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1
Komoto, Keiichi. Energy from the desert: Very large scale photovoltaic systems : socio-economic, financial, technical, and environmental aspects. London: Earthscan, 2009.
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2
Large scale solar power systems: Construction and economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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3
Sakawa, Masatoshi. Large Scale Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming: Decomposition Approaches. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000.
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Hof, John G. A multilevel optimization system for large-scale renewable resource planning. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.
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Hof, John G. A multilevel optimization system for large-scale renewable resource planning. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.
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Hof, John G. A multilevel optimization system for large-scale renewable resource planning. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.
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7
Holttinen, Hannele. The impact of large scale wind power production on the Nordic electricity system. [Espoo, Finland]: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2004.
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International, Conference "Management of Large-Scale System Development" (4th 2010 Moscow Russia). Upravlenie razvitiem krupnomasshtabnykh sistem, MLSD'2010: Materialy Chetvertoĭ mezhdunarodnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, (4-6 okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2010 g., Moskva, Rossii︠a︡). Moskva: Institut problem upravlenii︠a︡, 2010.
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9
International Conference "Management of Large-Scale System Development" (2nd 2008 Moscow, Russia). Upravlenie razvitiem krupnomasshtabnykh sistem, MLSD'2008: Materialy Vtoroĭ mezhdunarodnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, (1-3 okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2008 g., Moskva, Rossii︠a︡). Moskva: Institut problem upravlenii︠a︡ RAN, 2008.
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International Conference "Management of Large-Scale System Development" (3rd 2009 Moscow, Russia). Upravlenie razvitiem krupnomasshtabnykh sistem, MLSD'2009: Materialy Tretʹeĭ mezhdunarodnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, 5-7 okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2009 g., Moscow, Russ︠a︡. Moskva: Institut problem upravlenii︠a︡, 2009.
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11
International Conference "Management of Large-Scale System Development" (2nd 2008 Moscow, Russia). Upravlenie razvitiem krupnomasshtabnykh sistem, MLSD'2008: Materialy Vtoroĭ mezhdunarodnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, (1-3 okti︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2008 g., Moskva, Rossii︠a︡). Moskva: Institut problem upravlenii︠a︡ RAN, 2008.
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12
Okunoye, Adekunle. Large-scale sustainable information systems development in a developing country: The making of an Islamic banking package. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub., 2003.
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13
Shi, Peijun. Integrated Risk Governance: Science Plan and Case Studies of Large-scale Disasters. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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Garofalo, Giuseppe, ed. Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-605-1.
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From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.
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Keiichi, Komoto, ed. Energy from the desert: Very large scale photovoltaic systems : socio-economic, financial, technical, and environmental aspects. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.
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16
Kosuke, Kurokawa, ed. Energy from the desert: Very large scale photovoltaic systems : socio-economic, financial, technical, and environmental aspects. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.
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17
Keiichi, Komoto, ed. Energy from the desert: Very large scale photovoltaic systems : socio-economic, financial, technical, and environmental aspects. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.
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18
Gevorkian, Peter. Large-Scale Solar Power Systems: Construction and Economics. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
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19
Ohno, Taiichi. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 2019.
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Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 2002.
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Ohno, Taiichi. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 2019.
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Ohno, Taiichi. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 1988.
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Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, 2002.
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Majumdar, Sumit K. India’s Mixed Economy Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.003.0005.
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This chapter describes the evolution of India’s industrial structure. Unlike industrialization carried out through large state-owned firms, or industrialization through a cadre of large private corporations, or industrialization through a network of small firms, many alternative organizational dynamics play simultaneously in the Indian system. The system consists of many private businesses that constitute the large-scale industrial sector. Policies were put in place to develop the molecular economy and to develop State-owned firms investing in large-scale units. These policies led to the emergence of important and dynamic segments making up India’s heterogeneous model of capitalism. Each has been in coexistence with the other and added variety to the economy. In the quest for economic progress, if Indian society was to be industrialized, modernized, autonomous, self-reliant, able to defend itself, and an independent center of economic power, State-directed industrialization was realized as a key solution for national development.
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Macro-engineering: MIT Brunel Lectures On Global Infrastructure (Horwood Series in Engineering Science). 2nd ed. Albion/Horwood Publishing, 1997.
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1918-, Davidson Frank Paul, Frankel Ernst G, and Meador C. Lawrence, eds. Macro-engineering: MIT Brunel lectures on global infrastructure. Chichester: Horwood Pub., 1997.
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27
Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz, Katarzyna, Mirosław Karpiuk, and Jarosław Kostrubiec. The Legal Status of Public Entities in the Field of Cybersecurity in Poland. Institute for Local Self-Government Maribor, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/2021.5.
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This monograph provides an in-depth look at the organisation of the national cybersecurity system and the tasks and responsibilities of the entities operating within this system. The objective of the national cybersecurity system is to ensure cybersecurity at the national level, including the uninterrupted provision of essential services and digital services by achieving the appropriate level of security of the information systems used to provide these services and ensuring the handling of incidents. The EU legislators have been explicit in noting that the scale, frequency, and impact of cybersecurity incidents is growing, putting the functioning of information systems at a serious risk. These systems can be targeted by malicious attacks aimed at damaging or disrupting their operations. Such incidents can hamper the functioning of public administration and business, and cause substantial financial losses, undermine user confidence, and lead to considerable losses in national economies, as well as the EU economy at large. Defined as the resilience of information systems against actions which compromise the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity of processed data, or the related services provided by those information systems, cybersecurity is an area of concern for private and public entities alike. As far as the public-law sphere is concerned, cybersecurity tasks and powers are performed and exercised by government administration, both central and regional, as well as local and regional governments. At the core of the national cybersecurity system in Poland are the public entities which make Poland's cybersecurity policy with the aim of increasing the level of protection against cyberthreats. Despite having different statuses, tasks, and powers, and places in the public sphere, they share the objective of ensuring cyberspace security.
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Peter, Gomber, and Gvozdevskiy Ilya. Part III Trading, 14 Dark Trading Under MiFID II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0014.
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This chapter focuses on the concept of dark trading in the context of MiFID II, against the background of the MIFID I regulation and its economic consequences for European equity markets. MiFID II aims to increase market transparency and to bring trading of financial instruments into regulated platforms. Extending the waivers introduced by MiFID I, the new Directive announces the double volume cap regime. An additional trading obligation of shares will reduce the extent of OTC trading in Europe. Some market participants and trading venues recently introduced MiFID II-ready solutions preventing dark executions from being subject to the double volume cap regime either by classifying the orders as large in scale or by introducing trading systems based on auction market models. These models and functionalities that already anticipate the future MIFID II regime are also discussed in this chapter.
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Dennis, Faber, and Vermunt Niels, eds. Bank Failure: Lessons from Lehman Brothers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.001.0001.
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This new book analyses the legal and practical issues experienced during the Lehman Brothers litigation, the largest and most complex bankruptcy proceedings in history. By examining the issues the work provides a useful reference source for future large scale and cross-border bankruptcy proceedings of multinational groups. The contributors include experts from the various jurisdictions in which Lehman Brothers was operative, many of whom were involved in the litigation. The chapters set out practical solutions to the issues faced, concerning, for example, the use of existing payment and settlement systems for consent solicitation, filing instructions, and insolvency distributions. Economic challenges, such as the valuation of distressed financial instruments, are also considered. Additionally, the book provides a critique of the current law, analysis of the interpretation and scope of core legal principles and makes recommendations for regulatory reform and judicial cooperation. In this book first-hand accounts by key parties in the insolvency proceedings with expertise on the main issues are complemented by the views of selected independent experts. It is also enhanced by three chapters which further reflect on the Andean legal order.
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Comfort, Louise K. The Dynamics of Risk. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691165370.001.0001.
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Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries, severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy, and finance. This book provides an examination of how twelve communities in nine countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and 2015. And many of the book's lessons can also be applied to other large-scale risks. The book sets the global problem of seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to explore how the consequences of such events ripple across jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies, triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic, and legal gaps. It assesses how the networks of organizations involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why investing substantively in global information infrastructure would create shared awareness of seismic risk and make post-disaster relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
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Thaler, Gregory. The Twenty-First Century Agricultural Land Rush. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.017.
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The 2007–2008 global food crisis has been followed by a rapid acceleration in large-scale agricultural land deals, which activists have labeled a “global land grab.” This chapter explores the origins of this twenty-first century agricultural land rush, its geography, and the responses it has engendered. The origins of the land rush are located in interlinked food, financial, and ecological crises that are indicative of fundamental shifts in the global political economy. In response to these crises, land grabbing represents an effort to reconstruct a stable political-economic order, both on the part of investment capital seeking to relaunch accumulation and on the part of political actors and companies seeking to secure stable supplies of food and energy. The geography of the land rush is analyzed through the interrelated variables of land availability, the structural position of a country in the global economy, and a country’s domestic institutional structure. Finally, the main theoretical positions in the debate over land deals are linked to distinct political responses. The real historical significance of the structural changes behind the agricultural land rush suggests that the implications of the land rush will be both durable and systemic.
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Jacobs, Lawrence, and Desmond King. Fed Power. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197573129.001.0001.
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The Federal Reserve, created more than a century ago, is the most powerful central bank in the world. The Fed’s power to alter the money supply, move interest rates, and to intervene to save Wall Street and large corporations helps many Americans, but not equally. Specific industries in finance and large businesses reap lopsided and often concealed benefits while homeowners, workers, and Americans of color slip further behind. The substantial expansion of the Fed’s power circumvents America’s constitutional checks and contributes to economic inequality and racial disparities. The second edition of Lawrence R. Jacobs and Desmond King’s Fed Power extends their decisive account of the Fed’s favoritism toward Wall Street and big business during the 2008–2009 financial crisis to the Fed’s unprecedented responses to the economic collapse sparked by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. In five chapters, Jacobs and King discuss the origins of the Federal Reserve System, its maneuvering to advance its capacity and autonomy to act independent of Congress and the presidency, and unprecedented support for Wall Street and big business during in the crises in 2008–2009 and 2020. Fed Power analyses how the scale of the Fed’s economic interventions since 2008 is provoking public unease, organized protests and advocacy, and congressional pressure for reform. The deadly coronavirus and the Movement for Black Lives are intensifying the push for democratic accountability, stringent regulation of banks, and new policies to reduce economic inequality and Black-White disparities. Fed Power is a corrective to both the Bank’s self-serving claims of serving the public even as it favors the best-off, and the reluctance of researchers to recognize the Fed’s role in America’s racial and economic inequalities.
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Manuel José Cepeda, Espinosa, and Landau David. Part Two Rights, 6 Social Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190640361.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at the Court’s extensive jurisprudence on social rights. The Colombian Constitution of 1991 contains a long list of social rights, however it was initially unclear to what extent they were justiciable. The Constitutional Court quickly established that they could be litigated in many circumstances, and has since developed case law reaching across many different domains. This chapter considers, for example, the Court interventions in the rights to health, housing, and water. It also reviews the Court’s response to the economic crisis of the late 1990s, in which it weighed the need for austerity against the rights of homeowners and civil servants. Finally, it looks at the Court’s major structural injunctions and ongoing supervision on certain large-scale public problems, including the rights of internally displaced persons and the structure of the healthcare system.
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Sciuto, Jenna Grace. Policing Intimacy. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496833440.001.0001.
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Policing Intimacy analyzes literary depictions of sexual policing of the color line across multiple spaces with diverse colonial histories: Mississippi through William Faulkner’s work, Louisiana through Ernest Gaines’s novels, Haiti through the work of Marie Chauvet and Edwidge Danticat, and the Dominican Republic through writing by Julia Alvarez, Junot Díaz, and Nelly Rosario. This literature exposes the continuing coloniality that links depictions of U.S. democracy with Caribbean dictatorships in the twentieth century, revealing a set of interrelated features characterizing the transformation of colonial forms of racial and sexual control into neocolonial reconfigurations. Patterns are discernable, as a result of systemic inequality and large-scale historical events, revealing the ways in which private relations can reflect national occurrences and the intimate can be brought under public scrutiny. Acknowledging the widespread effects of racial and sexual policing that persist in current legal, economic, and political infrastructures across the circum-Caribbean can in turn bring to light permutations of resistance to the violent discriminations of the status quo. By drawing on colonial documents, such as early law systems like the 1685 French Code Noir instated in Haiti, the 1724 Code Noir in Louisiana, and the 1865 Black Code in Mississippi, in tandem with examples drawn from twentieth-century literature, Policing Intimacy humanizes the effects of legal histories and leaves space for local particularities. A focus on literary texts and the affordances enabled by the variances in form and aesthetics demonstrates the necessity of incorporating multiple stories, histories, and traumas into our accounts of the past.
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Cukierman, Alex. Central Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.64.
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The first CBs were private institutions that were given a monopoly over the issuance of currency by government in return for help in financing the budget and adherence to the rules of the gold standard. Under this standard the price of gold in terms of currency was fixed and the CB could issue or retire domestic currency only in line with gold inflows or outflows. Due to the scarcity of gold this system assured price stability as long as it functioned. Wars and depressions led to the replacement of the gold standard by the more flexible gold exchange standard. Along with restrictions on international capital flows this standard became a major pillar of the post–WWII Bretton Woods system. Under this system the U.S. dollar (USD) was pegged to gold, and other countries’ exchange rates were pegged to the USD. In many developing economies CBs functioned as governmental development banks.Following the world inflation of the 1970s and the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, eradication of inflation gradually became the explicit number one priority of CBs. The hyperinflationary experiences of the first half of the 20th century, which were mainly caused by over-utilization of the printing press to finance budgetary expenditures, convinced policymakers in developed economies, following Germany’s lead, that the conduct of monetary policy should be delegated to instrument independent CBs, that governments should be prohibited from borrowing from them, and that the main goal of the CB should be price stability. During the late 1980s and the 1990s numerous CBs obtained instrument independence and started to operate on inflation targeting systems. Under this system the CB is expected to use interest rate policy to deliver a low inflation rate in the long run and to stabilize fluctuations in economic activity in the short and medium terms. In parallel the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system were replaced by flexible rates or dirty floats. The conjunction of more flexible rates and IT effectively moved the control over exchange rates from governments to CBs.The global financial crisis reminded policymakers that, of all public institutions, the CB has a comparative advantage in swiftly preventing the crisis from becoming a generalized panic that would seriously cripple the financial system. The crisis precipitated the financial stability motive into the forefront of CBs’ policy concerns and revived the explicit recognition of the lender of last resort function of the CB in the face of shocks to the financial system. Although the financial stability objective appeared in CBs’ charters, along with the price stability objective, also prior to the crisis, the crisis highlighted the critical importance of the supervisory and regulatory functions of CBs and other regulators. An important lesson from the crisis was that micro-prudential supervision and regulation should be supplemented with macro-prudential regulation and that the CB is the choice institution to perform this function. The crisis led CBs of major developed economies to reduce their policy rates to zero (and even to negative values in some cases) and to engage in large-scale asset purchases that bloat their balance sheets to this day. It also induced CBs of small open economies to supplement their interest rate policies with occasional foreign exchange interventions.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
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Bornschier, Simon. Globalization, Cleavages, and the Radical Right. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.11.
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This chapter underscores the merit of studying the emergence and growth of the radical right from a cleavage perspective, which sees party system change as rooted in large-scale transformations of social structure. The chapter begins by discussing explanations for the rise of the radical right in terms of the educational revolution, the processes of economic and cultural modernization, and globalization, showing where these perspectives converge and where they differ. It then goes on to show how the structuralist perspective has been combined with a focus on agency. Under conditions of multidimensional party competition, the behavior of mainstream parties is crucial, because it determines the relative salience of competitive dimensions and whether they offer space for radical right-wing challengers. Some of the most exciting recent research studies how the processes of dealignment and realignment structure the propensity of specific social groups such as the manual working class to support the radical right.
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Thomas, Marcel. Local Lives, Parallel Histories. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856146.001.0001.
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The division of Germany separated a nation, divided communities, and inevitably shaped the life histories of those growing up in the socialist dictatorship of the East and the liberal democracy of the West. This peculiarly German experience of the Cold War has so far mostly been seen through the lens of the divided Berlin or other border communities. What has been much less explored, however, is what division meant to the millions of Germans in East and West who lived far away from the Wall and the centres of political power. This book is the first comparative study to examine how villagers in both Germanies dealt with the imposition of two very different systems in their everyday lives. Focusing on two villages, Neukirch (Lausitz) in Saxony and Ebersbach (Fils) in Baden-Württemberg, it explores how local residents experienced and navigated social change in their localities in the postwar era. Based on a wide range of archival sources as well as oral history interviews, the book argues that there are parallel histories of responses to social change among villagers in postwar Germany. Despite the different social, political, and economic developments, the residents of both localities desired rural modernization, lamented the loss of ‘community’, and became politically active to control the transformation of their localities. The book thereby offers a bottom-up history of the divided Germany which shows how individuals on both sides of the Wall gave local meaning to large-scale processes of change.
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Anheier, Helmut K., and Theodor Baums, eds. Advances in Corporate Governance. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866367.001.0001.
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The governance of the modern corporation is broadly understood as the mechanisms, relations, and processes for balancing the interests of stakeholders. It spells out the rules and procedures for decision-making, accountability and transparency, and distributional rights. Corporate governance thus provides the framework in which corporate objectives are set, the means of attaining them, the kind of performance monitoring required, and by whom. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis and large-scale corporate failures, the issue of corporate governance has repeatedly received the attention of policy-makers and the wider public. Extending the study of corporate governance beyond that of listed corporations sheds new light on the overall performance of corporations in market economies. These include small and medium-sized corporations, non-profit organisations and philanthropic foundations, public corporations and public–private partnerships, social enterprises and cooperatives, international organisations, and corporations in cyberspace. A decade after the massive failures in the governance of financial corporations, and with continued governance failures in other parts of the economy since then, this volume takes stock and asks: what has been the performance of corporate governance regimes, and have regulatory changes and corporate governance codes made a difference? What are the strengths and weaknesses of current corporate governance systems and codes? How do corporate forms differ in their governance performance, and what have been the experiences across countries? And, finally, what implications for understanding governance behaviour and for policy-makers and regulators come to mind?
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Elgie, Robert, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur, eds. The Oxford Handbook of French Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of French Politics provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of political science research on France. The volume brings together established and emerging scholars who specialize in the study of France to reflect on the evolution of the French political system through the lens of political science. The Handbook is organized into three sections: the first sectionidentifies foundational concepts for the French case, including chapters on republicanism and social welfare; the second focuses on thematic large-scale processes, such as identity, governance, and globalization; and the third section examines a wide range of issues relating to substantive politics and policy, among which are chapters on political representation, political culture, social movements, economic policy, gender policy, and defense and security policy. Throughout the volume contributors aim to place France in comparative perspective. To what extent have scholars integrated international and comparative work in their study of France? Has scholarship on France shaped the study of political life outside France? To help answer these questions contributors systematically provide a state-of-the-art review both of the comparative scholarly literature on their topic as well as the work on France. From this basis they also provide suggestions as to how the study of French and comparative politics might move forward in the coming years. In these ways, the Oxford Handbook of French Politics will be highly attractive both to scholars of France and also to scholars of comparative politics and political science more generally.
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Jordahl, Henrik, and Mårten Blix. Privatizing Welfare Services. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867210.001.0001.
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The Swedish welfare state is known for providing extensive services to its citizens. Much less well known is that a fair amount of the services are delivered by private for-profit firms. The first steps of privatization were taken in the mid-1980s for childcare services at the municipal level, and the government often found itself scrambling to introduce regulation afterwards. Other sectors were subsequently privatized, most notably through an extensive voucher scheme to provide choice in compulsory and upper-secondary education. A key question throughout this process has been how to maintain the Swedish egalitarian ethos while undergoing extensive privatization. How has the country managed to reap the benefits from market forces without endangering equitable outcomes? The Swedish system is no middle road between socialism and capitalism. Instead, it is more akin to a large-scale laboratory for institutional design with lessons that should be of broad relevance to other countries aiming to get high-quality welfare services while containing costs. Focusing on what others can learn from Sweden, the book makes accessible original research on schools, health care, and elderly care. The privatization of service production has occurred despite major political controversy between two competing visions for the welfare state. Successful experiments have spread organically to neighbouring municipalities. What was done well in this process and what were the mistakes? The book addresses the fundamental economic challenges, the trends of the future, and the implications for institutional design
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Zhang, Marina, Mark Dodgson, and David Gann. Demystifying China's Innovation Machine. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861171.001.0001.
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China’s extraordinary economic development is explained in large part by the way it innovates. This book explains how it innovates, which has important implications not only for China but also for the rest of the world. Contrary to widely held views, China’s innovation machine is not created and controlled by an all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent system composed of hundreds of millions of elements, involving bottom-up innovation driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and industries, statistics, and policy analysis, the book argues that China’s innovation machine is similar to a natural ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business model resemble genetic mutations which are random, self-serving and isolated initially, but the best fitting are selected by the market and their impacts are amplified by the innovation machine. This machine draws on China’s massive number of manufacturers, supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate population, connected through supersized digital platforms. China’s innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas; its scale (size) and scope (diversity) possess attributes that make it self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China’s innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where the market prevails; policy intervention plays a significant role when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The book concludes that the future success of China’s innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism, mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and the development of the ‘new infrastructures’.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
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Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental cooperation and the development of regional and even global development strategies. However, each goal presents considerable challenges in terms of collecting and analysing relevant data and producing the statistics needed to measure progress. Most governments in lower resourced countries simply do not yet have the systems and controls in place to produce high quality, reliable data and statistics, and it is questionable whether the quality and integrity of the available information is adequate to support meaningful decisions and set direction for the future. There are substantial implications: where progress cannot be measured accurately because of inadequate or flawed statistics, the result can be misguided decisions, doubts about achievement of the goals and significant wasted resources. Getting statistics ‘right’ depends upon the quality and integrity of the data used to produce them and on the quality of the processes for collecting, manipulating and analysing the data. Without a documentary records as evidence of how the data were gathered and analysed or how statistics were produced and disseminated, it is not possible to confirm that the statistics are complete, accurate and relevant. Various global organisations do recognise the importance of high quality data and statistics for measuring the SDG indicators reliably, but there has been little attention to the role of records in providing the evidence needed to trust the data and statistics. There is, moreover, a lack of awareness that digital information simply will not survive without policies and procedures to manage and preserve it through time. As a result, digital data, statistics and records are being lost regularly on a large scale, particularly in lower resource countries, where the structures needed to protect and preserve them are not yet in place. This book explores, through a series of case studies, the substantial challenges for assembling reliable data and statistics to address pressing development challenges, particularly in Africa. Hopefully, by highlighting the enormous potential value of creating and using high quality data, statistics and records as an interconnected resource and describing how this can be achieved, the book will contribute to defining meaningful and realistic global and national development policies in the critical period to 2030.