Academic literature on the topic 'Large-scale atmospheric circulation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Large-scale atmospheric circulation"

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Gastineau, Guillaume, Laurent Li, and Hervé Le Treut. "Some Atmospheric Processes Governing the Large-Scale Tropical Circulation in Idealized Aquaplanet Simulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3439.1.

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Abstract The large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation is analyzed in idealized aquaplanet simulations using an atmospheric general circulation model. Idealized sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are used as lower-boundary conditions to provoke modifications of the atmospheric general circulation. Results show that 1) an increase in the meridional SST gradients of the tropical region drastically strengthens the Hadley circulation intensity, 2) the presence of equatorial zonal SST anomalies weakens the Hadley cells and reinforces the Walker circulation, and 3) a uniform SST warming causes small and nonsystematic changes of the Hadley and Walker circulations. In all simulations, the jet streams strengthen and move equatorward as the Hadley cells strengthen and become narrower. Some relevant mechanisms are then proposed to interpret the large range of behaviors obtained from the simulations. First, the zonal momentum transport by transient and stationary eddies is shown to modulate the eddy-driven jets, which causes the poleward displacements of the jet streams. Second, it is found that the Hadley circulation adjusts to the changes of the poleward moist static energy flux and gross moist static stability, associated with the geographical distribution of convection and midlatitude eddies. The Walker circulation intensity corresponds to the zonal moist static energy transport induced by the zonal anomalies of the turbulent fluxes and radiative cooling. These experiments provide some hints to understand a few robust changes of the atmospheric circulation simulated by ocean–atmosphere coupled models for future and past climates.
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Jacobeit, Jucundus, Joachim Rathmann, Aandreas Philipp, and Philip D. Jones. "Central European precipitation and temperature extremes in relation to large-scale atmospheric circulation types." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0390.

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Hoskins, Brian, Richard Neale, Mark Rodwell, and Gui-Ying Yang. "Aspects of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51, no. 1 (January 1999): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v51i1.16258.

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HOSKINS, BRIAN, RICHARD NEALE, MARK RODWELL, and GUI-YING YANG. "Aspects of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation." Tellus A 51, no. 1 (January 1999): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1999.t01-1-00004.x.

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HOSKINS, BRIAN, RICHARD NEALE, MARK RODWELL, and GUI-YING YANG. "Aspects of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation." Tellus B 51, no. 1 (February 1999): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00004.x.

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Hoskins, Brian, Richard Neale, Mark Rodwell, and Gui-Ying Yang. "Aspects of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 51, no. 1 (January 1999): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v51i1.12287.

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Balcerak, Ernie. "Large-scale atmospheric circulation affects particulate matter levels." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 40 (October 1, 2013): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo400018.

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Brönnimann, Stefan, Alexander Stickler, Thomas Griesser, Andreas M. Fischer, Andrea Grant, Tracy Ewen, Tianjun Zhou, Martin Schraner, Eugene Rozanov, and Thomas Peter. "Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0389.

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Han, Cunbo, Slavko Brdar, Siegfried Raasch, and Stefan Kollet. "Large‐eddy simulation of catchment‐scale circulation." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 145, no. 720 (March 5, 2019): 1218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.3491.

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Li, Ying, David W. J. Thompson, and Sandrine Bony. "The Influence of Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Effects on the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation." Journal of Climate 28, no. 18 (September 11, 2015): 7263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00825.1.

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Abstract The influence of clouds on the large-scale atmospheric circulation is examined in numerical simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model run with and without atmospheric cloud radiative effects (ACRE). In the extratropics of both hemispheres, the primary impacts of ACRE on the circulation include 1) increases in the meridional temperature gradient and decreases in static stability in the midlatitude upper troposphere, 2) strengthening of the midlatitude jet, 3) increases in extratropical eddy kinetic energy by up to 30%, and 4) increases in precipitation at middle latitudes but decreases at subtropical latitudes. In the tropics, the primary impacts of ACRE include 1) eastward wind anomalies in the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) and 2) reductions in tropical precipitation. The impacts of ACRE on the atmospheric circulation are interpreted in the context of a series of dynamical and physical processes. The changes in the extratropical circulation and precipitation are consistent with the influence of ACRE on the baroclinicity and eddy fluxes of momentum in the extratropical upper troposphere, the changes in the zonal wind in the UTLS with the influence of ACRE on the amplitude of the equatorial planetary waves, and the changes in the tropical precipitation with the energetic constraints on the tropical troposphere. The results make clear that ACRE have a pronounced influence on the atmospheric circulation not only at tropical latitudes, but at extratropical latitudes as well. They highlight the critical importance of correctly simulating ACRE in global climate models.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Large-scale atmospheric circulation"

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Larson, Kristin Ann. "Tropical climate sensitivities : clouds, water vapor, radiation and large-scale circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10015.

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Peters, Matthew E. "Moist convection and the large scale tropical circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6773.

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Brandefelt, Jenny. "Atmospheric circulation regimes and climate change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-530.

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Zhou, Guidi [Verfasser]. "Extratropical Sea Surface Temperature Impacts on Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation / Guidi Zhou." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081659904/34.

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Smolinski, Kelly Katherine. "Interrelationships Among Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Regimes and Surface Temperature Anomalies in the North American Arctic." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5026.

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The focus of this study is to examine the mechanisms involved in the interactions among large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and how they are related to surface air temperature anomalies in the North American Arctic. Historical temperature data sets of Fairbanks, Alaska and Montreal, Quebec have been analyzed with respect to large-scale atmospheric circulation index data sets to investigate surface temperature anomalies in winter during the period 1960 to 2002.
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Huff, Russell. "Melt anomalies on the Greenland Ice Sheet and large scale modes of atmospheric circulation." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256466.

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Albuquerque, Cavalcanti Iracema Fonseca de. "Large scale disturbances in the southern hemisphere tropospheric circulation-model experiments and analyses of observed data." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305030.

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Kerimoglu, Onur. "Influence Of Large Scale Atmospheric Systems On Hydorology And Ecology Of Turkish Lakes." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609272/index.pdf.

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Impacts of climatic changes on in-land waters of Turkey is a topic that has not been sufficiently investigated yet. In this study, some exploratory work have been performed to form the core of further studies on the subject. EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) analysis has been applied to SLP (Sea Level Pressure) field with a wide coverage (20-70N, 50W-70E). The dominant sources of variability in this atmospheric system have been shown to be driven by 3 circulation indices, NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation), EAWR (East Atlantic - West Russia) and EA (East Atlantic) patterns. Linkages between this atmospheric system and the hydro-meteorological properties (data compiled from governmental organizations) of major Turkish lake ecosystems has been investigated with use of ordinary correlation analysis and CCA (Canonical Correlation Analysis). The results revealed the heavy forcing of large scale SLP field on regional temperature and E--P (evaporation minus precipitation) fields. The 15-year data set of Lake Mogan, as the longest available found, was used to exemplify the approaches and methodologies that can be employed for understanding the influence of climate variability on biological properties of lakes. It was suggested that temperature and salinity, being effective on phytoplankton and zooplankton groups, mediate the climatic impacts in Lake Mogan.
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Ganachaud, Alexandre Similien 1970. "Large scale oceanic circulation and fluxes of freshwater, heat, nutrients and oxygen." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58541.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 250-266).
A new, global inversion is used to estimate the large scale oceanic circulation based on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Java Australia Dynamic Experiment hydrographic data. A linear inverse "box" model is used to combine consistently the transoceanic sections. The circulation is geostrophic with an Ekman layer at the surface and oceanic layers defined by neutral surfaces. Near-conservation of mass, salt and top-to-bottom silica is required and, in addition, heat and the phosphate-oxygen combination (170[PO 4]+[0 2]) are conserved in layers that are not in contact with the surface. A globally-consistent solution is obtained for a depth-independent adjustment to the thermal wind field, freshwater flux divergences, the Ekman transport, and the advective and diffusive dianeutral fluxes between layers. A detailed error budget permits calculation of statistical uncertainties, taking into account both the non-resolved part of the solution and the systematic errors due to the temporal oceanic variability. The estimated water mass transports during the WOCE period (1985-1996) are generally similar to previous published estimates. However, important differences are found. In particular, the inflow of bottom waters into the Pacific Ocean is smaller than in most previous estimates. Utilization of property anomaly conservation constraints allows the estimation of significant dianeutral diffusivities in deep layers, with a global average of 3 ± 1cm 2 s-1 north of 30'S. Dianeutral transfers indicate that about 20 Sv of bottom water is formed in the Southern Ocean. Significant oceanatmosphere heat fluxes are found, with a global heating of 2.3 ± 0.4 PW in the tropical band and a corresponding cooling at high latitudes. The signature of a large-scale average export production is found for nutrients in several temperate regions. Despite the large uncertainties, the production magnitudes are consistent with independent measurements from sediment traps and isotopic data. Net nutrient sources or sinks are found in several regions, suggesting either transport of dissolved organic matter or a seasonal alias. Oxygen indicates large exchanges with the atmosphere, with intake at high latitudes and outgassing/remineralization at low latitudes.
by Alexandre Similien Ganachaud.
Sc.D.
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Wetterhall, Fredrik. "Statistical Downscaling of Precipitation from Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation : Comparison of Methods and Climate Regions." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5937.

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A global climate change may have large impacts on water resources on regional and global scales. General circulation models (GCMs) are the most used tools to evaluate climate-change scenarios on a global scale. They are, however, insufficiently describing the effects at the local scale. This thesis evaluates different approaches of statistical downscaling of precipitation from large-scale circulation variables, both concerning the method performance and the optimum choice of predictor variables.

The analogue downscaling method (AM) was found to work well as “benchmark” method in comparison to more complicated methods. AM was implemented using principal component analysis (PCA) and Teweles-Wobus Scores (TWS). Statistical properties of daily and monthly precipitation on a catchment in south-central Sweden, as well as daily precipitation in three catchments in China were acceptably downscaled.

A regression method conditioning a weather generator (SDSM) as well as a fuzzy-rule based circulation-pattern classification method conditioning a stochastical precipitation model (MOFRBC) gave good results when applied on Swedish and Chinese catchments. Statistical downscaling with MOFRBC from GMC (HADAM3P) output improved the statistical properties as well as the intra-annual variation of precipitation.

The studies show that temporal and areal settings of the predictor are important factors concerning the success of precipitation modelling. The MOFRCB and SDSM are generally performing better than the AM, and the best choice of method is depending on the purpose of the study. MOFRBC applied on output from a GCM future scenario indicates that the large-scale circulation will not be significantly affected. Adding humidity flux as predictor indicated an increased intensity both in extreme events and daily amounts in central and northern Sweden.

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Books on the topic "Large-scale atmospheric circulation"

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Charney, Jule G. Dynamics of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic processes: Selected papers of Jule Gregory Charney. Hampton, VA: A. Deepak Pub., 2002.

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Agumba, Francis Obita. Fluctuations of long rains in Kenya in relation to large-scale circulations. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya, Meteorological Dept., Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, 1985.

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Läuter, Matthias. Grossäumige Zirkulationsstrukturen in einem nichtlinearen adaptiven atmosphärenmodell =: Large-scale circulation structures in a nonlinear adaptive model of the atmosphere. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2005.

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Weisheimer, Antje. Niederfrequente Variabilität grossräumiger atmosphärischer Zirkulationsstrukturen in spektralen Modellen niederer Ordnung =: Ultra-low-frequency variability of large scale atmospheric circulation patterns in spectral low-order models. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2000.

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Workshop on Cloud Processes and Cloud Feedbacks in Large-scale Models (1999 Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom). Workshop on Cloud Processes and Cloud Feedbacks in Large-scale Models, European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom, 9-13 November 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint Planning Staff for WCRP, World Meteorological Organization, 2000.

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NATO, Advanced Study Institute on Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere (1985 Les Houches Haute-Savoie France). Large-scale transport processes in oceans and atmosphere. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1986.

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Coupling large-scale hydrological and atmospheric models. Wallingford: IAHS, 1995.

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Coupling large-scale hydrological and atmospheric models. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences in cooperation with the Ruhr University Bochum, 1995.

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-scale Circulation. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Vallis, Geoffrey K. Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Large-scale atmospheric circulation"

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Lau, Ngar-Cheung. "The Influences of Orography on Large-scale Atmospheric Flow Simulated by a General Circulation Model." In Proceedings of International Symposium on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Mountain Meteorology, 241–69. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-19-5_17.

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Jaiser, Ralf, and Dörthe Handorf. "Arctic Sea Ice Change, Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Extreme Climate and Weather in Europe." In Building Bridges at the Science-Stakeholder Interface, 95–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75919-7_14.

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Furevik, Tore, and J. Even Ø. Nilsen. "Large-scale atmospheric circulation variability and its impacts on the Nordic seas ocean climate: A review." In The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective Oceanography, Climatology, Biogeochemistry, and Modeling, 105–36. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/158gm09.

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Pososhkov, V. L. "Influence of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Modes on the Danube Runoff Anomalies During the Flood Period." In Processes in GeoMedia - Volume II, 335–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53521-6_36.

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Luterbacher, J., and E. Xoplaki. "500-year Winter Temperature and Precipitation Variability over the Mediterranean Area and its Connection to the Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation." In Mediterranean Climate, 133–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55657-9_7.

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Stocker, Thomas. "Large-Scale Circulation in the Atmosphere." In Introduction to Climate Modelling, 123–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00773-6_7.

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Rhines, Peter B. "Lectures on Ocean Circulation Dynamics." In Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere, 105–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4768-9_3.

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Olbers, Dirk J. "Diagnostic Models of Ocean Circulation." In Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere, 201–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4768-9_5.

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Blackmon, Maurice L. "Building, Testing and Using a General Circulation Model." In Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere, 1–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4768-9_1.

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Marshall, John C. "Wind Driven Ocean Circulation Theory — Steady Free Flow." In Large-Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere, 225–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4768-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Large-scale atmospheric circulation"

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Zhang, Zihan, Wenyue Zhu, Feifei Wang, and Ruyi Zhao. "Responses of Global Aerosol Distribution on Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2019.jtu3a.49.

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Matei, Monica, György Deák, Nicu Ciobotaru, Lucian Laslo, Mădălina Boboc, Theodor Lupei, and Norazian Mohamed Noor. "Extreme events in Romania associated with large-scale atmospheric circulation." In APPLIED PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5118077.

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Bayankina, Tatyana, and Tatiana E. Danova. "The impact of large-scale atmospheric circulation on cyclogenesis in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540614.

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Kozlov, Fedor, Alexander Chernokulsky, Mirseid Akperov, Vyacheslav Khon, Igor I. Mokhov, Alexander Osipov, Vladimir A. Semenov, and Alexander Timazhev. "Influence of atmospheric circulation on characteristics of convective and large-scale precipitation in Northern Eurasia." In XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540724.

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Shukurov, Karim A., and Vladimir A. Semenov. "A link between sea ice concentration in Kara Sea in November and large scale atmospheric circulation." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504137.

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Steinschneider, Scott, Casey Brown, and Richard Palmer. "Relations between Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and New England River Flow." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)230.

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Kharyutkina, Elena V., and Yuliya Burgundasova. "Variability of air humidity characteristics over the territory of West Siberia using reanalysis data and their relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation." In XXIV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2504601.

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Shukurov, Karim A., and Vladimir A. Semenov. "Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns favoring sea ice concentration extremes in the Northern Sea Route straits in June-November of 1979-2017." In 27th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2601742.

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Popova, Valeria V., Daria D. Bokuchava, and Tatiana A. Matveeva. "The humidification anomalies in the large-scale river basins on the East European Plain in the period of Early 20 Century Warming: circulation factors and analogues in the modern climate." In 28th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2645173.

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Babanin, Alexander V. "Wave-Induced Turbulence, Linking Metocean and Large Scales." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18373.

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Abstract Until recently, large-scale models did not explicitly take account of ocean surface waves which are a process of much smaller scales. However, it is rapidly becoming clear that many large-scale geophysical processes are essentially coupled with the surface waves, and those include ocean circulation, weather, Tropical Cyclones and polar sea ice in both Hemispheres, climate and other phenomena in the atmosphere, at air/sea, sea/ice and sea/land interface, and many issues of the upper-ocean mixing below the surface. Besides, the wind-wave climate itself experiences large-scale trends and fluctuations, and can serve as an indicator for changes in the weather climate. In the presentation, we will discuss wave influences at scales from turbulence to climate, on the atmospheric and oceanic sides. At the atmospheric side of the interface, the air-sea coupling is usually described by means of the drag coefficient Cd, which is parameterised in terms of the wind speed, but the scatter of experimental data with respect to such dependences is very significant and has not improved noticeably over some 40 years. It is argued that the scatter is due to multiple mechanisms which contribute into the sea drag, many of them are due to surface waves and cannot be accounted for unless the waves are explicitly known. The Cd concept invokes the assumption of constant-flux layer, which is also employed for vertical profiling of the wind measured at some elevation near the ocean surface. The surface waves, however, modify the balance of turbulent stresses very near the surface, and therefore such extrapolations can introduce significant biases. This is particularly essential for buoy measurements in extreme conditions, when the anemometer mast is within the Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) or even below the wave crests. In this presentation, field data and a WBL model are used to investigate such biases. It is shown that near the surface the turbulent fluxes are less than those obtained by extrapolation using the logarithmic-layer assumption, and the mean wind speeds very near the surface, based on Lake George field observations, are up to 5% larger. The dynamics is then simulated by means of a WBL model coupled with nonlinear waves, which revealed further details of complex behaviours at wind-wave boundary layer. Furthermore, we analyse the structure of WBL for strong winds (U10 > 20 m/s) based on field observations. We used vertical distribution of wind speed and momentum flux measured in Topical Cyclone Olwyn (April 2015) in the North-West shelf of Australia. A well-established layer of constant stress is observed. The values obtained for u⁎ from the logarithmic profile law against u⁎ from turbulence measurements (eddy correlation method) differ significantly as wind speed increases. Among wave-induced influences at the ocean side, the ocean mixing is most important. Until recently, turbulence produced by the orbital motion of surface waves was not accounted for, and this fact limits performance of the models for the upper-ocean circulation and ultimately large-scale air-sea interactions. While the role of breaking waves in producing turbulence is well appreciated, such turbulence is only injected under the interface at the vertical scale of wave height. The wave-orbital turbulence is depth-distributed at the scale of wavelength (∼10 times the wave height) and thus can mix through the ocean thermocline in the spring-summer seasons. Such mixing then produces feedback to the large-scale processes, from weather to climate. In order to account for the wave-turbulence effects, large-scale air-sea interaction models need to be coupled with wave models. Theory and practical applications for the wave-induced turbulence will be reviewed in the presentation. These include viscous and instability theories of wave turbulence, direct numerical simulations and laboratory experiments, field and remote sensing observations and validations, and finally implementations in ocean, Tropical Cyclone, ocean and ice models. As a specific example of a wave-coupled environment, the wave climate in the Arctic as observed by altimeters will be presented. This is an important topic for the Arctic Seas, which are opening from ice in summer time. Challenges, however, are many as their Metocean environment is more complicated and, in addition to winds and waves, requires knowledge and understanding of ice material properties and its trends. On one hand, no traditional statistical approach is possible since in the past for most of the Arctic Ocean there was limited wave activity. Extrapolations of the current trends into the future are not feasible, because ice cover and wind patterns in the Arctic are changing. On the other hand, information on the mean and extreme wave properties is of great importance for oceanographic, meteorological, climate, naval and maritime applications in the Arctic Seas.
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