate, and heavy cover scenarios between 0 and 300 ft (0–91.44 m) perpendicular to the spray line. An application rate of 0.5 lbs/acre (0.56 kg/ha) was used. Bioassay cups were collected after application and returned to the laboratory where 100 ml of distilled water and 10 F1 generation Ae. aegypti larvae were added. Laval mortality was monitored at 2, 4, and 24 h. Three separate runs were completed during the summer of 2018. Average larval mortality at 24 h was &gt;90%. The field trial demonstrated sufficient efficacy to introduce this method of larviciding into operational use.
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Abai, Mohammad Reza, Hassan Vatandoost, Hossein Dorzadeh, Mansoreh Shayeghi, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-bojd, and Ahmad Raeisi. "Bioefficacy of bendiocarb WP80 in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases areas in borderline of Iran and Pakistan." Toxicology Research 10, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab070.

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Abstract Malaria and leishmaniasis are the public health problems in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids, using different insecticides as larviciding and impregnated bednets. The aim of study was to evaluate the biological assays of bendiocarb wettable powder (WP) at different surfaces of wall. The residual effect of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 milligram/meter square (mg/m2) was evaluated on various local surfaces of rooms such as mud and plaster as well as thatch roofs and wooden. World Health Organization standard cones using contact bioassays were carried out using laboratory reared sugar-fed, 48–72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with bendiocarb WP80 at different surfaces was estimated about 2 months. Fumigant tests of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 mg/m2 revealed 50–93.83% mortality with 1 month persistency. The results showed that carbamate insecticide could be used as rotation with pyrethroids for malaria vector control. Monitoring and evaluation of environmental toxicology of pesticides is important for decision making for choosing appropriate pesticides for disease vector control.
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Francis, Sheena, Jervis Crawford, Sashell McKenzie, Towanna Campbell, Danisha Wright, Trevann Hamilton, Sherine Huntley-Jones, et al. "Comparative toxicity of larvicides and growth inhibitors on Aedes aegypti from select areas in Jamaica." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (March 2020): 192041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192041.

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Insecticide resistance has become problematic in tropical and subtropical regions, where Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes -borne arboviral diseases thrive. With the recent occurrence of chikungunya and the Zika virus in Jamaica, the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica, partnered with the United States Agency for International Development to implement multiple intervention activities to reduce the Aedes aegypti populations in seven parishes across the island and to assess the susceptibility of collected samples to various concentrations of temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, (Bti), diflubenzuron and methoprene. Of the insecticides tested, only temephos has been used in routine larviciding activities in the island. The results showed that only temephos at concentrations 0.625 ppm and Bti at concentrations 6–8 ppm were effective at causing 98–100% mortality of local Ae. aegypti at 24 h exposure. Surprisingly, the growth inhibitors diflubenzuron and methoprene had minimal effect at preventing adult emergence in Ae. aegypti larvae in the populations tested. The results demonstrate the need for insecticide resistance testing as a routine part of vector control monitoring activies in order to determine useful tools that may be incorporated to reduce the abundance of Ae. aegypti .
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Nwabor, Ozioma Forstinus. "Anopheline Mosquitoes and the Malaria Scourge." International Letters of Natural Sciences 46 (September 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.46.31.

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The high prevalence of malaria in Africa has defiled many strategies aimed at its eradication. Researchers from various fields have tried without success in this fight against mosquito and its malaria disease. Annually billions of dollars are spent in the design of programs which are aimed at combating this dreaded disease. However all this spending seems to go down the drain as malaria and its vector mosquitoes celebrate their unflinching victory. Current control measures focusing on ways of preventing the disease vis-a-vis, protect man from the vectors “anopheline mosquito” are the mainstay of malaria prevention and control. Many of these control measures are operational with each contributing in its little way. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) and Indoor Residual Sprays (IRS) are well established strategies with global recognition and currently ongoing in Africa. However, as a result of shortcomings in these major control measures, new strategies with hopes of blissful success are been sought after. Larviciding (abortion of metamorphosis) and constant and adequate environmental sanitation seems to be the next option available for use. This article therefore takes a look at the vector-anopheline mosquito, its ecology, productivity and distribution. It also considers malaria and the various control and preventive measures currently targeted at its eradication.
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Nwabor, Ozioma Forstinus. "Anopheline Mosquitoes and the Malaria Scourge." International Letters of Natural Sciences 46 (September 11, 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-7irc57.

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The high prevalence of malaria in Africa has defiled many strategies aimed at its eradication. Researchers from various fields have tried without success in this fight against mosquito and its malaria disease. Annually billions of dollars are spent in the design of programs which are aimed at combating this dreaded disease. However all this spending seems to go down the drain as malaria and its vector mosquitoes celebrate their unflinching victory. Current control measures focusing on ways of preventing the disease vis-a-vis, protect man from the vectors “anopheline mosquito” are the mainstay of malaria prevention and control. Many of these control measures are operational with each contributing in its little way. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) and Indoor Residual Sprays (IRS) are well established strategies with global recognition and currently ongoing in Africa. However, as a result of shortcomings in these major control measures, new strategies with hopes of blissful success are been sought after. Larviciding (abortion of metamorphosis) and constant and adequate environmental sanitation seems to be the next option available for use. This article therefore takes a look at the vector-anopheline mosquito, its ecology, productivity and distribution. It also considers malaria and the various control and preventive measures currently targeted at its eradication.
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38

Saberi, Nasrollah, Ahmad Raeisi, Mohammad Amin Gorouhi, Hassan Vatandoost, Minoo Mashayekhi, Fatemeh Nikpour, Faramarz Bozorg Omid, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani, and Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd. "Current Situation of Malaria and Resistance of Main Vectors to WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Area, Southeastern Iran." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab214.

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Abstract Although malaria is endemic in some areas of southeastern Iran, following the successful national malaria elimination plan, the local transmission area has been shrunk. The main cases in Iran are due to Plasmodium vivax followed by P. falciparum. This study was aimed to determine the current situation of malaria in Kerman Province of Iran and evaluate the insecticide resistance of main vectors. The field study was conducted in 2019. Data of new malaria cases were obtained from the health centers for the period of 2009–2018. Susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi and An. dthali was evaluated against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, Dieldrin, Malathion, Bendiocarb, Deltamethrin, and Temephos at the diagnostic dose. A total of 522 malaria cases were recorded and divided into indigenous (33.14%) and imported (66.86%) categories. The highest incidence of the disease was reported from the southern areas of the province, where all indigenous cases occurred. Adults of An. stephensi were resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane while its resistance to be confirmed to dieldrin, bendiocarb and deltamethrin. As An. dthali had less than 98% mortality against bendiocarb, the resistance status should be confirmed with more tests. Our findings showed both species had less than 98% mortality against bendiocarb and deltamethrin insecticides which are used in malaria vector control program in Iran. Due to the susceptibility of these vectors to temephos, larviciding can be advised for vector control in this area.
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Bestari, Rochmadina Suci, and Amelia Sri Mulyani. "The Role of Larval Source Management (LSM) as Malaria Elimination." Community Medicine and Education Journal 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/cmej.v3i1.170.

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Malaria is one of the infectious diseases that are still a problem in Indonesia and the world. The Indonesian government in collaboration with WHO had have guidelines to prevent malaria transmission through the distribution of mosquito nets (long-lasting insecticidal net), Indoor Residual Spray, use of repellents, and others. However, advances in malaria elimination measures had also been accompanied by rapidly growing resistance and changes in vector genetics. This study aimed to know the effectiveness of LSM for malaria elimination. This study used a literature review method using online-based databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct, and Springer, limited to the last 15 years, boolean operator “Malaria” OR “Malaria Control” OR “Malaria Elimination” AND “LarvalSource Management”. There were 1,716 articles found and then excluded according to the restriction criteria, 8 articles were reviewed. Based on the 8 articles that had been obtained and analyzed, it was found that 1 article showed fully practised LSM and 7 articles had practised larviciding as representatives of the LSM program. Larval source management (LSM) can effectively reduce the number of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae, whether used according to complete action or only one action. All articles stated that LSM was an effective program and can be used for malaria elimination in the future. Larval source management (LSM) was an effective program for malaria elimination.
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Karunaratne, S. H. P. P., T. C. Weeraratne, M. D. B. Perera, and S. N. Surendran. "Insecticide resistance and, efficacy of space spraying and larviciding in the control of dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Sri Lanka." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 107, no. 1 (September 2013): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.011.

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41

Bissan, Y., J. M. Hougard, K. Doucouré, A. Akpoboua, C. Back, P. Poudiougo, A. P. Sib, et al. "Drastic reduction of populations ofSimulium sirbanum(Diptera: Simuliidae) in central Sierra Leone after 5 years of larviciding operations by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 89, no. 1 (February 1995): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1995.11812930.

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42

Omar, Aliyu Abdulhamid, Abdulrasheed Dalhatu, Shehu Abubakar Kafi, and Umar Aliyu. "Assessment of mosquito larval habitats, species abundance and diversity in Azare, Katagum Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria." Gadau Journal of Pure and Allied Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 10, 2022): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/gjpas.v1i2.14.

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The study investigated the abundance and diversity of mosquito species larvae in different larval breeding habitats of Azare, Katagum L.G.A., Bauchi State, Nigeria. The selected habitats were surveyed weekly between August and October, 2021 across ten communities. A total of 2,320 mosquito larvae of different instars were collected and reared to adults in which 1,624 successfully emerged as adults comprising of three genera namely: Anopheles 464 (20%), Culex 928 (40.00%) and Aedes 232 (10%). A total of four (4) species were identified; two (2) of which were Anopheles spp. (An. gambiae and An. arabiensis), one (1) Culex spp. (Cx. quinquefasciatus), one (1) Aedes spp. (Ae. aegypti); while the numbers of unidentified individuals for Culex and Aedes genera down to species level were one (1) species for each respectively. The results of this study found high species abundance and relatively low diversity but a high larval breeding index. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in larval abundance among the three groups. Most interestingly, the study found out that mosquitoes’ larvae co-habit together in relation to the breeding habitats sampled across the study area. The results of this study signify high transmission risk of mosquitoes-borne diseases in the area. Thus, control interventions, to reduce malaria burdens and other arboviruses, in the city should be broadened to target the breeding sites of mosquitoes by implementing a larviciding strategy especially during the wet season is presumably the most cost-effective strategy to consider.
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43

Adnyani Suari, Luh Gde Sri, Abiyyu Didar Haq, and Luh Ade Dita Rahayu. "POTENSI EKSTRAK BUNGA KAMBOJA (PLUMERIA SP.) DAN BUNGA KLUWIH (ARTOCARPUS CAMANSI) SEBAGAI BIOLARVASIDA NYAMUK ANOPHELES SP. DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT MALARIA." JIMKI: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia 8, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53366/jimki.v8i3.267.

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ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Malaria merupakan salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang menjadi perhatian banyak negara di seluruh dunia, terutama di Indonesia yang merupakan negara dengan iklim tropis. Untuk meminimalkan penularan malaria maka dilakukan upaya pengendalian terhadap Anopheles sp sebagai nyamuk penular malaria. Beberapa upaya pengendalian vektor yang dilakukan misalnya dilakukan larviciding. Insektisida konvensional seperti malathion, DDT dan piretroid yang umumnya digunakan untuk pengendalian vektor, diketahui menyebabkan masalah seperti polusi lingkungan, efek residu dan resistensi pada spesies nyamuk. Maka dari itu, kita harus mencari alternatif dari penggunaan insektisida yang berlebihan, mencari alternatif yang lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi dijadikan larvasida alami yaitu bunga kamboja dan bunga kluwih. Metode: Tinjauan pustaka ini menggunakan berbagai bentuk sumber yang didapatkan dari portal publikasi daring. Pembahasan: Ekstrak bunga Plumeria sp. menunjukkan adanya steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, tanin dan minyak atsiri. Senyawa steroid, flavonoid, dan alkaloid merupakan beberapa senyawa yang diperkirakan memiliki efek larvisida. Steroid dapat menghambat pertumbuhan serangga yaitu perubahan dari stadium larva ke pupa dan sebaliknya. Flavonoid bekerja sebagai racun pernapasan. Alkaloid berperan sebagai racun kontak dan menghambat acetylcholinesterase, menimbulkan rasa pahit sehingga mengganggu proses pengambilan makan oleh larva. Sedangkan bunga kluwih mengandung senyawa seperti saponin, flavonoid, polifenol, yang memiliki efek mekanisme berurutan yaitu penghambat rangsang makan serangga, inhibitor pernafasan, hormon penghambat moulting. Simpulan: Kombinasi ekstrak bunga kamboja (Plumeria sp.) dan bunga kluwih (Artocarpus camansi) memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai biolarvasida nyamuk Anopheles sp. Kata Kunci: Kamboja, Kluwih, Biolarvasida, Malaria
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Ligsay, Antonio D., Zypher Jude G. Regencia, Kristan Jela M. Tambio, Michelle Joyce M. Aytona, Alain Jason A. Generale, Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro, Jacquiline S. Tychuaco, Lilian A. De las Llagas, Emmanuel S. Baja, and Richard Edward L. Paul. "Efficacy Assessment of Autodissemination Using Pyriproxyfen-Treated Ovitraps in the Reduction of Dengue Incidence in Parañaque City, Philippines: A Spatial Analysis." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010066.

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Dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases worldwide and is a significant public health problem in the tropics. Mosquito control continues to be the primary approach to reducing the disease burden and spread of dengue virus (DENV). Aside from the traditional larviciding and adulticiding interventions, autodissemination using pyriproxyfen-treated (AD-PPF) ovitraps is one of the promising methods to complement existing vector control strategies. Our paper assessed the efficacy of AD-PPF in reducing DENV infections in two barangays in Parañaque City. Using saliva samples from the participants from both the control and intervention sites, we collected the seroprevalence data for three months in each of the two years. Spatial analysis was conducted to determine hotspot areas and identify DENV infection distributions across the trial periods. The results showed that the intervention site was identified as having a clustering of DENV infections in Month 0 of Year 1 and shifted to a random dispersion of dengue cases at the end of Month 3 in Year 2. The disappearance of the clustering of the intervention site translates to a decrease in the cases of DENV infection relative to the control site. Furthermore, we also identified that DENV transmission occurred at a small-scale level that did not go beyond 86 m. In conclusion, AD-PPF is suggested to be an effective strategy and may be used as an additional vector control approach, albeit based on this short-term implementation.
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Traoré, S., M. D. Wilson, A. Sima, T. Barro, A. Diallo, A. Aké, S. Coulibaly, et al. "The elimination of the onchocerciasis vector from the island of Bioko as a result of larviciding by the WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control." Acta Tropica 111, no. 3 (September 2009): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.03.007.

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46

Zhou, Guofa, Daibin Zhong, Ming-Chieh Lee, Xiaoming Wang, Harrysone E. Atieli, John I. Githure, Andrew K. Githeko, James Kazura, and Guiyun Yan. "Multi-Indicator and Multistep Assessment of Malaria Transmission Risks in Western Kenya." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1211.

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ABSTRACTMalaria risk factor assessment is a critical step in determining cost-effective intervention strategies and operational plans in a regional setting. We develop a multi-indicator multistep approach to model the malaria risks at the population level in western Kenya. We used a combination of cross-sectional seasonal malaria infection prevalence, vector density, and cohort surveillance of malaria incidence at the village level to classify villages into malaria risk groups through unsupervised classification. Generalized boosted multinomial logistics regression analysis was performed to determine village-level risk factors using environmental, biological, socioeconomic, and climatic features. Thirty-six villages in western Kenya were first classified into two to five operational groups based on different combinations of malaria risk indicators. Risk assessment indicated that altitude accounted for 45–65% of all importance value relative to all other factors; all other variable importance values were < 6% in all models. After adjusting by altitude, villages were classified into three groups within distinct geographic areas regardless of the combination of risk indicators. Risk analysis based on altitude-adjusted classification indicated that factors related to larval habitat abundance accounted for 63% of all importance value, followed by geographic features related to the ponding effect (17%), vegetation cover or greenness (15%), and the number of bed nets combined with February temperature (5%). These results suggest that altitude is the intrinsic factor in determining malaria transmission risk in western Kenya. Malaria vector larval habitat management, such as habitat reduction and larviciding, may be an important supplement to the current first-line vector control tools in the study area.
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Goddard, Jerome, and Wendy C. Varnado. "Disaster Vector Control in Mississippi After Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 2s (June 1, 2020): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6870.1.

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ABSTRACT Hurricane Katrina devastated the Mississippi Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005, causing an ecological disaster. Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH) entomologists established a vector control program in affected areas with the following objectives: 1) helping local vector control agencies reestablish services, 2) performing mosquito surveillance, and 3) establishing mosquito larviciding and adulticiding where necessary. The MSDH personnel also helped write Action Request Forms requesting assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for increased ground spraying in the 6 lower counties. Mosquito surveillance was conducted daily for 2 wk after the storm, then weekly for another month. Sanitation lagged, with people using makeshift latrines or simply piles of rubbish for bathrooms. Filth flies contaminated food and food surfaces. Responders lived in tent cities, many allowing filth fly access. Approximately 2 wk after hurricane landfall, due to increasing mosquito numbers, MSDH entomologists requested FEMA for an aerial spraying of insecticide to reduce nuisance mosquito biting in the area. A private vendor made 1 application of naled (Dibrom®) insecticide in the 3 coastal counties, yielding over 90% control in entire counties in 1 night. No complaints or medical or environmental problems from the increased ground spraying and aerial spraying were reported. Overall, important lessons in disaster vector control were learned, including how to work effectively with Centers for Disease Control, FEMA, and the US Public Health Service personnel, how to manage the public relations/educational aspects, and how to avoid or mitigate political interference in the disaster response.
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48

Barrera, Roberto, Angela Harris, Ryan R. Hemme, Gilberto Felix, Nicole Nazario, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordan, Damaris Rodriguez, et al. "Citywide Control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during the 2016 Zika Epidemic by Integrating Community Awareness, Education, Source Reduction, Larvicides, and Mass Mosquito Trapping." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (February 12, 2019): 1033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz009.

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Abstract This investigation was initiated to control Aedes aegypti and Zika virus transmission in Caguas City, Puerto Rico, during the 2016 epidemic using Integrated Vector Management (IVM), which included community awareness and education, source reduction, larviciding, and mass-trapping with autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO). The epidemic peaked in August to October 2016 and waned after April 2017. There was a preintervention period in October/November 2016 and IVM lasted until August 2017. The area under treatment (23.1 km2) had 61,511 inhabitants and 25,363 buildings. The city was divided into eight even clusters and treated following a cluster randomized stepped-wedge design. We analyzed pools of female Ae. aegypti adults for RNA detection of dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses using 360 surveillance AGO traps every week. Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity were monitored in each cluster. Mosquito density significantly changed (generalized linear mixed model; F8, 14,588 = 296; P < 0.001) from 8.0 ± 0.1 females per trap per week before the intervention to 2.1 ± 0.04 after the percentage of buildings treated with traps was 60% and to 1.4 ± 0.04 when coverage was above 80%. Out of a total 12,081 mosquito pools, there were 1 DENV-, 7 CHIKV-, and 49 ZIKV-positive pools from October 2016 to March 2017. Afterward, we found only one positive pool of DENV in July 2017. This investigation demonstrated that it was possible to scale up effective Ae. aegypti control to a medium-size city through IVM that included mass trapping of gravid Ae. aegypti females.
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49

Diiro, Gracious M., Menale Kassie, Beatrice W. Muriithi, Nancy G. Gathogo, Michael Kidoido, Rose Marubu, John Bwire Ochola, and Clifford Maina Mutero. "Are Individuals Willing to Pay for Community-Based Eco-Friendly Malaria Vector Control Strategies? A Case of Mosquito Larviciding Using Plant-Based Biopesticides in Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 8552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208552.

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This study was carried out to assess individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for UZIMAX, a novel plant-based biopesticide developed for malaria vector control. The biopesticide is estimated to kill up to 100% of Anopheles larvae within 48 h of application and poses no risks to human health and the environment. However, scaling-up of its adoption requires clear evidence of its acceptance by individuals in malaria-prone areas. We conducted Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) revealed preference auctions with 204 participants to determine their willingness to pay (WTP) for community-based application of the biopesticide to control malaria vectors. Nearly all participants were willing to pay at the lowest bid price of the biopesticide, and the majority of them expressed great interest in pooling resources to facilitate biopesticide application. Household per capita income and building capacity of households through training significantly increased WTP. These findings imply high adoption potential of the technology and the need to devise inclusive policy tools, especially those that enhance collective action, resource mobilization and capacity building to empower both men and women and stimulate investment in eco-friendly technologies for malaria prevention. Financial and labor resource mechanisms managed by the community could potentially spur adoption of the biopesticides, and in turn, generate health, environmental and economic benefits to households in malaria-prone communities.
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50

Boakye, D. A., C. Back, G. K. Fiasorgbor, A. P. P. Sib, and Y. Coulibaly. "Sibling species distributions of the Simulium damnosum complex in the West African Onchocerciasis Control Programme area during the decade 1984-93, following intensive larviciding since 1974." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00118.x.

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