Journal articles on the topic 'Large landscapes'
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Kuijper, D. P. J., E. Sahlén, B. Elmhagen, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Sand, K. Lone, and J. P. G. M. Cromsigt. "Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1625.
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Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator–prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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Grocholski, Brent. "Shaping landscapes with large floods." Science 348, no. 6230 (April 2, 2015): 88.6–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6230.88-f.
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Дорофеев, Александр Александрович. "CHUPRIJANOVKA: EXAMPLE OF A LARGE SCALE LANDSCAPE ANTHROPOGENIC MAPPING." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: География и геоэкология, no. 4(32) (December 15, 2020): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2020-4-85-94.
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В статье описан опыт крупномасштабного ландшафтного картографирования популярного у дачников и отдыхающих участка «Чуприяновка», расположенного в нескольких километрах от окраины г.Тверь. Кроме естественных комплексов, выделены природно-антропогенные ландшафты и геотехнические системы, созданные человеком. Изложена методика картографирования, представлена карта, легенда и подробное описание выявленных ландшафтов. The article describes the experience of a large scale landscape napping which is popular with cottagers and holiday makers of the site Chuprijanovka located not far from Tver. Besides natural complexes some natural anthropogenic man made landscapes and geotechnical systems are distinguished. Methodic of mapping, maps, legends are given as well as detailed description of these landscapes.
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Bank, Claudia, Sebastian Matuszewski, Ryan T. Hietpas, and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "On the (un)predictability of a large intragenic fitness landscape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 18, 2016): 14085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612676113.
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The study of fitness landscapes, which aims at mapping genotypes to fitness, is receiving ever-increasing attention. Novel experimental approaches combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods enable accurate and extensive studies of the fitness effects of mutations, allowing us to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of the shape of the true underlying fitness landscape and its implications for the predictability and repeatability of evolution. Here, we present a uniquely large multiallelic fitness landscape comprising 640 engineered mutants that represent all possible combinations of 13 amino acid-changing mutations at 6 sites in the heat-shock protein Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under elevated salinity. Despite a prevalent pattern of negative epistasis in the landscape, we find that the global fitness peak is reached via four positively epistatic mutations. Combining traditional and extending recently proposed theoretical and statistical approaches, we quantify features of the global multiallelic fitness landscape. Using subsets of the data, we demonstrate that extrapolation beyond a known part of the landscape is difficult owing to both local ruggedness and amino acid-specific epistatic hotspots and that inference is additionally confounded by the nonrandom choice of mutations for experimental fitness landscapes.
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Baldwin, R. F., S. E. Reed, B. H. McRae, D. M. Theobald, and R. W. Sutherland. "Connectivity Restoration in Large Landscapes: Modeling Landscape Condition and Ecological Flows." Ecological Restoration 30, no. 4 (November 23, 2012): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.30.4.274.
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He, Hong S., Jian Yang, Stephen R. Shifley, and Frank R. Thompson. "Challenges of forest landscape modeling—Simulating large landscapes and validating results." Landscape and Urban Planning 100, no. 4 (April 2011): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.019.
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Walters, G., J. Sayer, A. K. Boedhihartono, D. Endamana, and K. Angu Angu. "Integrating landscape ecology into landscape practice in Central African Rainforests." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 8 (April 3, 2021): 2427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01237-3.
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Abstract Context We describe how large landscape-scale conservation initiatives involving local communities, NGOs and resource managers have engaged with landscape scientists with the goal of achieving landscape sustainability. We focus on two landscapes where local people, practitioners and landscape ecologists have co-produced knowledge to design conservation interventions. Objective We seek to understand how landscape ecology can engage with practical landscape management to contribute to managing landscapes sustainably. Methods We focus on two large tropical landscapes: the Sangha Tri-National landscape (Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic) and the Batéké-Léfini Landscape (Gabon and Republic of Congo). We evaluate (1) a participatory method used in the Sangha Tri-National landscape that embeds interdisciplinary researchers and practitioners within a landscape to apply transdisciplinary learning to landscape conservation and (2) a participatory landscape zoning method where interdisciplinary teams of conservation practitioners analyse local land and resource use in the Batéké-Léfini landscape. Results We find that landscape ecology’s tradition of understanding the historical context of resource use can inform landscape conservation practice and natural resource mapping. We also find that the Sangha Group provides an example for landscape ecology on how to integrate local people and their knowledge to better understand and influence landscape processes. Conclusions Place-based engagement as well as the uptake of co-produced knowledge by policy makers are key in enabling sustainable landscapes. Success occurs when researchers, local communities and resource managers engage directly with landscape processes.
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Hilfer, Anthony Channell. "5. Small Figures in Large Landscapes." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 54, no. 2 (2012): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsl.2012.0014.
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Schultz, Henrik. "Designing large-scale landscapes through walking." Journal of Landscape Architecture 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2014.931694.
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Ferreira, Aluane Silva, Carlos A. Peres, Pavel Dodonov, and Camila Righetto Cassano. "Multi-scale mammal responses to agroforestry landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the conservation value of forest and traditional shade plantations." Agroforestry Systems 94, no. 6 (October 3, 2020): 2331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00553-y.
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AbstractThe future of tropical forest biodiversity will largely depend on human-modified landscapes. We investigated how medium- to large-bodied mammals respond to factors at local (habitat type), intermediate (land use heterogeneity, forest cover and human population density) and large spatial scales (overall forest cover) in agroforestry landscapes. We surveyed mammals using camera traps in traditional cacao agroforests (cabrucas), intensified cacao agroforests, and forest remnants within two large Atlantic Forest landscapes of southern Bahia, Brazil, representing both high and low forest cover. At the local scale, habitat types differed in their potential to harbour mammal species, with forest remnants and cabrucas showing high conservation value, mainly under contexts of high forest cover, whereas intensified cacao agroforests contained less diversified species assemblages in both landscapes. At intermediate scales, species richness increased with increasing forest cover around forest remnants and intensified cacao agroforests, but the opposite was observed in cabrucas. The effects of human population density were ubiquitous but species-dependent. At the largest scale, species richness was higher in the most forested landscape, highlighting the imperative of maintaining forest remnants to retain forest-dwelling mammals in human-dominated landscapes. We claim that mammal conservation strategies require a multi-scale approach and that no single strategy is likely to maximize persistence of all species. Some species can routinely use traditional agroforests, and a large fraction of mammal diversity can be maintained even if high canopy-cover agroforestry dominates the landscape. Nevertheless, forest patches and highly forested landscapes are essential to ensure the persistence of forest-dwelling and game species.
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Thornton, Daniel H., Lyn C. Branch, and Melvin E. Sunquist. "Response of large galliforms and tinamous (Cracidae, Phasianidae, Tinamidae) to habitat loss and fragmentation in northern Guatemala." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001451.
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AbstractThe potential conservation value of fragmented or countryside landscapes in the tropics is being increasingly recognized. However, the degree to which fragmented landscapes can support species and the key patch and landscape features that promote population persistence remain poorly understood for elusive species such as ground-dwelling birds. We examined the presence/absence of seven species of galliforms and tinamous in 50 forest patches of 2.9–445 ha in northern Guatemala using camera traps and audiovisual surveying. After accounting for differences in detectability among species we found great variation in patterns of vulnerability of these species to habitat loss and fragmentation, with the three largest species being the most vulnerable. Distribution patterns of species among patches was influenced more strongly by measures of landscape context, such as the amount and configuration of habitat in the surrounding landscape, than within-patch variation in vegetation structure or disturbance. Our results indicate that large-bodied game birds may be particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation and emphasize that management efforts for these species need to go beyond consideration of local, within-patch factors to consider the impact of processes in the surrounding landscape. Our findings also demonstrate the utility of camera traps as a methodology for surveying large terrestrial bird species in fragmented landscapes.
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Berthling, Ivar, and Bernd Etzelmüller. "The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution." Quaternary Research 75, no. 2 (March 2011): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.011.
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AbstractRecent accounts suggest that periglacial processes are unimportant for large-scale landscape evolution and that true large-scale periglacial landscapes are rare or non-existent. The lack of a large-scale topographical fingerprint due to periglacial processes may be considered of little relevance, as linear process–landscape development relationships rarely can be substantiated. Instead, periglacial landscapes may be classified in terms of specific landform associations. We propose “cryo-conditioning”, defined as the interaction of cryotic surface and subsurface thermal regimes and geomorphic processes, as an overarching concept linking landform and landscape evolution in cold regions. By focusing on the controls on processes, this concept circumvents scaling problems in interpreting long-term landscape evolution derived from short-term processes. It also contributes to an unambiguous conceptualization of periglacial geomorphology. We propose that the development of several key elements in the Norwegian geomorphic landscape can be explained in terms of cryo-conditioning.
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Reith, Esther, Elizabeth Gosling, Thomas Knoke, and Carola Paul. "How Much Agroforestry Is Needed to Achieve Multifunctional Landscapes at the Forest Frontier?—Coupling Expert Opinion with Robust Goal Programming." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156077.
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Agroforestry has been promoted as a key forest landscape restoration (FLR) option to restore ecosystem services in degraded tropical landscapes. We investigated the share and type of agroforestry selected in an optimized landscape, accounting for a mosaic of alternative forest landscape restoration options (reforestation and natural succession) and forest and common agricultural land-uses. We extend previous studies on multi-objective robust optimization and the analytic hierarchy process by a systematic sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of incorporating agroforestry into a landscape. This approach accounts for multiple objectives concurrently, yet data and computational requirements are relatively low. Our results show that experts from different backgrounds perceive agroforestry (i.e., alley cropping and silvopasture) very positively. Inclusion of large shares of agroforestry (41% share of landscape) in the FLR mix enhanced simulated ecosystem service provision. Our results demonstrate that landscapes with high shares of agroforestry may also comprise of high shares of natural forest. However, landscapes dominated by single agroforestry systems showed lower landscape multifunctionality than heterogeneous landscapes. In the ongoing effort to create sustainable landscapes, our approach contributes to an understanding of interrelations between land-covers and uncertain provisions of ecosystem services in circumstances with scarce data.
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Blanco, Celia, Evan Janzen, Abe Pressman, Ranajay Saha, and Irene A. Chen. "Molecular Fitness Landscapes from High-Coverage Sequence Profiling." Annual Review of Biophysics 48, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-052118-115333.
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The function of fitness (or molecular activity) in the space of all possible sequences is known as the fitness landscape. Evolution is a random walk on the fitness landscape, with a bias toward climbing hills. Mapping the topography of real fitness landscapes is fundamental to understanding evolution, but previous efforts were hampered by the difficulty of obtaining large, quantitative data sets. The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has transformed this study, enabling large-scale enumeration of fitness for many mutants and even complete sequence spaces in some cases. We review the progress of high-throughput studies in mapping molecular fitness landscapes, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as opportunities for future research. Such studies are rapidly growing in number. HTS is expected to have a profound effect on the understanding of real molecular fitness landscapes.
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Day, Luke, Ouala Abdelhadi Ep Souki, Andreas A. Albrecht, and Kathleen Steinhöfel. "Random versus Deterministic Descent in RNA Energy Landscape Analysis." Advances in Bioinformatics 2016 (March 2, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9654921.
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Identifying sets of metastable conformations is a major research topic in RNA energy landscape analysis, and recently several methods have been proposed for finding local minima in landscapes spawned by RNA secondary structures. An important and time-critical component of such methods is steepest, or gradient, descent in attraction basins of local minima. We analyse the speed-up achievable by randomised descent in attraction basins in the context of large sample sets where the size has an order of magnitude in the region of ~106. While the gain for each individual sample might be marginal, the overall run-time improvement can be significant. Moreover, for the two nongradient methods we analysed for partial energy landscapes induced by ten different RNA sequences, we obtained that the number of observed local minima is on average larger by 7.3% and 3.5%, respectively. The run-time improvement is approximately 16.6% and 6.8% on average over the ten partial energy landscapes. For the large sample size we selected for descent procedures, the coverage of local minima is very high up to energy values of the region where the samples were randomly selected from the partial energy landscapes; that is, the difference to the total set of local minima is mainly due to the upper area of the energy landscapes.
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Li, Xin, Xiangrong Wang, Jingyi Han, Danzi Wu, Qing Lin, Jiayi Zhou, and Shujie Zhao. "Effects of River Scale on the Aesthetic Quality of Urban On-Water Sightseeing." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912543.
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On-water sightseeing plays a key role in the tourism of traditional Chinese landscapes. The on-water landscape affects tourism potential and the quality of urban landscapes. Current research on river landscape is mainly based on remote sensing images or on-land approaches, while studies of on-water perspective landscapes at different river scales is lacking. In this paper, with Guilin city rivers taken as an example, we adopt image semantic segmentation technology to evaluate the visual landscape characteristics under different river scales, and subsequently employ automatic linear modeling to screen important factors affecting aesthetic quality. The results reveal the obvious differences between the on-water landscape characteristics of different scale rivers. The on-water landscape quality of large- and small-scale rivers is mainly affected by seven and four factors, respectively. The Karst landform of Guilin is observed to significantly improve the on-water landscape quality of large-scale rivers. By considering the impact mechanism of landscape composition on the aesthetic quality and the different scale rivers, we propose several aesthetic quality improvement strategies based on low-cost methods, including the planting of vegetation and the micro renewal of artificial constructions. This study contributes to the intelligent evaluation of urban on-water landscape and provides reference for on-water route selection and urban planning.
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Hewitt, Kenneth. "Disturbance regime landscapes: mountain drainage systems interrupted by large rockslides." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 2006): 365–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp486ra.
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The paper examines the role of rockslide-rock avalanches in mountain landscapes, and the landforms associated with them. While the landslides are extremely short-lived events, rock wall detachment scars and rock avalanche deposits can persist for long periods as influences on landscape development. Especially significant are rock avalanches with complex runout and emplacement related to interactions with rugged terrain or deformable substrates. Their characteristics greatly increase the scope of landscape disturbance. Hundreds of rock avalanches are now known, worldwide, that have formed crossvalley barriers interrupting mountain drainage systems. Many have done so for millennia or tens of millennia. They give rise to distinctive sediment assemblages, constructional and erosion landforms generated by other processes responding to the landslides and constrained by them. A landslide interruption epicycle of five phases is described, and related sediment assemblages. These provide the basis for defining a landslide interrupted valley landsystem. Its full significance is seen in mountain drainage basins affected by multiple landslide interruptions. These create naturally fragmented fluvial systems, in which a disturbance regime geomorphology is identified. Stream profiles, sediment delivery, and related landforms are kept in a chronic state of disequilibrium with respect to climatic and geotectonic controls, and drainage organization. The transHimalayan Upper Indus Basin provides an example, a large high mountain drainage system fragmented by more than 170 late Quaternary rock avalanches. In this case, as elsewhere, misidentification of rock avalanches led to neglect of their role in Quaternary histories. The nature and limitations of disturbance regime geomorphology are discussed, and broader implications for mountain landscapes.
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Keane, Robert E., James K. Agee, Peter Fulé, Jon E. Keeley, Carl Key, Stanley G. Kitchen, Richard Miller, and Lisa A. Schulte. "Ecological effects of large fires on US landscapes: benefit or catastrophe?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 6 (2008): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07148.
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The perception is that today’s large fires are an ecological catastrophe because they burn vast areas with high intensities and severities. However, little is known of the ecological impacts of large fires on both historical and contemporary landscapes. The present paper presents a review of the current knowledge of the effects of large fires in the United States by important ecosystems written by regional experts. The ecosystems are (1) ponderosa pine–Douglas-fir, (2) sagebrush–grasslands, (3) piñon–juniper, (4) chaparral, (5) mixed-conifer, and (6) spruce–fir. This review found that large fires were common on most historical western US landscapes and they will continue to be common today with exceptions. Sagebrush ecosystems are currently experiencing larger, more severe, and more frequent large fires compared to historical conditions due to exotic cheatgrass invasions. Historical large fires in south-west ponderosa pine forest created a mixed severity mosaic dominated by non-lethal surface fires while today’s large fires are mostly high severity crown fires. While large fires play an important role in landscape ecology for most regions, their importance is much less in the dry piñon–juniper forests and sagebrush–grasslands. Fire management must address the role of large fires in maintaining the health of many US fire-dominated ecosystems.
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Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, U. Dragosits, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European agricultural landscapes – a method for farming system assessment, emission hotspot identification, and mitigation measure evaluation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2012): 8859–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8859-2012.
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Abstract. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1yr−1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22 % reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25–50 % as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
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Graham, Cameron A., Martine Maron, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Influence of landscape structure on invasive predators: feral cats and red foxes in the brigalow landscapes, Queensland, Australia." Wildlife Research 39, no. 8 (2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12008.
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Context Invasive mammalian predators are often associated with fragmented landscapes, and can compound the impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on native fauna. Knowledge of how invasive predators are influenced by different landscape structures can assist in the mitigation of their impacts. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of landscape structure and site-scale habitat attributes on the frequency of feral-cat and red-fox detections in fragmented agricultural landscapes. Methods Field surveys of the frequency of red-fox and feral-cat visitation at a site scale were stratified for six different habitat types in six study subregions. The habitat types were large remnant patch interior, large remnant patch edge, small remnant patch, roadside verge, regrowth patch and open agricultural land adjacent to a remnant patch. Sites were centred in a 1-km buffer area from which landscape composition and configuration were calculated. We applied a generalised linear model and an information-theoretic approach to determine the effect size and importance and rank of the explanatory variables on red-fox, feral-cat and pooled cat and fox detection rates. Key results The most important factors influencing detection rates had a positive effect and included: the dominance of cropping in the landscape (cat, fox, pooled cat and fox); and the density of vegetation at a site scale (fox, pooled cat and fox). The number of native habitat patches was also an important factor in the models of red foxes and pooled invasive predators. Conclusion Spatially heterogeneous cropping landscapes incur higher rates of invasive-predator detections than do intact native-woodland and pasture landscapes at the 1-km scale. At a site scale, elevated invasive-predator detections occurred at sites with dense vegetation, characteristic of narrow woodland and the edges of large woodland patches. Implications The research findings highlight that vertebrate pest management needs to target highly fragmented agricultural landscapes that are more likely to have elevated levels of invasive-predator activity. Landscape restoration efforts need to consider the redesign of landscapes to make them less suitable for predators and more hospitable for native wildlife.
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Thirumurugan, Vedagiri, Nehru Prabakaran, Vishnu Sreedharan Nair, and Chinnasamy Ramesh. "Ecological importance of two large heritage trees in Moyar River valley, southern India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 17587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6095.13.1.17587-17591.
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Large old trees are critical to maintaining biodiversity in forested landscapes, however, they are often overlooked in forest management and conservation. This article exemplifies the ecological importance of two such large trees that belong to Terminalia arjuna and Hardwickia binata in the Moyar River valley landscape of Tamil Nadu, India.
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van Zanten, Boris T., Derek B. Van Berkel, Ross K. Meentemeyer, Jordan W. Smith, Koen F. Tieskens, and Peter H. Verburg. "Continental-scale quantification of landscape values using social media data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 46 (October 31, 2016): 12974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614158113.
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Individuals, communities, and societies ascribe a diverse array of values to landscapes. These values are shaped by the aesthetic, cultural, and recreational benefits and services provided by those landscapes. However, across the globe, processes such as urbanization, agricultural intensification, and abandonment are threatening landscape integrity, altering the personally meaningful connections people have toward specific places. Existing methods used to study landscape values, such as social surveys, are poorly suited to capture dynamic landscape-scale processes across large geographic extents. Social media data, by comparison, can be used to indirectly measure and identify valuable features of landscapes at a regional, continental, and perhaps even worldwide scale. We evaluate the usefulness of different social media platforms—Panoramio, Flickr, and Instagram—and quantify landscape values at a continental scale. We find Panoramio, Flickr, and Instagram data can be used to quantify landscape values, with features of Instagram being especially suitable due to its relatively large population of users and its functional ability of allowing users to attach personally meaningful comments and hashtags to their uploaded images. Although Panoramio, Flickr, and Instagram have different user profiles, our analysis revealed similar patterns of landscape values across Europe across the three platforms. We also found variables describing accessibility, population density, income, mountainous terrain, or proximity to water explained a significant portion of observed variation across data from the different platforms. Social media data can be used to extend our understanding of how and where individuals ascribe value to landscapes across diverse social, political, and ecological boundaries.
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Fernandes, Lucas D., Paula Lemos-Costa, Paulo R. Guimarães, John N. Thompson, and Marcus A. M. de Aguiar. "Coevolution Creates Complex Mosaics across Large Landscapes." American Naturalist 194, no. 2 (August 2019): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704157.
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Bart, Jonathan, Leah Dunn, Amy Leist, and Laura Sabin. "Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification." Journal of Wildlife Management 76, no. 7 (April 26, 2012): 1489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.384.
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Martsinkevich, Galina I., Saveli I. Kuzmin, Elena E. Davydik, and Aliaksei V. Babko. "Methodologycal problems and approaches to identifying and evaluating typical and rare landscapes of the Republic of Belarus." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2020-2-34-46.
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The analysis of the studying of the problem of identifying and evaluating of typical and rare landscapes was carried out, which showed that quite a lot of knowledge has been accumulated in this area of the identification of such landscapes and the criteria for their assessment. It is established that insufficient attention is paid to the classification and mapping of landscapes, the use of mathematical methods for their assessment. A scientific concept is proposed for the study of typical and rare landscapes, which contains four levels of their study (country, regional, subregional, local), the scale of work corresponding to the level, landscape classification units, criteria and indicators for their allocation are determined. So, at the country level, the criterion for assessing typical landscapes is the degree of representativeness, depending on bioclimatic factors and the large size of the landscape contour, at the regional (provincial) – the contour size of the dominant landscapes of the province and the index of landscape diversity, at the subregional – the intensity of anthropogenic transformation, at the local – characteristic value of attractiveness. The main criteria for assessing rare landscapes at the country level are the small size of the contour and the criteria of uniqueness, at the regional (provincial) indicator of occurrence, at the subregional – naturalness, at local – vulnerability. A geographic information database has been created, a methodology has been developed for identifying typical and rare landscapes and their typology. An assessment of landscape diversity was made and the map showing that typical landscapes are characterised by a high and medium level of diversity, and rare landscapes are characterised by medium and low was created. An assessment of the occurrence of rare landscapes was carried out, which made it possible to distinguish three groups – low, medium, and high occurrence; their list and a map of occurrence were created. It has been determined that unique landscapes, which are part of a group with low occurrence, require special protection. A direct correlation has been established between the level of landscape diversity and occurrence. The proposed criteria for identifying and assessing typical and rare landscapes can be used in organising or transforming nature protected areas, in the design of their passports and conservation obligations.
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Trapeznikova, O. N., and N. I. Tormosova. "Historical and geoenvironmental analysis of the development of the Russian North within karst areas (by the example of Kargopol’ Region)." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019352-62.
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The paper deals with the history of agrarian development of the East European plain in the frame of the geoenvironment concept of agricultural landscapes, taking Kargopol’ region as an example. A large agricultural landscape unique for the middle taiga zone was formed there no later than in the twelve century. We have analyzed the natural environment of the Kargopol’ region and its influence on the agrarian development and the rural settlement pattern. We paid particular attention to the karst, which was widespread in the area and its relation with agricultural landscapes. We made mathematical modelling of both elementary agricultural landscape spatial pattern and the corresponding rural settlement pattern. A feature of the proposed modeling is its emphasis on the relationship between the natural landscape and agricultural landscape. The mathematical morphology of landscape (method proposed by A. Victorov) and, in particular, the karst system model is the base of modeling. This model is first used for the analysis of cultural (anthropogenic) rather than natural landscapes.
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Heesche, Johanne, Ellen Marie Braae, and Gertrud Jørgensen. "Landscape-Based Transformation of Young Industrial Landscapes." Land 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060908.
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Due to deindustrialisation, young industrial landscapes (YILs), stemming roughly from the 1930s to the 1970s and located in the suburbs of Copenhagen, are partly abandoned, partly in use, and partly used for non-industrial purposes. By virtue of their location, size, and unused and underused subareas, YILs can potentially meet major urbanisation aims, such as densification and mixed-use development, yet the redevelopment of YILs often happens from a hypothetical virgin land position, disregarding the existing features of these sites. In this paper, we aim to introduce value-sustaining strategies for a more site-informed transformation of YILs. The specific objective is to investigate and understand the landscape-based transformation of young industrial landscapes by making explicit use of their site features in what we label the landscape. Based on a literature study of the emerging phenomenon, a screening of landscape-based projects and a case study, we present a set of qualifying strategies to guide future landscape-based transformations: porosity, reuse, re-naturing, and open-endedness. The complimentary spatial, multi-scalar, and temporal strategies were demonstrated through the study of the five European cases: Alter Flugplatz Kalbach, Hersted Industripark, IBA Emscher Park, Louvre Lens Museum Park, and Parc aux Angéliques, to exemplify how the strategies could guide the landscape-based transformation of YILs or similar types of large-scale landscapes. Although apparently straight forward, the formulation of the four strategies linking ethics and transformation practices provides a much needed set of values and tools in the current, and also historical, redevelopment of YILs, which are a significant part of our urbanised landscapes, to better address societal challenges.
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Albrecht, Thomas, Ignacio González-Álvarez, and Jens Klump. "Using Machine Learning to Map Western Australian Landscapes for Mineral Exploration." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070459.
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Landscapes evolve due to climatic conditions, tectonic activity, geological features, biological activity, and sedimentary dynamics. Geological processes at depth ultimately control and are linked to the resulting surface features. Large regions in Australia, West Africa, India, and China are blanketed by cover (intensely weathered surface material and/or later sediment deposition, both up to hundreds of metres thick). Mineral exploration through cover poses a significant technological challenge worldwide. Classifying and understanding landscape types and their variability is of key importance for mineral exploration in covered regions. Landscape variability expresses how near-surface geochemistry is linked to underlying lithologies. Therefore, landscape variability mapping should inform surface geochemical sampling strategies for mineral exploration. Advances in satellite imaging and computing power have enabled the creation of large geospatial data sets, the sheer size of which necessitates automated processing. In this study, we describe a methodology to enable the automated mapping of landscape pattern domains using machine learning (ML) algorithms. From a freely available digital elevation model, derived data, and sample landclass boundaries provided by domain experts, our algorithm produces a dense map of the model region in Western Australia. Both random forest and support vector machine classification achieve approximately 98% classification accuracy with a reasonable runtime of 48 minutes on a single Intel® Core™ i7-8550U CPU core. We discuss computational resources and study the effect of grid resolution. Larger tiles result in a more contiguous map, whereas smaller tiles result in a more detailed and, at some point, noisy map. Diversity and distribution of landscapes mapped in this study support previous results. In addition, our results are consistent with the geological trends and main basement features in the region. Mapping landscape variability at a large scale can be used globally as a fundamental tool for guiding more efficient mineral exploration programs in regions under cover.
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Nikolaishvili, Dali, Manana Sharashenidze, Revaz Tolordava, Robert Maglakelidze, Manana Kvetenadze, and Nino Kharebava. "Anthropogenic transformation of landscapes in 19th–20th centuries." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-385-392.
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During the period of 19th–20th centuries, there wasn’t cardinal scales of environmental degradation on the territories of Georgia, like in many regions of the world. However, this does not mean that there are no significant anthropogenic modifications to the landscape. At different times these changes were of varying intensity and territorial proportions. The aim of this study is to determine the scale of changes in various landscapes in Georgia during this period of time and the main driving forces behind them. In order to achieve this goal, the population density, the specific share of agricultural lands, especially the number of polluting industrial sites, etc., were determined by individual landscapes. It was determined which anthropogenic impacts (resettlement and large-scale construction, water and air pollution, transport, uncontrolled nature use, etc.) became the major determinants of this or that landscape. There have been identified the landscapes where the speed of use of natural resources is significantly higher than that natural resources of self-repair. The study identified 6 categories of anthropogenic transformation of Georgian landscapes. On the basis of research the degree of anthropogenic transformation of Georgia’s landscapes were established. Practically completely and strongly changed landscapes occupy only 20 % of the whole area of Georgia.The greatest area, almost 60 % of Georgia occupied by poorly changed landscapes.
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Ritter, Camila D., Camila C. Ribas, Juliana Menger, Sergio H. Borges, Christine D. Bacon, Jean P. Metzger, John Bates, and Cintia Cornelius. "Landscape configuration of an Amazonian island-like ecosystem drives population structure and genetic diversity of a habitat-specialist bird." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 9 (June 19, 2021): 2565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01281-z.
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Abstract Context Amazonian white-sand ecosystems (campinas) are open vegetation patches which form a natural island-like system in a matrix of tropical rainforest. Due to a clear distinction from the surrounding matrix, the spatial characteristics of campina patches may affect the genetic diversity and composition of their specialized organisms, such as the small and endemic passerine Elaenia ruficeps. Objectives To estimate the relative contribution of the current extension, configuration and geographical context of campina patches to the patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of E. ruficeps. Methods We sampled individuals of E. ruficeps from three landscapes in central Amazonia with contrasting campina spatial distribution, from landscapes with large and connected patches to landscapes with small and isolated patches. We estimated population structure, genetic diversity, and contemporary and historical migration within and among the three landscapes and used landscape metrics as predictor variables. Furthermore, we estimated genetic isolation by distance and resistance within landscapes. Results We identified three genetically distinct populations with asymmetrical gene flow among landscapes and a decreasing migration rate with distance. Within each landscape, we found low differentiation without genetic isolation by distance nor by resistance. In contrast, we found differentiation and spatial correlation between landscapes. Conclusions Together with previous studies, the population dynamics of E. ruficeps suggests that both regional context and landscape structure shape the connectivity among populations of campina specialist birds. Also, the spatial distribution of Amazonian landscapes, together with their associated biota, has changed in response to climatic changes in the Late Pleistocene.
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Çavdar Sert, Selin, and Funda Baş Bütüner. "The Changing landscapes of Ankara." Ekistics and The New Habitat 80, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2020801482.
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This article offers a critical reading of the changing landscapes of Ankara, exposing the still existing potential for framing integrative urban strategy-making. Ankara has undergone intense urban expansion since the 1950s, and like other cities, it is still dealing with large scale construction/destruction engendering dramatic landscape loss in various contexts and scales. Although change in the landscape is typical of urbanization, nature and landscape were largely undervalued in the implementation of urban development strategies in Ankara. Contradicting per capita green space policies, the well-structured urban landscape, including both natural and planned/designed landscapes from the Republican Period were fragmented and reduced. Valleys creating corridors for fresh air and offering a reserve for agriculture were engulfed by squatter houses, then by new housing projects; streams, defining a blue infrastructure accompanied by fertile lands were partially covered over or canalized. Furthermore, the landscape heritage of the early Republican Period, which played a key role in the modernization of societal and urban life, was also undervalued, while the urban park system has been diminished. This article identifies representative examples of fragmentation and loss of the landscape fabric, as well as the latent potential of the landscape to articulate a sustainability agenda for Ankara.
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Chakraborty, Shamik, and Abhik Chakraborty. "Satoyama Landscapes and Their Change in A River Basin context: Lessons for Sustainability." Issues in Social Science 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v5i1.10892.
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'Satoyama' denotes a mosaic of different landscape-types that has sustained agrarian societies for millennia in Japan. These landscapes have undergone degradation during the past few decades. While satoyama is a consistently referred term in landscape management in Japan, little attention is given to how such landscapes undergo change in large spatial units such as river basins. This study, based on documents and interviews, reviews how watershed level changes affect the functioning of such socioecological systems in the Kuma River Basin in Kyushu. Watershed properties of the Kuma River Basin changed during pre-modern and modern times and each phase left a lasting legacy on the landscape. The article analyzes how ecological connectivity became fragmented by identifying changes in ecosystem services, and concludes that while socio-ecological landscapes have a long history of human use; the human component cannot outgrow the fundamental biophysical processes that maintain ecosystem services and system resilience; these systems can undergo swift and irreversible degradation when ecological connectivity is fragmented. The main lesson for sustainable development is that consideration of historical changes in land use is vital for understanding the connectivity of different components in satoyama landscapes; this insight is important not only for rivers but also for the wider landscapes they connect and the associated integrity.
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Sowa, Grzegorz, Agnieszka J. Bednarska, Elżbieta Ziółkowska, and Ryszard Laskowski. "Homogeneity of agriculture landscape promotes insecticide resistance in the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0266453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266453.
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The intensification of agriculture leads to increased pesticide use and significant transformation from small fields towards large-scale monocultures. This may significantly affect populations of non-target arthropods (NTA). We aimed to assess whether the multigenerational exposure to plant protection products has resulted in the evolution of resistance to insecticides in the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus originating from different agricultural landscapes. Two contrasting landscapes were selected for the study, one dominated by small and another by large fields. Within each landscape the beetles were collected at nine sites representing range of canola coverage and a variety of habitat types. Part of the collected beetles, after acclimation to laboratory conditions, were tested for sensitivity to Proteus 110 OD–the most commonly used insecticide in the studied landscapes. The rest were bred in the laboratory for two consecutive generations, and part of the beetles from each generation were also tested for sensitivity to selected insecticide. We showed that the beetles inhabiting areas with medium and large share of canola located in the landscape dominated by large fields were less sensitive to the studied insecticide. The persistence of reduced sensitivity to Proteus 110 OD for two consecutive generations indicates that either the beetles have developed resistance to the insecticide or the chronic exposure to pesticides has led to the selection of more resistant individuals naturally present in the studied populations. No increased resistance was found in the beetles from more heterogeneous landscape dominated by small fields, in which spatio-temporal diversity of crops and abundance of small, linear off-crop landscape elements may provide shelter that allows NTAs to survive without developing any, presumably costly, resistance mechanisms.
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Sowa, Grzegorz, Agnieszka J. Bednarska, Elżbieta Ziółkowska, and Ryszard Laskowski. "Homogeneity of agriculture landscape promotes insecticide resistance in the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0266453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266453.
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The intensification of agriculture leads to increased pesticide use and significant transformation from small fields towards large-scale monocultures. This may significantly affect populations of non-target arthropods (NTA). We aimed to assess whether the multigenerational exposure to plant protection products has resulted in the evolution of resistance to insecticides in the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus originating from different agricultural landscapes. Two contrasting landscapes were selected for the study, one dominated by small and another by large fields. Within each landscape the beetles were collected at nine sites representing range of canola coverage and a variety of habitat types. Part of the collected beetles, after acclimation to laboratory conditions, were tested for sensitivity to Proteus 110 OD–the most commonly used insecticide in the studied landscapes. The rest were bred in the laboratory for two consecutive generations, and part of the beetles from each generation were also tested for sensitivity to selected insecticide. We showed that the beetles inhabiting areas with medium and large share of canola located in the landscape dominated by large fields were less sensitive to the studied insecticide. The persistence of reduced sensitivity to Proteus 110 OD for two consecutive generations indicates that either the beetles have developed resistance to the insecticide or the chronic exposure to pesticides has led to the selection of more resistant individuals naturally present in the studied populations. No increased resistance was found in the beetles from more heterogeneous landscape dominated by small fields, in which spatio-temporal diversity of crops and abundance of small, linear off-crop landscape elements may provide shelter that allows NTAs to survive without developing any, presumably costly, resistance mechanisms.
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Sun, Hongyan, Kelly Kopp, and Roger Kjelgren. "Water-efficient Urban Landscapes: Integrating Different Water Use Categorizations and Plant Types." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.254.
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Little research has examined water requirements of entire irrigated urban landscapes integrating different types of plants. Three landscape treatments integrating different types of plants—woody, herbaceous perennial, turf—and putative water use classifications—mesic, mixed, xeric—were grown in large drainage lysimeters. Each landscape plot was divided into woody plant, turf, and perennial hydrozones and irrigated for optimum water status over 2 years and water use measured using a water balance approach. For woody plants and herbaceous perennials, canopy cover rather than plant type or water use classification was the key determinant of water use relative to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under well-watered conditions. For turf, monthly evapotranspiration (ETa) followed a trend linearly related to ETo. Monthly plant factors (Kp) for woody plants, perennials, and turf species under well-watered conditions in this study ranged from 0.3 to 0.9, 0.2 to 0.5, and 0.5 to 1.2, respectively. Adjusted Kp for each hydrozone was calculated based on landscaped area covered by plant types as a percent of total area, and landscape factor (Kl) was calculated based on adjusted Kp for each landscape treatment. Overall, Kl relative to ETo ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 for three water use classifications.
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Zhang, Haozhe, Qingyuan Yang, Huiming Zhang, Lulu Zhou, and Hongji Chen. "Optimization of Land Use Based on the Source and Sink Landscape of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Fengdu County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China." Land 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111242.
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Promoting the preservation and appreciation of ecosystem services is an important value guide for land use optimization. In this research, Fengdu County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was selected as the focus of a case study. From the perspective of the source and sink landscape of ecosystem services, a MOP model and FLUS model were used to optimize the areas of various land use types and the spatial configurations of those land use types in the study area in 2035 under a strict ecological constraint (SEC) scenario, a moderate ecological constraint (MEC) scenario, and a relaxed ecological constraint (REC) scenario. We also superimposed and adjusted the results of land use optimization under the three ecological constraint scenarios, and obtained land use regionalization results that integrated multiple scenarios. The results indicated that (1) there were large differences in the areas and spatial distributions of the source and sink landscapes under the three scenarios. Under the SEC scenario, the important source landscapes (ISLs), common source landscapes (CSLs), and sink landscapes (SLs) areas covered 1676.62 km2, 1190.43 km2, and 33.81 km2, respectively. A large area of the CSLs and a small area of the SLs were transformed into ISLs area, and the degree of fragmentation of the landscape was low. Under the MEC scenario, the ISLs, CSLs, and SLs areas covered 1609.22 km2, 1241.60 km2, and 49.74 km2, respectively. The development of the source landscapes and sink landscapes was similar, and the degree of fragmentation was moderate. Under the REC scenario, the ISLs, CSLs, and SLs areas covered 1603.96 km2, 1243.32 km2, and 53.58 km2, respectively. A large area of CSLs was transformed into SLs area, and the degree of fragmentation was high. (2) Fengdu County was divided into seven types of areas: ecological conservation area; agricultural production area; construction optimization area; construction-ecological area; ecological-agricultural area; agricultural-construction area; and integrated development area. The results of this study can provide references for the territorial spatial planning and management of ecological barrier zones.
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Garmendia, Adriana, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Alejandro Estrada, Eduardo J. Naranjo, and Kathryn E. Stoner. "Landscape and patch attributes impacting medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in a fragmented rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 4 (July 2013): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000370.
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Abstract:Understanding the response of biodiversity to land-use changes is an important challenge for ecologists. We assessed the effects of five landscape metrics (forest cover, number of patches, edge density, mean inter-patch isolation distance and matrix quality) and three patch metrics (patch size, shape and isolation) on the number of species and patch occupancy of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in the fragmented Lacandona rain forest, Mexico. We sampled mammal assemblages in 24 forest patches and four control areas within a continuous forest. The landscape metrics were measured within a 100-ha buffer, and within a 500-ha buffer from the centre of each sampling site. A total of 21 species from 13 families was recorded. The number of species increased with shape complexity and patch size at the patch scale, and with matrix quality within 100-ha landscapes. When considering 500-ha landscapes, only the number of patches (i.e. forest fragmentation level) tended to have a negative influence at the community level. Different landscape and patch metrics predicted the occurrence of each species within the sites. Our results indicate that there is a gradient of tolerance to forest cover change, from highly sensitive species to those tolerant of, or even benefited by, forest-cover change.
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Sheley, Roger L., Edward A. Vasquez, Anna-Marie Chamberlain, and Brenda S. Smith. "Landscape-Scale Rehabilitation of Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)-Dominated Sagebrush Steppe." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 4 (December 2012): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00030.1.
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AbstractProducers facing infestations of invasive annual grasses regularly voice the need for practical revegetation strategies that can be applied across broad landscapes. Our objective was to determine the potential for scaling up the single-entry approach for revegetating medusahead-infested rangeland to broader, more heterogeneous landscape-scale revegetation of winter annual grass–infested rangeland. We hypothesized, when applied on a highly variable landscape scale, the combination of imazapic and seeding would provide highest abundance of perennial grasses and lowest amount of annual grasses. Treatments included a control, seeding of crested wheatgrass (‘Hycrest’) and Sandberg's bluegrass, spraying (60 g ai ha−1 imazapic), and a simultaneously applied combination of spraying and seeding. The HyCrest and Sandberg's bluegrass seeding rates were 19 and 3.4 kg ha−1, respectively. The treatments were applied to large plots (1.4 to 8 ha) and replicated five times, with each replication located in different watersheds throughout southeastern Oregon. This study shows that the single-entry approach can be scaled up to larger landscapes, but variation within establishment areas will likely be high. This procedure should reduce the costs over multientry treatment applications and make revegetating annual grass–infested rangeland across landscapes more affordable.
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Zhang, Jianli, Junyan Yang, Yuanxing Zhang, and Michael A. Bevan. "Controlling colloidal crystals via morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabd6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6716.
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We report a feedback control method to remove grain boundaries and produce circular shaped colloidal crystals using morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning–based policies. We demonstrate this approach in optical microscopy and computer simulation experiments for colloidal particles in ac electric fields. First, we discover how tunable energy landscape shapes and orientations enhance grain boundary motion and crystal morphology relaxation. Next, reinforcement learning is used to develop an optimized control policy to actuate morphing energy landscapes to produce defect-free crystals orders of magnitude faster than natural relaxation times. Morphing energy landscapes mechanistically enable rapid crystal repair via anisotropic stresses to control defect and shape relaxation without melting. This method is scalable for up to at least N = 103 particles with mean process times scaling as N0.5. Further scalability is possible by controlling parallel local energy landscapes (e.g., periodic landscapes) to generate large-scale global defect-free hierarchical structures.
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Meszaros, Victor A., Miles D. Miller-Dickson, and C. Brandon Ogbunugafor. "Lexical Landscapes as large in silico data for examining advanced properties of fitness landscapes." PLOS ONE 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): e0220891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220891.
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Desiana Yulianti, Santi, Hanni Adriani, and Ray March Syahadat. "Evaluasi Daya Tarik Wisata di Kebun Raya Cibodas dalam Sudut Pandang Kualitas Visual." Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jli.v12i1.32578.
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This research was motivated by the diversity of natural and artificial resources in Cibodas Botanical Garden which has a visual quality of landscape beauty that becomes a tourist attraction. This study aims to determine the value of visual quality of tourist attractions in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The method used was a quantitative descriptive approach. Data obtained from observation and literature study and distributing questionnaires to respondents using a sample of 100 people using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The assessment was carried out on thirteen tourist attractions of Cibodas Botanical Garden which consisted of Decorative Garden Galleries, Sakura Gardens, Cibogo Waterfall, Ciismun Waterfall, Lumut and Amorphophalus Gardens, Greenhouses, Paku-pakuan Collection, Guest House, Rhododendron Garden, Medicinal Plants Collection, Liana Garden, Large Pond and Semar Pocket House. The total visual assessed was 26 landscapes. Based on the assessment obtained, it shows the tourist attraction landscape that gets the highest visual quality (SBE) value, namely Landscape 12 with a value of 100.53, which is included in the classification of "high visual quality" from the landscape of the Cibodas Botanical Garden Large Pool. A total of 22 landscapes categorized as high visual quality and 4 landscapes categorized as moderate visual quality. No landscape categorized as low visual quality. Thus, the Cibodas Botanical Garden Landscape has great strength in supporting its function as a conservation tourism object in Indonesia but it still needs some landscape arrangement in some spots.
Keywords: Cibodas Botanical Garden, scenic beauty estimation, tourist attractions, visual quality
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Desiana Yulianti, Santi, Hanni Adriani, and Ray March Syahadat. "Evaluasi Daya Tarik Wisata di Kebun Raya Cibodas dalam Sudut Pandang Kualitas Visual." Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jli.v12i1.32578.
Full textAbstract:
This research was motivated by the diversity of natural and artificial resources in Cibodas Botanical Garden which has a visual quality of landscape beauty that becomes a tourist attraction. This study aims to determine the value of visual quality of tourist attractions in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The method used was a quantitative descriptive approach. Data obtained from observation and literature study and distributing questionnaires to respondents using a sample of 100 people using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The assessment was carried out on thirteen tourist attractions of Cibodas Botanical Garden which consisted of Decorative Garden Galleries, Sakura Gardens, Cibogo Waterfall, Ciismun Waterfall, Lumut and Amorphophalus Gardens, Greenhouses, Paku-pakuan Collection, Guest House, Rhododendron Garden, Medicinal Plants Collection, Liana Garden, Large Pond and Semar Pocket House. The total visual assessed was 26 landscapes. Based on the assessment obtained, it shows the tourist attraction landscape that gets the highest visual quality (SBE) value, namely Landscape 12 with a value of 100.53, which is included in the classification of "high visual quality" from the landscape of the Cibodas Botanical Garden Large Pool. A total of 22 landscapes categorized as high visual quality and 4 landscapes categorized as moderate visual quality. No landscape categorized as low visual quality. Thus, the Cibodas Botanical Garden Landscape has great strength in supporting its function as a conservation tourism object in Indonesia but it still needs some landscape arrangement in some spots.
Keywords: Cibodas Botanical Garden, scenic beauty estimation, tourist attractions, visual quality
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Martínez-Ruiz, Marisela, Miguel A. De Labra-Hernández, Fernando César Gonçalves Bonfim, and Eliana Cazetta. "Influence of Landscape Structure on Toucans and Parrots in the Fragmented Landscape of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico." Tropical Conservation Science 14 (January 2021): 194008292110499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211049999.
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Background and Research Aims: Habitat amount plays an important role in determining the presence and abundance of bird species in modified landscapes, whereas habitat fragmentation has shown little effects. Toucans (Ramphastidae) and parrots (Psittacidae) are large-bodied primary consumers and among the most representative birds in Neotropical forests. They are highly sensitive to habitat loss; nevertheless, their response to fragmentation has been poorly assessed leading to contradictory results. Here, we evaluate the influence of landscape structure on toucans and parrots in the tropical forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Methods: We censused birds in 12 landscapes of Los Tuxtlas and used a multi-scale landscape approach to assess the influence of landscape composition and configuration on the number of individuals of toucans and parrots. Results: We found that the most important and positive predictor of toucans and parrots was the amount of primary forest cover in the landscape. Forest fragmentation had positive effects on the number of toucan individuals, whereas parrots had negative responses to patch density but positive responses to edge density in the landscape. Conclusion: Our results suggest that primary forest loss is the main threat for toucans and parrots in Los Tuxtlas. Implications for conservation: Future conservation and land management must consider the protection of large and small remnants of primary forest and avoid additional forest loss in order to preserve toucan and parrots and their functional roles in human-modified Neotropical landscapes.
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Williams, Richard J., and Ross A. Bradstock. "Large fires and their ecological consequences: introduction to the special issue." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 6 (2008): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07155.
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In the last decade, extensive fires have occurred on most continents, affecting a wide range of ecosystems. We convened a Symposium at the 3rd International Fire Ecology and Management Congress in 2006 to address the issue of large fires and their ecological consequences in landscapes. The 10 papers presented here variously discuss the place of large fires in the context of historical fire regimes, the heterogeneity of fire regime components that are associated with large fires, and the ecological consequences of large fires. The discussions cover a range of biomes, from tropical to temperate, across the world. Three consistent themes emerged: firstly, large fires are usually a part of the Historical Range of Variability; secondly, large fires are inherently heterogeneous, leaving footprints of spatial and temporal diversity that may influence landscapes for decades; and thirdly, large fires have been perceived as socially and ecologically ‘disastrous’, due to obvious and significant deleterious effects on life and property, and the scale of immediate environmental impact. However, the papers presented here indicate that the long-term ecological impacts of individual large fires are not necessarily disastrous. Crucial impacts of large fires on ecosystems may depend largely on their rate of recurrence as well as landscape-scale variation in severity. The incidence and characteristics of large fires may change in the future, as a consequence of global climate change, and other social drivers of landscape change.
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Bobzien, Craig, and Katie Van Alstyne. "Silviculture across Large Landscapes: Back to the Future." Journal of Forestry 112, no. 5 (September 7, 2014): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-084.
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Jennings, Michael D., and Grant M. Harris. "Climate change and ecosystem composition across large landscapes." Landscape Ecology 32, no. 1 (August 22, 2016): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0435-1.
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Li, Ye, and Claus O. Wilke. "Digital Evolution in Time-Dependent Fitness Landscapes." Artificial Life 10, no. 2 (March 2004): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563559.
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We study the response of populations of digital organisms that adapt to a time-varying (periodic) fitness landscape of two oscillating peaks. We corroborate in general predictions from quasi-species theory in dynamic landscapes, such as adaptation to the average fitness landscape at small periods (high frequency) and quasistatic adaptation at large periods (low frequency). We also observe adaptive phase shifts (time lags between a change in the fitness landscape and an adaptive change in the population) that indicate a low-pass filter effect, in agreement with existing theory. Finally, we witness long-term adaptation to fluctuating environments not anticipated in previous theoretical work.
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Terkenli, Theano S., Tryfon Daras, and Efpraxia-Aithra Maria. "Landscape Notions among Greek Engineering Students: Exploring Landscape Perceptions, Knowledge and Participation." Land 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8050083.
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The objective of this paper is to explore and critically analyze the basic notions of landscape and their change through time, among Greek engineering students, from all academically formative years of their undergraduate studies, at the Technical University of Crete. Specifically, it probes into their perspectives vis-à-vis the landscape at large and their everyday-life landscapes in particular, regarding their landscape perceptions, behavior, and education. This study takes place in two stages (2012 and 2017) and is placed in the context of continued scientific investigation into the interrelationships of various “publics” with various types of landscapes and landscape development ideas, perceptions, and preferences—and specifically those professionals-in-the-making who are bound to become key future agents in Greek landscape stewardship. Our aims serve the European Landscape Convention’s purposes of landscape research, education, and awareness-raising; they also cater to the need for geographically targeted place-specific application of the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Our findings reaffirm widely and long-held landscape notions, emphasizing the natural, the visual, and the aesthetic in landscape perception and conceptualization, but also point to landscape education deficiencies in the Greek educational system. These constitute significant findings in the context of the country’s efforts to lay out the blueprints for its future landscapes, by contributing to Greek lay landscape awareness and conscience building, but especially by informing future landscape-related professionals.
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Berry, L. E., D. B. Lindenmayer, T. E. Dennis, D. A. Driscoll, and S. C. Banks. "Fire severity alters spatio–temporal movements and habitat utilisation by an arboreal marsupial, the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami)." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 12 (2016): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15204.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding how severe wildfires influence faunal movement is essential for predicting how changes in fire regimes will affect ecosystems. We examined the effects of fire severity distribution on spatial and temporal variation in movement of an Australian arboreal mammal, the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami). We used GPS telemetry to characterise the movements of 18 possums in landscapes burnt to differing extents by a large wildfire. We identified a temporal change in movement patterns in response to fire. In unburnt landscapes, individuals moved greater distances early and late in the night and had less overlap in the areas used for foraging and denning, than in high-severity burnt landscapes. Habitat selection was dependent on the spatial context of fire in the surrounding landscape. Forest recently burnt at high severity may provide suitable habitat for species such as the mountain brushtail possum, if protected from subsequent disturbance, such as salvage logging. However, spatial and temporal patterns of habitat use and selection differ considerably between burnt and undisturbed landscapes. The spatial outcomes of ecological disturbances such as wildfires have the potential to alter the behaviour and functional roles of fauna across large areas.
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F. Bennett, Andrew, and Leigh A. Ford. "Land use, habitat change and the conservation of birds in fragmented rural environments: a landscape perspective from the Northern Plains, Victoria, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970244.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of the effects of habitat fragmentation on birds have mainly been carried out at the patch scale, by censusing birds in patches of different size, shape or composition. Here, we use data collected by observers for the Atlas of Australian Birds from 10' latitude/longitude grid cells (landscapes), each 277 km2 in size, to examine the effects of land use and habitat change at the landscape scale in the Northern Plains region of Victoria, Australia. Land birds were tallied for 63 such landscapes and species were classed as "woodland" or "other" species. Attributes measured for each landscape represented natural environmental variation, tree cover and the intensity of human settlement. The Northern Plains has experienced profound environmental change over the last century of agricultural settlement and tree cover now occupies only 6.2% of the region, mostly as large riverine forests. Eighty per cent of landscapes have less than 10% tree cover. Woodland birds showed substantial variation in richness between landscapes and, after accounting for sampling effort, species richness was best predicted by total tree cover and measures of environmental variation (e.g., number of streams). "Other" birds were more evenly distributed between landscapes. Species richness was best predicted by the environmental gradient in rainfall and temperature, although this accounted for only a small amount of variance after correcting for sampling effort. The predictive model for woodland birds indicates that this group is sensitive to habitat change, and implies a substantial loss of species in landscapes that have been almost entirely cleared of woodland habitat. The logarithmic nature of the relationship means that the rate of change in species richness is greatest during the final stages of habitat depletion. With median tree cover of 3.7% for landscapes in the region, this relationship supports the contention that a major decline in woodland birds is underway and that species are being lost from whole landscapes across the region. Attributes associated with landscapes of high conservation value for birds include: extensive overall tree cover, large blocks of woodland habitat, and stream systems with associated habitat connectivity. In this region, these attributes are more likely to occur in areas with broad-acre agriculture rather than intensive irrigation. The analysis suggests that at least 10% tree cover is a minimum goal for an infrastructure of natural vegetation in rural landscapes to prevent serious decline and loss in the woodland avifauna.