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1
Bazarnik, Miroslawa. "Slope stability monitoring in open pit mines using 3D terrestrial laser scanning." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186601020.
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In open pit mines the aspect of preventing and forecasting the threat of landslides and rock falls is crucial issue because of the significant consequences that instabilities may have. Systematic slope stability monitoring is necessary to ensure safe and continuous mining operations. The development of innovative technologies, such as 3D laser scanning, opens up new possibilities, especially in the case of large and hard-to-reach areas, such as open pit mines. Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) provide fast, efficient, detailed, and accurate three-dimensional data. The article discusses the use of 3D terrestrial laser scanning method to monitor slope displacements and landslides in open pit mines. The first part of the article discusses the risk scale of gravitational displacement on the slopes, on examples of Polish open pit mines, and introduces the most common slope monitoring methods. Then, the principles of 3D terrestrial laser scanning were defined, and some examples of TLS applications in the open pit mines were presented.
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Azzuhry, Yahdi. "STABILITY ANALYSIS AND FAILURE MECHANISMS OF OPEN PIT ROCK SLOPE." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 2, no. 3 (August 16, 2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.26589.
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Rock mass in nature tend to be unideal, for it is heterogeneous, anisotropic and has discontinuity. The discontinuity makes anisotropic strength and stress in the rock mass, and also controls the changing of the elastic properties of rock mass. This condition results to disruptions in the rock mass strength balance, and finally drives the slopes to collapse. This study aims to determine the slope failure mechanisms in the area of case study, as well as its variations based on the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI), Slope Mass Rating (SMR), kinematic analysis, numerical analysis and monitoring approach slope movement in a coal mine slope applications. The site investigations were implemented to obtain information about slope collapse. Prior to the collapse, the slope inclination was 38° with of 94 meters height, strike slope of N 245 E and direction of slope surface of 335°. After the collapse, the slope was became 25º; and after the collapse materials were cleared, it was 35º. The discontinuity mapping obtained 5 sets of discontinuities, and the data were developed to obtain the value of RMR. The result of piezometer measurements was that at occurrence of collapse, slope elevation was 44.40m. Displacement value from monitoring SSMR showed that when the slope was collapsing in two stages, the first stage value was 70.61cm (a more critical condition, the value was rounded down to 70cm to the implementation in modelling) and the second stage value was at 124.25cm. The value of RMR89 in this study was greater than the value of GSI and SMR. As for the average value, it was obtained 34.67 for RMR89 value and 29.67 for GSI value, these rocks then can be classified into Poor Rock class number IV. The result of kinematic analysis found that sliding planar failure at dips 36°, and wedge failure at dips 36°, 35° and 34°. Acquisition SMR value obtained at 25, 27, 28 and 29. The SMR values classified the rock mass quality into class number IV, the description of the rock mass was relatively poor, the slope stability was low or unstable and the collapse manifold was planar or wedge failure. The result from the analysis of the model with its criteria obtained was that un-collapse conditions at angle 29°. It is recommended to use 29° angle to repair the slopes, and also recommended for overall high wall slope angle. Type of collapse that occurred on the slope failure mechanisms in all of the analysis that has been done, it is known that the mechanisms involved are complex types (combine of wedge failure, planar failure, and step-path failure) or classified into large scale rock slope failure surface.
3
Wang, Shuhong, Chengjin Zhu, Pengyu Wang, and Zishan Zhang. "Stability Analysis of Slope with Multiple Sliding Surfaces Based on Dynamic Strength-Reduction DDA Method." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (November 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2183732.
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The present study aims to elucidate the problem of a rock mass structural plane with a range of damage degrees and the numerical model selection for analysis of a slope with multiple sliding surfaces. Based on the relative displacement between blocks, the dynamic strength reduction-discontinuous deformation analysis (hereinafter referred to as DSR-DDA) method is proposed for studying slopes with multiple sliding surfaces. The slope-slider classic case was used to test the displacement threshold. The model was applied to the stability analysis of multiple sliding surfaces of a high rock slope in the Fushun West Open-Pit Mine. The results show that when the displacement threshold is set to 1 mm, the error between the DSR-DDA results and the theoretical solution is within 0.5%, which satisfies the calculation requirements. The most dangerous slip surface in the Fushun West Open-Pit Mine slope was identified. Based on the numerical slope model after the first landslide, the position of the secondary slip surface was then identified. The failure mode is traction sliding failure, and the middle and lower oil shales play a key role in the slope stability. This study recommends that mining of the remaining oil shale should stop to avoid causing large-scale landslides in the upper part of the slope and landslides at the pit-city boundary.
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Cała, Marek, Katarzyna Cyran, Joanna Jakóbczyk, and Michał Kowalski. "The Challenges of Open-Pit Mining in the Vicinity of the Salt Dome (Bełchatów Lignite Deposit, Poland)." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081913.
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The extraction of the Bełchatów lignite deposit located in the vicinity of the Dębina salt dome requires careful planning that considers the influence of mining projects on the slope and salt dome stability conditions. The instability problem is directly related to horizontal and vertical displacement, as well as the complex geological and mining conditions. These conditions are very unique with regard to the co-occurrence of the salt dome and lignite deposits in the same area, as well as the large scale of the pit wall slope. Thus, predicting rock mass behavior and ensuring the safety of mining operations are important issues. The presented analysis focused on the influence of long-term lignite extraction on the western pit wall slope of the Bełchatów field and the salt dome’s stability conditions. This study offers a comprehensive approach to a complex geotechnical problem defined by large-scale, complex geometry, and geological conditions. The rock mass behavior and stress conditions are simulated in numerical modelling. The results of the presented analysis will be useful not only for present mining activities but also for future developments related to post-mining and recultivation plans.
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Tao, Zhigang, Kuiming Liu, Xuebin Cui, Xiaobing Qiao, and Xiaoming Sun. "Infrared Temperature Law and Deformation Monitoring of Layered Bedding Rock Slope under Static Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818278.
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China is a mountainous and hilly country with frequent large-scale landslides with complicated mechanisms and serious damage. The layered rock slopes have the worst stability, undergo the most serious damage, and have been rarely investigated due to limitations of measurement methods and instruments. Taking the Nanfen open-pit iron mine as an example, a physical large-model similarity ratio test system is used to simulate the landslide remote monitoring process. The development of the sliding surface, stress-strain characteristics, and infrared law of the bedded rock slope are analyzed. Results show that the anchor cable with constant resistance and large deformation plays a significant role in the stability of the slope, and its maximum slip force is 420 N and 630 N, respectively. Slip and crack are the main mechanisms of energy release in layered rock slope. Some scheme improvement measures for this kind of test are put forward, which provides basis and optimization scheme for the subsequent study of layered rock slope.
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Chunuev, I. K., Yu M. Levkin, and Zh Bolotbekov. "Determination of bench, dump and road sliding wedge technological parameters." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2021-1-31-41.
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Mine surveying in mining operations is of particular importance, since all technological processes of the full life cycle of a mining enterprise and, ultimately, its competitiveness depend on the surveying quality, efficiency and reliability. Organizations independently determine the structure of mine surveying services, taking into account the methods applied and the scale of mining. To ensure safe open-pit mining of minerals, it is necessary to permanently assess and monitor the pit bench and wall rock mass condition. Misjudgement of rock physical and mechanical properties, non-observance of the minerals mining and transportation process cycle, changes in climatic conditions and other problems lead to loss of stability of rocks in all parts of an open pit, including in the areas of ore production and mining and transport equipment operation. The existing practice shows that the effectiveness of an open pit wall and bench stability calculation can be achieved using a technique that should take into account the slope deformation and failure mechanism, as well as the nature of the stress-strain state of the open pit rock mass. The studies presented in the paper are based on comparative analysis of the sliding wedge parameters for benches, dumps and roads at open pits using analytical and graphical software packages, and taking into account the static load produced by dump trucks. The study findings allow to establish that: determination of the bench slope stability and the sliding wedge width, performed by the analytical method, gives higher accuracy results than those obtained by the graphical method; the bench slope stability and the sliding wedge width depend not only on the rock physical and mechanical condition, but also on the bench height, the dump truck (plus its freight load) weight per 1 linear meter of the placement area, the distance from the slope edge and other factors; the rock mass is stable and not subject to landslide phenomena for as long as the sum of the holding forces is greater than or equal to the sum of the shearing forces; when using large-sized transport equipment of nonstandard weight in open-pit mining, it is necessary to calculate the safe width of the sliding wedges, taking into account the loads on them (per 1 linear meter), the values of which can be 1.5–2.0 times higher than those calculated for the circular-cylindrical sliding surface.
7
Long, Nguyen, Le Thi Thu Ha, Tong Si Son, and Kim Thi Thu Huong. "UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY-BASED FOR OPEN PIT COAL MINE LARGE SCALE MAPPING, CASE STUDIES IN CAM PHA CITY, VIETNAM." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2020-12-4-501-509.
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The use of lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with the aerial photogrammetry approach to construct the Digital Surface Model (DSM) has been effectively applied for various types of topography. However, the ability to carry out this approach for huge active open coal mines is insufficiently investigated, furthermore, the influences of topographical factors on the accuracy of DSM are ambiguous. This experiment attempts to apply the UAV method for the two active coal mines with the total area of 7.99 km2 , exploited at a range from -300 m to 300 m altitude to figure out the effect of topographic factors on the accuracy of DEM constructed from UAV images. A total of 972 UAV images and 17 ground control points have been coupled to construct DSM of the mines. Besides, 16 checking points located at different elevations are used to evaluate the accuracy of DEM and to define the influence. DEMs are generated with the maximum RMSE of 0.086 m, 0.099 m, and 0.170 m corresponding to X, Y, and Z dimensional errors. The results show the unclear correlation between the vertical accuracy of DEM and the relative elevation (R2=0.064), the general slope of the mines, and the number of ground control points using in the coal mines as well.
8
Yang, Guoxiang, Anthony K. Leung, Nengxiong Xu, Kunxiang Zhang, and Kunpeng Gao. "Three-Dimensional Physical and Numerical Modelling of Fracturing and Deformation Behaviour of Mining-Induced Rock Slopes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 31, 2019): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071360.
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Fracturing behaviour of jointed rock mass subjected to mining can significantly affect the stability of the rock structures and rock slopes. Ore mining within an open-pit final slope would lead to large-scale strata and surface movement of the rock slope. Rock mass structure, or more specifically, the strength, spacing and distribution of rock joints, are the controlling factors that govern the failure and deformation mechanisms of the final slope. Two-dimensional (2-D) physical modelling tests have been conducted in the literature, but in general, most of them have simplified the geological conditions and neglected some key features of rock mass structure in the field. In this study, new three-dimensional (3-D) physical modelling methods are introduced, with realistic modelling of mechanical behaviour of rock mass as well as identified properties of predominant rock joint sets. A case study of Yanqianshan iron mine is considered and the corresponding 1:200 model rock slope was created for studying the rock joint effects on the strata movement and the subsidence mechanism of the slope. The physical model test results are subsequently verified with 3-D discrete element numerical modelling. Due to the presence of the predominant joints, the observed well-shaped strata subsidence in Yanqianshan iron mine was successfully reproduced in the 3-D physical model. The failure mechanism of rock slopes differs from the trumpet-shaped subsidence observed in unconsolidated soil. Due to the formation of an arching mechanism within the rock mass, the strata deformation transferred gradually from the roof of the goaf to the slope surface.
9
Wang, Zhenwei, Gaofeng Song, and Kuo Ding. "Study on the Ground Movement in an Open-Pit Mine in the Case of Combined Surface and Underground Mining." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (June 9, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8728653.
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The combined surface and underground mining method is typically used in an open-pit mine for better production and profits. However, the improved scale of mining operations at the combined mining conditions results in even more intensive strata movement and massive ground damages. This paper assesses the progressive development of the characteristics of roof movement with the longwall face advance and its influence on the ground movement at the slope area using physical models. The identification of strata zones at the combined mining conditions is also included. The results show the following: (1) the failure of the competent strong roof creates an inverse arch-shaped rock block structure, which compacts the loose rock fragments in the caved zone; (2) a bed separation occurs above the inverse structure at the top of the disturbed strata configuration and extends upward with the face advance until it approaches the continuous bending zone; (3) more intensive strata movement and ground damages are produced by the large-scale multiseam mining operations, while regular and more distinct strata zones in the disturbed configuration are identified for less intensive single-seam mining; and (4) the intensive and massive underground mining activities increase the slope strata movement at the surface mining side. This research suggests that a less intensive mining activity is preferred in the combined surface and underground mining conditions from the point of view of ground control.
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Huang, Gang-Hai, Yu-Yong Jiao, Xiu-Li Zhang, Amoussou-Coffi Adoko, and Shu-Cai Li. "Generating Irregular Models for 3D Spherical-Particle-Based Numerical Methods." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/302680.
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The realistic representation of an irregular geological body is essential to the construction of a particle simulation model. A three-dimensional (3D) sphere generator for an irregular model (SGIM), which is based on the platform of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) in VC++, is developed to accurately simulate the inherent discontinuities in geological bodies. OpenGL is employed to visualize the modeling in the SGIM. Three key functions, namely, the basic-model-setup function, the excavating function, and the cutting function, are implemented. An open-pit slope is simulated using the proposed model. The results demonstrate that an extremely irregular 3D model of a geological body can be generated using the SGIM and that various types of discontinuities can be inserted to cut the model. The data structure of the model that is generated by the SGIM is versatile and can be easily modified to match various numerical calculation tools. This can be helpful in the application of particle simulation methods to large-scale geoengineering projects.
11
Zou, Ping, Ximo Zhao, Zhonghua Meng, Aibing Li, Zhengyu Liu, and Wanjie Hu. "Sample Rocks Tests and Slope Stability Analysis of a Mine Waste Dump." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 27, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6835709.
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The safety and stability of waste dump are vital influencing factors to the mine sustainability and mine employees. Based on a real mine project in a certain open-pit mine waste dump in Tibet, the in situ test on waste rocks from waste dump, including measurements of density, water content, rock size, and natural repose angle, was conducted. Afterwards, these sample waste rocks, of which grain size is less than 5 cm, were selected for indoor large-scale shear test under natural and saturated conditions. By using some engineering methods, the physical and mechanical parameters of waste rocks layer were then determined accordingly. MIDAS-GTS/NX has the advantage of pre-processing modeling. FLAC3D has good computational and analytical capabilities. The process of dump accumulation is simulated numerically. According to the calculation results of FLAC3D, the distribution of stress, displacement and plastic zone in the dump is obtained. FOS (factor of safety) for each analytical step in this model was then calculated through the strength reduction method. The limit equilibrium method is used for waste dump stability analysis considering three states: only applied gravity, applied gravity and rainfall, and applied gravity and underground water. The results from this analysis show that the waste dump is stable. The potential failure modes of waste dump mainly consist of the “combined sliding mode” which has circular sliding in upper side and broken line sliding that cuts through gravel-soil layer into heavily weathered layer in the bottom. This paper documents some of the procedures and approaches utilized for waste dump life-of-mine design analysis. It provides reference for further waste dump optimization.
12
Wang, Yu, Wenkai Feng, Huajian Wang, Jianqiang Han, and Changhong Li. "Geomechanical and Acoustic Properties of Intact Granite Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles during Water-Ice Phase Transformation in Beizhan’s Open Pit Mine Slope, Xinjiang, China." Water 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112309.
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The deterioration of rock geomechanical behaviors subjected to freeze–thaw (F–T) action is a determining factor for rock engineering and rock structures in cold regions. In this work, taking six groups of granite obtained from an open pit mine as the research object, F–T cycle treatment, in-situ AE (acoustic emission) monitoring and ultrasonic detection techniques were performed to experimentally reveal the effects of F–T fatigue damage on the mechanical and acoustic properties of granite. The results indicate that the F–T action impacts the rock’s mesoscopic structure, deformation, strength, P and S-wave velocities, AE pattern and energy release. The accumulated AE counts and accumulated AE energy show a decreasing trend as the F–T cycle increases. The frequency spectrum revealed that the width of the low frequency band decreases and the high frequency band increases with increasing F–T cycles, indicating that there is an increase in large-scale cracks for a sample with high F–T treatment. In addition, energy balance analysis further illustrates the energy dissipation and release mechanism. The energy proportion used to drive the crack propagation is relatively small with high F–T treatment, and the final released energy becomes the minimum. The energy evolution characteristics analyzed by the energy balance approach is in good agreement with AE results. It is suggested that the F–T fatigue damage influences the rock energy storage and release characteristics and the instability of rock in the cold regions.
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Guo, Quanxin, Ahmed S. Abou-Sayed, and Harold Robert Engel. "Feeling the Pulse of Drill Cuttings Injection Wells - A Case Study of Simulation, Monitoring and Verification in Alaska." SPE Journal 12, no. 04 (December 1, 2007): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84156-pa.
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Summary In April 1998, a program for continuous deep disposal of drill cuttings and open pit materials was initiated on the North Slope of Alaska. This ongoing injection project is commonly referred to as GNI, or "Grind and Inject." Accumulated drilling cuttings and mud slurry are injected into a receptive Cretaceous soft sandstone in three wells: GNI-1, GNI-2, and GNI-3. Typical operations involve injecting slurry into one of the three wells continuously for a number of days and then switching injection to another well. The average injection rate is approximately 30,000 B/D. As of 30 September 2002, project injection has included 12.7×106 bbl of water, 30.9×106 bbl of slurry containing 2.0×106 tons or 2.2×106 cubic yards of excavated frozen reserve pit material and drilling solids, and 1.31×106 bbl of fluid from ongoing drilling operations. Knowledge of the fate of the drilling and open-pit materials during injection is paramount to assure the safe containment of the disposed materials without harm to the environment. Numerical modeling, well testing (including step-rate and pressure-falloff testing), and logging surveys were performed periodically to assess the operational integrity of the disposal wells and to ensure the safe containment of the disposed waste slurry. The high-volume capacity of these injectors highlighted the mechanisms for slurry being accepted by multiple and branched fractures—part of the slurry went to previous fractures during subsequent batch injections. This paper will detail how to integrate numerical simulations, well testing/monitoring, and operational data to estimate storage capacity and construct a clear representation of what was happening underground during this GNI operation. The work has implications on other large drilling-waste injection projects worldwide. Introduction Early drill sites on the North Slope of Alaska were designed with reserve pits for surface storage of mud and cuttings from drilling operations. In 1993, the operator at the time agreed to remove the mud and cuttings from all reserve pits. Additionally, the practice of storing drilling mud and cuttings in surface reserve pits was discontinued. These waste streams are now managed as they are generated by way of injection, thus eliminating the need for surface reserve pits. The estimated total volume of reserve pit mud and cuttings to be managed by this process is over 5 million cubic yards (not including drilling mud and cuttings generated from ongoing drilling operations). After reviewing disposal options, slurry injection was selected as the preferred disposal technique to remediate the reserve pits. While drill cuttings injection projects have been operated worldwide since the early 1990s (Abou-Sayed et al. 1989; Malachosky et al. 1991; Sirevag and Bale 1993; Moschovidis et al. 1993). They were generally small in volume. Feasibility evaluation of large scale injection of oily waste injection in Alaska started in the late 1980s (Abou-Sayed et al. 1989). This field evaluation test also included a step-rate test, in-situ stress measurements, tiltmeter monitoring of ground surface deflections, and a wellbore hydraulic impedance test (Abou-Sayed et al. 1989). Approximately 2 million bbl of slurry, containing crude oil, unused frac sand, drilling muds, unset cement, and other elements, had been injected intermittently into this well at the time of the analysis. The injection rate varied from 500 to 4,000 B/D.
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Apostu, Izabela-Maria, Maria Lazar, and Florin Faur. "A Suggested Methodology for Assessing the Failure Risk of the Final Slopes of Former Open-Pits in Case of Flooding." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126919.
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Some valuable minerals, such as lignite, are extracted through open-pit mining works. After the cessation of mining activity, large-scale gaps result in the landscape. These gaps, also called “remaining gaps”, represent some of the roughest types of environmental impacts. After the cessation of mining activity, recovery and ecological restoration works are required. However, it is first necessary to carry out risk assessment studies considering the possible future influences on the final slopes. For this study, flooding of the remaining lignite open-pits gaps was considered as the ecological restoration option. The study was based on extensive research, including sampling, laboratory tests, statistical-mathematical processing, hypothesis formulation, evaluations, interpretations, and field observations, regarding the rock behavior and occurrence of negative geotechnical phenomena (geotechnical phenomena that have a negative impact and a risk on the integrity of the environment and local communities, such as landslides, rockfalls, liquefaction, suffosis) during the flooding process. This paper’s originality consists of combining the methods and methodologies developed with the help of classic methods (Fellenius, Janbu, and Bishop methods) and probabilistic ones (Rosenblueth method) existing in the specialized literature for solving the proposed problem and structuring the information similar to a guide.
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VALENCIA, JORGE H., MANUEL R. DUEÑAS, PAUL SZÉKELY, DIEGO BATALLAS, FRANCISCO PULLUQUITÍN, and SANTIAGO R. RON. "A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region." Zootaxa 4353, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.3.
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A new frog in the genus Pristimantis is described from a cloud forest on the western flanks of the Cordillera del Cóndor and eastern Andean slopes in the province of Zamora Chinchipe, southeastern of Ecuador. We inferred its phylogenetic position using DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The new species is strongly supported as part of a clade that includes P. ardalonychus, P. cajamarcensis, P. ceuthospilus, P. chalceus, P. minutulus, P. luteolateralis, P. parvillus, P. ockendeni, P. unistrigatus, and P. walkeri. It can be distinguished from all other species from Cordillera del Cóndor and congeneric species by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) iris light blue with black reticulations; (2) skin of dorsum finely shagreen with scattered pustular tubercles and absence of dorsal folds; (3) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus visible; (4) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view; (5) upper eyelid bearing two or three enlarged subconical tubercles; (6) cranial crest absent; (7) males lacking vocal sac and slits; and (8) venter uniformly bright red, light red, salmon or orange. The new species is most closely related to P. ardalonychus, P. cajamarcensis, P. ceuthospilus, P. ockendeni and P. unistrigatus. We consider the new species to be Endangered following IUCN criteria because it has been severely affected by large scale open-pit mining in some localities. Currently, the amphibian fauna of the Cordillera del Cóndor and nearby protected areas are threatened by large–scale copper and gold mining projects with devastating effects on ~20 species, including several undescribed ones.
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Whittall, John, Erik Eberhardt, and Scott McDougall. "Runout analysis and mobility observations for large open pit slope failures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 3 (March 2017): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0255.
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Objectively forecasting the runout of a potential open pit slope failure, in addition to identifying the failure itself, is a critical component of a mine’s risk management plan. Recent losses arising from large open pit slope failures demonstrate shortcomings in current practice. A dataset of 105 pit slope failures was compiled to compare open pit runout trends against established empirical runout relationships for natural landslides. Fahrböschung angle versus volume and Fahrböschung angle versus slope angle relationships provide reasonable runout estimates. Open pit slopes have the advantage of removing the influence of morphological features, vegetation, and liquefiable substrates while controlling the travel path angle and roughness. In such a controlled environment, landslide mobility has a strong sensitivity to slope angle, material properties, and fall height, and is only modestly sensitive to volume. A grouping of highly mobile open pit slope cases involving weathered, saturated, collapsible rock mass materials exceed expected runout distances when compared with established runout trends. This suggests mobility for these weaker rock masses is controlled by pore pressures mediating basal friction. The result is that two different runout exceedance trends are observed based on whether the unstable rock mass involves fresh, strong rocks or weathered weak rocks.
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Whittall, John. "Runout estimates and risk-informed decision making for bench scale open pit slope failures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 7 (July 2020): 1044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0462.
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Bench scale open pit slope failures are common occurrences in open pit mines and present a hazard to workers near freshly excavated faces. Objectively forecasting the zone of influence of bench scale failures is an important component of the mine’s risk management plan, as they occur more frequently than multi-bench scale landslides and can be more difficult to monitor. This paper presents a dataset of 167 bench scale open pit slope failures and tests runout and bench-width sizing methods to identify appropriate tools to estimate a stand-off distance from a fresh bench face. A length versus fall height and a Fahrböschung angle versus volume relationship calibrated to bench scale open pit slope failures provide reasonable runout estimates and are useful for decision-making when workers are near freshly excavated bench faces. Bench scale open pit failures appear to have a relatively constant fall height/horizontal runout distance (H/L) ratio up to 10 000 m3, after which H/L becomes inversely proportional to volume.
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Feng, Shao Jie, Ai Min Yao, and Yan Fei Dong. "Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Open-Pit Slope Stability." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1029.
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According to the stability of open-pit slope, the main influence factors of the slope stability is analyzed firstly. Then, based on the basic principle and method of fuzzy mathematics, the slope stability analysis of fuzzy and comprehensive evaluation further more model is established and the grading index of the slope stability is determined. Finally, by analyzing an example of large open-pit mine slope engineering, the stability of the slope is evaluated. The results show that the evaluation model could consider the uncertain properties in actual slope problems,and the evaluation result is reasonable.
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Zheng, Yun, Cong Xin Chen, Xi Xi Zhu, Xiu Min Liu, and Guan Wen Cheng. "Stability Analysis of Open-Pit Slope Containing a Fault Utilizing UDEC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (October 2013): 1204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1204.
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Faults are the commonly encountered large geological discontinuities in hard rock masses, many severe open pit slope failures are found to be closely associated with the faults presence nearby. Open-pit slope takes shape gradually as a rock unloading process accompanied by geostress redistribution, especially in a slope containing a fault. The finite difference code (UDEC) was employed as the analytical method in this paper and coulomb slip model was utilized to describe the properties of fault provided by UDEC. Parametric analysis has identified both the fault dips and fault locations relative to the open pit slope to be really critical for the open pit slope stability. The relationship of crest displacements, safety factor varying with these fault parameters was established. The distribution of plastic zone and displacement was graphically presented and the mechanisms such effects were discussed. These results offer a guideline in support design for an open-pit slope containing a fault.
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Chang, Lai Shan, Xin Li, Rui Peng Zhang, and Ya Nan Chen. "Analysis on FLAC Large Deformation Mode of Rock Mass due to Transform from Open-Pit to Underground Mining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.957.
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According to the problem of rock slope deformation, fracture and stability during the transform from open-pit to underground mining at Yanqianshan Iron Mine, using FLAC large deformation mode to analysis mine excavation characteristics about deformation and damage of open-pit slope in different depth. Excavation simulation displays that the softrock of north slope easily to backfall heavily, But unusually form rapid sliding, the influence to underground mining is small, but large number of small crushed stones fill the rock layer, that is unfavorable to control the dilution and loss index. South slope hardrock mass have not appeared large deformation and unitary sliding during primary mining.
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Tao, Zhigang, Mengnan Li, Chun Zhu, Manchao He, Xiaohui Zheng, and Shibo Yu. "Analysis of the Critical Safety Thickness for Pretreatment of Mined-Out Areas Underlying the Final Slopes of Open-Pit Mines and the Effects of Treatment." Shock and Vibration 2018 (May 28, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1306535.
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Where a mined-out area underlies a slope, it is a direct threat to slope safety and stability. This is of particular concern where a mined-out area underlies the slope of an open-pit mine, and it has a serious impact on the design and safety measures used for the mine. If a mined-out area underlying the final slope of an open-pit mine is not treated adequately and at the appropriate time, it may cause the slip failure of the final slope during the service life of the mine, posing a serious threat to the safety of personnel and equipment during the stripping phase. In light of the potential for such problems, this paper analyzes the instability mode and failure characteristics of an open-pit slope near a mined-out area in China using geological field survey and the polar stereographic projection method. The scale span method, in combination with engineering analogy and consideration of open-pit mining technology, is then used to determine the critical safety thickness at which pretreatment of mined-out areas should be carried out. A pretreatment process to infill the mined-out area during construction of open-pit mine steps is put forward, and its effects on slope stability and reliability are comprehensively evaluated. The results show that circular sliding is the most appropriate instability mode for a slope near a mined-out area. The failure initiates through breakage in the roof of the mined-out area, which induces subduction sliding of the free face of the slope at the left boundary of the mined-out area and subsequent failure of the entire regional slope. Comprehensive analysis methods are used to determine that the critical safety thickness at which a mined-out area under the final open-pit slope should be pretreated is 24 m. The recommended treatment countermeasure is to transfer filling slurry into the mined-out area through drilling holes in benches. This can satisfy the stability and reliability requirements for the slope under different working conditions.
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Amoushahi, Sina, Martin Grenon, Jacques Locat, and Dominique Turmel. "Deterministic and probabilistic stability analysis of a mining rock slope in the vicinity of a major public road — case study of the LAB Chrysotile mine in Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 10 (October 2018): 1391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0298.
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In recent years, several large open-pit mines have started operating in the province of Quebec in Canada, and some of the largest planned pits are located close to public infrastructure. Historically, large open-pit mining has seldom been done in many mining regions, such as the Abitibi region, where underground mines are the norm. As an integral part of achieving social acceptability of open-pit mining, the stability of mining slopes must be carefully analyzed during the design process and the presence of public infrastructure near the slopes must be adequately considered. The province of Quebec does not have specific guidelines regarding such design considerations. This paper provides a short overview of the literature on some current practices regarding mining slope design close to public infrastructure. To demonstrate its applicability in the Quebec provincial context, the paper then investigates the stability of the west wall of the LAB Chrysotile open-pit mine in Thetford Mines (Quebec) near the new Road 112. Deterministic and probabilistic analyses were conducted using finite element shear strength reduction and limit equilibrium methods to investigate slope stability. The impact of pit infilling and rapid dewatering as well as long-term stability of the slope were investigated. The results of all analyses reveal that the current mining slopes at LAB Chrysotile are within acceptable design criteria limits.
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Bao, Guang Ming, Juan Chang, and Zhi Gang Liu. "Analysis of the Open-Pit to Underground Mining Slope Stability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.599.
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This paper uses the simulation technology of computer numerical simulation, combined with the GAMBIT numerical modeling software and ANSYS structure analysis software, we carry out an in-depth research and analysis on the stability of engineering simulation, at the same times establish the mathematical model of ANSYS numerical simulation displacement stability and design the ANSYS command stream program algorithm. Finally, this paper uses the open-pit to underground mining slope stability as an example, to verify the reliability of the model and algorithm. Through the numerical simulation, we get the displacement of slope in the Y direction and Z direction. In the Y direction, the maximum displacement is 0m, the negative maximum displacement is 5.88m and displacement is relatively large; in the Z direction, the maximum displacement is 1.32M, the negative maximum displacement is 1.08M and the stability of slope is different in different position. The numerical simulation provides the theory reference for the safety of mining engineering.
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Zhang, Zhi Yu, Long Fa Luan, Ji Yao, Jian Bin Xie, and Xiang Long Li. "Study on the Influence of Stability for Higher Precipitous Open Pit Slope under Mining Blasting." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3822.
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Based on the hydrological, geologies and slope features of Jianshan phosphate mine in Yunnan province, the geomechanics model of slope was established. Then the static stability of different elevations in mining section was studied by using methods such as the rigid body limit equilibrium method, finite element method, continuum large deformation Lagrange element method. According to the supervise data of the mining blasting, the dynamic response of the slope in blasting was studied by continuum large deformation Lagrange element method, and some suggestions were proposed for following mining blasting. The research results show that the slope was in the stable status before blasting vibration. Current mining blasting vibration has little effect on the stability of slope, but would reduce the safety factor of the top of the slope. Single blasting would enlarge the instantaneous acceleration of the top of the slope in a ratio of 8.8% and 10.8%.
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Cała, Marek, Michał Kowalski, and Agnieszka Stopkowicz. "The Three-Dimensional (3D) Numerical Stability Analysis of Hyttemalmen Open-Pit." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 3 (October 20, 2014): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0043.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper was to perform the 3D numerical calculations allowing slope stability analysis of Hyttemalmen open pit (location Kirkenes, Finnmark Province, Norway). After a ramp rock slide, which took place in December 2010, as well as some other small-scale rock slope stability problems, it proved necessary to perform a serious stability analyses. The Hyttemalmen open pit was designed with a depth up to 100 m, a bench height of 24 m and a ramp width of 10 m. The rock formation in the iron mining district of Kirkenes is called the Bjornevaten Group. This is the most structurally complicated area connected with tectonic process such as folding, faults and metamorphosis. The Bjornevaten Group is a volcano-sedimentary sequence. Rock slope stability depends on the mechanical properties of the rock, hydro-geological conditions, slope topography, joint set systems and seismic activity. However, rock slope stability is mainly connected with joint sets. Joints, or general discontinuities, are regarded as weak planes within rock which have strength reducing consequences with regard to rock strength. Discontinuities within the rock mass lead to very low tensile strength. Several simulations were performed utilising the RocLab (2007) software to estimate the gneiss cohesion for slopes of different height. The RocLab code is dedicated to estimate rock mass strength using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Utilising both the GSI index and the Hoek-Brown strength criterion the equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) can be calculated. The results of 3D numerical calculations (with FLA3D code) show that it is necessary to redesign the slope-bench system in the Hyttemalmen open pit. Changing slope inclination for lower stages is recommended. The minimum factor of safety should be equal 1.3. At the final planned stage of excavation, the factor of safety drops to 1.06 with failure surface ranging through all of the slopes. In the case of a slope angle 70° for lower stages, FS = 1.26, which is not enough to provide slope stability. Another series of calculations were therefore performed taking water table lowering into consideration, which increases the global safety factor. It was finally evaluated, that for a water table level of 72 m the factor of safety equals 1.3, which is enough to assure global open-pit stability.
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Nasab, Hooman Askari, Kwame Awuah Offei, and Hesameddin Eivazy. "Large-scale open pit production scheduling using Mixed Integer Linear Programming." International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering 2, no. 3 (2010): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmme.2010.037624.
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Muchnik, S. V. "Pre-stressing of an open pit bench during large-scale blasting." Journal of Mining Science 46, no. 6 (November 2010): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-010-0082-x.
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Li, Ke Gang, Ke Peng Hou, and Ze Yang. "Stability Analysis of High Rock Slope at a Open Pit Mine and its Control Measure." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1549.
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A lot of slopes will be formed in the process of engineering construction, and how to ensure the slope stability has become a very key field and common concern to geotechnical engineering. Taking the slope of a open pit mine as an example, the slope stability at original state is analyzed firstly, and then, the optimal control measure and the slope stability trend during the treatment are also researched. The results show that at the original state, the slope stability is worse, and a large contiguous plastic regions will occure on the slope. After comparing to some methods, local unloading is identified as the optimal control measure. When unloading works are carried out and finished, the slope will be in a steady state, and the slope safety factor will up to 1.46, it satisfy engineering requirement.
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Hu, Yingpeng, Fengyu Ren, Hangxing Ding, Yu Fu, and Baohui Tan. "Study on the Process and Mechanism of Slope Failure Induced by Mining under Open Pit Slope: A Case Study from Yanqianshan Iron Mine, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 6, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6862936.
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Mining under an open pit slope results in the collapse and slide of the slope. In this paper, a combination of methods including Google Earth and field investigations is applied to investigate the process of eastern slope failure induced by underground mining in the Yanqianshan Iron Mine over five years. According to the observed ground deformation features, the geomorphic zone of the eastern slope can be divided into four regions (caved rock zone, cracking zone, toppling zone, and sliding zone). Break angles and fracture initiation angles at different times are counted separately. Based on the above work, the process of initiation and development of slope failure is studied. The analysis results show that the process of slope failure could be chronologically divided into three stages. First, a collapse pit, caused by the falling of the overlying strata above the goaf, appeared on the eastern slope. Then, the rock mass around the collapse pit slid into the pit to form a small landslide. Finally, because of mining disturbances and rock creep, a large landslide occurred on the northeastern phyllite slope. The control mechanisms of each failure stage are discussed separately. Finally, the RFPA3D code is employed to simulate the slope failure process under the influence of underground mining. The results are consistent with the field observations, which provided information on deformation failure and the mechanics of the slope that could not be directly observed in the field and deepened the mechanism analysis.
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Abdulai, Musah, and Mostafa Sharifzadeh. "Probability Methods for Stability Design of Open Pit Rock Slopes: An Overview." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080319.
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The rock slope stability analysis can be performed using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The deterministic analysis based on the safety concept factor uses fixed representative values for each input parameter involved without considering the variability and uncertainty of the rock mass properties. Probabilistic analysis with the calculation of probability of failure instead of the factor of safety against failure is emerging in practice. Such analyses offer a more rational approach to quantify risk by incorporating uncertainty in the input variables and evaluating the probability of the failure of a system. In rock slope engineering, uncertainty and variability involve a large scatter of geo-structural data and varied geomechanical test results. There has been extensive reliability analysis of rock slope stability in the literature, and different methods of reliability are being employed for assessment of the probability of failure and the reliability of a slope. Probabilistic approaches include Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), the point estimate method (PEM), the response surface method (RSM), first- and second-order reliability methods (FORMs and SORMs), and the first-order second-moment method (FOSM). Although these methods may be complicated, they provide a more complete definition of risk. Probabilistic slope stability analysis is an option in most commercial software; however, the use of this method is not common in practice. This paper provides an overview of the literature on some of the main probabilistic reliability-based methods available for the design of the rock slope in open pit mining. To demonstrate its applicability, the paper investigates the stability of a rock slope in an open pit mine in the Goldfields region, Western Australia. Two different approaches were adopted: deterministic stability analysis using two-dimensional limit equilibrium and finite element shear strength reduction methods using SLIDE and RS2 software, respectively, and probabilistic analysis by applying the MCS and RSM methods in the limit equilibrium method. In this example, the slope stability analysis was performed using the Spencer method with Cuckoo search optimization to locate the critical slip surface. The results obtained were compared and commented on.
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Sun, Shi Guo, Hong Yang, Shao Jie Feng, and Wei Guo Duan. "Study for Deformation Control Technology of Bottom Slope of Conveyor Belt in Open Pit Mine." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1657.
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Deformation of slope for all section is almost the same while the width of slope along the strike is large enough, that is plane deformation. If the width is small, then cannot analyze according to the plane problem. According to above method, slope deformation of concave base is 3D problem if excavates a limited width concave conveyor belt alone the slope dip in open-pit mine. In this article, the relation between excavation width and deformation is analyzed by 3D numerical simulation method, on the basis of some mine actual geological occurrence conditions, meanwhile, calculative equation among deformation geometry and limit equilibrium is established to evaluate concave base slope stability. Concave base slope for conveyor belt is 32% for deformation of plane mode slope in light of numerous simulation result, and the stability coefficient can be improved by 0.5 through case studies analysis. So, the safety of belt transport system is ensured.
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Pandit, Bhardwaj, Gaurav Tiwari, Gali Madhavi Latha, and G. L. Sivakumar Babu. "Stability Analysis of a Large Gold Mine Open-Pit Slope Using Advanced Probabilistic Method." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 51, no. 7 (April 6, 2018): 2153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1465-6.
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He, Feng, Lai Gui Wang, Zai Xing Yao, Li Lin Zhang, and Guo Chao Zhao. "The Creep Rupture Numerical Simulation of Coal (Rock) Layered Slope." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.271.
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With rapid development of the national open mining coal resources, which generated lots of open-pit slope, and typically coal(rock) layered slope，under the external and internal structure function, it caused massive landslide with time increasing. Large coal(rock) slope deformation is not instantaneous, but rather the result of a long slow rheology, which is the main forms of creep; which is a serious threat to mining enterprise and the safety of workers. Appling the maximum tensile stress theory and establishing the creep rupture judgment criteria, And finite description of the creep cracks initiation, expansion and gathering. Based on FEPG software, programmed creep rupture module, it generated crack at the vertical direction of first principal stress vector, The crack propagation continue to find the maximum of the first principal stress, which achieved tensile strength and creep craze of elements, this process is continuously cycled. In Haizhou open-pit national mine-park, simulated the coal(rock) separation layer creep rupture, and the results of measurement and simulation was coincided; its study provided basis for prevention and disaster of coal (rock) slope.
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Puell Ortiz, Jorge, and Sanjay Kumar Shukla. "Methodology for a dump design optimization in large-scale open pit mines." Cogent Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1387955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1387955.
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Iryna M. Gorban, Anna S. Korolova, Georgiy P. Sokolovsky, Pavlo Y. Romanenko, and Stepan M. Srebnyuk. "Рhysical simulation of erosion of bottom pits." Environmental safety and natural resources 35, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2020.3.78-93.
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The present paper is devoted to research of the erosion of large-scale sand pits in the water flow. The investigations were performed in the hydrodynamic flume with sandy bottom. To provide suitable conditions for sediment transport in the flume, the analysis of the factors leading to the motion of sediments was carried out in accordance with the Shields diagram. It was shown that the flow regime created in the laboratory channel promotes the development of natural bed forms such as ripples. Estimations of the velocity of movement of the ripples were obtained. The experiments with large sand pits on the flume bottom demonstrated that those disturb the balance of sediments and cause the reformatting of the water flow. To assess the influence of the pit configuration on the erosion process, two-dimensional triangular and trapezoidal pits were considered. It was found that the longitudinal profile of the triangular pit changes due to sediment deposition on its upper slope and erosion of the lower slope. The pit upper slope levels out and shifts forward due to the continuous flow of sediment in this region. The depth of the unevenness also decreases owing to deposition of the sediment directly on its bottom. Due to the blow of water jet to the pit lower slope, the zone of maximum erosion of the bottom surface is observed here. The bottom reformatting leads to the displacement of the pit downstream. Studies of the erosion of the trapezoidal pit have shown that its upper slope is first shifted toward the lower slope until the trapezoidal profile turns into a triangular one. The pit erosion causes also the deformation of natural forms of the channel bed and destabilization of sediment discharge. The analysis of the obtained data demonstrated that the reformation of channel bed is a durable process depending of the ratio of pit scales to the volume of sediment. The present study is useful for development of engineering solutions directed to reduction of risks caused by the interaction of sand quarries with hydraulic structures in rivers.
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Paradella, W. R., J. C. Mura, F. F. Gama, A. R. Santos, G. G. Silva, M. Galo, P. O. Camargo, and A. Q. Silva. "COMPLEMENTARY USE OF INFORMATION FROM SPACE-BASED DINSAR AND FIELD MEASURING SYSTEMS FOR OPERATIONAL MONITORING PURPOSES IN OPEN PIT IRON MINES OF CARAJÁS MINING COMPLEX (BRAZILIAN AMAZON REGION)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-905-2015.
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Now spanning five simultaneous open-pit operations with exploration carried out through open pit benching, Carajás complex encompasses the world´s largest iron reserves. Open pit mining operations in the area can lead to slope instabilities with risks to personnel, equipment and production due to intense excavations in rock products of low geomechanical quality, blasting practices and heavy precipitation. Thus, an effective prediction and management of surface deformations should be a key concern for the mining operations. The ground displacement monitoring techniques in Carajás include surface measurement techniques at discrete points (total station/reflective prisms) and over area using SSR (Slope Stability Radar, a ground based radar). On the other hand, DInSAR techniques are receiving relevance in the mining industry for reasons such a synoptic and continuous coverage without the need for ground instrumentation and a point-to-point good accuracy of measuring displacements (millimeter to centimeter scale) over a dense grid. Using a stack of 33 StripMap TerraSAR-X images acquired over Carajás covering the time span from March 2012 to April 2013, a monitoring approach is discussed based on the complementary use of information provided by DInSAR (DInSAR Time-Series and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry) and surface measuring techniques (total station/prisms, ground-based radar).
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Jiang, Song, Minjie Lian, Caiwu Lu, Qinghua Gu, Shunling Ruan, and Xuecai Xie. "Ensemble Prediction Algorithm of Anomaly Monitoring Based on Big Data Analysis Platform of Open-Pit Mine Slope." Complexity 2018 (August 1, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1048756.
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With the diversification of pit mine slope monitoring and the development of new technologies such as multisource data flow monitoring, normal alert log processing system cannot fulfil the log analysis expectation at the scale of big data. In order to make up this disadvantage, this research will provide an ensemble prediction algorithm of anomalous system data based on time series and an evaluation system for the algorithm. This algorithm integrates multiple classifier prediction algorithms and proceeds classified forecast for data collected, which can optimize the accuracy in predicting the anomaly data in the system. The algorithm and evaluation system is tested by using the microseismic monitoring data of an open-pit mine slope over 6 months. Testing results illustrate prediction algorithm provided by this research can successfully integrate the advantage of multiple algorithms to increase the accuracy of prediction. In addition, the evaluation system greatly supports the algorithm, which enhances the stability of log analysis platform.
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Yang, Ren Shu, Yu Long Che, Guo Liang Yang, and Chuan Huo. "Experiment Study on Decreasing Blasting Vibration Adopting Large Diameter Hole-by-Hole Initiation." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1556.
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Blasting vibration damage is a major factor in mine safety. Millisecond blasting is an effective means to reduce blasting vibration damage. Taking field test method to study high slope deformation in open pit mines a little bit difference of each quick-fried bore blows up’s blasting vibration damage. Research found that, taking a little bit difference of each quick-fried bore blows up, Slope’s vibration velocity is 0.6cm/s, Compared to initiation by row’s theoretical value reduced by 58.33% , a little bit difference of each quick-fried bore blows up is an effective means to reduce blasting vibration damage, it is great significance for improving the slope stability.
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Do, Tuoc Ngoc, Giao Si Ho, Xuan Manh Tran, Thanh Van Doan, and Nam Duy Bui. "Mining technology for exploiting deep open-pit mines in Vietnam." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.04.
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Vietnam's open-pit mines have been exploited deeper and deeper. At the end of exploitation, the bottom of the mine is 300÷400 m lower than the sea level. Mining in the deep layers will face a series of difficulties such as seasonal exploitation, high pit bank, large amount of water mud, limited field size, increasing intensity of exploitation on each layer and the whole shore, conditions. The microclimate changes in an unfavorable direction at the bottom of the mine, etc. On the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of the deep layers, experience in exploiting at home and abroad, the article proposes a number of mining technology solutions. Appropriate exploitation at deep open mines such as: Exploiting convex banks, using transport equipment operating on high slope, water mud treatment technology and deep digging seasonally for safe exploitation to ensure mine output, efficiency and maximum resource recovery.
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Zheng, Xiangtian, Xiufeng He, Xiaolin Yang, Haitao Ma, Zhengxing Yu, Guiwen Ren, Jiang Li, Hao Zhang, and Jinsong Zhang. "Terrain Point Cloud Assisted GB-InSAR Slope and Pavement Deformation Differentiate Method in an Open-Pit Mine." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082337.
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Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (GB-InSAR) is a valuable tool for deformation monitoring. The 2D interferograms obtained by GB-InSAR can be integrated with a 3D terrain model to visually and accurately locate deformed areas. The process has been preliminarily realized by geometric mapping assisted by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). However, due to the line-of-sight (LOS) deformation monitoring, shadow and layover often occur in topographically rugged areas, which makes it difficult to distinguish the deformed points on the slope between the ones on the pavement. The extant resampling and interpolation method, which is designed for solving the scale difference between the point cloud and radar pixels, does not consider the local scattering characteristics difference of slope. The scattering difference information of road surface and slope surface in the terrain model is deeply weakened. We propose a differentiated method with integrated GB-InSAR and terrain surface point cloud. Local geometric and scattering characteristics of the slope were extracted, which account for pavement and slope differentiating. The geometric model is based on a GB-InSAR system with linear repeated-pass and the topographic point cloud relative observation geometry. The scattering model is based on k-nearest neighbor (KNN) points in small patches varies as radar micro-wave incident angle changes. Simulation and a field experiment were conducted in an open-pit mine. The results show that the proposed method effectively distinguishes pavement and slope surface deformation and the abnormal area boundary is partially relieved.
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Liu, Shi Qiang, and Erhan Kozan. "New graph-based algorithms to efficiently solve large scale open pit mining optimisation problems." Expert Systems with Applications 43 (January 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.08.044.
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Zhang, J. "INSAR COLLABORATIVE MONITORING MODE AND MULTI-MODE COMPUTING SERVICES FOR GEOHAZARDS IDENTIFICATION IN OPEN-PIT MINING AREA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2021 (June 28, 2021): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2021-241-2021.
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Abstract. InSAR has developed a variety of methods, such as D-InSAR, PS-InSAR, MBAS, CT, SqueeSAR, POT, etc., which have been widely used in land subsidence monitoring. For open pit mining areas, there are usually mining activity, complex terrain features, low coherence, and local large deformation gradients, which makes it difficult for time series InSAR technology to obtain high-density surface deformation information in open pit mining areas. Traditional methods usually only monitor the linear deformation of the surface caused by the mining of a few working zone above the underground mining area, and the temporal and spatial resolution is lower. How to obtain high-precision, high-density, and time-sensitive deformation information is the main difficulty of InSAR monitoring in open pit mining areas. Make full use of the geosensor network monitoring system, optimize monitoring mode of collaborated satellite-to-ground based InSAR, further realize whole calculation and geographic information services, to achieve early identification and discovery of abnormal in large-area macro-monitoring, and accurate monitoring of local areas in real-time early warning, which is the development direction of ground deformation monitoring of mining areas. The study area is Pingshuo open pit mining area. we fully study the application mode and services of InSAR monitoring for geohazards in open-pit mining area, through the establishment of satellite InSAR technology system for large-scale macro-monitoring and forecasting, and GBSAR and GSN for local precision monitoring. The effective mode of InSAR monitoring of geohazard in open-pit mines is summarized. A combination of D-InSAR, POT (Pixel offset tracking), Time Series-InSAR and GB-SAR is used in a wide range, and high-resolution optical images are used to identify localized changes in subsidence areas and open-pit mining areas.
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Le, Canh Van, Cuong Xuan Cao, and Ha Thu Thi Le. "Research on optimal takeoff positions of UAV integrated GNSS - RTK in producing large scale topological maps for open - pit mines." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).06.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are widely used for establishing large scale topological maps. Recently, drones have been integrated with high-quality GNSS receivers which allows real time kinematic positioning (RTK), so are called UAV/RTK. This technology is beneficial to surveyors as they do not need to establish many ground control points in mapping such a complex terrain as open-pit mines. DJI Phantom 4 RTK (P4K) is a UAV/RTK which is of much interest due to its small size and low cost. For open-pit mines, the takeoff position of P4K needs to be seriously considered because of its influence on the accuracy of the digital surface model (DSM) and safety of survey flights. This article presents the method of determining the optimal takeoff positions for UAV in large scale mapping for open pit mines. To evaluate this method, a site of steep and rugged terrain with an area of 80 hectares at the Coc Sau coal mine was chosen as the study area. The results indicate that two optimal locations with altitudes of +50 m and +160 m could be used for taking off the P4K. The accuracy of DSM generated from UAV images using the optimal positions satisfied the accuracy requirement of large scale topological maps at the deepest area of the mine (the altitude of -60 m).
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Jakóbczyk, Joanna, Marek Cała, and Agnieszka Stopkowicz. "What Were the Reasons for the Rapid Landslide Occurrence in “Piaseczno” Open Pit? – Analysis of the Landslide Process." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2015-0004.
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Abstract Landslides are major natural hazards occurring in opencast mining. The problem of slope stability failure in the existing open pit mines as well as in those which are at a stage of technical closure is current issue in Poland and all over the world. This problem requires conducting in-depth and meaningful analysis which will identify the causes of processes characterized by a very rapid course and large extent. The paper presents the analysis of the landslide causes, which took place on May 11, 2011 on the western slope of the internal dump in “Piaseczno” sulphur mine (at a stage of technical closure). It was the first native sulphur open pit mine in Poland in which the exploitation was carried out from 1958 untill 1971. Reclamation works have been ongoing since 2005. The aim of these works is to create water body which will be used for recreational purposes. During the reclamation works on the western slope of “Piaseczno” reservoir the landslide processes were activated. A detailed description of geology and preliminary analyses of landslide processes are given in [1]. The development of landslide took place in a very violent manner. Moreover, the occurrence of the landslide caused the movement of the reservoir shoreline by about 350 meters and created a bay with the area of approximately 6 hectares. Displacement of 600 000 m3 of soil masses under the water resulted in its level rising by 56 cm. The total volume of ground masses was over 1 million m3. The analysis of the landslide process activation was carried out for two representative cross-sections of the internal dump. Numerical calculations were performed using the Limit Equilibrium Method (SLOPE/W GeoStudio) and the Finite Difference Method using the Shear Strength Reduction Method (FLAC Slope). They were aimed at determining the shape and extent of potential slip surface, which would correspond to the observed landslide. The purpose of the analysis, the results of which are presented in the article, was to define how the process proceeded and what factors contributed to its activation.
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Lu, Xinxiao, Deming Wang, Botao Qin, Fuchao Tian, Guangyi Shi, and Shuaijun Dong. "Novel approach for extinguishing large-scale coal fires using gas–liquid foams in open pit mines." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 23 (September 15, 2015): 18363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5385-7.
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Patrick, Mukonki May, Muhota Kawinda Augustin, and Freddy Bokwala Bonkeka. "Strategic Mine Planning Approach Applied to Large Scale Copper open Pit Mines by Comparing The Impact of three Different Bloc Models of the Same Deposit, On the Long Term Mine Plan." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.01.
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The Kamoto Oliveira Virgule (KOV) open pit mine is located at 300Km from Lubumbashi, second largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the mineral rich province of the Lualaba (EX-Katanga province).KOV pit is located 10Km south of the Kolwezi town and it is essentially constituted of sedimental rock, in a major portion of the so called “Lambeau Geologique de Kolwezi”, which is a part of the well-known copperbelt mineralization. In 2006, a joint venture of Glencore, Gecamines (the DRC State owned Company), and Simco, took over the open pit mine, which was previously owned by Gecamines, and formed the Kamoto Copper Company (KCC).KOV open pit mine is classified as a large scale open pit mine due to his dimensions (approximately 2.5km East-West and 3Km North-South).the mine has also a high strip ratio ranging from 8 to 10 in some areas. At his initial stage (Prefeasibility study), SRK released a bloc model which is still be used by the Kamoto Copper Company (KCC), but since the geology department addressed the issue about grade control model ore discrepancies, when comparing it to the SRK model, the management hired another contractor that constructed another bloc model. Internal adjustments using the grade control model data to better predict tonnes and grades have been also implemented but reported very poor results .since reserves have been officially reported to the market in 2014 to the TSX, the reserve report had to remain consistent with the 2014 report, despite that the issue has been fixed ,it still for a matter of interest to conduct a comparative analysis, to check on the impact of the other bloc model on the life of mine and the mine schedule .since we know by comparison that the other model (OBM) has a difference in its 3D distribution of ore and waste material. This paper will be focused on determining the impact on the life of mine and the mine schedule of the KOV pit with regards of those differences, between the bloc models.Index Terms: Mine planning, mine scheduling, mine optimization, life of mine, ultimate pit.
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Leblanc, Jonathan, Dominique Turmel, Jacques Locat, Carl B. Harbitz, Finn Løvholt, Jihwan Kim, Martin Grenon, and Ariane Locat. "Tsunami generation by potential, partially submerged rockslides in an abandoned open-pit mine: the case of Black Lake, Quebec, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 12 (December 2018): 1769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0477.
Full textAbstract:
The Black Lake rockslide is located on the east wall of an open-pit mine initially operated by LAB Chrysotile near Thetford Mines, Quebec. Movements were observed in July 2012 when a volume of 2.0 × 107 m3 was mobilized, destroying a large portion of Highway 112. Mining operations ceased in 2012, causing the complete shutdown of the pumping system whose goal was to prevent the rise of water level in the pit. As the water level increases in the pit, it is essential to determine the potential of tsunami generation by possible partially submerged rockslides and to understand the potential impacts. A series of possible scenarios have been analysed with regard to velocity and acceleration of the potential rockslide as well as the corresponding wave generation and inundation. Results from the simulation show that when the factor of safety of the global slope is less than unity, inundation would not reach the potentially vulnerable infrastructures. Maximum wave height will vary as a function of the filling of the lake, and the lower wave height relative to water depth will happen when the lake is completely filled.
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Milani, Gabriele. "A Genetic Algorithm with Zooming for the Determination of the Optimal Open Pit Mines Layout." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010301.
Full textAbstract:
A Genetic Algorithm (GA) with nested zooming strategy is proposed for the determination of the optimal open pit mine design.Different genetic procedures are applied to increase robustness, namely two typologies of admissible mutations for the elite sub-population subjected to zooming and mutation and reproduction for the remaining individuals. In order to further improve convergence rate, a user-defined population percentage, depending on individuals fitness, is replaced with new phenotypes, enforcing chromosomic renewal.Several comparisons with (traditionally used) dynamic programming approaches are provided both for 2D and 3D open pit mines. Both small and large scale mines are analyzed, to benchmark the code in presence of several variables.Results show that the procedure proposed requires a very limited computational effort, both for challenging problems with several variables and when a micro-GA (populations with few individuals) is adopted for small scale problems.
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Wang, Shunyao, Xiaoping Lu, Zhenwei Chen, Guo Zhang, Taofeng Ma, Peng Jia, and Beibei Li. "Evaluating the Feasibility of Illegal Open-Pit Mining Identification Using Insar Coherence." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030367.
Full textAbstract:
Illegal open-pit mining causes environmental harm and undermines sustainable development. Conventional monitoring approaches such as field research and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery are time-consuming and labor-intensive, making large-scale monitoring difficult. In comparison, optical remote sensing imagery can cover large areas but is vulnerable to adverse weather conditions and is not sensitive to vertical ground changes. As open-pit excavation causes sudden changes in the scattering properties of ground objects along with dramatic vertical deformation, we evaluated the feasibility of using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence to identify illegal mining activities. Our method extracts the coherence coefficient from two SAR images taken on different dates, applies thresholding and filtering to extract a decorrelation map, and then overlays this with legal mining boundaries and optical satellite images to identify illegal mining activities. For three test cases in southwestern Inner Mongolia, China, 49 legal mining sites were correctly detected (with an accuracy of 90.74%) as well as six illegal mining sites. Ground truthing confirmed the presence of ongoing activity at one of these sites. Our study shows that InSAR coherence is suitable for the identification of mining activities, and our method provides a new approach for the detection and monitoring of illegal open-pit mining.
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Yin, Zuoming, Desheng Wang, Xuguang Wang, Zhiheng Dang, and Wantao Li. "Optimization and Application of Spacing Parameter for Loosening Blasting with 24-m-High Bench in Barun Open-Pit Mine." Shock and Vibration 2021 (February 12, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6670276.
Full textAbstract:
In view of the near slope blasting in Barun open-pit mine, which has merged sublevel mining, the operation safety conditions of middle-sized and large equipment in the second phase expansion are poor and need urgent improvement. To increase the efficiency of expansion and reduce costs, a 24-m-high bench and large spacing parameter for loosening blasting are proposed. The analysis of the physical mechanism of the stress wave attenuation in the rock indicates that the cylindrical charge is equivalent to several spherical charges. Considering the pressure attenuation, reflection, transmission, and superposition of the spherical charge after the equivalence, a double exponential function correction equation of the stress wave attenuation is obtained based on the Mises strength criterion. The stress of any point in the rock medium with various spacing parameter is obtained by calculation. ANSYS/LS-DYNA was used to simulate and study the stress distribution of a 24-m-high bench with various spacing parameter. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the correction equation was verified. The parameters of the high-bench blasting with good effect and low cost were determined to be 15 m × 5.5 m, and field tests were carried out. Results show that the large spacing parameter for 24-m-high bench loosening blasting in Barun open-pit mine is efficient and economical in medium-hard rock blasting. This study provides a reference for the practical exploration of the expansion of high benches in open-pit mines in China. The calculation error of the corrected double exponential function is near the numerical simulation result. It is suitable for all kinds of professional designers.