Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Large index'

Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010
Title from PDF (viewed on 2010-04-12) Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Malware analysts often need to search large corpuses of obfuscated binaries for particular sequences of related instructions. The use of simple tactics, such as dead code insertion and register renaming, prevents the use of conventional, big-data search indexes. Current, state of the art malware detectors are unable to handle the size of the dataset due to their iterative approach to comparing files. Furthermore, current work is also frequently designed to act as a detector and not a search tool. I propose a system that exploits the observation that many data/control-flow relationships between instructions are preserved in the presence of obfuscations. The system will extract chains of flow-dependent instructions from a binary’s Program Dependence Graph (PDG). It will then use a representation of each chain as a key for an index that points to lists of functions (and their corresponding files). Analysts will be able to quickly search for instruction sequences by querying the index.

Three-dimensional (3D) whole body scanners are increasingly used as precise measuring tools for the rapid quantification of anthropometric measures in epidemiological studies. We analyzed 3D whole body scanning data of nearly 10,000 participants of a cohort collected from the adult population of Leipzig, one of the largest cities in Eastern Germany. We present a novel approach for the systematic analysis of this data which aims at identifying distinguishable clusters of body shapes called body types. In the first step, our method aggregates body measures provided by the scanner into meta-measures, each representing one relevant dimension of the body shape. In a next step, we stratified the cohort into body types and assessed their stability and dependence on the size of the underlying cohort. Using self-organizing maps (SOM) we identified thirteen robust meta-measures and fifteen body types comprising between 1 and 18 percent of the total cohort size. Thirteen of them are virtually gender specific (six for women and seven for men) and thus reflect most abundant body shapes of women and men. Two body types include both women and men, and describe androgynous body shapes that lack typical gender specific features. The body types disentangle a large variability of body shapes enabling distinctions which go beyond the traditional indices such as body mass index, the waist-to-height ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio and the mortality-hazard ABSI-index. In a next step, we will link the identified body types with disease predispositions to study how size and shape of the human body impact health and disease.

This study analyzes the relationship between locus of control and interpersonal relations structures in Argentina. After a representative sample (n = 1500) of households in seven major urban centers (>200,000 inhabitants), it examines the relationship between the externality of locus of control and different aspects of personal networks of each respondent. The results show that people having more relations experiment lower levels of externality of locus of control. Likewise, lower levels of externality are informed when personal ties outside the neighborhood are available, as well as ties high educational level. In this regard, significant associations are verified between control and personal relations structures.
El presente estudio se propone analizar la relación entre la representación del locus de control y las estructuras de vínculos interpersonales en la Argentina. A partir de una muestra (n=1500) de hogares representativa de siete grandes centros urbanos (>200 mil habitantes) se examina la relación entre la externalidad del locus de control y diferentes aspectos de las redes personales de cada participante. Los resultados muestran que a mayor cantidad de relaciones disponibles se encuentran niveles inferiores de externalidad del locus de control, así como también menores niveles de externalidad al disponerse de lazos interpersonales fuera del barrio y con vínculos de nivel socioeducativo alto. En este sentido, se verifican asociaciones significativas entre representación de control del entorno y estructuras vinculares.

Мета: вивчити стан кількісного складу мікрофлори товстої кишки у дітей раннього віку з позагоспітальною пневмонією. Матеріали та методи. Ми вивчили індекс стабільності мікрофлори, який являє собою відношення загальної кількості біфід- і лактобацил до загальної кількості Escherichia coli і зазвичай перевищує 2,0 одиниці. Паралельно розраховувався індекс дисбактеріозу, який складається із співвідношення автохтонних і алохтонних мікроорганізмів кишкового вмісту і в нормі становить -1,33 ± 0,14 од. Таким чином, як при надходженні новонароджених в стаціонар, так і після проведення етіотропної терапії виникають мікробіологічні порушення біоценозу товстої кишки, особливо у грудних дітей старше 12 місяців. Тому з урахуванням цих досліджень доцільно рекомендувати включати до складу препаратів, що нормалізують мікробіоциноз кишечника.
Цель: изучить состояние количественного состава микрофлоры толстой кишки у детей раннего возраста с внегоспитальной пневмонией. Материалы и методы. Мы изучили индекс стабильности микрофлоры, который представляет собой отношение общего количества бифид- и лактобацилл к общему количеству Escherichia coli и обычно превышает 2,0 единицы. Параллельно рассчитывался индекс дисбактериоза, который складывается из соотношения автохтонных и аллохтонных микроорганизмов кишечного содержимого и в норме составляет -1,33 ± 0,14 ед. Таким образом, как при поступлении новорожденных в стационар, так и после проведения этиотропной терапии возникают микробиологические нарушения биоценоза толстой кишки, особенно у грудных детей старше 12 месяцев. Поэтому с учетом этих исследований целесообразно рекомендовать включать в состав препаратов, нормализующих микробиоциноз кишечника.
The aim: To study the state of quantitative composition of large intestine microflora in infants with communityacquired pneumonia. Materials and methods: We have studied the microflora stability index (ISM), which is the number of the ratio of the total amount of bifid and lactobacilli to the number of total Escherichia coli, and normally exceeds 2.0 units. In parallel, the index of dysbiosis (ID), which consists of the ratio between autochthonous and allochthonous microorganisms of intestinal contents and in the norm is -1,33 ± 0,14 units, was calculated. Thus, both during the admission of infants to the hospital and after conducting etiotropic therapy, microbiological disturbances of the biocenosis of the colon occur, especially in infants older than 12 months. Therefore, given these studies, it is advisable to recommend to include drugs that normalize intestinal microbiocinosis in the scheme of treatment of the disease.

Background: Obesity and the accompanying increased morbidity and mortality risk is highly prevalent among older adults. As obese elderly might benefit from intentional weight reduction, it is necessary to determine associated and potentially modifiable factors on senior obesity. This cross-sectional study focuses on multi-morbid patients which make up the majority in primary care. It reports on the prevalence of senior obesity and its associations with lifestyle behaviors. Methods: A total of 3,189 non-demented, multi-morbid participants aged 65–85 years were recruited in primary care within the German MultiCare-study. Physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and quantity and quality of nutritional intake were classified as relevant lifestyle factors. Body Mass Index (BMI, general obesity) and waist circumference (WC, abdominal obesity) were used as outcome measures and regression analyses were conducted. Results: About one third of all patients were classified as obese according to BMI. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 73.5%. Adjusted for socio-demographic variables and objective and subjective disease burden, participants with low physical activity had a 1.6 kg/m2 higher BMI as well as a higher WC (4.9 cm, p<0.001). Current smoking and high alcohol consumption were associated with a lower BMI and WC. In multivariate logistic regression, using elevated WC and BMI as categorical outcomes, the same pattern in lifestyle factors was observed. Only for WC, not current but former smoking was associated with a higher probability for elevated WC. Dietary intake in quantity and quality was not associated with BMI or WC in either model. Conclusions: Further research is needed to clarify if the huge prevalence discrepancy between BMI and WC also reflects a difference in obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, age-specific thresholds for the BMI are needed likewise. Encouraging and promoting physical activity in older adults might a starting point for weight reduction efforts.

The dramatic increase in the amount of content available in digital forms gives rise to large-scale digital libraries, targeted to support millions of users and terabytes of data. Retrieving information from a system of this scale in an efficient manner is a challenging task due to the size of the collection as well as the index. This research deals with the design and implementation of an inverted index that supports searching for information in a large-scale digital library, implemented atop a massively parallel storage system. Inverted index partitioning is studied in a simulation environment, aiming at a terabyte of text. As a result, a high performance partitioning scheme is proposed. It combines the best qualities of the term and document partitioning approaches in a new Hybrid Partitioning Scheme. Simulation experiments show that this organization provides good performance over a wide range of conditions. Further, the issues of creation and incremental updates of the index are considered. A disk-based inversion algorithm and an extensible inverted index architecture are described, and experimental results with actual collections are presented. Finally, distributed algorithms to create a parallel inverted index partitioned according to the hybrid scheme are proposed, and performance is measured on a portion of the equipment that normally makes up the 100 node Virginia Tech PetaPlex™ system. NOTE: (02/2007) An updated copy of this ETD was added after there were patron reports of problems with the file.
Ph. D.

1. International Centre For Defence and Security EESTI – Estonia. What Ukraine needs to defend against cyber, information and psychological operations [Electronic resource]. – Electronic magazine. – September 19, 2014 – Access mode: https://icds.ee/en/what-ukraineneeds-to-defend-against-cyber-information-and-psychological-operations/ 2. Developing Cyber Crisis Response Capabilities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberstartupobservatory.com/cyber-crisis-response-capabilities/ 3. Chris Galford. New Michigan law assigns cybersecurity volunteers to network security assistance during cyberattacks [Electronic resource]. – Electronic magazine. – October 30, 2017 – Access mode: https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/25017-new-michigan-lawassigns-cybersecurity-volunteers-network-security-assistance-cyber-attacks/ 4. Official resource: National Cyber Security Index (NCSI) Ukraine. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ncsi.ega.ee/country/ua/ 5. Dr. Jnaneswar K, Gayathri Ranjit. Exploring the Cyber Threat Landscape and Cyber Crisis Management Model. // International Journal of Science and Research. [Electronic resource]. – Electronic magazine. – 2016 – Access mode: https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/25017-new-michigan-law-assigns-cybersecurityvolunteers-network-security-assistance-cyber-attacks/
For preventing the belief of basic cyber threats tons of nations area unit used world indexes, like National Cyber Security Index, world Cybersecurity Index, ICT Development index, Network Readiness Index. victimisation statistics from 2020, land isn't within the worst place however in terms of cyber management crisis land is at zero and it's sensible that it's not within the red. sadly, the Law of land doesn't contain the idea of cyber crises in and of itself generally
Для запобігання вірі в основні кіберзагрози тонни підрозділів країн використовували світові індекси, такі як Національний індекс кібербезпеки, світовий індекс кібербезпеки, індекс розвитку ІКТ, Індекс готовності мережі. Статистика віктимізації з 2020 року, держава не на найгіршому місці, однак з точки зору кризису кіберменеджменту індекс держави дорівнює нулю, і цілком зрозуміло, що вона не в мінусі

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
Behind the glamour of the largest and more mature companies listed on Stock Exchanges all over the world there is a much larger segment of companies also listed that tend to perform differently from the most visible ones. This visibility is also magnified by the fact that those large companies are part of the sample indices computed for most markets in order to translate the entire listed market with a small but manageable sample of companies. However, on many exchanges new indices have been created to place the different segments of the remaining listed market – micro, small and medium capitalization companies – under the spotlight of investors. This not only brings more visibility to these non-large firms, but also contributes to improving the liquidity of these companies and, more importantly, to uncovering the so-called Size Effect. Through the construction of a new MidCap share Index, this work aims to bring visibility to our companies that are not included in the PSI20 Index and check the existence of the above mentioned Size Effect in our market.

The current stage of tourism development reaches global scale, playing a «tourist village» in places that, through various qualities, have optimal conditions for entering the market of tourist destinations. In each component of the «World’s Geography» part, lurks the possibility that a museum, architectural, coral reefs, waterfalls, through deserts, abandoned nuclear plants or cemeteries, are transformed into tourist resources. This article aims to account for the powers presents the geographical discipline to intervene in the study of the tourism phenomenon. To this end, the convenience of combining the theoretical and methodological approach to enrich a geographic perspective on tourism that is not limited to mere description.
El estadio actual del desarrollo turístico alcanza la escala global, reproduciendo una «aldea turística » en aquellos lugares que, por diversas cualidades, presentan condiciones óptimas para insertarse en el mercado de destinos turísticos. En cada espacio componente de la «geografía del mundo» está latente la posibilidad de que un museo, conjunto arquitectónico, arrecifes de coral, cataratas, pasando por desiertos, centrales nucleares abandonadas o cementerios, se transformen en recursos turísticos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de las facultades que presenta la disciplina geográfica para intervenir en el estudio del fenómeno turístico. Para tal fin, se postula la conveniencia de combinar enfoques teóricos y metodológicos para enriquecer una perspectiva geográfica sobre el turismo que no se limite a la mera descripción.

This article aims to investigate whether this labor heterogeneity within large, medium-sized and public-sector companies (MGEySP) during 1995-2014 could have generated a more complex segmentation related to the existence of formal and informal workers. For this segmentation, different scenarios are analyzed considering the characteristics of jobs based on the notion of job quality introduced by ILO (2002). The period under study allows consideration of different labor, economic and social settings. Although more than 78% of workers work for MGEySP, the literature has paid little attention to them because of the assumptions that are made about their features and operation. Also, this paper questions the studies in Argentina which argue that labor segmentation occurs only as a result of informal employment or employment within the informal sector. The evidence confirms some assumptions made about segmentation and the presence of a complex structure.
Este artículo tiene por objetivo investigar si la heterogeneidad laboral presente en las MGEySP, durante 1995-2014, pudo haber generado una segmentación más compleja que la relacionada con la existencia de trabajadores formales e informales. Para ello se analizan distintas hipótesis de segmentación considerando las características de los puestos de trabajo desde la noción de calidad del empleo introducida por OIT (2002). El período bajo estudio permite considerar diferentes escenarios laborales, económicos y sociales. Pese a que más del 78% de los trabajadores se desempeñan en las MGEySP, la literatura le ha prestado poca atención debido a los supuestos que se realizan sobre sus características y funcionamiento. Asimismo, la hipótesis de estudio cuestiona los estudios en Argentina que sostienen que la segmentación laboral se produce exclusivamente como consecuencia del empleo informal o al interior del sector informal. La evidencia confirma algunas hipótesis de segmentación formuladas y la presencia de una estructura compleja.

In the past 15 years, a large amount of public-domain lidar data has been collected over the Southeastern United States. Most of these acquisitions were undertaken by government agencies, primarily for non-forestry purposes. That is, they were collected mostly to aid in the creation of digital terrain models and to support hydrological and engineering assessments. Such data is not ideal for forestry purposes mainly due to the low pulse density per square meter, the high scan angles and low swath overlaps associated with these acquisitions. Nevertheless, the large area of coverage involved motivated this work. In this dissertation, I first look at how such lidar data (from non-forestry acquisitions) can be combined with National Forest Inventory tree height data to generate a large-area canopy height model. A simple linear regression model was developed using two lidar-based metrics as predictors: the 85th percentile of heights of canopy first returns and the coefficient of variation of the heights of canopy first returns. This model had good predictive ability over 76 disparate lidar projects, covering an area of approximately 297,000 square kilometers between them. Factors leading to the residual lack-of-fit of the model were also analyzed and quantified. For example, predictive ability was found to be better for softwood forests, forests with more homogeneous vegetation structure and for terrains with gentler slopes. Given that as much as 30% of the US is covered by public domain non-forestry lidar acquisitions, this is a first step for constructing a national wall-to-wall vertical vegetation structure map, which can then be used to ask important questions regarding forest inventories, carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat suitability and fire risk mitigation. Then, I examined whether such lidar data could be further used to predict understory shrub presence over disparate forest types. The predictability of classification model was low (accuracy = 62%, kappa = 0.23). Canopy occlusion factors and the heterogeneity of the understory layer were implicated as the main reasons for this poor performance. An analysis of the metrics chosen by the modeling framework highlighted the importance of non-understory metrics (metrics related to canopy openness and topographic aspect) in influencing shrub presence. As the proposed set of metrics were developed over a wide range of temperate forest types and topographic conditions of Southeastern US, it is expected that it will be useful for more localized future studies. Lastly, I explored the possibility of combining lidar-derived canopy height maps with Landsat-derived stand-age maps to predict plantation pine site index over large areas (site index is a measure of forest productivity). The model performance was assessed using a Monte Carlo technique (RMSE = 3.8 meters, relative RMSE = 19%). A sample site index map for large areas of Virginia and South Carolina was generated (map coverage area: 832 sq. km) and implications were discussed. Analysis of the resulting map revealed the following: (1) there is an increase in site index in most areas, compared to the 1970s, and (2) approximately 83% of the area surveyed had low levels of productivity (defined as site index < 22.0 meters for base age of 25 years). This work highlights the efficacy of combining lidar-based canopy height maps with other similar remote sensing based datasets to understand aspects of forest productivity over large areas, and to help make policy-relevant recommendations.
Ph. D.

Water has always had a controlling influence on the earth’s evolution. Understanding and modelling the large-scale hydrological cycle is important for climate prediction and water-resources studies. In recent years large-scale hydrological models, including the WASMOD-­M evaluated in the thesis, have increasingly become a main assessment tool for global water resources. The monthly version of WASMOD-M, the starting point of the thesis, revealed restraints imposed by limited hydrological and climate data quality and the need to reduce model-structure uncertainties. The model simulated the global water balance with a small volume error but was less successful in capturing the dynamics. In the last years, global high-quality, high-resolution topographies and hydro­graphies have become available. The main thrust of the thesis was the development of a daily WASMOD-M making use of these data to better capture the global water dynamics and to parameter­ise local non-linear processes into the large-scale model. Scale independency, parsimonious model structure, and computational efficiency were main concerns throughout the model development. A new scale-independent routing algorithm, named NRF for network-response function, using two aggregated high-resolution hydrographies, HYDRO1k and HydroSHEDS, was developed and tested in three river basins with different climates in China and North America. The algorithm preserves the spatially distributed time-delay information in the form of simple network-response functions for any low-resolution grid cell in a large-scale hydrological model. A distributed runoff-generation algorithm, named TRG for topography-derived runoff generation, was developed to represent the highly non-linear process at large scales. The algorithm, when inserted into the daily WASMOD-M and tested in same three basins, led to the same or a slightly improved performance compared to a one-layer VIC model, with one parameter less to be calibrated. The TRG algorithm also offered a more realistic spatial pattern for runoff generation. The thesis identified significant improvements in model performance when 1) local instead of global climate data were used, and 2) when the scale-independent NRF routing algorithm was used instead of a traditional storage-based routing algorithm. In the same time, spatial resolution of climate input and choice of high-resolution hydrography have secondary effects on model performance. Two high-resolution topographies and hydrographies were used and compared, and new tech­niques were developed to aggregate their information for use at large scales. The advantages and numerical efficiency of feeding high-resolution information into low-resolution global models were highlighted.
Vatten har alltid varit en nyckelfaktor för jordens utveckling. Att förstå och kunna modellera det storska­liga vattenkretsloppet är betydelsefullt såväl för klimatförutsägelser som för studier av vattenresur­ser. På senare år har storskaliga hydrologiska modeller, däribland WASMOD-M som utvärderas i denna avhand­ling, i ökande utsträckning kommit att användas som huvudverktyg för utvärdering av globala vattenresurser. Den månatliga versionen av WASMOD-M, avhandlingens startpunkt, användes för att påvisa inskränk­ningar som låg i begränsande hydrologi- och klimatdata liksom behovet av att minska model­lens strukturella osäkerheter. Modellen simulerade den globala vattenbalansen med ett mycket litet volymfel (avrinningens långtidsmedelvärde) men var mindre lyckosam att efterlikna dynamiken. Under se­nare tid har globala topografiska och hydrografiska data med hög rumslig upplösning och kvalitet blivit tillgängliga. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga drivkraft var att utveckla WASMOD-M med hjälp av dessa data i syfte att bättre fånga den globala vattendynamiken och för att parametrisera lokala ickelin­jära processer i den storskaliga modellen. Under hela modellutvecklingen har skaloberoende, lågparametrise­rad modellstruktur och numerisk beräkningseffektivitet varit viktiga bivillkor. En ny skaloberoende svarstidsalgoritm, benämnd NRF (network-response function), som utnyttjar två aggregerade högupplösta hydrografier, HYDRO1k och HydroSHEDS, utvecklades och provades i tre avrinningsområden med olika klimat i Kina och Nordamerika. Algoritmen bevarar den rumsligt fördelade informationen om koncentrationstider i form av enkla responsfunktioner för vattendragsnä­tet för godtyckliga lågupplösta beräkningsrutor in en storskalig hydrologisk modell. En distribuerad algoritm för avrinningsbildning, benämnd TRG (topography-derived runoff genera­tion), utvecklades för att representera den höggradigt ickelinjära processen i större skalor. Algoritmen användes i den dagliga WASMOD-M och provades i samma tre avrinningsområden som ovan. Modellprestanda blev lika bra eller bättre än en enlagers VIC-modell fast med en parameter mindre att kalibrera. TRG-algoritmen gav ett rimligare rumsligt mönster för avrinningsbildningen. Avhandlingen har identifierat påtagliga förbättringar i modellprestanda när 1) lokala i stället för globala klimatdata användes och 2) när NRF, den skaloberoende svarstidsalgoritmen användes i stället för en traditionell magasinsbaserad svarstidsalgoritm. Samtidigt har klimatdatas rumsliga upplösning och val av högupplöst hydrografi en andra ordningens inverkan på modellprestanda. Två högupplösta topografier och hydrografier användes och jämfördes, och nya tekniker utveckla­des för att aggregera deras informationsinnehåll i stora skalor. Fördelarna och den numeriska beräkningsef­fektiviteten av högupplöst information i lågupplösta globala modeller har belysts.

This analysis of faunal bones from Wolf Village focuses on large game and its utility, as evidenced by what is known as the modified general utility index (MGUI). The MGUI proposes that bones at sites reflect transportation and butchering choices made by hunters at kill-butchering sites. According to the assumptions associated with the MGUI, hunters should select animal portions with high food value. The MGUI has been used in Fremont archaeology to provide a rough measure of site function. The expectation is that faunal bones would accompany the prized cuts of large game meat at habitation sites – and the animal parts with little food value would remain at kill-butchering sites because they are not worth the cost to carry them to the village. My analysis of large game animal bones found in excavations at Wolf Village counter these expectations. Fremont hunters at Wolf Village were returning to the site with low-caloric portions of large game, at least part of the time. Results from strontium isotope analysis suggest that many of the large game individuals hunted by the Fremont were not local to the immediate area. This suggests that hunters saw utility in low-caloric elements not related only to food value. Some low-caloric skeletal elements were used by the Fremont to construct bone tools and other objects, and as possible symbolic objects used in abandonment rituals. The results of this research suggests that the MGUI is not appropriate for measuring the utility of animal portions to the Fremont. Only when considering the social and non-caloric economic reasons for transporting low caloric elements, can archaeologists discover the true utility of large game animal parts to Fremont hunters.

The author analyzes the European concept of ‘Large Risk’, a subject which has been misunderstood in Latin America. He defend the Peruvian alternative that prefer the Judicial Review instead of the amount limits; and criticize the Project presented in the Peruvian Congress which pretends the second one, following the Chilean law that has deformed –in his opinion– the original (European) idea.
El autor analiza el concepto de ‘grandes riesgos’, de origen europeo que ha sido y pretende ser mal utilizado en Latinoamérica. Defiende la alternativa legislativa por la que se optó en la ley de contrato de seguro de Perú, donde se estableció una especie de control difuso en vez del establecimiento de montos que delimiten la barrera. Critica el Proyecto de ley presentado en el Congreso peruano que pretende imitar el camino chileno.

In recent years, the responsibility for the desegregation of American public schools has transitioned from federal court mandates to school board programs and policies. There is widespread belief that this has resulted in the resegregation of schools across the country. One popular policy that is purported to provide the opportunity for voluntary integration, along with accountability for academic quality, is school choice. The purpose of this study was to consider the implications of such a policy in one large school district. There is an extensive body of research exploring who participates in school choice, how they make their choices, and why they choose the schools their children attend. In contrast, this study was designed to investigate the actual choices made by parents and the impact of those choices on the elementary schools in the district. This quantitative descriptive study examined the racial and socioeconomic composition of students in one district’s elementary schools during the 2009-2010 school year, and explored the extent to which the student populations in these schools would differ if all students had attended their attendance area schools, rather than participating in the district’s voluntary choice plan. The actual 2009-2010 demographics were compared to “counterfactual” demographics for each school. The researcher generated the counterfactual data by removing the students who chose to attend the school and adding back the students who chose to exit the school. These actual and counterfactual demographics for each school were used to compare dissimilarity indices calculated for the district’s elementary schools as they actually were, and as they theoretically would have been without the school choice program. Additionally, the quality of the schools parents chose was investigated. The results showed that, in this district, the school choice plan did not impact the level of integration in the elementary schools. The schools were moderately segregated with the school choice plan in place, but were also moderately segregated based on the counterfactual demographics that represented the district without school choice. Most parents (60%) chose high quality schools, as identified by the state’s accountability plan. However, parents who chose low achieving schools were disproportionately black and poor. Further research is warranted to determine if the mechanics of the school choice plan could be manipulated to improve the level of integration in the district, and to better understand the decisions made by some parents to send their children to low performing schools.

This thesis is mainly devoted to the study of the role of evolutionary-game theory in the design of distributed optimization-based controllers. Game theoretical approaches have been used in several engineering fields, e.g., drainage wastewater systems, bandwidth allocation, wireless networks, cyber security, congestion games, wind turbines, temperature control, among others. On the other hand, a specific class of games, known as population games, have been mainly used in the design of controllers to manage a limited resource. This game approach is suitable for resource allocation problems since, under the framework of full-potential games, the population games can satisfy a unique coupled constraint while maximizing a potential function. First, this thesis discusses how the classical approach of the population games can contribute and complement the design of optimization-based controllers. Therefore, this dissertation assigns special interest on how the features of the population-game approach can be exploited extending their capabilities in the solution of distributed optimization problems. In addition, density games are studied in order to consider multiple coupled constraints and preserving the non-centralized information requirements. Furthermore, it is established a close relationship between the possible interactions among agents in a population with the constrained information sharing among different local controllers. On the other hand, coalitional games are discussed focusing on the Shapley power index. This power index has been used to assign an appropriate rewarding to players in function of their contributions to all possible coalitions. Even though this power index is quite useful in the engineering context, since it involves notions of fairness and/or relevance (how important players are), the main difficulty of the implementation of the Shapley value in engineering applications is related to the high computational burden. Therefore, this dissertation studies the Shapley value in order to propose an alternative manner to compute it reducing computational time, and a different way to find it by using distributed communication structures is presented. The studied game theoretical approaches are suitable for the modeling of rational agents involved in a strategic constrained interaction, following local rules and making local decisions in order to achieve a global objective. Making an analogy, distributed optimization-based controllers are composed of local controllers that compute optimal inputs based on local information (constrained interactions with other local controllers) in order to achieve a global control objective. In addition to this analogy, the features that relate the Nash equilibrium with the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions for a constrained optimization problem are exploited for the design of optimization-based controllers, more specifically, for the design of model predictive controller. Moreover, the design of non-centralized controllers is directly related to the partitioning of a system, i.e., it is necessary to represent the whole system as the composition of multiple sub-systems. This task is not a trivial procedure since several considerations should be taken into account, e.g., availability of information, dynamical coupling in the system, regularity in the amount of variables for each sub-system, among others. Then, this doctoral dissertation also discusses the partitioning problem for large-scale systems and the role that this procedure plays in the design of distributed optimization-based controllers. Finally, dynamical partitioning strategies are presented with distributed population-games-based controllers. Some engineering applications are presented to illustrate and test the performance of all the proposed control strategies, e.g., the Barcelona water supply network, multiple continuous stirred tank reactors, system of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles.
Esta tesis doctoral consiste principalmente en el estudio del rol que desempeña la teoría de juegos evolutiva en el diseño de controladores distribuidos basados en optimización. Diversos enfoques de la teoría de juegos han sido usados en múltiples campos de la ingeniera, por ejemplo, en sistemas de drenaje urbano, para la asignación de anchos de banda, en redes inalámbricas, en ciber-seguridad, en juegos de congestión, turbinas eólicas, control de temperatura, entre otros. Por otra parte, una clase especifica de juegos, conocidos como juegos poblacionales, se han usado principalmente en el diseño de controladores encargados de determinar la apropiada asignación de recursos. Esta clase de juegos es apropiada para problemas de distribución dinámica de recursos dado que, en el contexto de juegos poblacionales, los juegos poblacionales pueden ser usados para maximizar una función potencial mientras se satisface una restricción acoplada. Primero, esta tesis doctoral presenta como el enfoque clásico de los juegos poblacionales pueden contribuir y complementar en el diseño de controladores basados en optimización. Posteriormente, esta disertación concentra su atención en cómo las características de los juegos poblacionales pueden ser aprovechadas y extendidas para dar solución a problemas de optimización de forma distribuida. Adicionalmente, los juegos con dependencia de densidad son estudiados con el fin de considerar múltiples restricciones mientras se preservan las características no centralizadas de los requerimientos de información. Finalmente, se establece una estrecha relación entre las posibles interacciones de los agentes en una población y las restricciones de intercambio de información entre diversos controladores locales. También, se desarrolla una discusión sobre los juegos cooperativos y el índice de poder conocido como el valor de Shapley. Este índice de poder ha sido usado para la apropiada asignación de beneficios para un jugador en función de sus contribuciones a todas las posibles coaliciones que pueden formarse. Aunque este índice de poder es de gran utilidad en el contexto ingenieril, ya que involucra nociones de justicia y/o relevancia, la principal dificultad para implementar el valor de Shapley en aplicaciones de ingeniería está asociado a los altos costos computacionales para encontrarlo. En consecuencia, esta disertación doctoral estudia el valor de Shapley con el fin de ofrecer una alternativa para calcular este índice de poder reduciendo los costos computacionales e incluso contemplando estructuras distribuidas de comunicación. Los enfoques de la teoría de juegos estudiados son apropiados para el modelamiento de agentes racionales involucrados en una interacción estratégica con restricciones, siguiendo reglas locales y tomando decisiones locales para alcanzar un objetivo global. Realizando una analogía, los controladores distribuidos basados en optimización están compuestos por controladores locales que calculan acciones óptimas basados en información local (considerando interacciones restringidas con otros controladores locales) con el fin de alcanzar un objetivo global. Adicional a esta analogía, las características que relacionan el equilibrio de Nash con las condiciones de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker en un problema de optimizaciones con restricciones son aprovechadas para el diseño de controladores basados en optimización, más específicamente, para el diseño de controladores predictivos. Por otra parte, el diseño de controladores no centralizados está directamente relacionado con el particionado de un sistema, es decir, es necesario representar el sistema en su totalidad por medio del conjunto de varios sub-sistemas. Esta tarea no es un procedimiento trivial puesto que es necesario tener en cuenta varias consideraciones, por ejemplo, la disponibilidad de información, el acople dinámico en el sistema, la regularidad en cuanto a la cantidad de variables en cada sub-sistema, entre otras. Por lo tanto, esta disertación doctoral también desarrolla una discusión alrededor del problema de particionado para sistemas de gran escala y respecto al rol que este procedimiento de particionado juega en el diseño de controladores distribuidos basados en optimización. Finalmente, se presentan estrategias de particionado dinámico junto con controladores basados en juegos poblacionales. Algunas aplicaciones en ingeniería son usadas para ilustrar y probar los controladores diseñados por medio de las contribuciones novedosas basadas en teoría de juegos, estas son, la red de agua potable de Barcelona, múltiples reactores, sistema compuesto por varios vehículos aéreos no tripulados y un sistema de distribución de agua.
Aquesta tesi doctoral consisteix principalment en l'estudi del paper que exerceix la teoria de jocs evolutiva en el disseny de controladors distribuïts basats en optimització. Diversos enfocaments de la teoria de jocs han estat usats en múltiples camps de l'enginyeria, per exemple, en sistemes de drenatge urbà, per a l’assignació d'amples de banda, en xarxes sense fils, a ciber-seguretat, en jocs de congestió, turbines eòliques, control de temperatura, entre altres. D'altra banda, una classe especifica de jocs, coneguts com jocs poblacionals, s'han fet servir principalment en el disseny de controladors encarregats de determinar l'apropiada assignació de recursos. Aquesta classe de jocs és apropiada per a problemes de distribució dinàmica de recursos atès que, en el context de jocs poblacionals, aquests poden ser usats per a maximitzar una funció potencial mentre es satisfà una restricció acoblada. Primer, aquesta tesi doctoral presenta com l'enfocament clàssic dels jocs poblacionals poden contribuir i complementar en el disseny de controladors basats en optimització. Posteriorment, aquesta dissertació concentra la seva atenció en com les característiques dels jocs poblacionals poden ser aprofitades i esteses per donar solució a problemes d’optimització de forma distribuïda. Addicionalment, els jocs amb dependència de densitat són estudiats amb la _finalitat de considerar múltiples restriccions mentre es preserven les característiques no centralitzades dels requeriments d’informació. Finalment, s'estableix una estreta relació entre les possibles interaccions dels agents en una població i les restriccions d'intercanvi d’informació entre diversos controladors locals. També, es desenvolupa una discussió sobre els jocs cooperatius i l’índex de poder conegut com el valor de Shapley. Aquest índex de poder ha estat usat per l'apropiada assignació de beneficis per a un jugador en funció de les seves contribucions a totes les possibles coalicions que poden formar-se. Encara que aquest índex de poder es de gran utilitat en el context de l'enginyeria, ja que involucra nocions de justícia i/o rellevància, la principal dificultat per implementar el valor de Shapley en aplicacions d'enginyeria està associat als alts costos computacionals per trobar-lo. En conseqüència, aquesta dissertació doctoral estudia el valor de Shapley per tal d'oferir una alternativa per calcular aquest índex de poder reduint els costos computacionals i fins i tot contemplant estructures distribuïdes de comunicació. Els enfocaments de la teoria de jocs estudiats són apropiats per al modelatge d'agents racionals involucrats en una interacció estratègica amb restriccions, seguint regles locals i prenent decisions locals per assolir un objectiu global. Realitzant una analogia, els controladors distribuïts basats en optimització estan compostos per controladors locals que calculen accions optimes basats en informació local (considerant interaccions restringides amb altres controladors locals) per tal d'assolir un objectiu global. Addicional a aquesta analogia, les característiques que relacionen l'equilibri de Nash amb les condicions de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker en un problema d’optimització amb restriccions són aprofitades per al disseny de controladors basats en optimització, més específicament, per al disseny de controladors predictius. D'altra banda, el disseny de controladors no centralitzats està directament relacionat amb la partició d'un sistema, és a dir, cal representar el sistema en la seva totalitat per mitjà del conjunt de diversos sub-sistemes. Aquesta tasca no és un procés trivial, ja que cal tenir en compte diverses consideracions, per exemple, la disponibilitat d’informació, l'acoblament dinàmic en el sistema, i la regularitat pel que fa a la quantitat de variables en cada sub-sistema, entre d'altres. Per tant, aquesta dissertació doctoral també desenvolupa una discussió al voltant del problema de partició per a sistemes de gran escala i respecte al paper que aquest procediment de partició juga en el disseny de controladors distribuïts basats en optimització. Finalment, es presenten estratègies de partició dinàmic juntament amb controladors basats en jocs poblacionals. Algunes aplicacions en enginyeria són usades per il·lustrar i provar els controladors dissenyats per mitjà de les contribucions noves basades en teoria de jocs, aquestes són: la xarxa d'aigua potable de Barcelona, múltiples reactors, sistema compost per diversos vehicles aeris no tripulats i un sistema de distribució d'aigua.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2008.
Typescript. Vita. "May 2008." Major professor: Dr. Milam Aiken Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-71). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.

Human parainfluenza virus type-2 (HPIV-2) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease known as laryngotracheobronchitis or croup-like disease in children. No specific vaccine or an antiviral drug is currently approved for treatment of HPIV-2 infections. In this project, a library of 14400 diverse compounds had been screened for anti-HPIV-2 activities in cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. All compounds that inhibited the virus induced syncytium-forming activity in these cells were considered as hit compounds. Three hit compounds showed moderate anti-HPIV-2 activity characterized by the IC50 values of 20 µM and selectivity indices of approximately 5. This suggests that the antiviral activity of these compounds was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Another hit compound, referred to as compound 5, showed anti-HPIV-2 activity that was manifested as a reduction of area of the virus-induced plaques in cells at not cytotoxic concentrations. Interestingly, this compound did not inhibit initial infection nor the virus production in infected cells as revealed by the time-of-addition assay. Moreover, it showed no direct the virus-inactivating (virucidal activity) against HPIV-2 particles. However, relatively short pre-treatment (4 hours) of the cells with compound 5 prior to the virus infection was sufficient for its plaque size-reducing activity suggesting that anti-HPIV-2 activity of compound 5 was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Further studies are needed to elucidate the anti-HPIV-2 mechanism of activity of hit compounds identified in the present study.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2009.
Typescript. Vita. "July 2009." Committee chair: Philip J. Rhodes Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.

Darbe nagrinėjamas vienas iš vaizdų kokybės vertinimo metodų (metrikų) – SSIM (struktūrinio panašumo) indekso metodas bei šio metodo naudojimas tiriant didelius vaizdus. Darbo eigoje: • nustatyta kai kurių įgyvendintų SSIM indekso algoritmų problematika, vertinant aukštos raiškos vaizdus; • nustatytos gaunamų skaitinių reikšmių priklausomybės nuo tiriamų vaizdų dydžio; • pagrindžiamas vaizdo duomenų mažinimas SSIM indekso algoritmuose; • pasiūlyti tam tikri sprendimai SSIM indekso algoritmo sudarymui, skirto didelės raiškos vaizdų vertinimui; • palyginti SSIM indekso algoritmų veikimo laikai tarp skirtingų algoritmų; • sukurta programinė įranga, kuri yra pritaikyta Windows operacinei sistemai bei gali būti patogiai įdiegta kompiuteryje. Programoje: – patobulintas SSIM indekso įgyvendinimo algoritmas; – atvaizduojamas SSIM skirtumų žemėlapis; – sukurta patogi vartotojui vizualinė aplinka. Realizuota programinė įranga gali būti naudojama edukaciniais tikslais bei užsakomiesiems apdorotų vaizdų kokybės vertinimo tyrimams.
The paper analyzes one of image quality assessment methods (metrics) – SSIM (structural similarity) index method, and this method in order to analyze the large images. In work process: • problems of some SSIM index algorithms for high-resolution images have been identified; • dependence of image size and SSIM index values has been found; • some solutions for SSIM index algorithm for high-resolution images have been proposed; • the image data down sampling in SSIM index algorithms has justified; • SSIM index algorithm run times between different algorithms has been compared; • Software which is designed for MS Windows operating system and can be easily installed on the computer has been developed. In this software: – SSIM index algorithm is updated; – program Displays the SSIM index map; – User-friendly visual environment is developed. Implemented software can be used for educational purposes and commercial use for analyzing processed image quality assessment.

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Neste trabalho, eu analiso a eficiência de se aplicar estratégias que identificam tendências em mercados de capitais, em três países diferentes, usando um conjunto de variáveis macroeconómicas. Em cada país, a estratégia é testada contra os índices de grande capitalização, pequena capitalização e o índice principal. Eu concluo que, ao combinar os sinais diários obtidos pela estratégia, é possível alcançar retornos ajustados ao risco superiores e reduzir as perdas possíveis do portfólio. No geral, enfatizo os benefícios de usar estratégias que exploram tendências para investidores avessos ao risco, obtendo retornos característicos de capitais próprios com a volatilidade característica de obrigações.
In this work project, I analyze the effectiveness of applying trend following like strategies to three different country’s equity markets, using a set of macro variables. Within each country, the strategy is tested against the large, small and main stock exchange indexes. I find that by combining the different strategy’s signs is possible to achieve better risk-adjusted returns and reduce portfolio drawdowns levels. Overall, I emphasize the benefits of trend following investment style to a risk-averse type investor, achieving equity like returns with bond like volatility.

Магістерська дисертація виконана на 90 сторінках, містить 12 ілюстрацій, 22 таблиць та 20 джерел. У дисертації досліджується проблема моделювання фінансових ринків. Завдання моделювання є складною проблемою, особливо у випадках, коли фінансові часові ряди демонструють фрактальні властивості. У зв'язку з виниклою незгодою теорії рівноваги за Вальрасом і статистичними закономірностями, що з'являються при дослідженні сучасних даних, розглядаються нові методи аналізу фінансових ринків — агентсько-орієнтоване моделювання та фрактальний аналіз часових рядів. Мета дослідження – дослідити агентсько-орієнтоване моделювання та довести доцільність подальшого використання як інструмента аналітиків, трейдерів та інших осіб, що приймають рішення. Об’єкт дослідження – сучасні моделі фінансового ринку. Предмет дослідження – агентські підході фінансового ринку. Методи дослідження – аналіз моделей, порівняння розробленої поведінки з реальними фінансовими даними. У роботі розглядаються дві агентсько-орієнтовані моделі фондового ринку — модель Сато-Такаясу й узагальнена модель Ізінга.
The master's thesis consists of 88 pages, contains 12 illustrations, 25 tables and 20 sources. The dissertation explores the problem of financial markets modeling. Modeling is a complex problem, especially in cases where financial time series exhibit fractal properties. Due to the disagreement of Walras equilibrium theory and statistical regularities that emerge in the study of current data, new methods of financial market analysis are considered - agent-oriented modeling and fractal time series analysis. The purpose of the study is to investigate agency-oriented modeling and to prove the feasibility of further use as a tool by analysts, traders and other decision-makers. The object of study - modern models of the financial market. The subject of the study - the agency approaches to the financial market. Research methods - model analysis, comparison of developed on-line behavior with real financial data. Two agent-oriented stock market models are considered in the paper - the Sato-Takayasu model and the generalized Ising model.

El presente artículo analiza el proceso de mutuo acomodamiento entre dos actores en permanente conflicto: la empresa que explota la mina Tintaya y la población de la provincia de Espinar-Cusco especialmente las cinco comunidades aledañas a la mina. El análisis parte desde la mirada de los clásicos de la teoría social: Marx, Weber y Durkheim, intentando cu- brir la ausencia de investigación en temas de conflictos mineros desde la teoría sociológica, e intentando recordar la importancia de aquellos para la realidad peruana. El periodo analizado empieza con la expropiación de tierras en 1971 hasta los últimos conflictos sucedidos en el año 2012.

Las propuestas de alternativas para el tratamiento del problema de la vivienda requieren de la medición de las necesidades de vivienda a largo plazo. Dicha medición y su metodología son los temas del presente trabajo. Los objetivos son contribuir al conocimiento de la brecha en materia de necesidades de vivienda para el periodo 1990-2010 y proponer un método alternativo que permita el dimensionamiento de dichas necesidades en función de las estadísticas existentes. Se establece el stock de vivienda al año de 1990, considerándose la información sobre vivienda que ofrece el censo de 1981 y los cálculos de viviendas construidas en el periodo 1981-1990, y se deduce el déficit cualitativo de la vivienda, que mide tanto el número de viviendas que requieren ser totalmente reemplazadas así como el número de viviendas que requieren servicios básicos. Se miden los requerimientos de construcción de viviendas en el periodo 1990-2010 por quinquenios, para lo cual se establecen primeramente los requerimientos de vivienda utilizando una proyección de población realizada por el INP y una propuesta normativa de las posibles relaciones de habitantes por vivienda para el mencionado periodo y luego se realiza un balance con el stock de viviendas anteriormente establecidas. Establecidos los requerimientos de construcción de viviendas se puede identificar los requerimientos de materiales de construcción.

In the Catecismo Patriótico by Gonzales Vigil in 1859, written evidence was found for thefi rst time of the anonymous verses that substituted, for almost 200 years, Torre Ugarte’sfi rst stanza of Peru’s national anthem, just shortly after it was created in 1821. Arguments toexclude it appeared in the late 19th century and 20th: it was anti-Hispanic, silenced rebellionsand colonial revolutions and went against Torre Ugarte’s author rights. Comparisonis made of the themes and language of the apocrypha verses with other national HispanicAmerican songs of the period, fi nding complete similarity in all of them. The debate centeredin the original text and the one from popular tradition. The conclusion comes with the Constitutional Tribunal’s decision and complementary dispositions from 2005 to 2010, to locatethe anonymous stanza at the end, and substitute it with one by Torre Ugarte.
En el Catecismo Patriótico preparado por Francisco de Paula Gonzales Vigil en 1859, aparecela primera evidencia escrita de unos versos anónimos que poco después de creadoel himno nacional del Perú en 1821 se habían incorporado como primera estrofa, y quesustituyó a la del texto original de José de la Torre Ugarte, por casi 200 años. A fi nes del XIXy el XX comenzaron a aparecer argumentos para excluirla: su antihispanismo, el silenciosobre rebeliones y revoluciones coloniales y el derecho de autor de Torre Ugarte. Se comparanlos temas y lenguaje de la estrofa apócrifa con los de otras canciones nacionales deHispanoamérica de su tiempo, advirtiendo la completa similitud entre todos. En realidad,el debate se centró entre un texto original y otro procedente de la tradición popular. Seconcluye con la decisión del Tribunal Constitucional y las disposiciones complementariasentre 2005 y 2010 que ubicaron al fi nal la estrofa apócrifa y ordenaron sustituirla por otrade Torre Ugarte.

En el siguiente articulo, el autor nos recuenta el largo proceso que ha tenido la institucionalidad ambiental en el Perú y nos demuestra como cada uno ha implicado una nueva etapa en un proceso evolutivo, mostrándonos así lo que debemos esperar de este nuevo ministerio.

River restoration projects are being installed worldwide to rehabilitate degraded river habitat. Many of these projects focus on stream habitat improvement (SHI), and an estimated 60%of the 37,000 projects listed in the National River Restoration Science Synthesis Program focus on SHI for salmon and trout species. These projects frequently lack a sufficient monitoring program or account for the environmental costs associated with SHI. The present study used life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques and topographic effectiveness monitoring to quantify environmental costs on the basis of geomorphic change. This methodology was a novel approach to assessing the cost-benefit relationship of SHI. To test this methodology, two phases of the Lower Scotts Creek Floodplain and Habitat Enhancement Project (LSCR) were used as a case study. The LSCR was a SHI project installed along the northern coast of Santa Cruz County, California, USA. A limited scope LCA was used to quantify the life cycle impacts of raw material production, materials transportation, and on-site construction. Once these baseline results were produced, a topographic monitoring program was used to quantify the topographic diversity index (TDI) in pre- and post-project conditions. The TDI percent change was used to scale the baseline LCA results, which quantified the environmental impacts based on geomorphic change. Phase II outperformed phase I. Phase I had greater cumulative environmental impacts and experienced a 7.7 % TDI increase from pre- to post-project conditions. Phase II had 43% less cumulative environmental impacts and experienced a 7.9% TDI increase from pre- to post-project conditions. The impacts in phase I were greater because of the amount of material excavated to create off-channel features, which were a key feature of the LSCR. A scenario analysis also was conducted within the LCA component of this study. The scenario analysis suggests that life cycle impacts could be reduced by 30%-65% by using the accelerated recruitment method in place of importing materials to build large wood complexes. The results of this study suggest that managers may improve the environmental performance of SHI projects by: (1) using the accelerated recruitment method to introduce larger key pieces to the channel, reducing the need to import materials; (2) using nursery grown plants as opposed to excavating plants for revegetation; (3) minimizing fuel combustion in heavy equipment and haul trucks by ensuring clear access to the channel and streambank, using small engine equipment to clear access corridors during site preparation, running more fuel-efficient machinery or bio-fuel powered machinery, and by attempting to minimize haul distances by sourcing materials locally; and (4) utilizing a “franken-log” design (a ballasted LWC configuration with a rootwad fastened to the downstream end of a log) in LWCs which led to favorable TDI change. This study concluded that LCA could be a valuable tool for monitoring SHI and river restoration projects and that further research of the TDI analysis is justified.

La evidencia internacional indica que existe cointegración en el largo plazo entre el producto agrícola y el producto no-agrícola para una serie de países. Este artículo intenta probar la validez de tal afirmación para el caso peruano, empleando para ello series anuales para estas variables desde principios de siglo. La contrastación empírica que se lleva a cabo sugiere la existencia de un vector de cointegración desde 1917 hasta 1959 aproximadamente. A partir de esta fecha la relación de cointegración cambia radicalmente mostrando a un sector agrícola que, en vez de liderar el proceso de crecimiento, se ajusta frente a la evolución de los demás sectores económicos. Esta dinámica es explicable si se toma en cuenta que, durante buena parte de la primera mitad de este siglo, el Perú siguió un modelo primario exportador, tanto de productos agrícolas (algodón y azúcar, principalmente) como de minerales. Dicho modelo generó una relación estable de largo plazo entre el sector agrícola y el resto de la economía. Sin embargo, a principios de la década del cincuenta se empiezan a gestar las bases de un modelo sustitutivo de importaciones, radicalizado hacia principios de la década del sesenta y que entra en crisis a mediados de los setenta. Dicho cambio estructural implicó, en términos del modelo aquí planteado, que la relación de cointegración que primó a partir de la década del cuarenta obligara al sector agrícola y minero a ajustarse a la evolución de los sectores industrial y terciario.

The Department of Arequipa is commonly seen as forming the southern frontier of the Wari Empire. This chapter questions theevidence for Wari conquest and control over the region by noting the paucity of evidence for either an extractive economy or state administrative facilities. I argue that down-the-line reactions to Huari urbanization and colonization are better explanations for the widespread social changes and Wari stylistic influence that occurred in Arequipa. Wari state incursions into the Nazca Valley destabilized the region at the beginning of the Middle Horizon, and fostered the growth of elites in coastal Arequipa who legitimated their tenuous status positions through violence, long-distant exchange, and adherence to a hybrid Wari/Nasca/Acarí ideology. After social stratification was well-established on the coast, these local elites turned towards the sierra in order to create a regional economy in the second half of the Middle Horizon. The social changes and Wari stylistic influence that resulted in highland Arequipa from this economy reflected links with coastal Arequipa rather than contact with Wari or its colonies.
El departamento de Arequipa es generalmente conocido como la frontera sur del Imperio wari. Este capítulo cuestiona la evidencia sobre la conquista y el control Wari en la región por falta de evidencia de economía extractiva o centros administrativos del Estado. Sostengo que las reacciones a la urbanización y colonización Huari son mejores explicaciones para los extensos cambios sociales y la influencia del estilo Wari que ocurrió en Arequipa. La invasión al valle de Nazca por parte del Estado wari desestabilizo laregión a comienzos del Horizonte Medio, y estimularon el crecimiento de las elites de la costa de Arequipa que legitimaron susposiciones de situación precaria a través de violencia, comercio a larga distancia, y adhesión a una ideología Wari/Nasca/Acari hibrida. Después de la estratificación social estar bien establecida en la costa, las elites locales se dirigieron hacia a sierra para crear una economía regional durante la segunda mitad del Horizonte Medio. Los cambios sociales y la influencia del estilo Wari que ocurrieron por la economía mencionada anteriormente resultaron en la sierra de Arequipa por estos enlaces que reflejaban la economía con la costa de Arequipa, en vez de contacto con los wari o sus colonias.

El presente documento analiza las propiedades de integración y cointegración a la frecuencia cero o de largo plazo y a diferentes frecuencias estacionales, de dos agregados monetarios (M1 y M2) y un conjunto de series económicas consideradas como determinantes de la demanda de dinero. La metodología empleada hace uso de los conceptos de integración y cointegración estacional desarrollados por HHGY (1990) y EGHL (1993). Los resultados apoyan la existencia de raíces unitarias a la frecuencia cero o de largo plazo para todas las variables analizadas. La integración a otras frecuencias no es encontrada para los dos agregados monetarios considerados (Ml y M2). La prueba de cointegración a la frecuencia cero apoya la estacionariedad de los residuos de manera más concluyente para el agregado M2. Una similar conclusión se obtiene tomando en consideración las pruebas de estabilidad del MCE así como la estabilidad del parámetro de corrección de error.