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Journal articles on the topic 'Large-scale irrigation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cantoni, Michael, Erik Weyer, Yuping Li, Su Ki Ooi, Iven Mareels, and Matthew Ryan. "Control of Large-Scale Irrigation Networks." Proceedings of the IEEE 95, no. 1 (January 2007): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.887289.

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2

Carr, M. K. V. "Irrigation Issues in Swaziland: Large-scale Projects." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 2 (June 1987): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600201.

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In Africa, Swaziland is atypical in being a small country. Nevertheless, it is agriculturally and climatically diverse and its problems are relevant to other sub Saharan countries. This article reviews large-scale irrigation schemes in the context of such factors as traditional land tenure, soil variation, crop management techniques, and availability of technical support. A later article will discuss problems of small-scale irrigation.

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3

Rowshon, M. K., M. A. Mojid, M. S. M. Amin, M. Azwan, and A. M. Yazid. "Improving Irrigation Water Delivery Performance of a Large-Scale Rice Irrigation Scheme." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 140, no. 8 (August 2014): 04014027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000747.

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4

Rowshon Kamal, Md, Muhammad Iqbal, Md Abdul Mojid, Mohd Amin Mohd Soom, and Lai Sai Hin. "Optimization of equitable irrigation water delivery for a large-scale rice irrigation scheme." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 11, no. 5 (2018): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20181105.3536.

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5

Sirikijpanichkul, Ackchai, Sarintorn Winyoopadit, and Chavalek Vanichavetin. "Estimation of Truck Trips on Large-Scale Irrigation Project: A Combinatory Input-Output Commodity-Based Approach." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32738/jeppm.201501.0005.

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6

Bouzidi, Zhour, El Hassan Abdellaoui, Nicolas Faysse, Jean-Paul Billaud, Marcel Kuper, and Mostafa Errahj. "Revealing local innovation networks in large-scale irrigation schemes." Cahiers Agricultures 20, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2011.0471.

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7

Li, Yuping, and Bart De Schutter. "Fixed-Profile Load Scheduling for Large-Scale Irrigation Channels." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 44, no. 1 (January 2011): 1570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.01540.

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8

Adams, William M. "Large Scale Irrigation in Northern Nigeria: Performance and Ideology." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 16, no. 3 (1991): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622949.

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9

Jiang, Guangyu, and Zhongjing Wang. "Scale Effects of Ecological Safety of Water-Saving Irrigation: A Case Study in the Arid Inland River Basin of Northwest China." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091886.

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Water cycles exist in all processes of water resources utilization, including water-saving irrigation. Due to the complex water cycle process of irrigation, the ecological effects and safety of large-scale water-saving irrigation have received increasing attention. This paper analyzed both the positive and negative ecological effects of water-saving irrigation and the scale effects from the plant-scale to the watershed-scale. Based on the Vensim and GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) models, a quantitative evaluation method of ecological safety of large-scale water-saving irrigation was proposed. The case study in Changma Irrigation District in the arid inland river basin of Northwest China showed that the ecological safety of large-scale water-saving irrigation was sensitive to the combination of water source condition, water distribution technology and water-saving irrigation technology in field. In terms of the positive effects, large-scale water-saving irrigation can reduce the percolation loss of irrigation water, increase the environment water flow for the downstream, and slow down the salinity accumulation. As for the negative effects, large-scale water-saving irrigation could reduce the groundwater recharge, decrease the environment water supply in local farmland, and cut down the soil salinity leakage. The research results have positive significance for guiding the sustainable development of water-saving irrigation and conservation of ecosystem in an arid inland river basin.

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10

Gandaa, B. Z., G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic, Y. Balma, and S. Abubakari. "Ecosystem Management in Large-scale Irrigation Landscapes in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Irrigation and Agricultural Development (IJIRAD) 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47762/2017.964x.21.

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The concept of ecosystem and ecosystem management services has given rise to different definitions and classifications. Ecosystem may be defined as a natural unit of living things and their physical environment. Ecosystem concept shows the relationship of biodiversity and ecosystems and the benefits are the services enjoyed by humans. In the past, ecosystem resources were used by multiple groups and individuals across sub-Sahara for variety of purposes, sustaining agrarian livelihood through the use of customary laws and traditional social structures. After the Ghana’s 1992 amended constitution, lands in large-scale irrigation in the northern Ghana were returned to the traditional custodians. The study seeks to establish the current role of traditional custodians’ management of ecosystem in irrigation landscapes. The study was conducted in the Tono and Bontanga irrigation landscapes in Northern Ghana using participatory impact assessment methods. Despite the return of lands in irrigated landscapes, formal links and relationships are broken and little is done to amend the situation. Also, there is no clear understanding of the natural resources ownership and management and therefore transition from traditional subsistence agriculture into modern one, supported by irrigation and other technically advanced methods, with a full participation of the small-holder farmers are still lacking.

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11

Adekalu, K. O., and L. A. O. Ogunjimi. "Cost recovery strategy for large-scale irrigation projects in Nigeria." Technovation 23, no. 1 (January 2003): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(01)00057-8.

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12

Mannini, P., R. Genovesi, and T. Letterio. "IRRINET: Large Scale DSS Application for On-farm Irrigation Scheduling." Procedia Environmental Sciences 19 (2013): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.06.091.

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13

Serag-Eldin, M. A. "CAD for large scale pipe networks employed in land irrigation." Advances in Engineering Software (1978) 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1195(90)90036-6.

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14

Dejen, Zeleke A., Bart Schultz, and Laszlo Hayde. "Water Delivery Performance at Metahara Large-Scale Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia." Irrigation and Drainage 64, no. 4 (May 16, 2015): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.1917.

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15

Al Zayed, Islam Sabry, Nadir Ahmed Elagib, Lars Ribbe, and Jürgen Heinrich. "Spatio-temporal performance of large-scale Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan." Agricultural Systems 133 (February 2015): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.10.009.

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16

Borgia, Cecilia, Mariana García-Bolaños, and Luciano Mateos. "Patterns of variability in large-scale irrigation schemes in Mauritania." Agricultural Water Management 112 (September 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.03.013.

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17

Higginbottom, Thomas P., Roshan Adhikari, Ralitza Dimova, Sarah Redicker, and Timothy Foster. "Performance of large-scale irrigation projects in sub-Saharan Africa." Nature Sustainability 4, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00670-7.

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18

Zewdie, Markose Chekol, Michele Moretti, Daregot Berihun Tenessa, Zemen Ayalew Ayele, Jan Nyssen, Enyew Adgo Tsegaye, Amare Sewnet Minale, and Steven Van Passel. "Agricultural Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia: A Stochastic Frontier Approach." Land 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030246.

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In the past decade, to improve crop production and productivity, Ethiopia has embarked on an ambitious irrigation farming expansion program and has introduced new large- and small-scale irrigation initiatives. However, in Ethiopia, poverty remains a challenge, and crop productivity per unit area of land is very low. Literature on the technical efficiency (TE) of large-scale and small-scale irrigation user farmers as compared to the non-user farmers in Ethiopia is also limited. Investigating smallholder farmers’ TE level and its principal determinants is very important to increase crop production and productivity and to improve smallholder farmers’ livelihood and food security. Using 1026 household-level cross-section data, this study adopts a technology flexible stochastic frontier approach to examine agricultural TE of large-scale irrigation users, small-scale irrigation users and non-user farmers in Ethiopia. The results indicate that, due to poor extension services and old-style agronomic practices, the mean TE of farmers is very low (44.33%), implying that there is a wider room for increasing crop production in the study areas through increasing the TE of smallholder farmers without additional investment in novel agricultural technologies. Results also show that large-scale irrigation user farmers (21.05%) are less technically efficient than small-scale irrigation user farmers (60.29%). However, improving irrigation infrastructure shifts the frontier up and has a positive impact on smallholder farmers’ output.

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19

Smith, Laurence E. D. "An economist's perspective on irrigation performance assessment: With examples from large scale irrigation in Morocco." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 4, no. 4 (November 1990): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01103712.

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20

Pei, Lisi, Nathan Moore, Shiyuan Zhong, Anthony D. Kendall, Zhiqiu Gao, and David W. Hyndman. "Effects of Irrigation on Summer Precipitation over the United States." Journal of Climate 29, no. 10 (April 28, 2016): 3541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0337.1.

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Abstract Irrigation’s effects on precipitation during an exceptionally dry summer (June–August 2012) in the United States were quantified by incorporating a novel dynamic irrigation scheme into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The scheme is designed to represent a typical application strategy for farmlands across the conterminous United States (CONUS) and a satellite-derived irrigation map was incorporated into the WRF-Noah-Mosaic module to realistically trigger the irrigation. Results show that this new irrigation approach can dynamically generate irrigation water amounts that are in close agreement with the actual irrigation water amounts across the high plains (HP), where the prescribed scheme best matches real-world irrigation practices. Surface energy and water budgets have been substantially altered by irrigation, leading to modified large-scale atmospheric circulations. In the studied dry summer, irrigation was found to strengthen the dominant interior high pressure system over the southern and central United States and deepen the trough over the upper Midwest. For the HP and central United States, the rainfall amount is slightly reduced over irrigated areas, likely as a result of a reduction in both local convection and large-scale moisture convergence resulting from interactions and feedbacks between the land surface and atmosphere. In areas downwind of heavily irrigated regions, precipitation is enhanced, resulting in a 20%–100% reduction in the dry biases (relative to the observations) simulated over a large portion of the downwind areas without irrigation in the model. The introduction of irrigation reduces the overall mean biases and root-mean-square errors in the simulated daily precipitation over the CONUS.

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21

Brito, Rita Salgado, Helena Alegre, and Pedro Machado. "Strategic asset management approach for planning investment in a large-scale irrigation system." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 2165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.115.

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Abstract Typically, large-scale irrigation systems are built almost entirely in a short time-frame, a significant part of the assets age at the same time and concentrated investment needs for rehabilitation are predictable. This paper focuses on planning these needs in an aggregated way, providing a big picture for the long term investment plan. A methodology for this purpose was developed and applied to a large-scale irrigation utility in Portugal. For such, the following steps were taken: (i) system breakdown by functional areas; (ii) infrastructure components disaggregation; (iii) diagnosis of the reference situation; (iv) evaluation of long-term alternatives for rehabilitation investment planning. The methodology is in line with the IAM approach recommended by IWA and the ISO55000 standards. In this paper, the specificities of this particular application, namely a proposal of irrigation component classes, and the studied alternatives, are presented. As an overall result, it was possible to indicate a path for economic sustainability without committing the infrastructure sustainability: it is based on gradual replacement of the assets reaching their useful life, combined with a constant rehabilitation rate. This paper is a contribution to an AM system for irrigation utilities, so alignment with IAM and the contribution to a broader IAM system is highlighted.

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22

Chawanda, Celray James, Jeffrey Arnold, Wim Thiery, and Ann van Griensven. "Mass balance calibration and reservoir representations for large-scale hydrological impact studies using SWAT+." Climatic Change 163, no. 3 (December 2020): 1307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02924-x.

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AbstractClimate change (CC) has a high impact on hydrological processes which calls for reliable projections of CC hydrological impacts at large scales. However, there are several challenges in hydrological modelling at large scales. Large-scale models are often not adapted and evaluated at regional scale due to high computation time requirements or lack of information on human interactions, such as dam operations and irrigation practices at local scale. In this study, we present a regionalised methodology that uses a hydrological mass balance calibration (HMBC) and global datasets to represent reservoir and irrigation practices and apply these to a SWAT+ model for Southern Africa. We evaluate the influence of HMBC and the representation on irrigation and reservoirs on model performance and climate projections. We propose a generalised implementation of reservoirs using global datasets and decision tables to represent irrigation and reservoir management. Results show that inclusion of irrigation, reservoirs and HMBC leads to improved simulation of discharge and evapotranspiration with fewer iterations than a full parameter calibration. There is a substantial difference between projections made by the regionalised model and default model when looking at local impacts. We conclude that large-scale hydrological studies that involve local analysis and spatial mapping of results benefit from HMBC and representation of management practices. The proposed methodology can be scaled up and improve overall projections made by global models.

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23

Im, Eun-Soon, Marc P. Marcella, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir. "Impact of Potential Large-Scale Irrigation on the West African Monsoon and Its Dependence on Location of Irrigated Area." Journal of Climate 27, no. 3 (January 24, 2014): 994–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00290.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the impact of potential large-scale irrigation on the West African monsoon using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology regional climate model (MRCM). A new irrigation module is implemented to assess the impact of location and scheduling of irrigation on rainfall distribution over West Africa. A control simulation (without irrigation) and eight sensitivity experiments (with irrigation) are performed and compared to discern the effects of irrigation location and scheduling. It is found that the irrigation effect on soil moisture could force significant changes in spatial distribution and magnitude of rainfall, depending on the latitudinal location of irrigation. In general, the large irrigation-induced surface cooling owing to anomalously wet soil tends to suppress moist convection and rainfall, which in turn induces local subsidence and low-level anticyclonic circulation. These local effects are dominated by a consistent reduction of local rainfall over the irrigated land, irrespective of its location. However, the remote response of rainfall distribution to irrigation exhibits a significant sensitivity to the latitudinal position of irrigation and the intraseasonal variation of supplied irrigation water. The low-level northeasterly airflow associated with an anticyclonic circulation centered over the irrigation area, induced at optimal location and timing, would enhance the extent of low-level convergence areas through interaction with the prevailing monsoon flow, leading to a significant increase in rainfall. As the location of the irrigation area is moved from the coast northward, the regional rainfall change exhibits a significant decrease first, then increases gradually to a maximum corresponding to irrigation centered around 20°N, before it declines again.

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24

Kuper, Marcel. "Crossed destinies: 30 years of research in large-scale irrigation systems." Cahiers Agricultures 20, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2011.0467.

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25

Passouant, M., P. Y. Le Gal, and B. Keita. "The contribution of information systems in maintaining large-scale irrigation schemes." Irrigation and Drainage 59, no. 3 (January 22, 2009): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.469.

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26

Li, Qiong-Fang, and John W. Gowing. "Investigation of Integrated Management of Large-Scale Irrigation and Aquaculture Systems." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13, no. 5 (May 2008): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2008)13:5(355).

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27

Kelley, Timothy G., and Sam H. Johnson. "MONITORING OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE IN LARGE-SCALE PUBLIC IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN INDONESIA." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27, no. 3 (June 1991): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb01450.x.

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28

Neverre, Noémie, and Patrice Dumas. "Projecting Basin-Scale Distributed Irrigation and Domestic Water Demands and Values: A Generic Method for Large-Scale Modeling." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500235.

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This paper presents a methodology to project irrigation and domestic water demands on a regional to global scale, in terms of both quantity and economic value. Projections are distributed at the water basin scale. Irrigation water demand is projected under climate change. It is simply computed as the difference between crop potential evapotranspiration for the different stages of the growing season and available precipitation. Irrigation water economic value is based on a yield comparison approach between rainfed and irrigated crops using average yields. For the domestic sector, we project the combined effects of demographic growth, economic development and water cost evolution on future demands. The method consists in building three-part inverse demand functions in which volume limits of the blocks evolve with the level of GDP per capita. The value of water along the demand curve is determined from price-elasticity, price and demand data from the literature, using the point-expansion method, and from water cost data. This generic methodology can be easily applied to large-scale regions, in particular developing regions where reliable data are scarce. As an illustration, it is applied to Algeria, at the 2050 horizon, for demands associated to reservoirs. Our results show that domestic demand is projected to become a major water consumption sector. The methodology is meant to be integrated into large-scale hydroeconomic models, to determine inter-sectorial and inter-temporal water allocation based on economic valuation.

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29

Jia, Zhi Feng, and Wen Bin Li. "Theoretical Study on Establishing Hydro-Eco Dynamic Monitoring System in Large-Scale and Arid Irrigation District." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3787.

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As for some large-scale and arid irrigation district in China, such as Jinghuiqu irrigation district and Shihezi reclamation district, hydro-ecosystem was gradually degenerated and imbalanced due to water shortage and unreasonable exploitation. In order to study hydrological elements, water cycle process and ecological response caused by human activities and other factors, and improve the quality of hydro-ecosystem, scientific connotation of establishing hydro-eco dynamic monitoring system in large-scale and arid irrigation district was defined. Hydro-ecosystem dynamic monitoring indexes including meteorological elements, hydrological elements, ecological elements closely related to hydrological elements and cycle, and socio-economic elements were proposed. Comprehensive monitoring methods based on automatic monitoring net, remote sensing satellite monitoring, field test and investigation were determined, and overall framework of hydro-eco dynamic monitoring was designed, which provided a theoretical basis for establishing hydro-eco dynamic monitoring system in large-scale and arid irrigation district.

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30

Johansson, Emma Li, Marianela Fader, Jonathan W. Seaquist, and Kimberly A. Nicholas. "Green and blue water demand from large-scale land acquisitions in Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 41 (September 26, 2016): 11471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524741113.

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In the last decade, more than 22 million ha of land have been contracted to large-scale land acquisitions in Africa, leading to increased pressures, competition, and conflicts over freshwater resources. Currently, 3% of contracted land is in production, for which we model site-specific water demands to indicate where freshwater appropriation might pose high socioenvironmental challenges. We use the dynamic global vegetation model Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land to simulate green (precipitation stored in soils and consumed by plants through evapotranspiration) and blue (extracted from rivers, lakes, aquifers, and dams) water demand and crop yields for seven irrigation scenarios, and compare these data with two baseline scenarios of staple crops representing previous water demand. We find that most land acquisitions are planted with crops that demand large volumes of water (>9,000 m3⋅ha−1) like sugarcane, jatropha, and eucalyptus, and that staple crops have lower water requirements (<7,000 m3⋅ha−1). Blue water demand varies with irrigation system, crop choice, and climate. Even if the most efficient irrigation systems were implemented, 18% of the land acquisitions, totaling 91,000 ha, would still require more than 50% of water from blue water sources. These hotspots indicate areas at risk for transgressing regional constraints for freshwater use as a result of overconsumption of blue water, where socioenvironmental systems might face increased conflicts and tensions over water resources.

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31

de la Fuente, M., C. Calvo, R. Roda, J. Ruiz, M. Mazzieri, R. Ferrer, and S. de Lamo. "Large-scale implementation of sustainable production practices in the Priorat-Montsant region." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501014.

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The Priorat and Montsant Appellations of Origin are considered to produce some of the finest wines in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Located in the south of Catalonia (North-East Spain), they account for close to 4000 ha cultivated by more than 1300 vine growers under severe Mediterranean climatic conditions and hence threatened by global warming. In this context, sustainable practices are needed for the optimal use of natural resources in order to ensure the durability of high-quality wine production in the region. In addition, these practices allow this region to maintain high levels of biodiversity, a major characteristic of Priorat and Montsant's agricultural landscape, which represents an important touristic attraction. The Project LIFE Priorant+Montsant, funded by the European Union, proposed the implementation of sustainable practices at a regional scale, in order to achieve remarkable reductions of resource consumption in three axes: 1) Irrigation water management, 2) vine fertilization and 3) synthetic pesticide use. Reductions are achieved by providing the necessary technical support to growers to adopt practices, developing optimized strategies and evaluating the viticulture and winery production processes. After the two first seasons of the project, 2017 and 2018, the objectives of reduction of resources consumption have been successfully achieved. A total of 53 vineyard plots, representing the main grape varieties in the region (Grenache, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) were classified in eight sub-areas and monitored for water consumption. From pea-size to harvest (phenological stages), weekly measurements of phenology, water potential and meteorological data were collected. Irrigation recommendations were then given to growers, to avoid water potential below − 1.4 MPa. Overall, more than 50 irrigation recommendations were emitted to growers. The water consumption with the optimized irrigation strategy ranged from 10 to 63 litres per ha, the recommended dose saved 20 to 87% of the irrigation water per year, according to previous general recommendations in this region. Regarding fertilization, soil samples were provided by growers and leave samples were taken from vineyards to assess nutrient levels and develop the corresponding recommendation of fertilization, depending on the analysis results. The analyzed soil samples from the different sub-areas were grouped by the Principal Component Analysis, in which the first and second principal components accounted for 31.6% and 11.8% of the variability and were related to soil texture and nutrient content of soils, respectively. Overall, the recommended doses of organic fertilizers saved more than 20% of the usual chemical fertilizer application in the region. The reduction of pesticide use will be achieved through three actions related to three main pests and diseases of grapevine: optimized formulations against powdery mildew, alternative products to reduce copper use against downy mildew and, increase of surface under mating disruption strategy against grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. Before implementing these actions, no vineyards were managed under mating disruption in the Montsant area and 207 ha have been monitored in 2018 after two years. In the Priorat area, more than 200 ha have also adopted this strategy during the project. This action has saved more than 500 application doses of synthetic insecticides in those vineyards. Within the same scope, several formulations will be proved in the following years in order to assess their effectiveness against powdery and downy mildew in further specific field trials. Candidate products will be introduced in Integrated Pest Management strategies to achieve the desired pesticide reduction levels. The results will represent specific regional strategies for irrigation, fertilization and plant protection, and are extensible to most of the vineyards in Priorat and Montsant, as well as to other vitivinicultural regions which similar conditions. Keywords: Sustainable management, Irrigation, Fertilisation, Pesticides, Priorat-Montsant.

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32

Carr, M. K. V. "Irrigation Issues in Swaziland 2: Small-Scale Projects." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 3 (September 1987): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600308.

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This is the second of two papers which discusses current irrigation issues in Swaziland, a relatively poor developing country in southern Africa. In the first, developments in large scale commercial irrigation schemes were considered [1]. In this, an important irrigation settlement scheme is described, together with small-scale government-supported and farmer-initiated schemes. Among other factors, the importance of secure systems of land tenure is examined. Finally, general conclusions are drawn regarding the role of irrigation in agricultural development in Swaziland and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

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33

Bandara, J. M. R. S., H. V. P. Wijewardena, and H. M. M. S. Seneviratne. "Remediation of cadmium contaminated irrigation and drinking water: A large scale approach." Toxicology Letters 198, no. 1 (September 2010): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.030.

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34

Vos, Jeroen. "Understanding water delivery performance in a large-scale irrigation system in Peru." Irrigation and Drainage 54, no. 1 (2005): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.152.

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35

Khadra, R., M. A. Moreno, H. Awada, and N. Lamaddalena. "Energy and Hydraulic Performance-Based Management of Large-Scale Pressurized Irrigation Systems." Water Resources Management 30, no. 10 (May 24, 2016): 3493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1365-z.

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36

Kilic, Murat, and Suer Anac. "Multi-Objective Planning Model for Large Scale Irrigation Systems: Method and Application." Water Resources Management 24, no. 12 (February 10, 2010): 3173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9601-4.

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37

Schoonen, L. P. A., A. T. J. R. Cobbenhagen, and W. P. M. H. Heemels. "Optimal irrigation management for large-scale arable farming using model predictive control." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 30 (2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.489.

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38

TERMAAT, H., R. HUTJES, R. OHBA, H. UEDA, B. BISSELINK, and T. BAUER. "Meteorological impact assessment of possible large scale irrigation in Southwest Saudi Arabia." Global and Planetary Change 54, no. 1-2 (November 2006): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.01.018.

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39

Ferguson, Carol A. "MODELING WATER UTILIZATION IN LARGE-SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: A QUALITATiVE RESPONSE APPROACH." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25, no. 6 (December 1989): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01332.x.

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Tuinenburg, O. A., R. W. A. Hutjes, T. Stacke, A. Wiltshire, and P. Lucas-Picher. "Effects of Irrigation in India on the Atmospheric Water Budget." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 1028–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-078.1.

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Abstract The effect of large-scale irrigation in India on the moisture budget of the atmosphere was investigated using three regional climate models and one global climate model, all of which performed an irrigated run and a natural run without irrigation. Using a common irrigation map, year-round irrigation was represented by adding water to the soil moisture to keep it at 90% of the maximum soil moisture storage capacity, regardless of water availability. For two focus regions, the seasonal cycle of irrigation matched that of the reference dataset, but irrigation application varied between the models by up to 0.8 mm day−1. Because of the irrigation, evaporation increased in all models, but precipitation decreased because of a strong decrease in atmospheric moisture convergence. A moisture tracking scheme was used to track individual evaporated moisture parcels through the atmosphere to determine where these lead to precipitation. Up to 35% of the evaporation moisture from the Ganges basin is recycling within the river basin. However, because of a decreased moisture convergence into the river basin, the total amount of precipitation in the Ganges basin decreases. Although a significant fraction of the evaporation moisture recycles within the river basin, the changes in large-scale wind patterns due to irrigation shift the precipitation from the eastern parts of India and Nepal to the northern and western parts of India and Pakistan. In these areas where precipitation increases, the relative precipitation increase is larger than the relative decrease in the areas where precipitation decreases. It is concluded 1) that the direct effects of irrigation on precipitation are small and are not uniform across the models; 2) that a fraction of up to 35% of any marginal evaporation increase (for example, due to irrigation) will recycle within the river basin; and 3) that when irrigation is applied on a large scale, the dominant effect will be a change in large-scale atmospheric flow that decreases precipitation in eastern India and increases it in western and northern India.

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Ismail, Habibu, Md Rowshon Kamal, Ahmad Fikri bin Abdullah, and Mohd Syazwan Faisal bin Mohd. "Climate-Smart Agro-Hydrological Model for a Large Scale Rice Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113906.

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Agro-hydrological water management frameworks help to integrate expected planned management and expedite regulation of water allocation for agricultural production. Low production is not only due to the variability of available water during crop growing seasons, but also poor water management decisions. The Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia has yet to model agro-hydrological systems for effective water distribution under climate change impacts. A climate-smart agro-hydrological model was developed using Excel-based Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) for adaptive irrigation and wise water resource management towards water security under new climate change realities. Daily climate variables for baseline (1976–2005) and future (2010–2099) periods were extracted from 10 global climate models (GCMs) under three Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). The projected available water for supply to the scheme would noticeably decrease during the dry season. The water demand in the scheme will differ greatly during the months in future dry seasons, and the increase in effective rainfall during the wet season will compensate for the high dry season water demand. No irrigation will therefore be needed in the months of May and June. In order to improve water distribution, simulated flows from the model could be incorporated with appropriate cropping patterns.

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Boularbah, Sara, Marcel Kuper, Ali Hammani, Jean‐Claude Mailhol, and Abdelilah Taky. "THE BLIND ANGLE: PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF DRIP IRRIGATION IN USE IN A LARGE‐SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MOROCCO." Irrigation and Drainage 68, no. 5 (August 11, 2019): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2369.

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Panapitiya, Mahinda, Lalitha Padmini Senivirathne, and S. K. Hewadewa. "Rehabilitation Programmes of Large Scale Irrigation Projects - An Opportunity to Alter the Farmers' Role in Irrigation Water Management." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 41, no. 1 (January 30, 2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v41i1.7080.

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Segal, M., Z. Pan, R. W. Turner, and E. S. Takle. "On the Potential Impact of Irrigated Areas in North America on Summer Rainfall Caused by Large-Scale Systems." Journal of Applied Meteorology 37, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-37.3.325.

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Abstract The potential impact of the increase in irrigated areas in North America during the past 100 years on summer rainfall associated with medium- to large-scale precipitation systems is evaluated conceptually and by several illustrative numerical model simulations. The model results for the simulated cases suggest a tendency toward some increase in the continental-average rainfall for the present irrigation conditions compared with those of past irrigation. The maximum increase obtained for several studied cases of 6-day duration each was 1.7%. Rainfall increases typically occur in the location of existing rainfall areas, and the main effect of irrigation is to redistribute rainfall in those preexisting precipitation regions.

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Workneh, Wubamlak Ayichew, Jun Takada, and Shusuke Matsushita. "The Impact of Using Small-Scale Irrigation Motor Pumps on Farmers’ Household Incomes in Ethiopia: A Quasi-Experimental Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 8142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198142.

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Sectoral economic growth data in Ethiopia show that the agriculture sector has the lowest growth, which is caused by frequent drought and inefficient technologies, among other factors. As a result, the productivities of land and labor, as well as the income of small-scale farm households, are very low, and rural areas have a relatively high poverty rate. A quasi-experiment was applied to understand the impact of using small-scale irrigation motor pumps on farmers’ livelihood improvement. Specifically, a survey was conducted in 2019 on a sample of 92 small-scale irrigation motor pump and canal irrigation users as the treatment and control groups. The weighted propensity score matching method was applied to eliminate initial differences and adjust sampling proportions across the groups. Based on the average treatment effect on the treated estimation results, we cannot state that the mean income difference in small-scale irrigation motor pump users and canal irrigation system users is different from zero. This indicates that countries with little capital to invest in large-scale irrigation projects can introduce household-level small-scale irrigation motor pumps to improve farmers’ incomes.

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Xu, Xiang Hua, Wei Xing Wang, Yue Ming Hu, and Song Bin Zhai. "The Sprinkler Irrigation System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1769.

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China is a country with serious shortage of water resources,water resources problem isn't just a matter of resources, but also a significant strategic question related to national economic and social sustainable development. Using efficient intelligent water-saving irrigation technology has become the general trend of irrigation technology all over the world. Is proposed a kind of intelligent irrigation system based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), can be used to realize large area such as landscaping, field crop on a large scale irrigation control,real-time monitoring of large area of soil's temperature and humidity distribution, and keep the block in the most appropriate humidity range to the growth of the crop, which effectively implement water-saving irrigation.

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Yue, Weifeng, and Chesheng Zhan. "A large-scale conjunctive management model of water resources for an arid irrigation district in China." Hydrology Research 44, no. 5 (February 4, 2013): 926–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2013.135.

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The quantity of available water resources has been recognized as the key limiting factor for development of most of the arid regions. This paper focuses on the simulation–optimization for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater on a large scale. In this study, Hetao Irrigation District in China, one of the largest irrigation districts in the Yellow River basin, is selected as a representative study area. The conjunctive management model of water resources is developed by means of dynamically coupling a large-scale hydrological model with an optimal allocation model. A groundwater level is adopted in the coupled model as the constraint condition and the optimal conjunctive utilization quantity of surface water and groundwater is set as the objective function. Finally, the coupled model is applied to calculate the optimal water supply quantity of surface water and groundwater and sustainable utilization scheme of water resources for 2020 and 2030 in Hetao Irrigation District. The modeling results demonstrate the conjunctive management model of water resources is an effective tool for appraising water resources in large-scale arid regions.

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Lankford, Bruce. "Irrigation improvement projects in Tanzania; scale impacts and policy implications." Water Policy 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0006.

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Observations in Tanzania indicate that the improvement of traditional smallholder irrigation does not necessarily result in improved water performance, greater equity and reduced conflict. The usual outcomes of such projects is a gain in water for the system being upgraded, especially if located upstream, accompanied by less ability to share water at the river basin scale. This paper concludes that these projects do not commonly understand, match and respond to the complexities of well-developed and evolving smallholder irrigation found in multi-user river basins. Without re-appraisal, the risk is that donors will be unsuccessful with smallholder irrigation and turn away from this sector, as they did with large-scale irrigation.

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Zaccaria, Daniele, Giuseppe Passarella, Daniela D'Agostino, Raffaele Giordano, and Samuel Sandoval Solis. "Risk Assessment of Aquifer Salinization in a Large-Scale Coastal Irrigation Scheme, Italy." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 44, no. 4 (January 18, 2016): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400396.

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Albizua, Amaia, Unai Pascual, and Esteve Corbera. "Large-scale Irrigation Impacts Socio-cultural Values: An Example from Rural Navarre, Spain." Ecological Economics 159 (May 2019): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.017.

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