Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LARGE BANDWIDTH'

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Adibi, Ali; Committee Member: Bhatti, Pamela; Committee Member: Callen, William; Committee Member: Gaylord, Thomas; Committee Member: Zhou, Hao-Min. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

La généralisation des nouvelles applications des communications sans fil nécessitera dans un avenir proche des communications très haut débit qui avoisineront 1Gb/s. Une des solutions proposées pour répondre à cette demande est basée sur l’utilisation de réseaux d’antennes à l’émission et à la réception connue sous la terminologie Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Plus récemment, les techniques ultra large bande (ULB) ont connu un regain d’intérêt grâce aux débits très élevés qu’offre sa grande bande passante et les faibles puissances d’émission mises en jeux. Si on envisage l’association de ces deux techniques au sein même d’un système, il est nécessaire, lors de l’optimisation de la chaîne de communication, de connaître au préalable les caractéristiques du canal radio. L’objectif de cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation expérimentale multidimensionnelle (MD) du canal radio pour des communications en milieux confinés. L’intérieur des bâtiments et le tunnel ferroviaire seront deux exemples traités dans cette étude. Précisons que la demande de haut débit en tunnel ferroviaire concerne les communications multimédia pour des applications de vidéo surveillance et de contrôle commande. Les travaux originaux menés au cours de cette thèse ont porté sur :- Le développement d’un sondeur de canal MIMO large bande permettant une caractérisation directe dans le domaine temporel. - La caractérisation (MD) en polarisation croisée du canal de propagation à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment et en tunnel. - l’analyse phénoménologique de la technique de retournement temporel et des diversités de polarisation, fréquentielle et d’espace appliquées aux communications en tunnel
Recent and future wireless applications require large data rates. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems were proposed as one solution to achieve higher spectral efficiency. More recently Ultra-Wideband (UWB) systems, have gained interest owing its extremely high data rates. However, precise knowledge of the radio channel is an essential issue to design the global system and, thus to reach such improvement in the performances of wireless communications. This thesis is mainly focused on the experimental characterization of the radio channel for systems with large bandwidth and MIMO. In general, most of the research on MIMO and UWB are performed in indoor environments. However, there are other scenarios where reliable communications are also needed, for example, in tunnels. In this special environment, there is an increasing necessity of developing and implementing control/command equipment, in order to develop safe and efficient trains and infrastructures. Thus, the objectives pursued in this thesis are:- Improve an existing frequency-domain MIMO channel sounder to achieve more enhanced capabilities.- Develop a wideband time-domain MIMO channel sounder in order to perform measurements directly in the time-domain.- Characterize the MIMO-UWB radio channel in office environment by means of measurements carried out in the underground level of the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Multi dimensional channel parameters have been deduced from numerous measurement campaigns.- Study the propagation in tunnels and give physical interpretation of the performances of space, frequency and polarization diversity, and of time reversal techniques

The end-to-end Capacity and Available Bandwidth (AB) are fundamental characteristics of an Internet path and are essential for the operation of many emerging network applications. Unfortunately, ISPs have barely knowledge of the performance of the links under their control and are often unwilling to share this information. End-users are even less aware of the network conditions. Thus, several techniques have been proposed to measure the path capacity and AB just with the help of the end-hosts. However, most of these works are (i) agnostic of the underlying network technology, (ii) require a particular software to be installed on all end-hosts of the paths to be measured and (iii) ignore the impact of mutual interference when these estimation techniques are deployed at large-scale. Moreover, most studies evaluating AB tools neglect the new and emerging class of delay-based techniques which, potentially, are able to reduce the measurement overhead dramatically compared to classic approaches. In this thesis, the aim is three-fold: first, propose new measurement paradigms which take explicitly into account the network technology and do not require end-host cooperation. Second, to study the possibility of deploying AB measurements at large-scale, e. G. Including them in P2P systems or inside the TCP protocol. Third, to analyze the emerging delay-based AB estimation paradigm and compare its performance with other state-of-the-art techniques. After successfully designing three highly optimized tools, the issue of mutual interference in current AB techniques is analyzed and studied. Finally, a promising delay-based tool is implemented and evaluated against other AB techniques
La capacité et la bande disponible (available bandwidth, AB) de bout en bout sont caractéristiques fondamentales d'un chemin Internet et sont essentiels pour le fonctionnement de nombreuses applications réseaux. Malheureusement, les ISP ont à peine connaissance de la performance des liens sous leur contrôle et sont souvent peu disposés à partager cette information. Les utilisateurs finaux sont encore moins au courant des conditions du réseau. Ainsi, plusieurs techniques ont été proposées pour mesurer la capacité et AB des chemins Internet avec le seul aide des hôtes finals. Cependant, la plupart de ces œuvres (i) sont agnostique de la technologie réseau sous-jacent, (ii) exigent un logiciel particulier installé sur tous les hôtes à la fin des chemins à mesurer et (iii) ne tient pas compte de l'impact des interférences mutuelles lorsque ces techniques sont déployées à grande échelle. De plus, la plupart des études évaluant les outils pour l’AB négligent la nouvelle classe émergente des techniques basée sur le délai et qui, potentiellement, réduisent considérablement l’impact de la mesure elle même. Dans cette thèse, l'objectif est triple: d'abord, proposer des nouveaux paradigmes de mesure qui prennent explicitement en compte la technologie réseaux et ne nécessitent pas de la coopération des hôtes finals. En second lieu, d'étudier la possibilité de déployer des mesures AB à grande échelle, par exemple, les inclure dans les systèmes de P2P ou à l'intérieur du protocole TCP. En troisième lieu, d'analyser l'émergent paradigme d’estimation AB basé sur le délai et de comparer ses performances avec d'autres techniques de pointe. Après avoir réussi à concevoir trois outils hautement optimisé, la question de l'interférence mutuelle dans les techniques de AB est analysé et étudié. Enfin, un outil prometteur base sur le délai et est mis en œuvre et compare a d’autres techniques AB

Nowadays, Power Quality monitoring is an essential service many utilities perform for their industrial and other key commercial customers. Monitoring power quality has become specifically more effective in recent years due to the advent of the technology and software. Not only can a monitoring system provide information such as quality of the power and the causes of power system disturbances, but it is also able to identify problem conditions throughout the system prior they cause widespread customer complaints, equipment malfunctions, and even equipment failures. Power Quality problems are not necessarily limited to the utility power system. Many surveys have shown that most problems are localized within customer facilities. Essential requirements for a successful monitoring system include extensive data processing capabilities, easily understood reporting, and universal sharing of information.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’instrumenter un contenant familier dans le domaine du biomédical et de la chimie (un tube à essai) avec des éléments piézoélectriques à ondes longitudinales (L) et d’implémenter, en les optimisant, diverses méthodes ultrasonores pour mesurer les viscosités rapidement, sans changer de banc de mesure et cela de quelques Hz à plusieurs dizaines de mégahertz au voisinage de la température ambiante. Grâce au système mis en place il est possible en quelques minutes de déterminer le comportement rhéologique du liquide, étudié en mesurant sa viscosité de cisaillement. Par ailleurs, la gamme de viscosité atteinte est extrêmement large puisque les mesures sont possibles de quelques dizaines de mPa.s à plusieurs centaines de Pa.s. Enfin, au-delà de résultats quantitatifs en terme de viscosité, le banc de mesure peut être aussi utilisé pour suivre de façon qualitative des cinétiques de réaction (polymérisation par exemple)
The main goal of this thesis is to set specific piezoelectric elements emitting longitudinal waves (L) on a well-known container in the field of biomedical and chemistry (a test tube) and to implement with some optimizations various ultrasonic methods to measure viscosities quickly, without changing the measurement bench. The measurement has to be done from a few Hz to several tens of megahertz around room temperature. Up to now it is possible to determine in a few minutes the rheological behavior of the liquid studied thanks to the evaluation of its shear viscosity. Furthermore, the viscosity range reached is extremely wide: the measurements are possible from a few tens of mPa.s to several hundred Pa.s. Finally, beyond quantitative results in terms of viscosity, the measurement bench can also be used to qualitatively monitor reactions (polymerization for example)

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
What do you do when your downlink telemetry needs outstrip your downlink bandwidth capability? The telemetry needed to support construction and operation of the largest, most complex engineering project ever undertaken, the International Space Station (ISS), already requires utilization of the full capacity of the downlink S-band capacity, yet there are additional systems and capabilities still to be added by NASA and the International Partners. The ISS Command and Telemetry Team has developed a method of swapping packets of telemetry that are intended for special operations, while simultaneously sending essential systems telemetry and less critical telemetry that is needed on a continuous basis. To support this attempt to “make available all of the data at least some of the time” the team developed concepts for grouping telemetry into families that would always be selected as a group and then created a set of metadata associated with these groups. This metadata is pre-defined to support automated selection and scrubbing of telemetry to correspond to major upgrades in the command and control software for the ISS. The new process will at least double the effective S-band downlink bandwidth. It will also provide automated selection, scrubbing, reporting and verification of telemetry selections.

This paper presents an overview of the research work currently being performed within the frame of project DAAB and its successor DAAB-TX towards the integration of ultra-wideband transceivers operating at mm-wave frequencies and capable of data rates up to 100 Gbits–¹. Two basic systemarchitectures are being considered: integrating a broadband antenna with a distributed amplifier and integrate antennas centered at adjacent frequencies with broadband active combiners or dividers. The paper discusses in detail the design of such systems and their components, fromthe distributed amplifiers and combiners, to the broadband silicon antennas and their single-chip integration. All components are designed for fabrication in a commercially available SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. The presented results represent the state of the art in their respective areas: 170 GHz is the highest reported bandwidth for distributed amplifiers integrated in Silicon; 89 GHz is the widest reported bandwidth for integrated-system antennas; the simulated performance of the two antenna integrated receiver spans 105 GHz centered at 148GHz, which would improve the state of the art by a factor in excess of 4 even against III-V implementations, if confirmed by measurements.

Cette thèse porte sur l’extension de la parole bande étroite [300-3400 Hz] vers la parole large bande [50-7000 Hz]. Cette étude est réalisée à l’aide de la modélisation de la parole et de la perception dans les bandes de fréquences autour de la bande étroite (inférieure à 300 hz et supérieure à 3400 hz). De nouveaux outils de calculs sont développés pour synthétiser la parole large bande à partir de l’analyse et de la classification de la parole bande étroite. Les différents algorithmes conçus dans le cadre de cette thèse sont évalués par des tests subjectifs statistiques, basés sur le standard ITU-T, effectués dans un environnement de téléphonie mobile. La complexité et le retard algorithmique de la solution retenue sont donnés avec précision. L’algorithme sur lequel débouche cette thèse est un algorithme qui est peu coûteux et très performant de telle sorte qu’il est mûr pour être intégré dans un téléphone mobile de la norme GSM
This thesis studies the extension of narrowband speech [300-3400 Hz] to wideband speech [50-7000 Hz]. This investigation is achieved in the light of speech modelling and perception in the frequency bands around the narrowband (below 300 Hz and above 3400 Hz). New processing tools are developed that enable the synthesis of wideband speech from the analysis and the classification of narrowband speech. The different algorithms designed in this thesis are evaluated by statistical subjective tests, derived from the ITU-T standard, performed in a mobile phone environment. The processing consumption as well as the algorithmic delay of the selected algorithm are accurately given. The ultimate outcome of this thesis is an algorithm that is cheap and performing such that it is mature to be integrated into a GSM mobile phone

The increasing popularity of Internet bandwidth-intensive applications prompts us to consider followingproblem: How to compute efficient collective communication schemes on large-scale platform?The issue of designing a collective communication in the context of a large scale distributed networkis a difficult and a multi-level problem. A lot of solutions have been extensively studied andproposed. But a new, comprehensive and systematic approach is required, that combines networkmodels and algorithmic design of solutions.In this work we advocate the use of models that are able to capture real-life network behavior,but also are simple enough that a mathematical analysis of their properties and the design of optimalalgorithms is achievable.First, we consider the problem of the measuring available bandwidth for a given point-topointconnection. We discuss how to obtain reliable datasets of bandwidth measurements usingPlanetLab platform, and we provide our own datasets together with the distributed software usedto obtain it. While those datasets are not a part of our model per se, they are necessary whenevaluating the performance of various network algorithms. Such datasets are common for latencyrelatedproblems, but very rare when dealing with bandwidth-related ones.Then, we advocate for a model that tries to accurately capture the capabilities of a network,named LastMile model. This model assumes that essentially the congestion happens at the edgesconnecting machines to the wide Internet. It has a natural consequence in a bandwidth predictionalgorithm based on this model. Using datasets described earlier, we prove that this algorithm is ableto predict with an accuracy comparable to best known network prediction algorithm (DistributedMatrix Factorization) available bandwidth between two given nodes. While we were unable toimprove upon DMF algorithm in the field of point-to-point prediction, we show that our algorithmhas a clear advantage coming from its simplicity, i.e. it naturally extends to the network predictionsunder congestion scenario (multiple connections sharing a bandwidth over a single link). We areactually able to show, using PlanetLab datasets, that LastMile prediction is better in such scenarios.In the third chapter, we propose new algorithms for solving the large scale broadcast problem.We assume that the network is modeled by the LastMile model. We show that under thisassumption, we are able to provide algorithms with provable, strong approximation ratios. Takingadvantage of the simplicity and elasticity of the model, we can even extend it, so that it captures theidea of connectivity artifacts, in our case firewalls preventing some nodes to communicate directlybetween each other. In the extended case we are also able to provide approximation algorithmswith provable performance.The chapters 1 to 3 form three successful steps of our program to develop from scratch amathematical network communication model, prove it experimentally, and show that it can beapplied to develop algorithms solving hard problems related to design of communication schemesin networks.In the chapter 4 we show how under different network cost models, using some simplifyingassumptions on the structure of network and queries, one can design very efficient communicationschemes using simple combinatorial techniques. This work is complementary to the previous chapter in the sense that previously when designing communication schemes, we assumed atomicityof connections, i.e. that we have no control over routing of simple connections. In chapter 4 weshow how to solve the problem of an efficient routing of network request, given that we know thetopology of the network. It shows the importance of instantiating the parameters and the structureof the network in the context of designing efficient communication schemes.

Ces travaux de recherche concernent la conception, la réalisation et la mesure des circuits d’amplification Doherty LDMOS intégrés large-bande pour stations de base, nécessaires au développement de la 5G. Suite à la recherche des techniques pour l’amélioration du rendement électrique pour des signaux à forte dynamique d’amplitude et les possibilités d’intégration, la technique Doherty a été choisie. Des études sur les structures Doherty à deux puis trois voies montrent que l’amélioration de rendement pourra être renforcée et étendue par l’ajout d’un troisième étage avec des tailles de transistors calculées en prenant en compte un fonctionnement en classe C des étages auxiliaires. Des limitations d’utilisation de la technique Doherty sont montrées par la prise en compte des différentes non-linéarités des transistors LDMOS. La recherche des architectures large-bandes montre que la technique d’absorption du CdS et l’utilisation de circuits de répartition de type mixte en entrée présentent des avantages pour l’intégration. A partir des différentes études, des amplificateurs de puissance Doherty MMIC à trois voies ont été réalisés avec un ratio d’asymétrie de 1 :3 :3 dans la bande de 1805 MHz à 2170 MHz. Les performances expérimentales montrent les potentialités du Doherty et notamment une nette amélioration du rendement sur toute la bande de fréquence. Des considérations spécifiques d’adaptation sont présentées dans le but de réduire les produits de distorsions d’ordre 3, 10 et 12 (IMD 10 /12). Les mesures de linéarité à différentes largeurs de bande instantanées sont très encourageantes et valident la nouvelle architecture du Doherty à trois voies asymétriques
This work presents the design, realization and measurement result of integrated broadband Doherty amplification circuits for base stations, required for 5G. Initially, based on the research for techniques to improve electrical efficiency for signals with high dynamic range, the Doherty technique is chosen to continue the work. Studies on different Doherty architectures showed that performance can be improved and extended by adding a third stage (3-way Doherty) with calculated auxiliary transistors’ sizes for which are operated in class C mode. Limitations on the practical use of the Doherty technique is demonstrated by the considerations of various non linearities of the LDMOS transistors. The research of wideband architectures shows simultaneous advantages of integration and broadband capability by the CdS absorption technique and the use of mixed type of input splitters. Based on the results of various studies, three-way Doherty MMIC power amplifiers were designed and realized using the CdS absorption technique with an asymmetry ratio of 1 : 3 : 3 in the band of 1805 MHz to 2170 MHz. Experimental performances have shown the potentialities of the 3-way Doherty and a clear efficiency improvement over the entire frequency band. Specific wideband operating conditions are presented to reduce distortion products of third (IMD 3), 10th and 12th (IMD 10/12). The linearity measurements at different instantaneous bandwidths are very encouraging and validate the new asymmetric three-way Doherty architecture

L’amplification optique large bande à base de SOA est devenue indispensable pour la montée en débit des systèmes de transmissions optiques et pour pouvoir exploiter au mieux la bande optique des fibres optiques. Ce travail présente une étude théorique et expérimentale d’un SOA large bande passante développé par Alcatel Thales III-V Lab dans le cadre des projets ANR AROME et UltraWIDE. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d’abord effectué une modélisation semi-phénoménologique du gain matériau et du coefficient de gain d’une structure à base de multi-puits quantiques avec un nombre réduit de paramètres. L’intégration de notre modèle dans un modèle de SOA déjà développé au laboratoire a montré son efficacité pour restituer quantitativement le comportement statiques (gain, facteur de bruit) des nouvelles structures SOA large bande sur une large plage de longueurs d’onde (> 110 nm), de courants d’alimentation et de puissances optiques. A l’aide de ce modèle, nous avons étudié l’influence de la structure du SOA sur la bande passante pour un gain cible en jouant sur la longueur, le nombre d’électrode et le courant d’alimentation du SOA. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une structure bi-électrodes n’apportait pas d’amélioration de la bande passante optimisée par rapport au cas mono-électrode. En revanche, la structure bi-électrode permet d’optimiser la puissance de saturation et le facteur de bruit du SOA, sans sacrifier ni le gain maximal ni la bande passante optique. Nous avons aussi montré que, pour ce type de composants, une augmentation de la puissance optique injectée pouvait être compensée par une augmentation du courant d’alimentation pour maintenir une large bande passante optique. Nous avons également mis en place deux techniques d’élargissement de la bande passante optique de SOA à large bande. La première technique est fondée sur le filtrage en réflexion spectralement sélectif (ESOA). Le dispositif expérimental a permis d’amplifier simultanément 8 canaux CWDM dans une bande passante (définie à −1 dB) de 140 nm. La deuxième technique, basée sur un amplificateur hybride Raman-SOA, a fourni une bande passante optique (définie à −1 dB) de 89 nm avec un gain de 17 dB. Nous avons ainsi pu réaliser une transmission simultanée de 5 canaux CWDM allant jusqu’à 10 Gb/s sur 100 km
SOA-based optical amplification became crucial for increasing optical system capacity and to benefit from the broad bandwidth of optical fibers. In this work we present both theoretical and experimental studies for a new broadband SOA developed by Alcatel Thales III-V lab in the framework of AROME and UltraWIDE ANR projects.We developed firstly a semi-phenomenological model for both the material gain and the gain coefficient of a multi-quantum well -based SOA structure with a reduced set of parameters. This material gain model has been integrated in an existing SOA model and proved its performance in reproducing steady state behavior of this new broadband SOA (gain and noise figure) for a wide range of wavelengths, input powers and bias currents. Thanks to this model, we studied the influence of the SOA geometrical structure on the optical bandwidth for a given target gain, by varying length, number of electrodes and bias current. We showed that two-electrode SOA structures do not provide any improvement of the bandwidth compared to the one-electrode case. However, the two-electrode structure allows the optimization of both the SOA saturation power and the noise figure, without sacrificing neither the maximum gain nor the optical bandwidth. We have also shown that for this kind of component, an increase in the injected optical power could be compensated by an increase in the supply current to maintain a wide optical bandwidth.We have also investigated two techniques to widen the optical bandwidth of our broadband SOA. The first one is based on a modification of the SOA structure by introducing a selective reflection filter (ESOA). Its experimental implementation allowed the amplification of an 8-CWDM-channel comb in a bandwidth (defined at -1 dB) of 140 nm. The second one, based on a hybrid Raman-SOA amplifier, provided an optical bandwidth (defined at -1 dB) of 89 nm with a gain of 17 dB. With this last technique, we were able to achieve a 5-CWDM-channel comb transmission up to 10 Gb/s over 100 km

L’étude du taux de mortalité dans des modèles de population humaine ou en biologie est le cœur de ce travail. Cette thèse se situe à la frontière de la statistique des processus, de la statistique non-paramétrique et de l’analyse.Dans une première partie, centrée sur une problématique actuarielle, un algorithme est proposé pour estimer les tables de mortalité, utiles en assurance. Cet algorithme se base sur un modèle déterministe de population. Ces nouvelles estimations améliorent les résultats actuels en prenant en compte la dynamique globale de la population. Ainsi les naissances sont incorporées dans le modèle pour calculer le taux de mort. De plus, ces estimations sont mises en lien avec les travaux précédents, assurant ainsi la continuité théorique de notre travail.Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à l’estimation du taux de mortalité dans un modèle stochastique de population. Cela nous pousse à utiliser des arguments propres à la statistique des processus et à la statistique non-paramétrique. On trouve alors des estimateurs non-paramétriques adaptatifs dans un cadre anisotrope pour la mortalité et la densité de population, ainsi que des inégalités de concentration non asymptotiques quantifiant la distance entre le modèle stochastique et le modèle déterministe limite utilisé dans la première partie. On montre que ces estimateurs restent optimaux dans un modèle où le taux de mort dépend d’interactions, comme dans le cas de la population logistique.Dans une troisième partie, on considère la réalisation d’un test pour détecter la présence d’interactions dans le taux de mortalité. Ce test permet en réalité de juger de la dépendance temporelle de ce taux. Sous une hypothèse, on montre alors qu’il est possible de détecter la présence d’interactions. Un algorithme pratique est proposé pour réaliser ce test
In this thesis, we study the mortality rate in different population models to apply our results to demography or biology. The mathematical framework includes statistics of process, nonparametric estimations and analysis.In a first part, an algorithm is proposed to estimate the mortality tables. This problematic comes from actuarial science and the aim is to apply our results in the insurance field. This algorithm is founded on a deterministic population model. The new estimates we gets improve the actual results. Its advantage is to take into account the global population dynamics. Thanks to that, births are used in our model to compute the mortality rate. Finally these estimations are linked with the precedent works. This is a point of great importance in the field of actuarial science.In a second part, we are interested in the estimation of the mortality rate in a stochastic population model. We need to use the tools coming from nonparametric estimations and statistics of process to do so. Indeed, the mortality rate is a function of two parameters, the time and the age. We propose minimax optimal and adaptive estimators for the mortality and the population density. We also demonstrate some non asymptotics concentration inequalities. These inequalities quantifiy the deviation between the stochastic process and its deterministic limit we used in the first part. We prove that our estimators are still optimal in a model where the mortality is influenced by interactions. This is for example the case for the logistic population.In a third part, we consider the testing problem to detect the existence of interactions. This test is in fact designed to detect the time dependance of the mortality rate. Under the assumption the time dependance in the mortality rate comes only from the interactions, we can detect the presence of interactions. Finally we propose an algorithm to do this test

Doutoramento em Engenharia Electrotécnica
Os sistemas distribuídos embarcados (Distributed Embedded Systems – DES) têm sido usados ao longo dos últimos anos em muitos domínios de aplicação, da robótica, ao controlo de processos industriais passando pela aviónica e pelas aplicações veiculares, esperando-se que esta tendência continue nos próximos anos. A confiança no funcionamento é uma propriedade importante nestes domínios de aplicação, visto que os serviços têm de ser executados em tempo útil e de forma previsível, caso contrário, podem ocorrer danos económicos ou a vida de seres humanos poderá ser posta em causa. Na fase de projecto destes sistemas é impossível prever todos os cenários de falhas devido ao não determinismo do ambiente envolvente, sendo necessária a inclusão de mecanismos de tolerância a falhas. Adicionalmente, algumas destas aplicações requerem muita largura de banda, que também poderá ser usada para a evolução dos sistemas, adicionandolhes novas funcionalidades. A flexibilidade de um sistema é uma propriedade importante, pois permite a sua adaptação às condições e requisitos envolventes, contribuindo também para a simplicidade de manutenção e reparação. Adicionalmente, nos sistemas embarcados, a flexibilidade também é importante por potenciar uma melhor utilização dos, muitas vezes escassos, recursos existentes. Uma forma evidente de aumentar a largura de banda e a tolerância a falhas dos sistemas embarcados distribuídos é a replicação dos barramentos do sistema. Algumas soluções existentes, quer comerciais quer académicas, propõem a replicação dos barramentos para aumento da largura de banda ou para aumento da tolerância a falhas. No entanto e quase invariavelmente, o propósito é apenas um, sendo raras as soluções que disponibilizam uma maior largura de banda e um aumento da tolerância a falhas. Um destes raros exemplos é o FlexRay, com a limitação de apenas ser permitido o uso de dois barramentos. Esta tese apresentada e discute uma proposta para usar a replicação de barramentos de uma forma flexível com o objectivo duplo de aumentar a largura de banda e a tolerância a falhas. A flexibilidade dos protocolos propostos também permite a gestão dinâmica da topologia da rede, sendo o número de barramentos apenas limitado pelo hardware/software. As propostas desta tese foram validadas recorrendo ao barramento de campo CAN – Controller Area Network, escolhido devido à sua grande implantação no mercado. Mais especificamente, as soluções propostas foram implementadas e validadas usando um paradigma que combina flexibilidade com comunicações event-triggered e time-triggered: o FTT – Flexible Time- Triggered. No entanto, uma generalização para CAN nativo é também apresentada e discutida. A inclusão de mecanismos de replicação do barramento impõe a alteração dos antigos protocolos de replicação e substituição do nó mestre, bem como a definição de novos protocolos para esta finalidade. Este trabalho tira partido da arquitectura centralizada e da replicação do nó mestre para suportar de forma eficiente e flexível a replicação de barramentos. Em caso de ocorrência de uma falta num barramento (ou barramentos) que poderia provocar uma falha no sistema, os protocolos e componentes propostos nesta tese fazem com que o sistema reaja, mudando para um modo de funcionamento degradado. As mensagens que estavam a ser transmitidas nos barramentos onde ocorreu a falta são reencaminhadas para os outros barramentos. A replicação do nó mestre baseia-se numa estratégia líder-seguidores (leaderfollowers), onde o líder (leader) controla todo o sistema enquanto os seguidores (followers) servem como nós de reserva. Se um erro ocorrer no nó líder, um dos nós seguidores passará a controlar o sistema de uma forma transparente e mantendo as mesmas funcionalidades. As propostas desta tese foram também generalizadas para CAN nativo, tendo sido para tal propostos dois componentes adicionais. É, desta forma possível ter as mesmas capacidades de tolerância a falhas ao nível dos barramentos juntamente com a gestão dinâmica da topologia de rede. Todas as propostas desta tese foram implementadas e avaliadas. Uma implementação inicial, apenas com um barramento foi avaliada recorrendo a uma aplicação real, uma equipa de futebol robótico onde o protocolo FTT-CAN foi usado no controlo de movimento e da odometria. A avaliação do sistema com múltiplos barramentos foi feita numa plataforma de teste em laboratório. Para tal foi desenvolvido um sistema de injecção de faltas que permite impor faltas nos barramentos e nos nós mestre, e um sistema de medida de atrasos destinado a medir o tempo de resposta após a ocorrência de uma falta.
Distributed embedded systems (DES) have been widely used in the last few decades in several application domains, from robotics, industrial process control, avionics and automotive. In fact, it is expectable that this trend will continue in the next years. In some of these application fields the dependability requirements are very important since the fail to provide services in a timely and predictable manner may cause important economic losses or even put humans in risk. In the design phase it is impossible to predict all the possible scenarios of faults, due to the non deterministic behaviour of the surrounding environment. In that way, the fault tolerance mechanisms must be included in the distributed embedded system to prevent failures occurrence. Also, many application domains require a high available bandwidth to perform the desired functions, or to turn possible the scaling with the addition of new features. The flexibility of a system also plays an important role, since it improves the capability to adapt to the surrounding world, and to the simplicity of the repair and maintenance. The flexibility improves the efficiency of all the system by providing a way to efficiently manage the available resources. This is very important in embedded systems due to the limited resources often available. A natural way to improve the bandwidth and the fault tolerance in distributed systems is to use replicated buses. Commercial and academic solutions propose the use of replicated fieldbuses for a single purpose only, either to improve the fault tolerance or to improve the available bandwidth, being the first the most common. One illustrative exception is FlexRay where the bus replica can be used to improve the bandwidth of the overall system, besides enabling redundant communications. However, only one bus replica can be used. In this thesis, a flexible bus replication scheme to improve both the dependability and the throughput of fieldbuses is presented and studied. It can be applied to any number of replicated buses, provided the required hardware support is available. The flexible use of the replicated buses can achieve an also flexible management of the network topology. This claim has been validated using the Controller Area Network (CAN) fieldbus, which has been chosen because it is widely spread in millions of systems. In fact, the proposed solution uses a paradigm that combines flexibility, time and event triggered communication, that is the Flexible Time- Triggered over CAN network (FTT-CAN). However, a generalization to native CAN is also presented and studied. The inclusion of bus replication in FTT-CAN imposes not only new mechanisms but also changes of the mechanisms associated with the master replication, which has been already studied in previous research work. In this work, these mechanisms were combined and take advantage of the centralized architecture and of the redundant masters to support an efficient and flexible bus replication. When considering the system operation, if a fault in the bus (or buses) occurs, and the consequent error leads to a system failure, the system reacts, switching to a degraded mode, where the message flows that were transmitted in the faulty bus (or buses) change to the non-faulty ones. The central node replication uses a leader-follower strategy, where the leader controls the system while the followers serve as backups. If an error occurs in the leader, a backup will take the system control maintaining the system with the same functionalities. The system has been generalized for native CAN, using two additional components that provide the same fault tolerance capabilities at the bus level, and also enable the dynamic management of the network topology. All the referred proposals were implemented and assessed in the scope of this work. The single bus version of FTT-CAN was assessed using a real application, a robotic soccer team, which has obtained excellent results in international competitions. There, the FTT-CAN based embedded system has been applied in the low level control, where, mainly it is responsible for the motion control and odometry. For the case of the multiple buses system, the assessment was performed in a laboratory test bed. For this, a fault injector was developed in order to impose faults in the buses and in the central nodes. To measure the time reaction of the system, a special hardware has been developed: a delay measurement system. It is able to measure delays between two important time marks for posterior offline analysis of the obtained values.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Electrotécnica
Esta tese aborda o problema do projecto de amplificadores com grandes produtos de ganho por largura de banda. A aplicação final considerada consistiu no projecto de amplificadores adequados à recepção de sinais ópticos em sistemas de transmissão ópticos usando o espaço livre. Neste tipo de sistemas as maiores limitações de ganho e largura de banda surgem nos circuitos de entrada. O uso de detectores ópticos com grande área fotosensível é uma necessidade comum neste tipo de sistemas. Estes detectores apresentam grandes capacidades intrínsecas, o que em conjunto com a impedância de entrada apresentada pelo amplificador estabelece sérias restrições no produto do ganho pela largura de banda. As técnicas mais tradicionais para combater este problema recorrem ao uso de amplificadores com retroacção baseados em configurações de transimpedância. Estes amplificadores apresentam baixas impedâncias de entrada devido à acção da retroacção. Contudo, os amplificadores de transimpedância também apresentam uma relação directa entre o ganho e a impedância de entrada. Logo, diminuir a impedância de entrada implica diminuir o ganho. Esta tese propõe duas técnicas novas para combater os problemas referidos. A primeira técnica tem por base uma propriedade fundamental dos amplificadores com retroacção. Em geral, todos os circuitos electrónicos têm tempos de atraso associados, os amplificadores com retroacção não são uma excepção a esta regra. Os tempos de atraso são em geral reconhecidos como elementos instabilizadores neste tipos da amplificadores. Contudo, se usados judiciosamente, este tempos de atraso podem ser explorados como uma forma da aumentar a largura de banda em amplificadores com retroacção. Com base nestas ideias, esta tese apresenta o conceito geral de reatroacção com atraso, como um método de optimização de largura de banda em amplificadores com retroacção. O segundo método baseia-se na destruição da dualidade entre ganho e impedância de entrada existente nos amplificadores de transimpedância. O conceito de adaptação activa em modo de corrente é neste sentido uma forma adequada para separar o detector óptico da entrada do amplificador. De acordo com este conceito, emprega-se um elemento de adaptação em modo de corrente para isolar o detector óptico da entrada do amplificador. Desta forma as tradicionais limitações de ganho e largura de banda podem ser tratadas em separado. Esta tese defende o uso destas técnicas no desenho de amplificadores de transimpedância para sistemas de recepção de sinais ópticos em espaço livre.
This thesis addresses the problem of achieving high gain-bandwidth products in amplifiers. The adopted framework consisted on the design of a free-space optical (FSO) front end amplifier able to amplify very small optical signals over large frequency bandwidths. The major gain-bandwidth limitations in FSO front end amplifiers arise due to the input circuitry. Usually, it is necessary to have large area optical detectors in order to maximize signal reception. These detectors have large intrinsic capacitances, which together with the amplifier input impedance poses a severe restriction on the gain-bandwidth product. Traditional techniques to combat this gain-bandwidth limitation resort to feedback amplifiers consisting on transimpedance configurations. These amplifiers have small input impedances due to the feedback action. Nevertheless, transimpedance amplifiers have a direct relation between gain and input impedance. Thus reducing the input impedance usually implies reducing the gain. This thesis advances two new methods suitable to combat the above mentioned problems. The first method is based on a fundamental property of feedback amplifiers. In general, all electronic circuits have associated time delays, and feedback amplifiers are not an exception to this rule. Time delays in feedback amplifiers have been recognized as destabilizing elements. Nevertheless, when used with appropriate care, these delays can be exploited as bandwidth enhancement elements. Based on these ideas, this thesis presents the general concept of delayed feedback, as a bandwidth optimization method suitable for feedback amplifiers. The second method is based on the idea of destroying the impedance-gain duality in transimpedance amplifiers. The concept of active current matching is in this sense a suitable method to detach the optical detector from the transimpedance amplifier input. According to this concept, a current matching device (CMD) is used to convey the signal current sensed by the optical detector, to the amplifier’s input. Using this concept the traditional gainbandwidth limitations can be treated in a separate fashion. This thesis advocates the usage of these techniques for the design of transimpedance amplifiers suited for FSO receiving systems.

Une antenne auto-complémentaire possède des caractéristiques radioélectriques très intéressantes en ce qui concerne l'élargissement de sa bande passante. Basée sur le principe de Babinet, l'auto-complémentarité permet en effet de maximiser la largeur de bande de par la complémentarité air-métal dans la structure de l'antenne. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier quels pouvaient être les apports de l'auto-complémentarité dans le cas d'antennes à fortes contraintes d'intégration telles que celles utilisées pour les terminaux mobiles. Pour tester les limites de notre étude, nous avons choisi d'appliquer nos résultats à l'intégration d'antennes auto-complémentaires dans un objet communicant de type Smartphone multi-standards. Les antennes dites AC doivent par conséquent satisfaire de nombreux critères de performances tout en montrant leur capacité d'intégration. Celle-ci est rendue d'autant plus délicate, que la miniaturisation implique à son tour des phénomènes physiques limitant certaines performances, notamment en basse fréquence avec la nouvelle bande LTE. Dans une première étude, nous avons considéré différentes antennes et opté pour les antennes IFA-AC sur un plan de masse fini afin de couvrir initialement les bandes hautes DCS/PCS/UMTS et WLAN/LTE2600. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons amélioré leurs performances à l'aide d'éléments structurels nouveaux et interdépendants (éléments rayonnants de type double IFA), qui nous ont permis d'obtenir des résultats probants relatifs notamment à la couverture des bandes LTE800 et GSM. Enfin, nous avons complété notre projet en optimisant le lien radio par l'intégration de plusieurs éléments rayonnants AC sur un même PCB.

Les opérateurs de télécommunications se doivent de maîtriser et d'évaluer la qualité des services qu'ils offrent à leurs clients, dans un contexte en perpétuelle évolution. Comme alternative rapide et à moindre coût aux évaluations fondées sur l'interrogation d'utilisateurs, des outils de mesure ont été développés, qui intègrent des modèles permettant de prédire la qualité perçue. Cette thèse avait pour but de concevoir un outil de diagnostic de qualité vocale (applicable aux services de téléphonie), complémentaire à de tels modèles objectifs, afin d'obtenir des informations spécifiques sur la nature des défauts présents sur le signal audio et d'orienter vers des causes potentielles de ces défauts. En partant de l'hypothèse que la qualité vocale est multidimensionnelle, nous avons fondé l'outil de diagnostic sur la modélisation des quatre dimensions identifiées dans la littérature : la Bruyance, représentative des bruits de fond, la Continuité, relative à la perception des discontinuités dans le signal, la Coloration, liée aux distorsions du spectre de la voix, et la Sonie, traduisant la perception du niveau sonore. Chacune de ces dimensions est quantifiée à l'aide d'indicateurs de qualité issus de l'analyse du signal audio. Notre démarche a consisté, dans un premier temps, à rechercher dans des modèles objectifs récents (notamment la norme P.863 de l'UIT-T) des indicateurs de qualité et à en développer d'autres pour caractériser parfaitement chaque dimension. S'est ensuivie une étude de performances de ces indicateurs, les plus pertinents devant être intégrés dans notre outil de diagnostic. Finalement, pour chaque dimension, nous avons développé un module de classification automatique de défauts perçus en fonction de la nature du défaut identifié dans le signal, ainsi qu'un module supplémentaire estimant l'impact du défaut sur la qualité vocale. L'outil proposé couvre les trois bandes audio (bande étroite, bande élargie et bande super-élargie) couramment utilisées dans les systèmes de télécommunications avec, toutefois, une priorité pour les signaux en bande super-élargie, plus représentatifs des contenus audio qu'on sera amené à rencontrer dans les futurs services de télécommunications
Quality of service is a huge issue for telecommunications operators since they have to master and evaluate it in order to satisfy their customers. To replace expensive and time-consuming human judgment methods, objective methods, integrating objective models providing a prediction of the perceived quality, have been conceived. Our research aimed at developing a technical diagnostic method, complementary to objective voice quality models, which provides specific information about the nature of the perceived voice quality impairments and identifies the underlying technical causes. Assuming that speech quality is a multidimensional phenomenon, our technical diagnostic method is built on the modelling of the four perceptual dimensions identified in the literature: “Noisiness” relative to the perceived background noise, “Continuity” linked to discontinuity, “Coloration” related to frequency–response degradations and “Loudness” corresponding to the impact of the speech level, each one being quantified by quality degradation indicators based on audio signal analysis. A crucial step of our research was to find and/or to develop relevant quality degradation indicators to perfectly characterize each dimension. To do so, we identified quality degradation indicators in the most recent objective voice quality models (particularly the ITU-T P.863 recommendation, known as POLQA) and we analysed the performance of identified indicators. Then, the most relevant indicators have been considered in our diagnostic method. Finally, for each dimension, we proposed a detection block which automatically classifies a perceived degradation according to the nature of the defect detected in the audio signal, and an additional block providing information about the impact of degradations on speech quality. The proposed technical diagnostic method is designed to cover three bandwidths (Narrowband, Wideband and Super Wideband) used in telecommunications systems with a priority investigation to Super Wideband speech signals which remain very useful for future telephony applications

Il progetto di tesi consiste nella realizzazione di un'applicazione per l'acquisizione di dati relativi ai consumi di potenza attraverso l'utilizzo di un sensore ad effetto Hall. Si è partiti dalla comprensione e descrizione del fenomeno dell'effetto Hall, per poi passare all'ideazione del circuito. Una volta focalizzato l'obiettivo della tesi e le specifiche di progetto, si è potuto procedere alla ricerca dei componenti necessari e alla realizzazione dello schematico e del layout del PCB. Il risultato finale è un circuito stampato di ridotte dimensioni, progettato per ridurre al massimo i consumi e garantire prestazioni elevate.

Un Convertisseur Analogique-Numérique (CAN) pour les applications spatiales en astrophysique et cosmologie a été développé au cours de cette thèse. Cette catégorie de circuits demande des bandes passantes très larges, de très hautes fréquences d'échantillonnage et une faible résolution. L’architecture flash a été retenue pour sa rapidité et sa bande passante. La fréquence d’échantillonnage est de 8GHz. La technologie utilisée est la CMOS 65 nm de chez STMicroeletronics. La conception a été faite en deux phases. Une première qui a amené à un prototype d'un échantillonneur-bloqueur et une deuxième qui a amené au CAN. Les deux prototypes ont été caractérisés et à partir de ces résultats des perspectives d'amélioration pour les nouvelles implémentations ont été retrouvées.Pour atteindre l'objectif final du CAN multi-bits (6-bit sont visés) il a été décidé de dessiner une première version du CAN avec la moitié de la résolution initialement prévue (on passe de 6-bit à 3-bit). L'objectif est de nous permettre d’analyser le comportement des blocs fonctionnels intégrés et ensuite passer à une deuxième voire troisième version pour remplir le cahier des charges initial
An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) has been developed for astrophysical and cosmological applications. This class of circuits demands, especially in the millimeter wavelength domain, ultra wide bandwidths, ultra high sampling frequencies and a low resolution. The “flash” architecture has been chosen for its speed and bandwidth. This ADC samples at 8Gsps and it has been fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology from STMicroelectornics.The design has been done in two steps. The first was the prototype of a track-and-hold circuit. The second was the ADC. Both circuits have been characterized and from these results some perspectives for further improvements have been proposed.In order to achieve the final goal of the multi-bit ADC (6-bit resolution) we have decided to design a first prototype with half the final resolution, namely a 3-bit resolution ADC. Our idea was, with this first prototype, to conduct a first analysis of the behavior of the integrated functional blocks and, consequently, find the correct improvements required for the ADC final version

Un ambito di largo interesse nel campo dell’elettronica, è quello delle misure di corrente a larga banda, in cui la richiesta per sistemi a basso costo è aumentata sensibilmente nel corso del tempo. La causa di questo interessamento è dovuto al più frequente utilizzo di sistemi switched power ad alta frequenza, che necessitano di sensori di correnti isolati e ad alte prestazioni. L’intero lavoro prende in considerazione un sensore di nuova generazione per le misure di corrente, capace di raggiungere prestazioni oltre lo stato dell’arte. L’elaborato presentato vede, quindi, come obiettivo la creazione di un setup stabile per effettuare misure sui chip prodotti. Partendo dallo studio di fattibilità, della componentistica necessaria e dei compromessi per mantenere i costi, si giunge ad una soluzione flessibile e adatta alle misurazioni richieste. L’elaborato partirà con una introduzione sugli effetti fisici e la descrizione del componente fondamentale, passando a test funzionali effettuati su setup provvisori atti a ottenere informazioni basilari per la prosecuzione del lavoro. Infine verranno concepite e realizzate due schede a circuiti stampati per rispondere alle esigenze di progetto.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Em razÃo da crescente demanda de usuÃrios mÃveis por conteÃdos criados com formato especÃfico e personalizado, ou adaptado para atender suas necessidades e preferÃncias no uso da web, as redes convergentes sensÃveis ao contexto incorporam uma promissora tecnologia para permitir aplicaÃÃes de serviÃos personalizados a mÃltiplos usuÃrios. O projeto C-CAST (Context Casting) (C-CAST, 2012) foi estabelecido para arquiteturas de redes convergentes sensÃveis ao contexto para suportar sessÃes com qualidade de serviÃo (QoS - Quality of Service) de forma garantida a mÃltiplos usuÃrios, simultaneamente, independentemente de suas tecnologias de conexÃo sem fio. O mecanismo de controle do C-CAST Legado introduz questÃes de degradaÃÃo de desempenho, visto que a abordagem de sinalizaÃÃo adotada à direcionada por fluxo. Isto significa que a carga de sinalizaÃÃo aumenta exponencialmente com o nÃmero de admissÃes de fluxo. Este trabalho propÃe o C-CAST AvanÃado, o qual aperfeiÃoa o sistema do C-CAST Legado pela extensÃo de mecanismos inovadores que integram um controle dinÃmico da largura de banda sobreaprovisionada por classes de serviÃo e alocaÃÃo de Ãrvores overlay. Por meio dessa estratÃgia, busca-se reduzir taxas de sinalizaÃÃo de controle e alocaÃÃo de recursos em todo o sistema. A avaliaÃÃo do C-CAST AvanÃado à conduzida por meio de simulaÃÃo, demonstrando seus benefÃcios em relaÃÃo ao C-CAST Legado, por otimizar significativamente os nÃveis de desempenho de todo o sistema de rede, enquanto mantÃm usuÃrios com a melhor percepÃÃo de qualidade.
Due to the increase demand of mobile users for content created in a specific and customized way, or adapted to comply with the needs and preferences in web usage, converged networks which are context-sensitive have been incorporated to a promising technology and enabled applications of personalized services to multiple users. The C-CAST project (Context Casting) was established to converged network architectures to support context-sensitive sessions with quality of service (QoS - Quality of Service) in a manner to guarantee to multiple users simultaneously, regardless of their wireless technologies. The C-CAST control mechanism of the Legacy introduces issues of performance degradation, once the signaling approach adopted is directed per-flow, which means that the signaling load increases exponentially with the number of admissions flow. This work proposes the Advanced of C-CAST, which reconstruct the C-CAST legacy system by the extent of innovative mechanisms that integrate dynamic control of provisioned bandwidth by the service classes and allocation overlay trees. Through this strategy, it seeks to reduce rates of control signaling and allocating resources throughout the system. The C-CAST Advanced evaluation is conducted through simulation, demonstrating its benefits in relation to C-CAST Legacy, by significantly optimization the performance levels of the entire network system while keep the network users with the best quality perception.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The microstrip antennas are largely used in wireless communication systems due to their low cost, weight, less complex construction and manufacturing, in addition to its versatility. UWB systems have emerged as an alternative to wireless communications over short distances because they offer of higher capacity and lower multipath distortion than other systems with the same purpose. Combining the advantages of microstrip antennas to the characteristics of UWB, it is possible to develop more and more smaller devices, with diverse geometries to operate satisfactorily in these systems. This paper aims to propose alternatives to microstrip antennas for UWB systems operate in the range between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, with a patch on circular ring. Some techniques are analyzed and employed to increase the bandwidth of proposed antenna: the insertion of a parasitic elements and a rectangular slit in the displaced ground plane. For this, key issues are presented as the basic principles of UWB systems, the fundamental theory of antennas and microstrip antennas. The simulations and experimental characterization of constructed antennas are presented, as well as analysis of parameters such as bandwidth and radiation pattern
As antenas de microfita s?o amplamente utilizadas nos sistemas de comunica??o sem fio devido ?s suas caracter?sticas de baixo custo, peso, menor complexidade de constru??o e fabrica??o, al?m de sua versatilidade. Os sistemas UWB surgiram como uma alternativa ?s comunica??es sem fio de curtas dist?ncias por oferecerem maior capacidade e menor distor??o por multipercurso que outros sistemas com a mesma finalidade. Aliando as vantagens das antenas de microfita ?s caracter?sticas do UWB ? poss?vel desenvolver dispositivos cada vez menores e com geometrias diversificadas para operar satisfatoriamente nesses sistemas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor alternativas de antenas de microfita para operar em sistemas UWB, na faixa entre 3,1 e 10,6 GHz, com patch em anel circular. S?o empregadas e analisadas algumas t?cnicas para aumentar a largura de banda das antenas propostas: a inser??o de elementos parasitas e de uma fenda retangular no plano terra deslocado. Para isto, s?o apresentados temas fundamentais como os princ?pios b?sicos dos sistemas UWB, a teoria fundamental de antenas e antenas de microfita. S?o apresentadas as simula??es e caracteriza??es experimentais das antenas constru?das, bem como uma an?lise de par?metros como a largura de banda e o diagrama de radia??o

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Recently, planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications this sector. That needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of Ey and Hy. One of the advantages of this method is the simplification of the field equations. therefore the amount of equations lesser must the fields in directions x and z be in function of components Ey and Hy. It will be presented an brief study of the main theories that explain the superconductivity phenomenon. The BCS theory. London Equations and Two Fluids model will be the theories that will give support the application of the superconductors in the microfita antennas. The inclusion of the superconductor patch is made using the resistive complex contour condition. This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure
Recentemente as antenas planares t?m despertado interesses devido ?s suas caracter?sticas, assim como pelas vantagens que oferecem quando comparadas com os demais tipos de antenas. Na ?rea de comunica??es m?veis a necessidade de antenas desse tipo tem-se tornado cada vez maior devido ao intenso crescimento desse setor, necessitando de antenas que operem em multifreq??ncia e em banda larga. As antenas de microfita apresentam largura de banda estreita devido ?s perdas no diel?trico geradas pela irradia??o. Outra limita??o ? a degrada??o do diagrama de irradia??o devido ? gera??o de ondas de superf?cie no substrato. Neste trabalho s?o apresentadas algumas t?cnicas usadas para tentar minimizar as desvantagens (citadas acima) do uso de antenas de microfita, sendo elas: substratos com material PBG - Photonic Bandgap, antenas em multicamadas e a utiliza??o de patches fabricados de materiais supercondutores. As an?lises desenvolvidas neste trabalho foram realizadas com a utiliza??o do m?todo LTT - Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa no dom?nio da transformada de Fourier, que utiliza uma componente de propaga??o na dire??o y (transversa ? dire??o real de propaga??o z), tratando assim as equa??es gerais dos campos el?tricos e magn?ticos em fun??es de Ey e Hy. Uma das vantagens desse m?todo ? a simplifica??o das equa??es de campo, pois a quantidade de equa??es ? menor devido os campos nas dire??es x e z ficarem em fun??o das componentes Ey e Hy. Ser? apresentado um breve estudo das principais teorias que explicam o fen?meno da supercondutividade. As teorias BCS, Equa??es de London e modelo dos Dois Fluidos ser?o as teorias que dar?o suporte a aplica??o dos supercondutores nas antenas microfita. A inclus?o do patch supercondutor ? feita utilizando-se a condi??o de contorno complexa resistiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a aplica??o do m?todo LTT ?s estruturas de microfita

碩士
龍華科技大學
電機工程研究所
99
This work is focused on the design and analysis of optical delay lines in two-dimensional photonic crystals. Six delay line structures are discussed in this work. The first one is by adjusting the radii of air holes adjacent to a line-defect waveguide. The second one is by adjusting the positions of air holes adjacent to a line-defect waveguide. The third one is by employing air rings adjacent to a line-defect waveguide. The fourth one is a photonic crystal waveguide with capsule-shaped air holes. The fifth one is a W2 waveguide. And the sixth one is a coupled-cavity waveguide. As for the numerical method, the plane wave expansion method is employed to calculate photonic bandgaps and dispersion curves. Group velocity, group index, and delay-bandwidth product (DBP) can therefore be obtained. By adjusting the structure of air holes adjacent to the line-defect waveguide, both group index and DBP can be enhanced. The DBP can be made larger than 0.1 by adjusting the radii or positions of air hole. By employing air rings, a DBP of about 0.33 can also be obtained. By using capsule-shaped air holes, a DBP of about 0.25 can also be obtained. Compared to a primitive line-defect waveguide (with a DBP = 0.03), the six structures studied in this work can really be used to improve the performance of photonic crystal delay lines.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
98
This thesis reports the fabrication of periodically poled magne-sium-oxide-doped congruent lithium niobate (PPMgLN), to convert the 1064nm infrared laser into 532nm green light by using the technique of quasi-phase matching second harmonic generation(QPM-SHG). We improved the fabrication technique on electric poling method of congruent lithium niobate. This method leads to the realization of periodically poled QPM structures on 0.5mm and 1mm thick MgO:LiNbO3 substrates. The smallest periods achieved in this work are (i) 6.91um for the 1st - order 、(ii) chirped-gratings for the 1st-order QPM device. For the 1mm thick substrate , the smallest periods we can make are (i) 6.96um for the 1st-order quasi-1D、(ii)13.8um for the 2nd–order QPM device. For the characterization we measured SHG on PPMgLN with 5mm crystal length when pumped by a pulsed 1064nm laser of 159 MW/cm2 (180mW) with 5ns pulse width of 60um beam waist. The device exhibits 80mW green light output with conversion efficiency attain 46% . Second, the design of chirped grating structure with 5mm long are tested by a pulsed 1064 nm laser of 195 MW/cm2 (350mW) with beam radius 75um. The device exhibits 63mW green light output with the conversion efficiency 20%, and the acceptance temperature bandwidth is about 50 degree. In the same length, the acceptance temperature bandwidth for the segment-chirped design exceeds that of single period by a factor of 10, whereas the conversion efficiency is reduced only by a factor of 2.3 .

碩士
淡江大學
統計學系碩士班
104
To estimate some disease relative risk, we ask whether residents suffer from particular disease on the certain region and record the residence of patient. We estimate the relative risk and observe the changes in the space. In our study, we use kernel estimation method to estimate relative risk and interest in choosing the bandwidth of kernel estimation. Another focus of our study, we set the bandwidths of case group and control group whether to be same when the number of patients is much less than the observations. We propose three cross-validation methods to select the bandwidth and use the integrated square errors (ISE) to evaluate the estimation results. For the above purposes, we achieve better estimation result of disease relative risk when the number have wide gap between the case group and control group.

The primary goal of this work is to arrive at direction tomography (DT) algorithms freed from the severe linearization in the formulation, and as-assumptions on variation of the refractive index distribution (RID), involved in the earlier approaches based on Born and Royton approximations and the Fourier di reaction theorem (FDT). To start with, a direct single-step re-covery of RID from intensity measurements is demonstrated, replacing the common two-step procedure involving, rest the recovery of phase from in-density followed by the inversion of scattered led for the RID. The information loss, unavoidable in a two-step procedure is thus successfully addressed. Secondly, an iterative method which works with a forward model obtained directly from the Helmholtz equation is developed. This forward model, though has simplifying assumptions, is more general and can accommodate larger variations in RID than that allowed in the previous linear models. The iterative procedure has an update step which uses a linearization of the forward model and a re-linearization step at the updated RID. The procedure which directly employs the measured intensities is used as part of a deterministic Gauss-Newton algorithm and a stochastic optimization algorithm which uses the ensemble Kalman lter to arrive at the recursive update. The stochastic method is found to be more noise-tolerant and efficient to take care of process model inaccuracies. The proof is seen in better reconstructions from experimental data for two example objects, namely, a graded-index optical bre and a photonic-crystal bre. It is further ob-served that the reconstructions from photonic crystal bre are blurred, noisy and less accurate. Identifying the inaccurate implementation of the modemed Helmholtz equation for large k values employing the current sampling rate as the shortcoming, a new procedure, which splits the bandwidth into smaller components using short-time Fourier Transform is developed. The set of equations arrived at, each t for a narrow frequency band, is solved and the solutions are reassembled to obtain the scattered led for the original problem. The simulated di rated intensities so obtained are better matched to their measured experimental counterparts. However, the impel-mentation of the mode end procedure is computation-intensive, for which a parallel-processing machine can be a good solution. The recovery of RID with this mode cation is not attempted in this work and is left for future implementation.

The primary goal of this work is to arrive at direction tomography (DT) algorithms freed from the severe linearization in the formulation, and as-assumptions on variation of the refractive index distribution (RID), involved in the earlier approaches based on Born and Royton approximations and the Fourier di reaction theorem (FDT). To start with, a direct single-step re-covery of RID from intensity measurements is demonstrated, replacing the common two-step procedure involving, rest the recovery of phase from in-density followed by the inversion of scattered led for the RID. The information loss, unavoidable in a two-step procedure is thus successfully addressed. Secondly, an iterative method which works with a forward model obtained directly from the Helmholtz equation is developed. This forward model, though has simplifying assumptions, is more general and can accommodate larger variations in RID than that allowed in the previous linear models. The iterative procedure has an update step which uses a linearization of the forward model and a re-linearization step at the updated RID. The procedure which directly employs the measured intensities is used as part of a deterministic Gauss-Newton algorithm and a stochastic optimization algorithm which uses the ensemble Kalman lter to arrive at the recursive update. The stochastic method is found to be more noise-tolerant and efficient to take care of process model inaccuracies. The proof is seen in better reconstructions from experimental data for two example objects, namely, a graded-index optical bre and a photonic-crystal bre. It is further ob-served that the reconstructions from photonic crystal bre are blurred, noisy and less accurate. Identifying the inaccurate implementation of the modemed Helmholtz equation for large k values employing the current sampling rate as the shortcoming, a new procedure, which splits the bandwidth into smaller components using short-time Fourier Transform is developed. The set of equations arrived at, each t for a narrow frequency band, is solved and the solutions are reassembled to obtain the scattered led for the original problem. The simulated di rated intensities so obtained are better matched to their measured experimental counterparts. However, the impel-mentation of the mode end procedure is computation-intensive, for which a parallel-processing machine can be a good solution. The recovery of RID with this mode cation is not attempted in this work and is left for future implementation.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
光電與通訊工程學系
102
This is the first time to demodulate the original sensing signal without using carrier signal but the digital interference signal. The theory and logical skill of the interference demodulation without carrier signal will be proposed in this paper. comparing with the counting signal processing demodulation system, the advantages of the new demodulation technique are showing the wave form of original sensing signal (including the frequency and amplitude of the sensing signal), and also have great dynamic range. Comparing with the PGC demodulation technique, demodulating higher frequency and larger amplitude are the advantages of the new demodulation technique. We use Simulink to simulate the signal demodulation without carrier signal. Setting the sample frequency to be 100MHz and the amplitude of sensing signal to be rad, the maximum demodulation frequency is 555KHz. Setting the sample frequency to be 100MHz and the frequency of sensing signal to be 1KHz, the maximum demodulation amplitude is 1400 rad and minimum is 0.01 rad. Then, using FPGA circuit board to do digital signal processing. Because of the rapidly development of smart digital circuit and signal processing time, we expect that the demodulation without carrier signal is usable. Similarly, the most important advantage of using FPGA digital circuit is simultaneously signal processing in parallel. We use the Polarization Insensitive Fiber Optic Michelson Interferometric Sensor to sense the environmental disturbance and generate the interference signal and then demodulate the sensing signal in FPGA circuit board by using Xilinx program language. Via a series of mathematical operation and logical judgement, we can get the demodulation signal of sensing signal from interference signal.

M.TECH
Large bandwidth along with high transmission rate is require for today’s communication system. At present, optical fiber is the only medium for it with low loss communication links. With growing transmission rates, electronic regeneration become more and more expensive. So to overcome this problem of elctronic regenration, switching to optical domain is the best way to cater the high speed processing demand of the user. This can be accomplished by use of optical amplifier which are bit transparent and have an ability to amplify the signals at different wavelength simultaneously. These properties of optical amplifier are used to carry out the parallel logic and arithmetic operation which can remove the large power consumption and complexity of elctro-optic conversion. Semiconductor optical amplifier is one of the optical amplifier which is most suitable for high speed communication because of its distinct inherent characteristics like insensitivity to input signal modulation characteristics, polarization independent property, high saturation output power, low nonlinearties etc. So high speed optical processing need was felt to cater the ever increasing high speed demand of the user in the high speed traffic network. The work was done for wavelength conversion by using nonlinear properties of semiconductor optical amplifier, the cross phase modulation (XPM), four wave mixing (FWM) its at rate of 20Gb/s but the work done could not be done beyond 20Gb/s with high conversion efficiency because of their nonlinear behaviour due to insensitiveness of polarization property. In the present work, the cross gain modulation (XGM),another nonlinear properties of semiconductor optical amplifier is used to convert the 1550 nm wavelength to 1549nmwavelength signal because of its high conversion efficiency and polarization independent property. In this thesis, the wavelength conversion has been done by using XGM at a rate of 40Gb/s by choosing the optimum value of .6ns carrier lifetime and 40mA current biasing where the nonlinearty are less and power content of signal is high i.e. 26dbm in the parametric range of [193.102-193.728THz] further, in the thesis, cross gain modulation (XGM ) is used to realize the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system at a rate of 40Gb/s with same carrier life time and current biasing parameter.

Out-of-Core simulation systems often produce a massive amount of data that cannot t on the aggregate fast memory of the compute nodes, and they also require to read back these data for computation. As a result, I/O data movement can be a bottleneck in large-scale simulations. Advances in memory architecture have made it feasible and a ordable to integrate hierarchical storage media on large-scale systems, starting from the traditional Parallel File Systems (PFSs) to intermediate fast disk technologies (e.g., node-local and remote-shared NVMe and SSD-based Burst Bu ers) and up to CPU main memory and GPU High Bandwidth Memory (HBM). However, while adding additional and faster storage media increases I/O bandwidth, it pressures the CPU, as it becomes responsible for managing and moving data between these layers of storage. Simulation systems are thus vulnerable to being blocked by I/O operations. The Multilayer Bu er System (MLBS) proposed in this research demonstrates a general and versatile method for overlapping I/O with computation that helps to ameliorate the strain on the processors through asynchronous access. The main idea consists in decoupling I/O operations from computational phases using dedicated hardware resources to perform expensive context switches. MLBS monitors I/O tra c in each storage layer allowing fair utilization of shared resources. By continually prefetching up and down across all hardware layers of the memory and storage subsystems, MLBS transforms the original I/O-bound behavior of evaluated applications and shifts it closer to a memory-bound or compute-bound regime. The evaluation on the Cray XC40 Shaheen-2 supercomputer for a representative I/Obound application, seismic inversion, shows that MLBS outperforms state-of-the-art PFSs, i.e., Lustre, Data Elevator and DataWarp by 6.06X, 2.23X, and 1.90X, respectively. On the IBM-built Summit supercomputer, using 2048 compute nodes equipped with a total of 12288 GPUs, MLBS achieves up to 1.4X performance speedup compared to the reference PFS-based implementation. MLBS is also demonstrated on applications from cosmology, combustion, and a classic out-of-core computational physics and linear algebra routines.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
99
Abstract Magnesium-doped lithium niobate substrates are used for the design and fabrication of waveguides on a 5 mm long segment-chirped grating structure. Green laser of wavelength 532 nm is obtained by the quasi-phase matching second harmonic generation (QPM-SHG), when launched with an incident laser of wavelength 1064nm. On the part of waveguide fabrication, two waveguides are fabricated by zinc-and-nickel co-diffusion and gallium diffusion in this thesis. The zinc-and-nickel co-diffusion waveguides have linewidth of 160 μm and film thickness of 100 nm, which were diffused for 3 hr at 880 ˚C. The gallium diffusion waveguides have linewidth of 160 μm and film thickness of 120 nm, which were diffused for 2 hr at 980 ˚C. TM and TE modes are supported in the zinc-and-nickel co-diffusion waveguides, but only TM modes are supported in the gallium diffusion waveguides, which agrees quite well with those reported previously. On the part of green laser measurement, an incident laser of maximum power 8mW with wavelength 1064 nm is launched into the sample. The sample without waveguides have temperature bandwidth of 60 ˚C, and green laser conversion efficiencies of 9.9%. The zinc-and-nickel co-diffusion waveguides have a larger temperature bandwidth of 80 ˚C, and a higher green laser conversion efficiencies of 15.4%. Similarly, the gallium diffusion waveguides have a larger temperature bandwidth of 85 ˚C, and a higher green laser conversion efficiencies of 13.9%. Experimental results show the temperature bandwidth and conversion efficiencies are both increased owing to the proposed waveguide structures provided better optical confinement.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程研究所
98
We demonstrate a novel type of planar InAlAs based separated absorption, transport, charge, and multiplication (SATCM), avalanche photodiode (APD) structure. By inserting an additional InP transport layer in the traditional InAlAs based SACM-APD structure, a strong 3-dB bandwidth enhancement (BE) phenomenon under 0.9 breakdown voltage (0.9Vbr) operation has been observed, which greatly releases the trade-off between RC-limited bandwidth and secondary-hole transport time. Through the use of such phenomenon, we can thus increase the active diameter of our SATCM-APD from 30?m, which is the typical size of 10Gbit/sec APD, to around 50 or 40?m and sustain its capability for 10Gbit/sec high-speed operation with a great improvement in alignment tolerance. Furthermore, due to a thick depletion layer (~2.5?m) in our SATCM-APD structure, by properly optimizing the charge layer doping density, we can achieve a multiplication gain around 2 at punch-through voltage (~18V) with a 20V operation voltage window till breakdown occurs. Under 0.9Vbr (~39V) operation with BE phenomenon, a reasonable dark current (~50nA) and sensitivity (-23dBm) at 10Gbit/sec operation by use of our SATCM-APD with a 40 or 50?m active diameter has been successfully achieved.

Fiber based ultrashort pulse laser sources are desirable for many applications; however generating high peak powers in fiber lasers is primarily limited by the onset of nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering, and self-focusing. Increasing the fiber core diameter mitigates the onset of these nonlinear effects, but also allows unwanted higher-order transverse spatial modes to propagate. Both large core diameters and single-mode propagation can be simultaneously attained using photonic crystal fibers. Thulium-doped fiber lasers are attractive for high peak power ultrashort pulse systems. They offer a broad gain bandwidth, capable of amplifying sub-100 femtosecond pulses. The longer center wavelength at 2 ?m theoretically enables higher peak powers relative to 1 [micro]m systems since nonlinear effects inversely scale with wavelength. Also, the 2 [micro]m emission is desirable to support applications reaching further into the mid-IR. This work evaluates the performance of a novel all-fiber pump combiner that incorporates a thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber. This fully integrated amplifier is characterized and possesses a large gain bandwidth, essentially single-mode propagation, and high degree of polarization. This innovative all-fiber, thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier has great potential for enabling high peak powers in 2 [micro]m fiber systems; however the current optical-to-optical efficiency is low relative to similar free-space amplifiers. Further development and device optimization will lead to higher efficiencies and improved performance.
M.S.
Masters
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
A dependência da sociedade moderna dos serviços de telecomunicações tem vindo a crescer nos últimos anos, assim como a responsabilidade de providenciar serviços com elevada qualidade. A garantia de fornecimento de um serviço de comunicações sem perda de conetividade é extremamente importante, pois qualquer interrupção nas comunicações é fortemente sentida pelos utilizadores. A proteção global de um caminho é uma forma simples de aumentar a resiliência de uma ligação ponto-a-ponto. A sua implementação requer o cálculo de pelo menos um par de caminhos disjuntos. O cálculo de pares de caminhos disjuntos, com ou sem restrições, tem sido objeto de estudo por numerosos autores. Existem algoritmos exactos para a resolução de alguns destes problemas, contudo outros são de mais difícil resolução. A determinação de um par de caminhos disjuntos de custo aditivo mínimo pode ser resolvido de forma eficiente utilizando o algoritmo de Suurballe. Contudo, o problema da determinação de um par de caminhos de largura de banda total máxima é NP-Completo. Com isto em mente, este trabalho foca-se em três problemas de encaminhamento disjunto. O primeiro é um problema de otimização lexicográfica para obter caminhos disjuntos de largura de banda máxima e, depois, maximizar a largura de banda do caminho mais largo do par. O segundo é o cálculo de um par de caminhos tal que a soma das larguras de banda é máxima para um dado par de nós. Finalmente, o terceiro é um problema que tem como objetivo encontrar um par de caminhos disjuntos que satisfaçam duas restrições de largura de banda diferentes. Estes problemas de encaminhamento disjunto são formalizados como problemas de programação linear inteira (PLI) e é proposta uma heurística para cada um deles. O desempenho das heurísticas é analisado tendo em conta o tempo de CPU das heurísticas e o requerido pelo CPLEX; é também analisada a qualidade das soluções obtidas, utilizando como referência a solução ótima devolvida pelo CPLEX ao resolver a formulação PLI do problema correspondente.
Modern society’s dependency on telecommunications services has been increasing throughout the years and so has the responsibility to provide high quality services. The guarantee that a communications service is provided without loss of connectivity is extremely important, because any interruption in communications is strongly felt by the users. Global path protection is a simple way to increase resilience in an end-to-end connection. Its implementation requires the calculation of at least a pair of disjoint paths. The calculation of disjoint path pairs, with or without restrictions, has been the subject of study by many authors. There are exact algorithms that solve these problems, however others are harder to solve. The determination of a pair of disjoint paths of additive minimum cost can be solved efficiently using Suurballe’s algorithm. However, the problem of determining a pair of paths with maximum total bandwidth is NP-Complete. With this in mind, this work addresses three disjoint routing problems. The first is a lexicographic optimization problem for obtaining maximum bandwidth disjoint paths and, then, maximizing the widest path in the pair. The second is the calculation of a path pair such that the sum of the bandwidths is maximum for the given pair of nodes. Finally, the third is a problem that aims to find a pair of disjoint paths that satisfy two different bandwidth constraints. These disjoint routing problems are formalized as integer linear programming (ILP) and an heuristic is presented for each one. The performance of these heuristics is analyzed taking into account the heuristic’s and CPLEX’s CPU time; it is also analyzed the quality of the obtained solutions using as reference the optimal solutions obtained by CPLEX when it solves the ILP formulation of the corresponding problem.