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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lao People's Democratic Republic'
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McAllister, Ryan Robert Jeff. "Dynamic analysis of deforestation in the Lao People's Democratic Republic /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18383.pdf.
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Chanthavong, Somvixay. "Corporate Finance and Capital Market Development in Lao People's Democratic Republic." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253519.
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Prakoonheang, Kevin, University of western Sydney, and of Arts Education and Social Sciences College. "Political ideologies and development in the Lao people's democratic republic since 1975." THESIS_CAESS_HUM_Prakoonheang_K.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/823.
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This work is a study in some detail of the political history and development of Laos since 1975. The contents include: Origin of the Lao Modern Political Ideology; Backgrounds of the Lao Communist Party; Development of Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP); The LPRP as a ruling party; New economic policy 'Chintanakarn Mai'; Future directions of the LPRP. Several maps, tables, charts and photographs are included in the researchMaster of Arts (Hons)
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Prakoonheang, Kevin. "Political ideologies and development in the Lao People's Democratic Republic since 1975 /." View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030506.124709/index.html.
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Thesis (M.A.) (Honours) -- University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, 2001.A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours), September, 2001. Bibliography : leaves 296-309.
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Faming, Manynooch. "National integration: education for ethnic minorities of the Lao People's Democratic Republic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015806.
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Conlan, James V. "Improved diagnostics and management of classical swine fever in the Lao People's Democratic Republic /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002930.
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Okello, Walter Otieno. "Economic analysis of zoonotic disease control in Uganda and the Lao People's Democratic Republic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23548.
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Background: Despite the acknowledged importance of economic assessments for public health interventions at the human-animal-ecosystem interface, there are currently limited economic methodologies for doing so. In this thesis studies were undertaken to ascertain the economic impact of interventions to control trypanosomiasis and taeniasis/cysticercosis in south-east Uganda and northern Lao PDR respectively. Also, in Uganda studies were done to find out if demand of draft cattle would be an important economic driver for spreading trypanosomiasis due to inter-district trade. Method: In Uganda, a one year recall cross-sectional baseline survey and an 18 month longitudinal survey of 660 households was conducted; to determine the benefits and changes due to restricted application of deltamethrin insecticide to only the legs, belly and ears of cattle. During the 18 month study, the households participating in the study were divided into six regimes depending on the type of intervention done in their cattle and these were; diminazine injection only, deworming only, no treatment and those had 25%, 50% and 75% of the total village cattle sprayed. Thus, the first three regimes were those households that had their cattle not sprayed with insecticide at all as opposed to the last three. Additionally, cattle trade data was collected for network and value chain analysis in all markets in Tororo and Namutamba districts from 199 cattle traders. In northern Lao PDR, stochastic modelling was done to determine the burden of neurocysticercosis associated epilepsy and soil transmitted helminthes. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 49 households, focusing on the prevalence of cysticercosis and soil transmitted helminths before and after a twelve month intervention to control a hyperendemic focus of Taenia solium. The village data was then extrapolated to the wider northern Lao PDR population. Results: The Uganda study indicated that the restricted application of deltamethrin in cattle induced change of USD 31 per head of adult bovine per year; this was the change in income that directly occurred due to restricted spraying of cattle with deltamethrin. During the intervention period, the annual difference in income between those households that had their cattle sprayed using restricted application protocol and those that did not was USD 123; and this was significant (t= 7.18, p= < 0.001). Analysis of variance using households that had their cattle receive no treatment as control showed that restricted application of deltamethrin significantly increased household income compared to diminazine aceturate injection and deworming of cattle only. The incremental benefit cost ratio of spraying 0% to 25% of the cattle was found to be the highest (16:1) compared to spraying 25% to 50% (3:1) and 50% to 75% (1:1) of the cattle. Cattle trade network and value chain analysis revealed that the key cattle markets from which trypanosomiasis is likely to spread into Tororo District are Molo, Namutumba and Soroti. Also, it was found that the risk of spread of human African trypanosomiasis from south-east to north-west Uganda is high due to the increased demand for male cattle for draft work. In northern Lao PDR, 5,094 (95% CI: 25.6-28,940) DALYs were estimated to be imposed annually due to Taenia solium associated epilepsy, with 446.4 (95% CI: 2.2- 2,536) DALY imposed per 100,000 person-years. Due to the high benefits to pig production, the net monetary cost per DALY averted for simultaneously controlling T. solium, soil transmitted helminthes and classical swine fever was only USD 14, which fell to USD 11 if the separable cost method were applied. If the intervention did not target pigs, then the cost per DALY averted was USD 44; well below the current standard for ’very cost effective ‘of the 1 year’s per capita GDP. Conclusion: This study provided empirical evidence for evaluating the impact of quantifying the benefits of controlling zoonotic diseases in the livestock sector (Uganda case study) and in both livestock and human health populations (Lao PDR case study); this economic assessment approach can be used for planning future integrated health interventions. The results of this study support the policy of preventing the spread of infection by spraying at least 25% of the cattle using RAP, as well as injecting all cattle in key livestock markets in south east Uganda with diminazine aceturate to prevent HAT. In northern Lao PDR, simultaneous control of T. solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever is the most cost-effective approach. There are still difficulties in incorporating human and animal parameters into a single analytical framework; consequently there is a need to adapt the approaches undertaken in this study to the analysis of other zoonotic diseases in different settings to improve on their robustness.
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Soulany, Chansy Sucheela Tanchainan. "Single mothers and their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and STIs in the Lao people's democratic republic /." Abstract Full Text (Mahidol member only), 2008. http://10.24.101.3/e-thesis/2551/cd422/4938056.pdf.
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Sihavong, Amphoy. "Management of reproductive tract infections among health providers and in the community in Lao People's Democratic Republic /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-383-2/.
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Wenham, Calre. "Examining sovereignty in global disease governance : surveillance practices in United Kingdom, Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/4b8be0a2-d16a-4d9b-95de-1dbb76ea5654.
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In the post-SARS era, we have witnessed the development of a multi-actor framework for disease control, global disease governance. This framework includes states, international organisations, non-governmental organisations and many others besides. Their actions have been codified in international law (International Health Regulations 2005) and through increasing normative understandings of global disease control. However, decisions about how to manage an outbreak remain a sovereign prerogative. This thesis considers the tensions that might occur between the normative and legislative goals of global disease governance and state conceptions of sovereignty. Sovereignty has, to date, been considered an analytical given in global health, and it is often used as an explanation for a state’s lack of compliance with global disease governance, without further consideration. However, as this thesis will show, sovereignty is not exogenous to the system of global disease governance, but it finds new meaning in this health context, which is produced through interaction between states and non-state actors at the international and global levels. This thesis considers the tensions between sovereignty and global disease governance in three case study states, the United Kingdom, Thailand and Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Through empirical analysis, it will show when states embody the ideals of global disease governance, and when they prioritise their sovereign demands. Through this, a more considered understanding of sovereignty will be shown, depending on context, allowing states to reinterpret what sovereignty means to them in global disease control.
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Conlan, James. "Epidemiology of zoonotic and neglected tropical diseases in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic." Thesis, Conlan, James (2013) Epidemiology of zoonotic and neglected tropical diseases in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22225/.
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Laos is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Southeast Asia and living conditions, livestock production and cultural practices place large proportions of the population at risk of exposure to a range of parasitic and viral zoonoses. Surveys of humans, pigs and dogs were conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with the transmission of Taenia solium and related Taenia species, Trichinella spp., soil-transmitted helminths (STH), and viral zoonoses including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), swine influenza virus (SIV) and Nipah virus (NiV). Surveys were conducted in villages and slaughterhouses in four ethnically diverse provinces of northern Laos.
The human, pig and dog populations studied had a very high prevalence of parasite infection and zoonotic transmission between humans and animals was apparent for multiple species including taeniaisis/cysticercosis, trichinellosis and hookworms. Cysticercosis in the human population was relatively rare with a prevalence of less than 2%, although a focal distribution and concentration of cases in a small number of villages was evident. Taenia saginata was the dominant Taenia species infecting people and T. hydatigena was the dominant species infecting pigs. Trichinella spiralis was the only species detected in pigs and we found serological evidence that human exposure to Trichinella larvae was common. STH infections were very common and the poorest members of the survey population and people of the Mon-Khmer ethnic group were at greatest risk of having an STH infection.
JEV was identified as being hyper-epizootic in northern Laos and remains an unmanaged threat to human health. The hemagglutination inhibition seroprevalence of JEV in the pig population was 74.7% and IgM seroprevalence of 2.3 % peaked in the monsoonal wet season months. Seroprevalence of HEV was 21.1% and the molecular characterisation of HEV isolates from village pigs demonstrated genetic homogeneity with human HEV isolates from China.
This thesis presents new data on a wide range of neglected tropical diseases, ranging from parasitic infections associated with poverty and poor sanitation through to non-discriminating zoonotic viruses. The zoonotic and neglected tropical diseases circulating in Laos are, undoubtedly, a major burden on public health and wellbeing and initiatives to prevent transmission are urgently required.
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Durham, M. Joanne. "Examining who benefits, in what ways, and in what contexts from Mine Action in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Kurdish Iraq." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1553.
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Following violent conflict, the continued presence of landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) and other explosive remnants of war (ERW) pose a barrier to rebuilding livelihoods. Mine action (MA) or humanitarian demining by the international community removes explosive remnants of conflict to enable affected households and communities to safely return contaminated land to productive use.Informed by a realist approach to evaluation and using the livelihoods framework, this study undertaken in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) and the Kurdish Region of Iraq explored the outcomes of MA at the household level and the contextual factors which mediated the extent to which demined land was used and livelihood impacts sustained. The underlying assumption was that the transfer of decontaminated land to households would act as an incentive for households to use the land in ways which would have multiplier effects on other livelihood asset holdings but that access to these assets would be mediated by context.A mixed-methods design constituting a survey and qualitative interviews was selected for this study. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 was undertaken in the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) program in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Phase 2 was undertaken in MAG’s program in the Kurdish Region of Iraq. The National Regulatory Authority in Lao PDR provided the setting for Phase 3 of the study conducted first in Nong District and then in Paksong and Pek Districts. The qualitative component of the study explored the livelihood outcomes of mine action and contextual variables which mediated outcomes.A livelihood asset scale was developed and validated during this study. In the third phase the greatest reported change in access to assets was reported to be in human and physical assets. This was also reflected in the type of post clearance land use which was often for improved schools and community facilities. The qualitative data in each phase, but particularly in the first and second phases, suggested that demining also enabled program recipients to connect with important cultural symbols and rituals, contributing to building self-esteem and collective resilience. The qualitative data revealed that major factors influencing outcomes were: 1) household context and access to assets, 2) the environment, 3) organisational capacity and 4) institutional arrangements.In conclusion, the research makes a significant contribution in understanding how (MA) contributes to post-conflict recovery. It also made a significant contribution to the development of a livelihood asset scale which can be used to measure self-reported changes in household livelihood assets following a mine action intervention. The research has policy implications for MA in the sites of inquiry and of global relevance and suggests further avenues for research.
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Phommavong, Viengkeo Manee Chaiteeranuwatsiri. "A survey of capacity building situation in decentralized education management of provincial education services in the central part of Lao people's democratic republic /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd390/4738066.pdf.
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Savannarideth, Vimaly [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Hayo. "The transmission of monetary policy in the Lao People´s Democratic Republic / Vimaly Savannarideth. Betreuer: Bernd Hayo." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080974806/34.
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Norrgren, Lisa, and Hanna Swahnberg. "Investigating Prosocial Behavior: A Case Study of Littering in Laos." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131331.
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Using vignette experiments, this thesis examines individuals’ decision-making in various social dilemmas. A case study of littering behavior amongst university students in Lao People's Democratic Republic is used to investigate whether individual preferences are stable across littering dilemmas and other social dilemmas. This study further investigates if a visual prompt can encourage prosocial behavior in littering situations. The results show that behavior in social dilemmas is dependent on individual preferences. Additionally, the study finds little evidence that visual prompts could be used in order to efficiently decrease littering in Laos. However, a negative relationship is found between littering behavior and knowledge regarding the consequences of littering. These findings indicate that policy makers could use knowledge increasing campaigns in order to increase prosocial decision making regarding littering. Yet, further studies are needed in order to validate the results. Lastly, we also find differences in what influence littering behavior, depending on the item being littered.
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Granath, Klara, and Karin Kling. "Investigating the Relation Between Microcredit and Female Entrepreneurship in Lao PDR." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148594.
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Even though the idea of microcredit is to stimulate entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, there is an ongoing debate whether this is achieved. Many argue that only providing credit is not enough and see a need for additional components in promoting entrepreneurial activities for the stimulation of economic growth. Moreover, the importance of including women in economic development is widely acknowledged. In Lao People's Democratic Republic where many women run their own businesses and a majority of microcredit borrowers are women, we aimed to examine the relation between microcredit and female entrepreneurship. This was accomplished by conducting semi-structured interviews with 13 Laotian female microcredit borrowers running businesses, as well as interviews with seven representatives from organizations related to microcredit and female entrepreneurship. To understand the female entrepreneurs and the environment in which they operate, we developed a model where factors related to the loan agreement, networking, motivation, gender division of labor and training were identified as important components in the context of Lao PDR. The results support the view that a credit only approach is not enough for the development of female entrepreneurship in Lao PDR.
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de, Joussineau Henrik. "Obstacles when facing ISO 14001 EMS implementation for organizations in developing countries : A case study about Stora Enso’s agro-forestry project in Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90460.
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Today many global dilemmas are stemming from organizations’ business activities. In addition, many corporations’ have realized the importance to aspire a green-public image in combination with cutting possible liability costs. Therefore, many companies are interested to participate in the attempts of reducing the impacts related to their business activities. However, at the same time organizations are facing many constraints in the transformation towards environmentally aware and responsible organizations. Therefore, companies often strive to implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) in order to achieve organizational guidance when establishing, developing and reviewing their business practices towards both corporate and environmental goals. The theories discussed in this master thesis discloses that the implementation process of an EMS often requires a cultural revolution in organizations, which can be a challenge especially for companies present in developing countries, where environmental issues often are marginalized due to low levels of environmental awareness and weak institutions. The purpose of this master thesis identifies potential obstacles in facing ISO 14001 EMS for Stora Enso’s agro-forestry project in Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the efforts that would stimulate the adoption facing ISO 14001 EMS. This was analyzed through a combination of a qualitative text analysis of scientific papers and a case study with eight semi-structured interviews with managers from Stora Enso Lao Co., Ltd. This study points out limited availability of support and resources, unclear policies, constrained participation and communication, inadequate knowledge about environmental management and ISO 14001 EMS as the potential obstacles for Stora Enso Lao Co., Ltd to tackle. Therefore, in order to stimulate the adoption of ISO 14001 EMS the potential efforts suggested in this master thesis are more money in order to promote environmental training and organizational changes in terms of increased participation of employees and communication between internal and external stakeholders.
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Chen, Weirun. "The People's Republic of China's foreign policy towards the Democratic People's Republic of Korea : From issue areas of the nuclear weapon, the possible reunification of two Koreas and the changed lesadership in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19653.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In order to analyze the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the author will take advantage of the constructivist approach and from that view the author will give the three specific issue areas to look at the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the nuclear weapon program, the possible reunification of two Koreas, the changed leadership in North Korea, respectively. Through these three specific issue areas, we can go tohave a general understanding about what is the People’s Republic of China’s governments’foreign policy towards the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The conclusion will be made on the basis of the three specific events and through that we can realize and conclude the standpoints of the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
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KATO, Takenori, Kazuhiro SUZUKI, Taisei MORISHITA, and Chinatsu YONEZAWA. "CHIME ages of zircons in granitic gneiss and granite from Samilpo, southeastern Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/2835.
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Song, Jiyoung. "The discourse of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea : historical, political, and cultural perspectives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611817.
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Chen, Zhong. "Defying Moscow, engaging Beijing : the German Democratic Republic's relations with the People's Republic of China, 1980-1989." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1036/.
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As Deng Xiaoping assumed China’s paramount leadership position in 1978, he first and foremost sought to bring China out of a period of economic decline and international isolation defined by the Cultural Revolution. Having already established first contacts with the US and Western European states in the early 1970s, Beijing under Deng swung open its doors further to the rest of the world in order to source foreign investment as well as technology transfers. While most existing literature has been focused on how Deng’s rise was received in the US, Western Europe and Asia, almost no literature exists on how this change was perceived in Eastern Europe. This study aims to address this lacuna by examining how the Soviet Union’s once ‘most-loyal’ client state and its bastion on the front lines of the Cold War, the GDR, increasingly defied a Moscow-imposed anti-China policy to engage China for economic and political gain during the 1980s. Chapter one will begin with a general overview of GDR-China relations before the period of analysis. It will highlight that East Germany first enjoyed amicable relations with China, only to be reined in during the Sino-Soviet Split by Moscow to conform to a general antiChina line. It will argue that as Deng rose to power in Beijing and repeated frictions beset Soviet-GDR relations, East Berlin gradually sought an independent foreign policy towards China in order to take advantage of China’s opening to the world. Chapter Two examines bilateral relations in the early 1980s. It argues that the GDR was at first motivated by potential trade ties with Beijing in order to bolster its sagging economy. Chapter Three reveals that relations continued to develop towards the middle of the decade, despite Moscow’s protestations. Honecker was duly rewarded with a state visit to Beijing in 1986 for his efforts, the first by a Soviet-bloc leader after the onset of the Sino-Soviet Split. Chapters Four and Five show that amidst Gorbachev’s Perestroika and Glasnost the GDR and the PRC increasingly found ideological commonalities in preserving the political statusquo in East Berlin and Beijing. This dogmatic resistance towards political reforms would eventually lead to very different consequences in both countries.
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Emblen, Valerie. "Money alone cannot solve everything : a study of donor aid to education reform in the Loa People's Democratic Republic." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3728/.
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The starting point for the study is concern for the quality of education available to the rural child in Lao PDR. Donor agencies are supporting the Government of Lao in education reform and the study explores how education policy becomes practice in one small, poor, socialist, country. Using a variety of research methodologies based in critical ethnography and including interviews and observations, the study explores some significant discourses that make up the discourse of donor supported education reform. A contention of the study is meanings and ultimately changed practice are generated in action and reaction between constituent discourses, at a number of levels and in a range of contexts. Attention is given to the use and impact of the concept, ‘capacity development’, in development aid and the study questions the inexplicit manner of its use and its negative connotation. Data inspection for this study is based in Fairclough’s procedures for critical discourse analysis, with adaptation to the particular social, political, cultural and language contexts of Lao PDR. The procedure was found a useful tool for following policy into practice at classroom level. The study is also able to question how far either research or policy is emancipatory.
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Seymour, Claudia Lucia. "Young people's experiences of, and means of coping with, violence in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2013. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16806/.
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This thesis is an interdisciplinary exploration of young people’s experiences of and means of coping with violence in the provinces of North and South Kivu, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It engages with psychological resilience theory, the anthropology of violence, and structural analyses drawn from sociology to explore how young people cope with their experiences of violence. It establishes an analytical framework based on a ‘structures of violence’ perspective, through which young people’s processes of coping are examined at the individual level, as well as through social relations, political processes and the international political economy in which young people are embedded. By examining young people’s individual coping mechanisms, the thesis demonstrates how coping tactics may be effective in the short term, but may lead to longer term risks. Considering how social support networks have been transformed by violence, the thesis demonstrates how patronage relationships remain an essential aspect of young people’s coping processes, even as they reinforce their positions of weakness and dependence. Through an analysis of processes of meaning attribution, the thesis also considers how identity-based, victim-perpetrator discourses and blame can serve a psychologically protective role in helping young people make sense of violence, even as these meanings contribute to the conservation of violence. Finally, the thesis critiques international child protection responses, showing how morally-driven international interventions which valorise vulnerability and victimhood contribute to strengthening the structures of violence in the Kivus. The qualitative methodological approach used for this research has relied primarily on the documentation of young people’s narratives and participant observation; data was collected from more than 300 young people during fieldwork which was conducted in 2010 and 2011. The research has additionally been influenced by the author’s experience of living and working in the Kivus between 2006 and 2011.
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Janis, Dylan Louis. "Onward Towards the Final Victory! A Contemporary Exploration of Changes and Uncertainty within the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the Helm of the 21st Century." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/320163.
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Kasongo, Tshimpaka. "The implementation of the socio-economic rights provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights at the national level : a case study of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4767.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis mini-thesis examines the issue of the implementation of the socio-economic rights provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples‘ Rights (ACHPR) at the national level, in a case study of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These rights which comprise the right to property, the right to work, the right to health, the right to education and the protection of the family and cultural rights in Articles 14 to 18 of the ACHPR are provided for and guaranteed in the DRC Constitution of 18 February 2006 in Articles 34 to 48 and, accordingly, are legally enforceable under the Constitution. This study was motivated by the fact that despite the enforceability of these rights under the DRC Constitution, the real situation in the DRC remains worrying in that the economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) of the ACHPR are violated from day to day by the government. The majority of Congolese live in poverty, disease and ignorance; they lack jobs, food and other basic necessities, such as, water and electricity, in spite of DRC‘s abundant natural resources (such as, oil and gas); minerals (such as cobalt, vanadium, manganese, phosphate, and bauxite); iron ore; and precious tropical rain forests. This situation is due to certain reasons, including: bad governance; mismanagement of public finances by political authorities at the expense of the majority; lack or weakness of the institutions or organs of implementation; and the ignorance of the Congolese people about their socio-economic rights even if they are massively violated by their government. Consequently, the marginalisation of socio-economic rights which results in their non-protection and non-realisation in DRC leads to a low expectation of the State and Government by the people, corruption, exclusion, racism, xenophobia, inequality, diseases, poverty, a feeling of betrayal of the people, a crisis of state and governmental legitimacy, popular insurrections and civil war in the country. To prevent the above consequences requires the DRC State to comply with Article 1 of the ACHPR which declares that the Member States of the Organization of African Unity that are parties to the ACHPR shall recognise the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in it and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them. In addition, as the ACHPR complements human rights protection at the domestic level where the rights protected in the Charter should be realised, it is important for DRC to ensure that the ESCR of the ACHPR protected in its Constitution are given full legal effect under domestic law, such that the Charter‘s rights are made justiciable.
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Fattah, Khaled. "Contextual determinants of political modernization in tribal Middle Eastern societies : the case of unified Yemen." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1984.
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By all conventional measurements of modernization and development, from communication and education to bureaucracy and urbanization, Arab societies have been undergoing an impressive transformation. There is, however, a wide gap in the Arab Middle East between such a transformation and the political consequences of modernization. In other words, the Arab Middle East exhibits a sharp contrast between its societal and political progress. In the case of Yemen, such a gap looks different from the one that exists in the rest of the region. In addition to being a country with the weakest and most limited bureaucracy in the Arab world, Yemen has, also, the lowest level of urbanization and education in the region. According to United Nations Human Development Report for the year 2004, 73.7 % of Yemen’s population are living in rural areas, and the country has a combined gross enrolment rate for primary, secondary and tertiary schools of 43%. In 2008, Yemen was rated near the bottom of the Human Development Index (HDI) by the UNDP; as number 153rd out of the 177 countries with HDI data, and it ranked as number 82 out of 108 countries in the Human Poverty Index. The United Nations Human Development Report 2006, for instance, indicates that the percentage of Yemeni population who live below National Poverty Line is 41.8%. Yet, Yemen is more democratic than most countries in the Arab Middle East. In light of this paradox, the following central question guides this research: which contextual factors are central in explaining the unique process of political modernization in tribal Yemen?
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Wilder, Jason. "Modeling malaria transmission risk using satellite-based remote sensing imagery a five-year data analysis in Democratic People's Republic of Korea : a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of master of science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2007. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/WilderJason/index.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2007.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 25, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Erdemir, Omer. "A Comparative Approach To National Protection Law (1940-1956)." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605670/index.pdf.
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A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO NATIONAL PROTECTION LAW (1940-1956)
Erdemir, Ömer M.A, Department of History Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Seç
il Karal Akgü
n December 2004, 130 pages This thesis introduces a comparative history of National Protection Law of 1940 and 1956. It analyzes the two applications of the law, first, by the Republican People&rsquo
s Party governments during World War II, and second, by the Democratic Party Government during the years between 1956 and 1960 in view of the general economic policies followed during both periods. It argues, in reference to the ideological struggle over Turkish economic development during the twentieth century, that the enactments and applications of the first and second National Protection Law address the authoritarian characteristics of both the Republican People&rsquo
s Party and the Democratic Party. It further argues, the enactment and application of National Protection Law by the Democratic Party government contradicted with the party&rsquo
s economic principles whereas the Republican governments had already been on the interventionist path that they inherited from the previous decade of etatism. In addition, the thesis reveals that the first National Protection Law was more widely applied than the second. In both cases, the application of National Protection Law failed to solve economic problems and aroused a public discontent which brought about political losses for its executors.
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Douangboupha, Vannida. "Applied Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/264130.
Full textAbstract:
The National Centre for Laboratory and Epidemiology (NCLE) is responsible for surveillance, outbreak investigation and responses, providing national public health laboratory services, as well as capacity building through a one-year Lao Field Epidemiology Training (FET) program. From March 2019 to 2020, I undertook my MAE field placement within the Epidemiology section at the NCLE.
This dissertation illustrates the four field projects, skills, and knowledge I have gained during the 24-month placement. My field projects consist of establishing a Congenital Rubella Syndrome Sentinel Surveillance System; investigating contributing factors to low measles immunization coverage in an outbreak of a hard-to-reach rural village in Xaisomboun province; investigation of first few cases and contacts for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, analysing laboratory findings of the first 1000s cases of reported suspected COVID-19 cases and designing a dengue primary intervention study.
I gained additional skills and knowledge during the program through the full literature reviews, teaching, writing for a lay audience, preparing an advanced draft of a paper for publication, preparing an abstract and oral presentation of projects, all of which will be demonstrated in subsequent and relevant chapters. I also successfully completed five MAE coursework units.
Lastly, I also attained additional experience and professional development activities during participation in the 2019 Lower Mekong Initiative (LMI) Young Scientist Program, Training of Trainers (TOT) for FET graduates and coordinators, weekly Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) meeting, and weekly Surveillance Data Review/Analysis in Lao PDR.
These projects, skills, knowledge, and experiences comply with the core requirements for the Australian National University Master of Philosophy (Applied Epidemiology) program.
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Polonyi, Anna. "A critical analysis of discourses of development in the Lao People's Democratic Republic." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/20002.
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Mendonca, Kimberly C. "Appropriating the unspoken text, development discourse and Hmong women in Lao People's Democratic Republic." 2009. http://ignacio.usfca.edu/search~S0?/amendonca+kimberly/amendonca+kimberly/1,1,1,E/l962&FF=amendonca+kimberly&1,1,,0,0/indexsort=-startreferer//search~S0/amendonca+kimberly/amendonca+kimberly/1,1,1,E/frameset&FF=amendonca+kimberly&1,1,/endreferer/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Doctor of Education--University of San Francisco, 2009).Title from PDF title screen (University of San Francisco Libraries web site, viewed Sept. 16, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-127).
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Basengkham, Inleusa. "Girls out of school. State, culture and education in poor rural Lao People's Democratic Republic." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40206.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em SociologiaEste estudo pretende analisar o problema do abandono e exclusão escolar nas localidades rurais da República Democrática Popular do Laos e compreender as razões pelas quais algumas crianças em idade escolar, em particular as raparigas, abandonam a escola antes da conclusão do primeiro ciclo. Recorremos a métodos de investigação qualitativa, em particular a observação participante e entrevistas com as autoridades locais, diretores de escola e professores, membros da comunidade local e pais de quatro famílias. Considerando quatro dimensões centrais – situação financeira das famílias, crenças e valores culturais tradicionais, papéis de género e condições do sistema de educação, os resultados do estudo revelaram que as culturais e as desigualdades de género na comunidade constituem as principais causas para o abandono escolar. Com esta tese pretende-se também apresentar ao Governo do Laos propostas de intervenção política para o desenvolvimento futuro e planos estratégicos para melhorar a qualidade da educação nas zonas rurais do país com o objetivo de procurar soluções para este problema crucial.
This study puts forward an effort to understand the problem of school dropout in rural area of Laos. It aims at understanding the reason why some school-age children, especially girls, dropout of school before finishing primary level. Qualitative research techniques were applied; participant observation and interview with village authorities, school principal and teachers, community people as well as the parents of four families were conducted. Under four main assumptions such as family financial situation, cultural and traditional beliefs, gender roles, and the current situation of education, the results of the study revealed that cultural beliefs and gender inequality within the community seem to be the major causes for school dropout. Some policy intervention for the future development and strategic plans to improve the quality of education in rural areas of Laos are also addressed to the government of Laos in order to obviate this crucial problem.
Erasmus Mundus, One More Step Project
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Achren, Lynda. "Whose development? a cultural analysis of an AusAID English language project in the Lao People's Democratic Republic /." 2007. http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/public/adt-VVUT20070917.125308/index.html.
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Achren, Lynda. "Whose development? A cultural analysis of an AusAID English language project in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic." Thesis, 2007. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1442/.
Full textAbstract:
Since the disintegration in the eighteenth century of their once-mighty ‘Kingdom’ of Lan Xang, the ethnic Lao have maintained a struggle for political and cultural independence against waves of foreign dominance. Over the centuries, the Lao have faced the cultural hegemony of their linguistic cousins the Siamese, the territorial ambitions of the Vietnamese, the ethnocentrism of French colonialists, and the cataclysmic anti-communist imperialism of the United States of America. In this more peaceful era, Lao articulation of their worldview remains constrained by powerful external forces. Engaging in debates within critical development studies and applied linguistics, and drawing on understandings from sociology, this inter-disciplinary study examines how the cultural hegemony of the past is perpetuated in the dominant development discourse and, in turn, enacted at project level. With a particular development assistance project serving as a lens for viewing broader development issues, the study ultimately presents a glimpse of an alternative development possibility. The study thus adds to the voices of those who argue against the exclusive Eurocentric view of modernity, and for the possibility of what Tu Wei-ming (1999) refers to as ‘multiple modernities’. Beginning with an examination of the Buddhist-legitimated socio-political organisation of the pre-colonial Lao, based primarily on the work of Martin Stuart- Fox (1998), the study argues that the pre-colonial worldview has continued to inform the values and actions of the ethnic Lao throughout their history of foreign domination, and despite the more recent political embracing of Marxism-Leninism. Drawing on the work of critical development theorists such as Escobar (1984; 1995a; 1995b), Tucker (1997a; 1999) and Munck and O’Hearn (1999), and illustrated with Lao examples, the study then examines the disjunctions between these values and those of the dominant development discourse with its roots in the Eurocentric notion of modernity, and its current neo-liberal economic agenda. The theme of disjunction features throughout this study, which centres on an AusAID-funded project in the Lao PDR aimed at implementing a competency-based English language curriculum for Lao government officials. As well as the disjunction between Lao values and those of the dominant development discourse, the thesis includes a practitioner’s first-hand insight into the disjunctions between Lao values and the curriculum model, and between the project design and Lao social reality. However, a major aim of this ethnographic study is to give voice to Lao stakeholders at policy, management and classroom levels. Their voices are woven into a series of narratives through which we are afforded insights into the disjunctions between Lao and donor priorities. As a result of these disjunctions, as the three-year AusAID project drew to a close the Lao demonstrated a commitment to the program but revealed a range of political, cultural and pedagogical factors which threatened its stability and ultimate sustainability. These Lao stories, together with those articulating the unfolding of events over the ensuing eighteen months, exemplify the conflict inherent in development assistance. On the one hand the accounts reveal how the unequal balance of power works to stifle the articulation of worldviews other than that of the dominant West, and how development workers inadvertently perpetuate the discourse’s ‘regime of truth’ (Foucault, 1980) that holds the Lao worldview irrelevant in a ‘modern’ world. On the other hand, we hear through the Lao voices how the agency of local stakeholders subverts the imposition of values, so that the English language program better reflects Lao priorities. As the thesis demonstrates, the subversion is in the form of a Buddhist-infused ‘middle way solution’ to the culturally problematic values underpinning the competency-based curriculum, which effectively restructures the approach to fit within acceptable, albeit modified, socio-cultural boundaries. The solution provides a tool for the analysis of the appropriateness of the curriculum model, the project design and, ultimately, the dominant development discourse for the Lao context. Standing as a metaphor for diverse possibilities, the Middle Way Solution suggests the need for development donors and practitioners to engage reflexively in our own practice, and offers a distinctly Lao alternative to the dominant discourse.
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Achren, Lynda. "Whose development? A cultural analysis of an AusAID English language project in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic." 2007. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1442/1/Achren.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Since the disintegration in the eighteenth century of their once-mighty ‘Kingdom’ of Lan Xang, the ethnic Lao have maintained a struggle for political and cultural independence against waves of foreign dominance. Over the centuries, the Lao have faced the cultural hegemony of their linguistic cousins the Siamese, the territorial ambitions of the Vietnamese, the ethnocentrism of French colonialists, and the cataclysmic anti-communist imperialism of the United States of America. In this more peaceful era, Lao articulation of their worldview remains constrained by powerful external forces. Engaging in debates within critical development studies and applied linguistics, and drawing on understandings from sociology, this inter-disciplinary study examines how the cultural hegemony of the past is perpetuated in the dominant development discourse and, in turn, enacted at project level. With a particular development assistance project serving as a lens for viewing broader development issues, the study ultimately presents a glimpse of an alternative development possibility. The study thus adds to the voices of those who argue against the exclusive Eurocentric view of modernity, and for the possibility of what Tu Wei-ming (1999) refers to as ‘multiple modernities’. Beginning with an examination of the Buddhist-legitimated socio-political organisation of the pre-colonial Lao, based primarily on the work of Martin Stuart- Fox (1998), the study argues that the pre-colonial worldview has continued to inform the values and actions of the ethnic Lao throughout their history of foreign domination, and despite the more recent political embracing of Marxism-Leninism. Drawing on the work of critical development theorists such as Escobar (1984; 1995a; 1995b), Tucker (1997a; 1999) and Munck and O’Hearn (1999), and illustrated with Lao examples, the study then examines the disjunctions between these values and those of the dominant development discourse with its roots in the Eurocentric notion of modernity, and its current neo-liberal economic agenda. The theme of disjunction features throughout this study, which centres on an AusAID-funded project in the Lao PDR aimed at implementing a competency-based English language curriculum for Lao government officials. As well as the disjunction between Lao values and those of the dominant development discourse, the thesis includes a practitioner’s first-hand insight into the disjunctions between Lao values and the curriculum model, and between the project design and Lao social reality. However, a major aim of this ethnographic study is to give voice to Lao stakeholders at policy, management and classroom levels. Their voices are woven into a series of narratives through which we are afforded insights into the disjunctions between Lao and donor priorities. As a result of these disjunctions, as the three-year AusAID project drew to a close the Lao demonstrated a commitment to the program but revealed a range of political, cultural and pedagogical factors which threatened its stability and ultimate sustainability. These Lao stories, together with those articulating the unfolding of events over the ensuing eighteen months, exemplify the conflict inherent in development assistance. On the one hand the accounts reveal how the unequal balance of power works to stifle the articulation of worldviews other than that of the dominant West, and how development workers inadvertently perpetuate the discourse’s ‘regime of truth’ (Foucault, 1980) that holds the Lao worldview irrelevant in a ‘modern’ world. On the other hand, we hear through the Lao voices how the agency of local stakeholders subverts the imposition of values, so that the English language program better reflects Lao priorities. As the thesis demonstrates, the subversion is in the form of a Buddhist-infused ‘middle way solution’ to the culturally problematic values underpinning the competency-based curriculum, which effectively restructures the approach to fit within acceptable, albeit modified, socio-cultural boundaries. The solution provides a tool for the analysis of the appropriateness of the curriculum model, the project design and, ultimately, the dominant development discourse for the Lao context. Standing as a metaphor for diverse possibilities, the Middle Way Solution suggests the need for development donors and practitioners to engage reflexively in our own practice, and offers a distinctly Lao alternative to the dominant discourse.
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"Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and all forms of discrimination : comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action : written statement /." Geneva : UN, 2005. http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/CN.4/2005/NGO/261&Lang=E.
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Concerns the Hmong people in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Turkmens in Iraq.UN Job no.: G0511801 E. Material type: NGO written statements. Issued under agenda item 6, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1. Issued under agenda item 6a, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1.
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KWANG-JE, CHO, and 趙光濟. "The study of diplomatie nomalization betwin the Democratic people's Republlic of Korea and the people's Republic of China." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40164316543569528474.
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MacKie, Craig. "Orienting Affection: The Political Economy of Affect and The Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977109/1/Mackie_MA_S2013.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation seeks to develop a model of affectivity based on the Hegelian dialectics of identity and uses this model to analyze the historical, economic and political history of North Korea. Drawing on propaganda materials, children’s cartoons and by examining the dynamics of leadership transition over the course of the republic’s history, a synthesis of Butlerian theories of performativity, Marxist political economy and the sociology of emotion allows for a description of nationalist affects levied against the anomic affectivity of commodification. Whereby the dynamics of capitalism, the historical forces of modernization, and the very ontic structure of individual/group identity inculcate an emotional dualism which operates simultaneously at the global, social and individual level.
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Mathesius, Konrad. "The origins of political religion and ideology in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150415.
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Park, Phillip Hookon. "The development strategy of self-reliance (Juche) and rural development in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/44449216.html.
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Kolisnyk, Ben. "The limitations of extant theories of nuclear proliferation to explain the case of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4128.
Full textAbstract:
Theories of nuclear weapons proliferation cannot fully account for the nuances of certain cases because proliferation is a complex process involving numerous variables, the importance of which can potentially shift across time. This seems especially true when applied to the case of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) where motivations have shifted in relevance numerous times in its proliferation history. In order to investigate this, this thesis reviews extant theories of nuclear proliferation and their ability to explain the case of the DPRK by critically examining its historical nuclear progress and nuclear weapons ambitions across time. The result is that indeed, proliferation theories are ill-equipped to completely account for the DPRK’s nuclear choices. The DPRK has ostensibly been motivated by numerous variables at different times, each having varying degrees of influence, inexplicable for mono-causal and often western and ethno-centric accounts of its proliferation motivations.
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Malá, Jaroslava. "Zákon na ochranu republiky." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313311.
Full textAbstract:
The Protection of the Republic Act - Abstract / Key Words This thesis deals with The Protection of the Republic Act No. 50/1923 Coll. of the Acts and Regulations (Act) accepted at the beginning of the twenties of last century in responds to the assassination of the former Minister of Finance JUDr. Alois Rasin. Its purpose was to incorporate into the legal system criminal measurements to protect the newly founded Czechoslovakia and its constitutional officials especially all democratic principles on which this state was based but at the cost of restriction of some constituonally guarentted civil rights and freedoms. The aim of this thesis is to offer a detailed picture of the purpose and importance of the Act in the time of its creation; explain the reasons that led Svehla's cabinet and the coalition parties of the National Assembly to accept it; outline the difficult process of its approval; describe its content; some forms of its application in practice and assess whether the Act fulfilled its purpose. The thesis is divided into seven parts. The first chapter analyzes the causes of Act creation in the light of internal and foreign historical-political events. The initial moment is the creation of the Czechoslovak republic and the accepting of its first act the so-called receptional norm and the end of the...
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Šamánková, Karolína. "Význam a vliv rolnického hnutí Tonghak a jeho interpretace v korejských výukových materiálech." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-384300.
Full textAbstract:
This master's thesis deals with the interpretations of influence and significance of the Tonghak Peasant Movement in Korean educative materials of 20th and 21st century. The first part of this thesis notes the social-political influence on the development of modern education from late 19th century until nowadays education in Republic of Korea and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, focusing on high school history education. The second part of the thesis quantitatively and qualitatively analyses the South and North Korean high school textbooks on the topic of the Tonghak Peasant Movement. In the last part the thesis attempts to define social and political influence on the education through the analyzed textbooks and attempts to define the cause of changes in the view on the topic - from the Tonghak rebellion, through Tonghak revolution, to Tonghak Peasant Movement.
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Huard, Christine. "The DPRK in China's post-cold war foreign policy - a neoclassical realist analysis." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10000.
Full textAbstract:
Avec l’échec des négociations entre les États-Unis et la Corée du Nord, menées depuis le début des années 1990, sur la question du nucléaire, le problème est devenu graduellement l’affaire des pays voisins, tous soucieux de l’avenir de la région du sud-est asiatique. Présentée comme le seul allié de la Corée du Nord, la China a été invitée à participer à des négociations à trois, à quatre (1997-1998), et à six (2003-2007), dans l’espoir de faire entendre raison au régime isolé, mais jusqu’à maintenant, aucune des tentatives n’est parvenue à satisfaire chacun des membres à la table. Alors que la tension monte et que la politique américaine se fait de moins en moins flexible, la Chine quant à elle, continue d’encourager le retour des négociations à six (Six-Party Talks) dans l’optique de dénucléariser la péninsule coréenne, tout en travaillant à maintenir ses liens avec la Corée du Nord. Le fil conducteur de cette présente recherche est d’abord d’essayer de comprendre pourquoi la Chine continue de soutenir la Corée du Nord, fournissant dons alimentaires et financiers.
L’idée est donc d’analyser, selon les principes du réalisme néoclassique, la politique étrangère de la Chine. L’hypothèse principale de cette théorie renvoie à l’idée que la distribution du pouvoir dans le système international influence la politique étrangère des États, mais que des variables au niveau de l’état et/ou de l’individu interviennent dans la formulation et l’application de celle-ci. Il est proposé ici que le lien entre l’unipolarité du système international et la politique nord-coréenne de la Chine, est façonné par des variables intermédiaires telles que : a) la perception des leaders de la distribution du pouvoir et de leur place dans le système international; b) l’idéologie du régime politique, et; c) le type d’unité responsable de la prise de décision en politique étrangère. L’analyse de chacune des variables permettra de faire la lumière sur les intérêts politiques et économiques de la Chine dans l’entretien de cette relation avec la Corée du Nord.Since the bilateral negotiations between the United States and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) on the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula failed to produce any effective outcome in the 1990s, China was brought to the table and agreed to play its part as a mediator in the Four Party Talks (1997-1998) between both Koreas and the United States, as well as in the Six-Party Talks (2003-2007), with the addition of Russia and Japan as negotiators. While the American policies toward the DPRK have taken a tough and inflexible turn with former President George W. Bush declaring, at the end of January 2002, that North Korea, Iran, and Iraq “constitute an axis of evil arming to threaten the peace of the world”, China’s DPRK policy, however, reflects long-lasting terms of friendship and collaboration between the two countries. With concerns mounting over the aggressive policies of the North Korean regime and its determination to keep its nuclear arsenal, the question is: why does China insist on preserving its good ties with its neighbour, even when those policies are said to hinder its political and economical interests? To address this question, the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism will be tested within a three-level – systemic, state, and individual level – analysis, with consideration of the propositions that the relative distribution of power shapes China’s North Korea policy, and intervening variables at the state and individual levels are filtering the systemic pressures and thus, shaping decisions related to North Korea. These variables include: a) leadership’s perception of power; b) regime type and ideology, and; c) type of foreign policy decision-making unit. This in-depth analysis will then provide grounds in defining China’s core interests in backing up the secluded regime.