Relevant bibliographies by topics / Large landscapes

Academic literature on the topic 'Large landscapes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Large landscapes"

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Kuijper, D. P. J., E. Sahlén, B. Elmhagen, S. Chamaillé-Jammes, H. Sand, K. Lone, and J. P. G. M. Cromsigt. "Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1625.

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Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator–prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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Grocholski, Brent. "Shaping landscapes with large floods." Science 348, no. 6230 (April 2, 2015): 88.6–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6230.88-f.

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Дорофеев, Александр Александрович. "CHUPRIJANOVKA: EXAMPLE OF A LARGE SCALE LANDSCAPE ANTHROPOGENIC MAPPING." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: География и геоэкология, no. 4(32) (December 15, 2020): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2020-4-85-94.

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В статье описан опыт крупномасштабного ландшафтного картографирования популярного у дачников и отдыхающих участка «Чуприяновка», расположенного в нескольких километрах от окраины г.Тверь. Кроме естественных комплексов, выделены природно-антропогенные ландшафты и геотехнические системы, созданные человеком. Изложена методика картографирования, представлена карта, легенда и подробное описание выявленных ландшафтов. The article describes the experience of a large scale landscape napping which is popular with cottagers and holiday makers of the site Chuprijanovka located not far from Tver. Besides natural complexes some natural anthropogenic man made landscapes and geotechnical systems are distinguished. Methodic of mapping, maps, legends are given as well as detailed description of these landscapes.
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Bank, Claudia, Sebastian Matuszewski, Ryan T. Hietpas, and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "On the (un)predictability of a large intragenic fitness landscape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 18, 2016): 14085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612676113.

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The study of fitness landscapes, which aims at mapping genotypes to fitness, is receiving ever-increasing attention. Novel experimental approaches combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods enable accurate and extensive studies of the fitness effects of mutations, allowing us to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of the shape of the true underlying fitness landscape and its implications for the predictability and repeatability of evolution. Here, we present a uniquely large multiallelic fitness landscape comprising 640 engineered mutants that represent all possible combinations of 13 amino acid-changing mutations at 6 sites in the heat-shock protein Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under elevated salinity. Despite a prevalent pattern of negative epistasis in the landscape, we find that the global fitness peak is reached via four positively epistatic mutations. Combining traditional and extending recently proposed theoretical and statistical approaches, we quantify features of the global multiallelic fitness landscape. Using subsets of the data, we demonstrate that extrapolation beyond a known part of the landscape is difficult owing to both local ruggedness and amino acid-specific epistatic hotspots and that inference is additionally confounded by the nonrandom choice of mutations for experimental fitness landscapes.
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Baldwin, R. F., S. E. Reed, B. H. McRae, D. M. Theobald, and R. W. Sutherland. "Connectivity Restoration in Large Landscapes: Modeling Landscape Condition and Ecological Flows." Ecological Restoration 30, no. 4 (November 23, 2012): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.30.4.274.

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He, Hong S., Jian Yang, Stephen R. Shifley, and Frank R. Thompson. "Challenges of forest landscape modeling—Simulating large landscapes and validating results." Landscape and Urban Planning 100, no. 4 (April 2011): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.019.

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Walters, G., J. Sayer, A. K. Boedhihartono, D. Endamana, and K. Angu Angu. "Integrating landscape ecology into landscape practice in Central African Rainforests." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 8 (April 3, 2021): 2427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01237-3.

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Abstract Context We describe how large landscape-scale conservation initiatives involving local communities, NGOs and resource managers have engaged with landscape scientists with the goal of achieving landscape sustainability. We focus on two landscapes where local people, practitioners and landscape ecologists have co-produced knowledge to design conservation interventions. Objective We seek to understand how landscape ecology can engage with practical landscape management to contribute to managing landscapes sustainably. Methods We focus on two large tropical landscapes: the Sangha Tri-National landscape (Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic) and the Batéké-Léfini Landscape (Gabon and Republic of Congo). We evaluate (1) a participatory method used in the Sangha Tri-National landscape that embeds interdisciplinary researchers and practitioners within a landscape to apply transdisciplinary learning to landscape conservation and (2) a participatory landscape zoning method where interdisciplinary teams of conservation practitioners analyse local land and resource use in the Batéké-Léfini landscape. Results We find that landscape ecology’s tradition of understanding the historical context of resource use can inform landscape conservation practice and natural resource mapping. We also find that the Sangha Group provides an example for landscape ecology on how to integrate local people and their knowledge to better understand and influence landscape processes. Conclusions Place-based engagement as well as the uptake of co-produced knowledge by policy makers are key in enabling sustainable landscapes. Success occurs when researchers, local communities and resource managers engage directly with landscape processes.
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Hilfer, Anthony Channell. "5. Small Figures in Large Landscapes." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 54, no. 2 (2012): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsl.2012.0014.

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Schultz, Henrik. "Designing large-scale landscapes through walking." Journal of Landscape Architecture 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2014.931694.

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Ferreira, Aluane Silva, Carlos A. Peres, Pavel Dodonov, and Camila Righetto Cassano. "Multi-scale mammal responses to agroforestry landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the conservation value of forest and traditional shade plantations." Agroforestry Systems 94, no. 6 (October 3, 2020): 2331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00553-y.

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AbstractThe future of tropical forest biodiversity will largely depend on human-modified landscapes. We investigated how medium- to large-bodied mammals respond to factors at local (habitat type), intermediate (land use heterogeneity, forest cover and human population density) and large spatial scales (overall forest cover) in agroforestry landscapes. We surveyed mammals using camera traps in traditional cacao agroforests (cabrucas), intensified cacao agroforests, and forest remnants within two large Atlantic Forest landscapes of southern Bahia, Brazil, representing both high and low forest cover. At the local scale, habitat types differed in their potential to harbour mammal species, with forest remnants and cabrucas showing high conservation value, mainly under contexts of high forest cover, whereas intensified cacao agroforests contained less diversified species assemblages in both landscapes. At intermediate scales, species richness increased with increasing forest cover around forest remnants and intensified cacao agroforests, but the opposite was observed in cabrucas. The effects of human population density were ubiquitous but species-dependent. At the largest scale, species richness was higher in the most forested landscape, highlighting the imperative of maintaining forest remnants to retain forest-dwelling mammals in human-dominated landscapes. We claim that mammal conservation strategies require a multi-scale approach and that no single strategy is likely to maximize persistence of all species. Some species can routinely use traditional agroforests, and a large fraction of mammal diversity can be maintained even if high canopy-cover agroforestry dominates the landscape. Nevertheless, forest patches and highly forested landscapes are essential to ensure the persistence of forest-dwelling and game species.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Large landscapes"

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Fittkau, Florian [Verfasser]. "Live Trace Visualization for System and Program Comprehension in Large Software Landscapes / Florian Fittkau." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1081077530/34.

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Fittkau, Florian [Verfasser]. "Live Trace Visualization for System and Program Comprehension in Large Software Landscapes / Florian Fittkau." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1131708024/34.

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Hurst, Laurie B. "Evidence of Agrarian Urbanism: Land Use Preferences of Residents Living on Small Acreage Farms or Large Lots with Animal Rights in Cache Valley, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1541.

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Until the last half century, land development patterns in the Intermountain West were designed after the Mormon settlement pattern. With its gridiron streets and in-town farmsteads, this pattern gave families the opportunity to grow crops and raise a few animals on their one acre or less in town with the added advantage of having a social life. Over the last century, small farms have dwindled and large farms have increased in size. However, in the Intermountain West the farmstead tradition continues with families who grow gardens and raise animals on their large city lots, who value self-sufficiency, and who thrive in wide open spaces. To better understand the land uses and preferences of this population, a research survey was mailed to a sample pool of residents of Cache Valley, Utah who live on large lots with animal rights. They contributed an array of data about their backgrounds and how they are specifically using their land. Their responses validated the existence of a continued agrarian culture and gave insight on how they felt about trends in conservation subdivisions and common open space. A range of opinions about ideal lot size supported rural planners' suggestions to develop lots of varying sizes to meet the needs of a diverse population. Small farms on large lots can be a valuable part of a sustainable urban and rural environment. Local vegetables and agricultural products bring nature and natural processes back to an urban setting and reduce the environmental footprint imposed by extensive shipping. Culturally, small farmers provide a connection to the past and fulfill a lifestyle choice for a rural-minded population. Particularly in the Intermountain West, planners need to integrate these small farms into their developments to preserve the rural character of towns and cities of the region.
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Dorresteijn, Ine [Verfasser], and Joern [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074758404/34.

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Dorresteijn, Ine Verfasser], and Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fischer. "Biodiversity conservation in traditional farming landscapes - The future of birds and large carnivores in Transylvania / Ine Dorresteijn. Betreuer: Joern Fischer." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:luen4-opus-143486.

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Alcasena, Urdíroz Fermín J. "Wildfire risk management in southern European landscapes: Towards a long‐term comprehensive strategy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667939.

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Pocs incendis grans i destructius representen els impactes més negatius en els valors socioeconòmics i naturals de les zones mediterrànies. Com a conseqüència de l’augment de l’acumulació de biomassa en els paisatges culturals prèviament elaborats, aquests esdeveniments no característics que es produeixen en condicions meteorològiques extremes són resistents als esforços de supressió a causa de les brases massives de dutxa, les intensitats de foc aclaparadores i les taxes d’expansió molt elevades. D'altra banda, l'augment de les àrees d'interfície de zones silvestres-urbanes representa un factor condicionant que exigeix protecció i augmenta substancialment la complexitat de la gestió d'emergències. Les polítiques de prevenció d’ignició i de supressió d’incendis només resulten ineficaces per mitigar les pèrdues dels focs contemporanis. En aquesta tesi he implementat un marc analític a escala múltiple per informar sobre la presa de decisions d’una estratègia de gestió de riscos d’incendis forestals amb l'objectiu de crear paisatges resistents al foc, restaurar el règim de foc cultural, donar suport a la supressió d’incendis segura i eficient i crear comunitats adaptades al foc. En descompondre el risc d'incendis forestals en els principals factors causals a les escales relacionades amb les capacitats de gestió dels diferents agents, des dels propietaris individuals fins als governs regionals, aquesta tesi intenta proporcionar una solució integral per aconseguir aquests objectius bàsics a mig termini a la Unió Europea del sud regions. Es va implementar un model de simulació contra incendis per obtenir els factors causals de risc requerits o els indicadors d’exposició. La propagació del foc i el comportament en grans àrees es van modelar tenint en compte els règims de bombers variables en termes d’estacionalitat, gran nombre de focs i distribució espacial. Les relacions de susceptibilitat definides per experts o models de mortalitat es van utilitzar per avaluar els efectes de foc com a possibles pèrdues econòmiques en valors de risc. A més, vam utilitzar una anàlisi de transmissió per definir els incendis de la comunitat i avaluar l'intercanvi de foc entre els municipis veïns. La gestió de combustibles és la principal estratègia de mitigació de riscos d'incendis forestals a escala paisatgística i s'han utilitzat models d'optimització espacial per ajudar en el disseny del tractament del paisatge estratègic i explorar les oportunitats de col·locació sota restriccions pressupostàries. Els resultats es van proporcionar a les escales operatives adequades per informar de diferents estratègies de gestió d’incendis forestals. Els perfils d’exposició i l’avaluació de riscos a escales finals per a les estructures d’habitatges individuals i els valors dels boscos de fustes intenten promoure la participació dels propietaris i exigir les bones pràctiques dels gestors forestals amb l'objectiu de mitigar les pèrdues derivades dels incendis en el mateix lloc (unitats de tractament) i les terres veïnes. Els esforços de gestió dins de les àrees de planificació articulats com a projectes de planificació col·laborativa entre diversos agents socioeconòmics inclouen tractaments sobre el combustible del paisatge en llocs estratègics que redueixen la probabilitat general d’incendis forestals i la intensitat del foc, la planificació del paisatge per excloure àrees perilloses per al desenvolupament urbà, la preparació de la comunitat reduint la vulnerabilitat social i les ordenances del municipi a reduir la vulnerabilitat de l’habitatge. La producció conjunta de tractaments representa una oportunitat en ecosistemes forestals mediterranis multifuncionals per organitzar solucions complexes. La formulació de polítiques a escala regional dóna prioritat a nivell municipal a les diferents estratègies de gestió, com ara programes de prevenció d'ignició, pre-posicionament de recursos, assignació de subvencions per a tractaments de combustible i aplicació de la llei per a la gestió de combustibles en comunitats d'interfície de zones silvestres-urbanes amb major risc. Els diferents treballs es van desenvolupar en diverses àrees mediterrànies per ressaltar l'aplicabilitat del marc en altres llocs.
Pocos incendios grandes y destructivos representan la mayoría de los impactos negativos sobre los valores socioeconómicos y naturales en las áreas mediterráneas. Como resultado de la creciente acumulación de biomasa en los paisajes culturales que antes eran de grano fino, estos eventos no característicos que ocurren en condiciones climáticas extremas son resistentes a los esfuerzos de supresión debidos a las brasas de lluvia masiva, las intensidades de fuego abrumadoras y las tasas de propagación muy altas. Además, el aumento de las áreas de interfaz urbano-forestal representa un factor de condicionamiento que exige protección y aumenta sustancialmente la complejidad de la gestión de emergencias. Las políticas de prevención de ignición y extinción de incendios por sí solas resultan ineficaces para mitigar las pérdidas de incendios contemporáneos. En esta Tesis, implementé un marco analítico de múltiples escalas para informar la toma de decisiones de una estrategia de gestión de riesgos de incendios forestales con el objetivo de crear paisajes resistentes a incendios, restaurar el régimen cultural de incendios, apoyar la supresión segura y eficiente de incendios y crear comunidades adaptadas a incendios. Al disolver el riesgo de incendios forestales en los principales factores causales en escalas relacionadas con las capacidades de gestión de los diferentes agentes, desde los propietarios individuales hasta los gobiernos regionales, esta tesis intenta ofrecer una solución integral para lograr esos objetivos centrales a medio plazo en el sur de la Unión Europea regiones. Se implementó un enfoque de modelado de simulación de incendios para obtener los factores causales de riesgo requeridos o las métricas de exposición. La propagación y el comportamiento de los incendios en grandes áreas se modelaron teniendo en cuenta los regímenes de incendios variables en términos de estacionalidad, gran número de incendios y distribución espacial. Las relaciones de susceptibilidad definidas por los expertos o los modelos de mortalidad se utilizaron para evaluar los efectos del fuego como posibles pérdidas económicas a valores en riesgo. Además, utilizamos un análisis de transmisión para delimitar las cuencas comunitarias y evaluar el intercambio de incendios entre los municipios vecinos. La gestión de combustibles es la principal estrategia de mitigación del riesgo de incendios forestales a escala del paisaje, y se utilizaron modelos de optimización espacial para ayudar en el diseño estratégico del tratamiento del paisaje y explorar oportunidades de colocación bajo restricciones presupuestarias. Los resultados se proporcionaron en escalas operativas apropiadas para informar diferentes estrategias de manejo de incendios forestales. Los perfiles de exposición y la evaluación del riesgo a escalas finas para las estructuras de viviendas individuales y los valores forestales de los bosques de madera intentan promover la participación de los propietarios y demandan las buenas prácticas de los administradores forestales con el objetivo de mitigar las pérdidas por incendios encendidos en el mismo sitio (unidades de tratamiento) y las tierras vecinas. Los esfuerzos de gestión dentro de las áreas de planificación articulados como proyectos de planificación colaborativa entre diversos agentes socioeconómicos incluyen tratamientos de combustible de paisaje en lugares estratégicos que reducen la probabilidad general de incendios forestales y la intensidad de incendios, la planificación del paisaje para excluir áreas peligrosas para el desarrollo urbano, la preparación de la comunidad para reducir la vulnerabilidad social y las ordenanzas municipales para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la vivienda. El tratamiento conjunto de la producción representa una oportunidad en los ecosistemas forestales mediterráneos multifuncionales para organizar soluciones complejas. La formulación de políticas a escala regional prioriza a nivel municipal las diferentes estrategias de manejo, como los programas de prevención de ignición, el posicionamiento previo de recursos de supresión, la asignación de subsidios para tratamientos de combustible y la aplicación de la ley para el manejo de combustibles en comunidades de interfaz urbano-forestal en mayor riesgo. Los diferentes documentos se desarrollaron en varias áreas mediterráneas para resaltar la aplicabilidad del marco en otros lugares.
Few large and destructive fires account for most negative impacts on socioeconomic and natural values in Mediterranean areas. As a result of an increasing amount of biomass accumulation on the previously fine-grained cultural landscapes, these uncharacteristic events occurring under extreme weather conditions are resistant to suppression efforts due to massive showering embers, overwhelming fire intensities, and very high spread rates. Moreover, increasing wildland-urban interface areas represent a conditioning factor demanding protection and substantially increasing emergency management complexity. Ignition prevention and fire suppression policies alone result ineffective to mitigate losses from contemporary fires. In this Thesis I implemented a multiple-scale analytical framework to inform the decision-making of a wildfire risk management strategy aiming at creating fire resilient landscapes, restoring the cultural fire regime, supporting safe and efficient fire suppression, and creating fire-adapted communities. By decomposing wildfire risk into the main causative factors at scales related to management capabilities for the different agents, from the individual homeowners to Regional Governments, this dissertation attempts to provide a comprehensive solution to achieve those core goals on the mid-term in southern European Union regions. A fire simulation modeling approach was implemented to obtain the required risk causative factors or exposure metrics. Fire spread and behavior in large areas were modeled accounting for variable fire regimes in terms of seasonality, large fire number, and spatial distribution. Expert-defined susceptibility relations or mortality models were then used to assess fire effects as potential economic losses to values at risk. Moreover, we used a transmission analysis to delineate community firesheds and assess fire exchange among neighboring municipalities. Fuels management is the main wildfire risk mitigation strategy at the landscape scale, and spatial optimization models were used to help in strategic landscape treatment design and explore collocation opportunities under budgetary restrictions. Results were provided at appropriate operational scales to inform different wildfire management strategies. Exposure profiles and risk assessment at fine scales for individual housing structures and timber stand forest values attempt to promote homeowners’ involvement and demand forest managers’ good practices aiming at mitigating losses from fires ignited on the same site (treatment units) and the neighboring lands. Management efforts within Planning Areas articulated as collaborative planning projects among various socioeconomic agents include landscape fuel treatments on strategic locations reducing overall wildfire likelihood and fire intensity, landscape planning to exclude hazardous areas for the urban development, community preparedness reducing social vulnerability, and municipality ordinances to reduce housing vulnerability. Treatment joint-production represents an opportunity in multi-functional Mediterranean forest ecosystems to arrange complex solutions. Regional scale policy-making prioritizes at municipality level the different management strategies such as ignition prevention programs, suppression resource pre-positioning, assignation of subsidies for fuel treatments, and law enforcement for managing fuels in wildland-urban interface communities at highest risk. The different papers were developed in various Mediterranean areas to highlight the applicability of the framework elsewhere.
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Van, Vlack Kathleen A., and Richard W. Stoffle. "Tavicha’impimu: To Catch the Sun: Large Scale Solar Energy Development in the Great Basin and the Cultural Implications for Numic-Speaking Peoples." University of Arizona Libraries, Special Collections, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301460.

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These four presentations were prepared for the Society for Applied Anthropology's annual meeting in March 2013 in Denver, CO. These presentations present findings from the Solar PEIS Native American ethnographic study.
The United States government is considering areas in the five states for the large-scale solar energy development. These solar energy zones (SEZs) contain important Native American resources ranging from traditional use plants, healing places, and trail networks. During the environmental impact assessment, Numic-speaking peoples shared with University of Arizona ethnographers their thoughts regarding cultural uses of the SEZ and associated resources and potential impacts. This session focuses on unique cultural resources and the cultural implications of solar energy development.
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Klemperer, Michael. "Style and social competition between the landed classes, articulated through the large scale ornamental landscapes of the Doncaster District of South Yorkshire, c.1680-1840." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397494.

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Ayres, Philip. "Continuous riparian vegetation change following a large, infrequent flood along the Sabie River, Kruger National Park / Philip Ayres." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8643.

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The flood of 2000 caused extensive changes within the riparian landscape of the Sabie River, Kruger National Park (KNP). Changes within the riparian landscape and the removal of vegetation resulted in considerable changes in riparian vegetation characteristics. Open patches created by the flood served as a template for the establishment of new species and the regeneration of existing species, which consequently resulted in a patch mosaic. This memorable event encouraged an investigation into the response of the Sabie River ecosystem to the memorable Large Infrequent Disturbance (LID). Riparian ecosystems are driven by varying combinations of environmental factors, such as water availability, disturbance, herbivory, fire and river morphology. This complexity depicts unique vegetation structure and assemblages of associated plant species. The lack of sufficient knowledge on the role of riparian vegetation in the health assessment of surrounding ecosystems along semi-arid rivers prompted the establishment of the Kruger Rivers Post Flood Research Program (KRPFRP). Research conducted through this monitoring program four years after the 2000 flood, revealed no significant changes in the species composition, although the location and density of many common riparian species have been changed. There was a decrease in species density across the macro channel floor (MCF) and an increase in species density across the macro channel bank (MCB). Furthermore, it was reported that the flood altered the distribution of height classes across the macro channel. In general the riparian vegetation was shorter and bushier four years post-flood. These studies furthermore illustrated that the tree to shrub ratio did not change drastically from pre-flood conditions, although a decrease in the number of shrub individuals was reported. The research presented in this dissertation was designed to further explore changes in woody species composition and structure along the Sabie River, KNP at a post flood temporal interval, i.e. between the last survey in 2004 (by the KRPFRP) and 2010. For data compatibility, the sampling and analytical approach of this study conforms to the approach followed by the KRPFRP. Data were sampled within four preselected belt-transects that form part of the larger KRPFRP. All established woody individuals were counted and measured within each contiguous 10 m x 30 m plot within each of the four belt-transects. Log transformed species composition data were analysed through the application of the Bray Curtis dissimilarity index in combination with Ward’s method of clustering. Statistical significant differences between clusters were tested through the application of the Fisher’s exact relationship test. The MIXED Procedure or PROC MIXED model was used to investigate change within the vegetation structural data. Results obtained through the various analytical methods broadly support the findings of the KRPFRP. No significant change in woody species composition could be detected between 2004 and 2010. However, a change in the density (increase and decrease) of certain species across the MCB and MCF was revealed. Species richness and density increased significantly on the MCF oppose to small changes on the MCB. A significant increase in the total number of shrubs on the MCF contributed to an overall increase in woody density for the entire study area between 2004 and 2010. Shrubs therefore remained the most dominant growth form in both sampling years. Trees decreased across the MCB although the total number of established trees remained unchanged between 2004 and 2010. Riparian vegetation structure is directly linked to species assemblages, hence the continued dominance of shrub species along the Sabie River in the KNP The Sabie River riparian landscape is therefore still characterised by short and multi-stemmed woody individuals ten years after the LID.
Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Melito, Melina Oliveira. "Effects of forest fragmentation on biomass in tropical forests." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-28032017-144953/.

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In spite tropical forests are the most important terrestrial global carbon sinks due to carbon storage in aboveground biomass, it is also the primary target of deforestation. The conversion of Tropical forests into anthropogenic areas might disrupt biological flux and also lead to severe microclimatic changes at forest edges. These combined effects can trigger profound changes in plant composition through both high mortality of fragmentation-sensitive species and proliferation of disturbed-adapted species which will ultimately impacts carbon storage. Thus, our main objective in this study was understand the role of human-induced disturbances in modulate the dimension of biomass loss at tropical forests. We applied a systematic literature review searching for empirical evidences that edge effects can drive biomass loss in tropical forests (Chapter 2). Our findings highlighted the gap of knowledge about the pattern and process related to biomass loss in tropical forests. To strengthen this understanding, we formulated a conceptual model linking landscape structure and patch-level attributes to severity of edge effects affecting aboveground biomass. Our model hypothesizes that habitat amount, isolation, time since edge creation, and the synergism between edge distance, patch size, and matrix type are the main drivers of biomass loss in anthropogenic tropical forests. We thus used a large plant dataset (18 503 trees ≥ 10 cm dbh) from 146 sites distributed across four Mexican and four Brazilian rainforest regions to test our conceptual model predictions, specifically the influence of forest cover, site isolation, edge distance, patch size and type of matrix on biomass (Chapter 3). We observed that carbon-rich sites presented species that are typical of old-growth forests (shade-tolerant, large-seeded, zoocoric) contrasting to carbon-poor sites composed by disturbed-adapted species (pioneer occupying the understory). Large shade-tolerant trees (≥ 40 cm dbh) were impacted severely by the combination of forest loss and edge effects. Edge distance, patch size, and the amount of open-matrix strongly influence small shade-tolerant trees (≤ 20 cm dbh). Although our results do not fully corroborate the initial predictions of the conceptual model, they support the idea that landscape composition interact with patch structure and ultimately impacts biomass stocks in fragmented tropical forests. Finally, we further investigated if the disturbance level of the region influences plant-structure responses to forest loss (Chapter 4). Biomass, but not plant density, was affected by forest loss in regions with intermediate disturbance levels, i.e. regions showing a combination of moderate deforestation (20-40% of remaining forest cover) disturbed during the past 30-60 years, high defaunation but harboring relictual populations of large-mammals, and areas mostly composed by heterogeneous matrices. In general, our findings highlight that both landscape composition and patch structure are the main drivers of biomass loss in Neotropical forests, and that the landscape context must be considered to obtain more reliable estimations of carbon emissions due to forest degradation. Landscape planning (e.g. restoration of forest cover) should be included in conservation strategies in order to sustain carbon storage. Moreover, we advocate that conservation initiatives will be less costly and more effective if implemented in areas under intermediate disturbance levels
Apesar das florestas tropicais serem a mais importante fonte mundial de carbono da porção terrestre do globo devido ao armazenamento de carbono na biomassa acima do solo, elas são também o alvo primário do desmatamento. A conversão das florestas Tropicais em áreas antropogênicas pode interromper o fluxo biológico e também levar a severas mudanças microclimáticas na borda dos fragmentos. A combinação desses efeitos pode engatilhar profundas mudanças na composição da vegetação através tanto da mortalidade de espécies sensíveis à fragmentação como também pela proliferação de espécies adaptadas distúrbios, com impactos finais nos estoques de carbono. Assim, o maior objetivo desse estudo foi compreender o papel dos distúrbios induzidos pelo homem na modulação da dimensão da perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais. Nós aplicamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura procurando por evidências empíricas de que o efeito de borda pode levar a perda de biomassa em florestas tropicais (Capítulo 2). Nossos resultados destacam a lacuna de conhecimento entre padrões e processos relacionados à perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais. Para fortalecer esse conhecimento, nós formulamos um modelo conceitual conectando estrutura da paisagem e atributos na escala do fragmento à severidade do efeito de borda, e assim afetando a biomassa acima do solo. Nosso modelo hipotetiza que a quantidade de hábitat, o isolamento, o tempo desde a formação da borda e o sinergismo entre tamanho do fragmento, distância da borda e tipo de matriz são os principais condutores de perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais antropogênicas. Utilizando um grande banco de dados (18 503 árvores ≥ 10 cm dap) provenientes de 146 locais distribuídos em quatro regiões de floresta úmida no México e quatro no Brasil, nós então testamos as predições do nosso modelo conceitual. Especificamente, a influência da cobertura florestal, isolamento, distância da borda, tamanho do fragmento e tipo de matriz sobre a biomassa (Capítulo 3). Nós observamos que áreas com muito carbono apresentaram espécies típicas de florestas maduras (tolerantes ao sombreamento, zoocóricas, com sementes grandes) contrastando com áreas com pouco carbono compostas por espécies adaptadas à distúrbio (pioneiras ocupando o sub-bosque). Árvores grandes tolerantes ao sombreamento (≥ 40 cm dap) foram impactadas severamente pela combinação de perda de cobertura florestal e efeitos de borda. Distância da borda, tamanho do fragmento e a extensão da área de matriz aberta influenciaram fortemente as árvores pequenas tolerantes a sombreamento (≤ 20 cm dap). Apesar dos nossos resultados não corroborarem completamente as predições iniciais do nosso modelo conceitual, eles dão suporte à ideia de que a composição da paisagem interage com a estrutura do fragmento com impactos finais nos estoques de biomassa em florestas Neotropicais. Por fim, nós investigamos se o nível de distúrbio da região pode influenciar nas respostas da estrutura da vegetação à perda de cobertura florestal. Biomassa, mas não a densidade de indivíduos, foi afetada pela perda de cobertura florestal em regiões com nível intermediário de distúrbio, i.e. regiões apresentando uma combinação de níveis moderados de desmatamento (20-40% de cobertura florestal remanescente) em que a perturbação ocorreu ao longo dos últimos 30-60 anos, com alto grau de defaunação mas ainda abrigando populações relictuais de grandes mamíferos e, em sua maioria, compostos por uma matriz heterogênea. Em geral, nossos resultados destacaram que tanto a composição da paisagem como a estrutura do fragmento são os principais condutores de perda de biomassa em florestas Neotropicais e que o contexto da paisagem deve ser considerado para se obter estimativas mais confiáveis de emissão de carbono devido à degradação florestal. O planejamento da paisagem (e.g. restauração da cobertura florestal) deve ser incluído em estratégias de conservação em ordem de sustentar o armazenamento de carbono. Além disso, nós defendemos que iniciativas de conservação serão menos custosas e mais efetivas se implementadas em áreas sob níveis intermediários de distúrbio
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Books on the topic "Large landscapes"

1

R, Thompson Frank, ed. Models for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2009.

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Hemstrom, Miles A., Jessica E. Halofsky, and Megan K. Creutzburg. Integrating social, economic, and ecological values across large landscapes. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2014.

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Large-scale landscape experiments: Lessons from Tumut. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Singleton, Peter H. Landscape permeability for large carnivores in Washington: A geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2002.

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Inogwabini, Bila-Isia. Reconciling Human Needs and Conserving Biodiversity: Large Landscapes as a New Conservation Paradigm. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38728-0.

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Las grandes piedras de la prehistoria: Sitios y paisajes megalíticos de Andalucía = The large stones of prehistory : megalithic sites and landscapes of Andalusia. Sevilla: Junta de Andalucía, 2010.

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Tillmanns, Urs, and Rolf (Tr ). Fricke. Natural Landscapes (Creative Large Format Photography). Sinar Publications AG, 1996.

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Roos, Christopher I. Anthropogenic Landscapes. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.36.

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It has been suggested that anthropogenic burning may have altered Southwest landscapes at a large scale. Southwestern biomes vary in their propensity for and their susceptibility to anthropogenic burning practices. Anthropogenic burning to enhance the productivity of wild plant foraging or agriculture was probably limited in scale; on the other hand, fire use in hunting, religious practice, and warfare may have impacted larger scales, though at lower intensity. Middle-elevation forests, woodlands, and grasslands were the biotic zones most likely to be impacted by anthropogenic burning, but sophisticated mimicry of natural fire regimes means that the evidence of such impact is ambiguous.
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Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373631-4.x0001-9.

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Thompson, Frank R., and Joshua Millspaugh. Models for Planning Wildlife Conservation in Large Landscapes. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Large landscapes"

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Boitani, Luigi, and John D. C. Linnell. "Bringing Large Mammals Back: Large Carnivores in Europe." In Rewilding European Landscapes, 67–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12039-3_4.

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Assine, Mario Luis. "Brazilian Pantanal: A Large Pristine Tropical Wetland." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 135–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8023-0_12.

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Vanneste, Kris, Thierry Camelbeeck, Koen Verbeeck, and Alain Demoulin. "Morphotectonics and Past Large Earthquakes in Eastern Belgium." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 215–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58239-9_13.

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Lieb, Gerhard Karl. "Klagenfurt Basin: A Large Basin in the Alps." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 457–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92815-5_32.

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Peulvast, Jean-Pierre. "Introduction: Landscapes and Landforms of France, A Large Diversity." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 1–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7022-5_1.

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Veress, Márton, and Zoltán Unger. "Baradla-Domica: Large Cave System on the Hungarian-Slovak Border." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 167–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08997-3_20.

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Bertolini, Giovanni, Alessandro Corsini, and Claudio Tellini. "Fingerprints of Large-Scale Landslides in the Landscape of the Emilia Apennines." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 215–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26194-2_18.

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Carton, Alberto. "Large Ancient Landslides in Trentino, Northeastern Alps, as Evidence of Postglacial Dynamics." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 113–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26194-2_9.

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Fuller, Todd K., and David B. Kittredge. "Conservation of large forest carnivores." In Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, 137–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1521-3_5.

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Grüner, Walter, Robert Giegerich, and Dirk Strothmann. "Algorithmic Representation of Large RNA Folding Landscapes." In Bioinformatics: From Nucleic Acids and Proteins to Cell Metabolism, 59–71. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527615193.ch5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Large landscapes"

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Wang, Ting, Xin Hu, Jiyong Jang, Shouling Ji, Marc Stoecklin, and Teryl Taylor. "BotMeter: Charting DGA-Botnet Landscapes in Large Networks." In 2016 IEEE 36th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.2016.77.

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Pukowiec-Kurda, Katarzyna, and Urszula Myga-Piatek. "Application of New Methods of Environment Analysis and Assessment in Landscape Audits – Case Studies of Urban Areas Like Czestochowa, Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.116.

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Following the 2000 European Landscape Convention, a new act strengthening landscape protection instruments has been in force since 2015. It sets forth legal aspects of landscape shaping (Dziennik Ustaw 2015, poz. 774) and introduces landscape audits at the province level. A landscape audit consists in identification and characterization of selected landscapes, assessment of their value, selection of so-called priority landscapes and identification of threats for preservation of their value. An audit complies with GIS standards. Analyses use source materials, i.e. digital maps of physical-geographical mesoregions, current topographic maps of digital resources of cartographic databases, latest orthophotomaps and DTMs, maps of potential vegetation, geobotanic regionalization, historic-cultural regionalization and natural landscape types, documentation of historical and cultural values and related complementary resources. A special new methodology (Solon et al. 2014), developed for auditing, was tested in 2015 in an urban area (Myga-Piatek et al. 2015). Landscapes are characterized by determining their analytic (natural and cultural) and synthetic features, with particular focus on the stage of delimitation and identification of landscape units in urban areas. Czestochowa was selected as a case study due to its large natural (karst landscapes of the Czestochowa Upland, numerous forests, nature reserves) and cultural (Saint Mary’s Sanctuary, unique urban architecture) potential. Czestochowa is also a city of former iron ore and mineral resources exploitation, still active industry, dynamic urban sprawl within former farming areas, and dynamically growing tourism. Landscape delimitation and identification distinguished 75 landscape units basing on uniform landscape background (uniform cover and use of the land). Landscape assessment used a new assessment method for anthropogenic transformation of landscape – the indicator describing the correlation between the mean shape index (MSI) and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) (Pukowiec-Kurda, Sobala 2016). Particular threats and planning suggestions, useful in development of urban areas, were presented for selected priority landscapes.
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Yndestad, Harald. "Intelligent Agents as Problem Solvers on Large 3D Landscapes." In 2012 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2012.27.

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Fittkau, Florian, Phil Stelzer, and Wilhelm Hasselbring. "Live Visualization of Large Software Landscapes for Ensuring Architecture Conformance." In the 2014 European Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2642803.2642831.

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Fittkau, Florian, Jan Waller, Christian Wulf, and Wilhelm Hasselbring. "Live trace visualization for comprehending large software landscapes: The ExplorViz approach." In 2013 First IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualization (VISSOFT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vissoft.2013.6650536.

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Schedl, Markus, Christian Höglinger, and Peter Knees. "Large-scale music exploration in hierarchically organized landscapes using prototypicality information." In the 1st ACM International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1991996.1992004.

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Fittkau, Florian, Andre Van Hoorn, and Wilhelm Hasselbring. "Towards a Dependability Control Center for Large Software Landscapes (Short Paper)." In 2014 Tenth European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edcc.2014.12.

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Chen, George, and Avideh Zakhor. "2D tree detection in large urban landscapes using aerial LiDAR data." In 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2009.5413699.

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Derbel, Bilel, and Lorenzo Canonne. "A graph coloring based parallel hill climber for large-scale NK-landscapes." In GECCO '21: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3449639.3459357.

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Johnson, Nathalie, Sarit Assouline, Miguel Alcaide, Arezoo Mohajeri, Celia Greenwood, Yasser Riazalhosseini, Koren Mann, and Ryan Morin. "Abstract 117: Genetic landscapes of relapsed and refractory diffuse large B cell lymphomas." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-117.

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Reports on the topic "Large landscapes"

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Halofsky, Jessica E., Megan K. Creutzburg, and Miles A. Hemstrom. Integrating social, economic, and ecological values across large landscapes. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-896.

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Dunbar, William, Suneetha M. Subramanian, and Makiko Yanagiya. Recognising and Supporting the Role of Culture in Effective Area-based Conservation. United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53326/nrlk9587.

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Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) can achieve positive biodiversity outcomes in a larger area than is covered by protected areas. But this requires OECMs to be better integrated into sustainable production systems in conjunction with protected areas. Good examples of productive social-ecological systems exist. Recognising potential OECMs requires recognising the cultures that make them possible. Recommendations: (i) fully recognise and support the role of culture in fostering interlinked human–nature relationships and nurturing biodiversity in production landscapes and seascapes; (ii) develop sustainable market mechanisms using landscape approaches that promote respect for local cultures and the rights of all stakeholders; (iii) apply good practices for empowering cultures to enhance long-term biodiversity outcomes; (iv) provide innovative incentives including capacity development to encourage local communities to manage their landscapes and seascapes for biodiversity conservation.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Rodriguez, Simon, Autumn Toney, and Melissa Flagg. Patent Landscape for Computer Vision: United States and China. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200054.

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China’s surge in artificial intelligence development has been fueled, in large part, by advances in computer vision, the AI subdomain that makes powerful facial recognition technologies possible. This data brief compares U.S. and Chinese computer vision patent data to illustrate the different approaches each country takes to AI development.
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Bate, Lisa J., Edward O. Garton, and Michael J. Wisdom. Estimating snag and large tree densities and distributions on a landscape for wildlife management. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-425.

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Peitz, David, and Naomi Reibold. White-tailed deer monitoring at Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas: 2005–2020 trend report. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285087.

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From 16 years (2005–2020) of monitoring trends in white-tailed deer within a defined survey area of Arkansas Post National Memorial, we have been able to demonstrate both population declines and recoveries. The adjusted count of deer had a seven-fold increase between 2007 and 2011 following a two-year decline and a three-fold increase between 2017 and 2019 following a six-year decline. Overall, the deer population has declined slightly, averaging a 0.5% reduction in herd size annually. The number of deer in the survey area ranged from 16.77 ± 21.26 (mean + 95% CI) individuals/km2 in 2007 to 118.95 ± 39.03 individuals/km2 in 2011. The amount of visible area surveyed each year varied between 0.25 and 0.47 km2 (coefficient of variation = 16.47%). If the white-tailed deer population becomes too large, this poses several problems for Arkansas Post National Memorial. First, it adds a level of complexity to implementing active natural resource management critical to preventing the cultural landscapes of Arkansas Post National Memorial from changing into something that has little resemblance to the historical character of the park. Deer deferentially browse native vegetation over exotic vegetation, thus promoting the spread of exotic species, and the success of tree planting can be curtailed by heavy deer browsing. Second, controlling deer related disease, some of which can affect domestic livestock and human health in and around the park, becomes increasingly difficult when there are more deer. Third, as additional ancillary data suggests, the largely unreported and costly deer-vehicle collisions in and around Arkansas Post National Memorial have the potential to increase if the deer populations grow.
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7

Jones, Lee, Jenny Powers, and Stephen Sweeney. Department of the Interior: History and status of bison health. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2280100.

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The North American plains bison once numbered in the tens of millions, but only around 1,000 individuals remained by the late 1800s. Through the actions of private individuals and organizations, the establishment of a few protected, federally managed, herds saved the subspecies from extinction and today the Department of the Interior (DOI) supports ap-proximately 11,000 plains bison in 19 herds across 12 states. DOI chartered the Bison Conservation Initiative in 2008, which established a framework for bison conservation and restoration on appropriate lands within the species’ histori-cal range. With the recent announcement of the 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiative, DOI outlined a diverse range of accomplishments made under the 2008 Initiative and re-affirmed the commitment to work with partners in support of managing bison as native wildlife. Both the 2008 and 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiatives endorse a holistic approach, addressing health and genetic considerations, and recommend managing DOI bison herds together as a metapopulation to conserve genetic diversity by restoring gene flow. Bison conservation and restoration efforts must consider the significance of disease in bison herds and apply a multi-jurisdictional, multi-stakeholder approach to the management of bison on large landscapes. Robust herd health surveillance programs, both in the donor and recipient herds, along with strong partnerships and communication, are needed to protect the century-long success of DOI bison conservation and stewardship. This report discusses overarching principles affecting bison health decisions in DOI herds and provides detailed baseline herd health history and management, providing a foundation upon which the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative vision for DOI bison stewardship can be realized.
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8

Singleton, Peter H., William L. Gaines, and John F. Lehmkuhl. Landscape permeability for large carnivores in Washington: a geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-549.

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9

Michalak, Julia, Josh Lawler, John Gross, and Caitlin Littlefield. A strategic analysis of climate vulnerability of national park resources and values. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287214.

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The U.S. national parks have experienced significant climate-change impacts and rapid, on-going changes are expected to continue. Despite the significant climate-change vulnerabilities facing parks, relatively few parks have conducted comprehensive climate-change vulnerability assessments, defined as assessments that synthesize vulnerability information from a wide range of sources, identify key climate-change impacts, and prioritize vulnerable park resources (Michalak et al. In review). In recognition that funding and planning capacity is limited, this project was initiated to identify geographies, parks, and issues that are high priorities for conducting climate-change vulnerability assessments (CCVA) and strategies to efficiently address the need for CCVAs across all U.S. National Park Service (NPS) park units (hereafter “parks”) and all resources. To help identify priority geographies and issues, we quantitatively assessed the relative magnitude of vulnerability factors potentially affecting park resources and values. We identified multiple vulnerability factors (e.g., temperature change, wildfire potential, number of at-risk species, etc.) and sought existing datasets that could be developed into indicators of these factors. To be included in the study, datasets had to be spatially explicit or already summarized for individual parks and provide consistent data for at least all parks within the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The need for consistent data across such a large geographic extent limited the number of datasets that could be included, excluded some important drivers of climate-change vulnerability, and prevented adequate evaluation of some geographies. The lack of adequately-scaled data for many key vulnerability factors, such as freshwater flooding risks and increased storm activity, highlights the need for both data development and more detailed vulnerability assessments at local to regional scales where data for these factors may be available. In addition, most of the available data at this scale were related to climate-change exposures, with relatively little data available for factors associated with climate-change sensitivity or adaptive capacity. In particular, we lacked consistent data on the distribution or abundance of cultural resources or accessible data on infrastructure across all parks. We identified resource types, geographies, and critical vulnerability factors that lacked data for NPS’ consideration in addressing data gaps. Forty-seven indicators met our criteria, and these were combined into 21 climate-change vulnerability factors. Twenty-seven indicators representing 12 vulnerability factors addressed climate-change exposure (i.e., projected changes in climate conditions and impacts). A smaller number of indictors measured sensitivity (12 indicators representing 5 vulnerability factors). The sensitivity indicators often measured park or landscape characteristics which may make resources more or less responsive to climate changes (e.g., current air quality) as opposed to directly representing the sensitivity of specific resources within the park (e.g., a particular rare species or type of historical structure). Finally, 6 indicators representing 4 vulnerability factors measured external adaptive capacity for living resources (i.e., characteristics of the park and/or surrounding landscape which may facilitate or impede species adaptation to climate changes). We identified indicators relevant to three resource groups: terrestrial living, aquatic living (including living cultural resources such as culturally significant landscapes, plant, or animal species) and non-living resources (including infrastructure and non-living cultural resources such as historic buildings or archeological sites). We created separate indicator lists for each of these resource groups and analyzed them separately. To identify priority geographies within CONUS,...
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10

Kull, Kathleen, Craig Young, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, Lloyd Morrison, and Michael DeBacker. Problematic plant monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 2.0. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293355.

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Problematic species, which include invasive, exotic, and harmful species, fragment native ecosystems, displace native plants and animals, and alter ecosystem function. In National Parks, such species negatively affect park resources and visitor enjoyment by altering landscapes and fire regimes, reducing native plant and animal habitat, and increasing trail maintenance needs. Recognizing these challenges, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network parks identified problematic plants as the highest-ranking vital sign across the network. Given the need to provide early detection of potential problematic plants (ProPs) and the size of network parks, the Heartland I&M Network opted to allocate available sampling effort to maximize the area searched. With this approach and the available sampling effort in mind, we developed realistic objectives for the ProP monitoring protocol. The monitoring objectives are: 1. Create a watch list of ProPs known to occur in network parks and a watch list of potential ProPs that may invade network parks in the future, and occasionally update these two lists as new information is made available. 2. Provide early detection monitoring for all ProPs on the watch lists. 3. Search at least 0.75% and up to 40% of the reference frame for ProP occurrences in each park. 4. Estimate/calculate and report the abundance and frequency of ProPs in each park. 5. To the extent possible, identify temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of ProPs known to occur in network parks. ProP watch lists are developed using the best available and most relevant state, regional, and national exotic plant lists. The lists are generated using the PriorityDB database. We designed the park reference frames (i.e., the area to be monitored) to focus on accessible natural and restored areas. The field methods vary for small parks and large parks, defined as parks with reference frames less than and greater than 350 acres (142 ha), respectively. For small parks, surveyors make three equidistant passes through polygon search units that are approximately 2-acres (0.8 ha) in size. For large parks, surveyors record each ProP encountered along 200-m or 400-m line search units. The cover of each ProP taxa encountered in search units is estimated using the following cover scale: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.1-0.9 m2, 2 = 1-9.9 m2, 3 = 10-49.9 m2, 4 = 50-99.9 m2, 5 = 100-499.9 m2, 6 = 499.9-999.9 m2, and 7 = 1,000-4,999.9 m2. The field data are managed in the FieldDB database. Monitoring is scheduled to revisit most parks every four years. The network will report the results to park managers and superintendents after completing ProP monitoring.
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