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1
Phouthavong, Kaviphone. "Adapting fisheries-based livelihoods to hydrological changes in the Lower Mekong River Basin : a case study of Lao PDR." Thesis, University of Hull, 2015. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11319.
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Nam Theun 2 hydropower dam was selected for this study to assess how local communities respond to hydrological changes and examine the impacts of these changes to ecology and livelihoods of people around the Nakai reservoir and downstream in the Xe Bang Fai River. The results confirmed that fish and Other Aquatic Animals (OAAs) are essential sources of food and income generation of both reservoir and downstream Xe Bang Fai River households. People living around the reservoir and river consume fish and OAAs almost every meal. Fish and OAAs account for 62% (54% in reservoir and 70% in river) of animal protein intake. Reservoir households, which have limited land and poor soil for rice cultivation, rely on the reservoir fishery not just for subsistence but also for generating income to buy rice for consumption. By contrast, the households living further downstream along the Xe Bang Fai River are likely to own more land and fertile soil for agriculture, and the artisanal fisheries are mainly for consumption, but they also sell part of their catch when they have excess or during the high fishing season at the start of the wet season. The results from the study indicate that the impacts of trans-basin hydropower dams on the ecological functioning and livelihoods of people are significant. The impacts from climate change in the study areas and elsewhere are minor in comparison with the impacts from mainstream and tributary dams. Nam Theun 2 dam has changed the hydrological regime of the Xe Bang Fai River, destroyed the riverbed and disrupted dry season refuge habitats. Many high value species that initially resided in the reservoir have disappeared and are replaced by small and carnivorous species such as Channa striata , as well as alien species such as Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio. However, it is unclear whether the species composition in downstream areas has changed because fishers are still learning to adapt to high and strong flows or many fishers have shifted to fish in small streams and swamps as they are concerned about safety issues. Fishers in the reservoir have adapted to the new environment and lifestyle by diversifying their income sources, by opening small village shops, trading and labouring to supplement their income from reservoir fishing. The downstream fishers have more opportunities and more diverse livelihood activities to cope with the hydrological changes and adverse weather. Although rice farming is the most important activity for the downstream villages, most of their immediate cash comes from livestock, in particular large ruminants that provide their main sources of income. However, they also sell some of their daily catch to help purchase foods and maintain food security. The study highlights the need to provide financial and technical assistance for the affected households; to assist them starting new alternative livelihood activities aiming to supplement the declining fish catches in the reservoir and river. These livelihood activities include ecotourism and services, cultivating organic vegetable, working in clothes and agricultural processing factories, promoting One District One Product, and aquaculture. The promotion of reservoir fisheries as an alternative livelihood may be good in the short term, but for the long term and sustainable use of fishery resources, there is a need to look for other options outside fisheries and balance between the need for food security and protection of fisheries resources for future generations. Although the reservoir fishery can support production it requires more investment, thus it is necessary to protect habitat in small streams and rivers in the headwaters of the reservoir to ensure fish can use these habitats for spawning. In the river, critical habitats, such as deep pools and floodplains vital to the Mekong fisheries need protection. Maintaining connectivity between the mainstream and floodplains is also necessary, allowing fish free access to spawning, nursery, feeding and refuge habitats to complete their lifecycles. These protections can be instigated at different scales, such as local, national and regional levels, with participation from local communities and institutions concerned with the fisheries. At the regional level, it could be achieved through the trans-boundary fisheries management framework being developed by the Mekong River Commission.
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Kaviphone, Phouthavongs. "Employing Geographical Information Systems in Fisheries Management in the Mekong River: a case study of Lao PDR." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1090.
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Master of ScienceThe objective of this research is to employ Geographical Information Systems to fisheries management in the Mekong River Basin. The study uses artisanal fisheries practices in Khong district, Champasack province Lao PDR as a case study. The research focuses on integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge in fisheries management; how local communities use indigenous knowledge to access and manage their fish conservation zones; and the contribution of scientific knowledge to fishery co-management practices at village level. Specific attention is paid to how GIS can aid the integration of these two knowledge systems into a sustainable management system for fisheries resources. Fieldwork was conducted in three villages in the Khong district, Champasack province and Catch per Unit of Effort / hydro-acoustic data collected by the Living Aquatic Resources Research Centre was used to analyse and look at the differences and/or similarities between indigenous and scientific knowledge which can supplement each other and be used for small scale fisheries management. The results show that GIS has the potential not only for data storage and visualisation, but also as a tool to combine scientific and indigenous knowledge in digital maps. Integrating indigenous knowledge into a GIS framework can strengthen indigenous nowledge, from un processed data to information that scientists and decision-makers can easily access and use as a supplement to scientific knowledge in aquatic resource decision-making and planning across different levels. The results show that when scientific and indigenous knowledge are both stored digitally in GIS databases, a variety of analysis can be done. Multiple layers or visualising functions in ArcGIS are an example of ways in which indigenous and scientific knowledge can be combined in GIS. Maps of deep pools and important fishing grounds gathered using GPS and indigenous knowledge provide base maps of aquatic resources in the study area. The attribute table associated with the map links characteristics of each point, including fishing gear and species found in each pool as well as spawning grounds and migration periods. This information is useful for management and planning purposes. This research illustrates that mental maps and GIS digital maps can be used for fisheries management at different levels. Where mental maps are suitable for communicating with the local community and have the potential for use in fisheries co-management in small-scale fisheries; GIS may be appropriated for data storage and analysis at provincial and national levels, it can be used as a communication tool amongst stakeholders to monitor and understand the aquatic environment.
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Garaway, Caroline Jane. "Small waterbody fisheries and the potential for community-led enhancement : case studies in Lao PDR." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12552.
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Based on case studies in Lao PDR, this research investigates the importance of small waterbody fisheries to rural households, the impact of enhancement initiatives on resources and resource users, and the opportunities and constraints of communityled enhancement. Detailed biological, socio-economic, and institutional data on small water body fisheries were collected and analysed in an integrated framework. Small waterbody fisheries contributed substantially to rural livelihoods, with average household catches of 66 kg/year, equivalent in value to approximately half the household rice production (the major crop grown in the region). Poorer households caught and sold more fish than other socio-economic groups. Active management of small waterbody fisheries by stocking and the regulation of fishing had significant impacts on fish stocks, yields, and the type, magnitude and distribution of benefits to villagers. Stocked fisheries managed by and for the village showed higher standing stocks and returns to fishing effort, and thus generated substantial efficiency benefits even though yields were not significantly higher than in unmanaged fisheries. Benefits were in the form of income to the community, partially passed on to households, (equally between socio-economic groups), through reduced financial contributions to the village. Institutional analysis suggests that locally adapted rules, ownership rights, low cost monitoring and enforcement, and information about benefits are key factors in promoting and sustaining community enhancement efforts, as well as the presence of individuals with substantial leadership skills. Results suggest that communities can and do successfully set up and maintain enhancement initiatives and that enhancement of small water body fisheries can generate substantial benefits. However these will only be sustained if it corresponds to villager's objectives and coincides with conducive institutional arrangements and, crucially, an enabling external policy environment. To achieve the full potential of enhancements, research should be aimed at furthering villager's understanding of the status and potential of their resource in terms of these objectives.
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PHOUSAVANH, Phouvin. "Aquatic Biodiversity in Lao PDR: Fisheries Resource Utilization and Management in the Ou River Basin." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157866.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第16976号
地博第128号
新制||地||42(附属図書館)
29651
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 岩田 明久, 教授 小林 繁男, 准教授 竹田 晋也, 准教授 古澤 拓郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Phouthavongs, Kaviphone. "Employing geographical information systems in fisheries management in the Mekong River a case study of Lao PDR /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1090.
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Masters (M.Sc.)--University of Sydney, 2006.Title from title screen (viewed 27 February 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science to the School of Geosciences. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Cesarino, Frederico Nicolau. "Do outro lado do Rio: tradições e modernidades entre os pescadores artesanais do Bairro Mauazinho, em Manaus - AM." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3925.
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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The Mauazinho district of Manaus, has much of its territory on the Black River. In its edge, they are practiced fish capture activities for more than six decades by artisanal and commercial fishermen originally reside and riverside communities located in the municipalities of Rio Solimões. After the 1970s, with the advent of De Manaus Free Trade Zone and the creation of the infrastructure of the neighborhood, many fishermen migrated to the location in order to fix residences in the immediate vicinity of the fishing desktop. This migration allowed the creation of a fishing community in an urban area of Manaus that, over the decades, shaped peculiar characteristics modus vivendi, and such characteristics analyzed in this work, and compared with the characteristics established in the original group communities.
O bairro Mauazinho, em Manaus, apresenta grande parte de seu território às margens do Rio Negro. Em sua orla, são praticadas atividades de captura de pescado há mais de seis décadas por pescadores artesanais e comercias que originalmente residem e comunidades ribeirinhas localizadas em municípios do Rio Solimões. Após a década de 1970, com o advento da Zona Franca De Manaus e a criação da infraestrutura do bairro, muitos pescadores migraram para a localidade no intuito de fixarem residências em local próximo da área de trabalho pesqueiro. Essa migração permitiu a criação de uma comunidade de pescadores em uma área urbana de Manaus que, ao longo das décadas, moldou características peculiares em modus vivendi, sendo tais características analisadas neste trabalho, e comparadas com as características verificadas nas comunidades originais do grupo.
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Auld, Kathleen Gwynneth. "Sustainable Development of Small-Scale Fisheries and the Need for Strong Measures to Protect Small-Scale Fisheries in International Trade Law." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33429.
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The small-scale fisheries sector makes a valuable contribution to livelihoods and food security, particularly in under-resourced countries. Yet small-scale fishers and fishing communities are often vulnerable and marginalised, and the small-scale sector is largely ignored by governments providing subsidies to their fishing industries. Provisions seeking to ban harmful fisheries subsidies are now the subject of several large international trade agreements and negotiations. While this is a laudable and necessary goal, the binding nature and robust enforcement mechanisms of trade agreements make it imperative that small-scale fisheries are protected and provided for in these agreements in the interests of sustainable development and poverty reduction. The thesis considers how this can be achieved. In order to determine what would best serve the interests of small-scale fisheries in trade agreements, the thesis creates a framework of development needs, which underpins the analysis in the remainder of the thesis. This analysis revolves around three large trade agreements and negotiations containing provisions on fisheries subsidies – namely the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Drawing on the development framework, the thesis identifies a number of shortcomings in these agreements when it comes to protections for small-scale fisheries, including a lack of provision for important development needs and a failure to achieve an appropriate balance between development and sustainability considerations. The thesis also considers potential problems that could arise in the conclusion and enforcement of trade agreements dealing with fisheries subsidies, particularly as these relate to small-scale fisheries and sustainable development. Based on this analysis, the thesis makes a number of recommendations to be incorporated in trade agreements going forward that would adequately protect and promote the interests of small-scale fisheries, while not losing sight of sustainability concerns and the practical realities of negotiating complex international trade agreements. These include, inter alia, exemptions for important social assistance subsidies, better representation and transparency, and measures to improve equity between the small-scale sector and other fishing sectors.
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Chen, Ying-Ting. "Fishing entity enforcement in high seas fisheries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367758/.
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The 1995 UNFSA creates a door for fishing entities’ participation in conservation and management regimes regarding straddling and highly migratory fish stocks through separate RFMOs. However, fishing entities are different from states, leading to some ambiguous circumstances in RFMOs, especially in high seas enforcements. This thesis reviews the concepts of fishing entities and considers fishing entities’ status in international law of the sea and the RFMOs. Then, it considers the role of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with being equivalent to a flag state and non-flag state. This thesis then considers the problems that fishing entities may encounter in high seas enforcement. Finally, it represents the practices of fishing entity enforcement in high seas with a special reference to the role of Taiwan in RFMOs.
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Ririnui, Teneti, and n/a. "The recognition of Maori customary fisheries in New Zealand�s fisheries management regime : a case study of taiapure." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 1997. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070530.143237.
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The Treaty of Waitangi specifically recognises the rights of Maori to control and manage their fisheries resources. However, since the imposition of fisheries legislation in New Zealand, this right has been consistently eroded. It is only recently that Maori customary fisheries rights have been given a degree of recognition in New Zealand�s fisheries management regime.
The taiapure provisions of the Fisheries Act 1996 are one of the few policy initiatives available for Maori to manage their fisheries resources in accordance with their customary tikanga. This study examines the effectiveness of the taiapure legislation in providing for Maori customary fisheries management. The Maketu taiapure in the Bay of Plenty is studied to analyse the implementation of the initiative at the local level.
The study has found that there are limitations inherent in the legislation and that these are further complicated by inadequacies in its implementation. Recommendations regarding the size, management and establishment process, are made at the conclusion of the study to highlight the amendments needed for the taiapure provisions to properly recognise and provide for the role of Maori, as Treaty partners, in the management of their local fisheries.
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Payne, Dexter C. "Overcoming ineffective institutions alternative approaches to international fisheries conservation /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Manarangi-Trott, Lara. "Fisheries data requirements under international law achieving long-term conservation and sustainable use of tuna fisheries in the western central Pacific Ocean /." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/118.
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Xue, Guifang. "China's response to international fisheries law and policy national action and regional cooperation /." Access electronically, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/369.
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Mbane, Nontuthuzelo Nosisa. "The South African marine fisheries policy since 1994." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1664.
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Dissertation (MTech( Public Management))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2004Marine resources play a major role in sustaining the economy and social development of the nation and contribute to national economy, to employment and security of the local community. The South African fisheries management was conducted largel)' with political default. This denied most fishers access to marine resources. Since the democratic election of 1994, the government was left with the challenge to re-allocate rights in a way that would ensure that the under-presentation of historical disadvantaged individuals (HDl's) in the fishing industry would be corrected. The laws and regulations related to marine fisheries were also revised. The Marine Living Resources Act, No. 18 of 1998 attempted transformation in the fishing industry but lacked clear guidelines which led to litigation and crises in the fishing industry as many fishers were unhappy with the whole process. Marine fisheries policy was established and published in 1997 to address those historical imbalances by introducing the fishing right system of allocating rights to represent the national demographics of the country. This report seeks to describe the theory of the South African fishing industry, policy developments and the current status of permit allocation in South Africa. It will also examine the effectiveness in the implementation of the marine fisheries policy for South Africa. It will focus on the distribution of marine resources for commercial fishing purposes.
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Smith, Roger. "Japan's international fisheries policy : the pursuit of food security." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670139.
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Ahmad, Husna Parvin. "Law and sustainable development in Bangladesh with particular reference to the agriculture and fisheries sectors." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326269.
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Parsons, L. S. "An evaluation of the Canadian 200-mile fisheries zone : benefits,problems and constraints." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70265.
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This thesis evaluates the impact of the Canadian 200-mile fisheries zone from biological, economic and social perspectives. The factors and events leading to the 200-mile zone are examined. The Canadian management regime post-extension is described. Canada derived significant benefits from the 200-mile zone including increased management authority over a vast area with major fish resources, the displacement of foreign fisheries, the development of Canadian fisheries in areas and for species not previously utilized by Canada, and the opportunity to rebuild overfished fish stocks. However, various problems and constraints have led to continued fisheries instability. These include: (1) Natural resource variability, (2) The common property nature of the resource and resultant overcapacity, (3) Fluctuations in market conditions, (4) Heavy dependence on the fisheries in isolated coastal communities, and (5) Recurrent conflict among competing users and conflicting objectives for fisheries management.Despite Canada's abundant marine fishery resources, various combinations of these factors have contributed to a recurrent boom-and-bust pattern in many marine fisheries. Extended jurisdiction did not provide a panacea for the problems of the fisheries sector. Continued periodic fluctuations in Canada's marine fisheries and demands for government assistance can be expected unless viable alternative economic opportunities can be developed in the coastal regions.
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Creamer, Allan E. "Evaluating the effects of angler behavior on the efficacy of harvest regulations in recreational fisheries." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040500/.
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Chozin, Muhammad. "Illegal but common life of blast fishermen in the Spermode Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213299684.
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Mather, Diarmid John. "Fishing rights, redistribution and policy : the South African commercial T.A.C. fisheries." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007531.
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The main objective of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the economic logic behind fisheries policy and redistribution in South African. An examination of the institutional and organizational evolution reveals that South African fisheries policy followed the world trend in the movement toward quota management systems. However, it is argued that due to the peculiarities of the Apartheid political system, South Africa developed a unique and persistent structure of individual fishing rights that resulted in a transfer of power from the fisher to monopsonistic, and subsequently vertically integrated, fish processing companies. Problems, however, arose with the need to redistribute fishing rights to previously repressed racial groups. It is proposed that, within a specific form (TAC), the structure of individual fishing rights can be decomposed into four operational rules, namely, the right of participation, asset size, tradability and duration of term. Policy design is restricted to a feasible set of rules that impact on the flexibility of the system, the incentives facing private fishing companies and fishers, the efficiency of the fisheries management plan and finally the effect it has on a redistribution strategy. Within this analytical framework, South Africa's policy yields a very flexible system favourable to monopsonistic industrial organisation. However, by adding a redistribution constraint, this structure has a number of important effects. First, as new quota holders are added the information costs for effective fisheries management increase exponentially. Second, the transaction costs to private fishing companies are increased. Third, only the resource rent is redistributed (weak redistribution). Next, the micro to small vessel fisheries, the medium vessel fisheries and the large vessel fisheries are examined separately. The major aim is to determine, within the available data, the effect that a weak redistribution policy (redistribution of the resource rent), has on strong redistribution (redistribution of fishing capital and skills). The evidence definitely supports the analytical framework and suggests that fundamentally the structure of individual fishing rights, which evolved in response to a monopsonistic industrial organisation during the apartheid era in South Africa, works against strong redistribution. Also, that different fisheries face different constraints and that these should in certain instances be treated separately.
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Finley, Mary Carmel. "The tragedy of enclosure fish, fisheries science, and U.S. foreign policy, 1920-1960 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/casg/casgy07001.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 9, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sodik, Dikdik Mohamad. "Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Indonesian waters the need for fisheries legislative reform /." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080905.114951/index.html.
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Aqorau, Transform. "Tuna management and UNCLOS : implementation of UNCLOS through the Forum Fisheries Agency." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28823.
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Regional organisations have often played a catalytical role in developing regional ocean regimes that directly pertain to the peculiar needs and circumstances of a given region. As a response to the challenges imposed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the island States of the South Pacific region established the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, with the specific mandate to assist them manage the enormous tuna resource of the region. The thesis seeks to ascertain the extent to which those needs have been satisfied.
The thesis begins with the hypothesis that the Forum Fisheries Agency has in fact fulfilled those needs. The analysis is based on inferences which are drawn from the functions and responsibilities of the Forum Fisheries Agency, and certain significant legal developments it has helped spawn. The thesis does not engage in a cost/benefit evaluation of the Forum Fisheries Agency because that is an issue best left to the purview of individual member States to determine.
Two conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, the Forum Fisheries Agency has met the needs of the island States. Secondly, through the Forum Fisheries Agency, the island States are implementing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Herdieckerhoff, Ida. "Casting a wider legal fishnet: Assessing opportunities to combat fisheries crime with a focus on the South African abalone poaching and trafficking crisis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29747.
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The fisheries sector is a fundamental global industry for human prosperity worldwide as fish and fish products are among the most-traded food commodities worldwide. However, the fisheries sector is linked to a high degree of illegality. Fisheries crime is a multifaceted phenomenon – frequently transnational and organised in nature – which comprises a range of various crimes along the fisheries value chain, including corruption, money laundering as well as tax and customs fraud. The abalone poaching and trafficking crisis in South Africa is a prime example of fisheries crime: organised criminal syndicates control the (illegal) lucrative trade of abalone starting from poaching in the coastal waters of South Africa until the abalone ends up in East Asia. The syndicates take advantage of the sensitive socio-economic dynamics in South Africa’s coastal communities for financial gain by recruiting local poachers and using highly organised networks to smuggle abalone to East Asia. The illegal trade in abalone is one significant factor that threatens the species’ survival, thus these criminal syndicates must be disrupted and their activities combated. This dissertation examines legal tools to do so. During the 2nd International Symposium on Fisheries Crime it was pointed out that ‘given the inter-connected and complex nature a successful law enforcement approach to addressing these crimes cannot focus exclusively on one type only; rather, what is required is a coordinated criminal law enforcement response at the domestic and international level that recognises the wide variety of forms fisheries crime can take’1 . This extends beyond the scope of fishing offences and is rooted in the use of all potentially applicable laws. This dissertation examines the applicability of the Marine Living Resources Act 18 of 1998, the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998, the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 as well as the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004 to the abalone and trafficking crisis. The aim is to assess the South African legal framework as well as existing case law to determine how South Africa’s courts have approach the prosecution of fisheries crime to date in order to arrive at suggestions to combat abalone poaching and trafficking in the future.
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Urquhart, Ian Thomas. "Interdependence, state competition, and national policy : regulating the British Columbia and Washington Pacific salmon fisheries, 1957-1984." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27555.
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This study explores the politics of regulating the British Columbia and Washington commercial salmon fisheries between 1937 and 1984. The principal focus of this comparative-historical study is upon one particularly striking exception to the tendency of regulators to tighten commercial salmon fishing restrictions over time - the persistence of liberal offshore trolling regulations. The dissertation argues that the anomalous treatment of the offshore troll fishery during this period may be ascribed to the competition between states for the right to harvest salmon - a common property resource.
In making this claim, the study questions the adequacy of the interest-group driven explanations of policy which figure prominently in the literature on regulation. Two pillars of interest group theory, the tendencies to explain national policy only through reference to domestic politics and to reduce state behaviour to little more than the product of the demands of private sector interests, are challenged in this comparative case study.
The challenge to the first tendency of interest group theory is sustained by examining the relations between national regulatory preferences and the foreign fishery policy goals of Canada and the United States. The pursuit of two goals - Asian exclusion and North American equity - in bilateral and multilateral negotiations demanded the adoption of particular regulatory profiles. Liberal offshore troll regulations may be explained according to the legitimacy and bargaining advantages they lent to Canadian and American efforts to incorporate these two goals into modifications to the traditional fishery regime.
The study also suggests that, in a setting characterized by intergovernmental competition, regulatory policies may not always be equated with the preferences of interested private parties. In this setting the state's ability or willingness to respond to even the most influential private sector interests may be limited by the state's evaluation of its bargaining resources and requirements. State competition created a context where government attitudes towards offshore salmon fishing could be understood in terms of state preferences, preferences derived from officials' perceptions of the legitimacy of various national regulatory policies in the context of valued international institutions.
While state competition is the centrepiece of the explanation of national fishery policy developed in this study its explanatory power is mediated by two intervening institutional variables - the capacities of states to formulate and implement policies and the structure of the international regime itself. The level of knowledge regarding the salmon resource played an instrumental role in the formulation of regime goals and of pertinent national policies. The extent to which state management in offshore waters was fragmented between different bureaus affected the ability of officials to adopt national policies which suited their international purposes. The redistribution of the American state's fishery management capacity in the 1970s was a catalyst for the severe restrictions visited upon Washington trailers at that time.
A second institutional factor, the structure of the international fishery regime, also mediated the competition between states. The series of reciprocal fishing privileges agreements between Canada and the United States was particularly important in maintaining established offshore regulatory preferences during the 1970s when the clash between American and Canadian salmon fishery perspectives was intensifying.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Martin, Lindsay. "Fisheries management, fishing rights and redistribution within the commercial chokka squid fishery of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007500.
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The objective of this thesis is to analyse the management and redistribution policies implemented in the South African squid industry. This is done within the broader context of fisheries policies that have been implemented within the South African fishing industry as the squid industry has developed. The study therefore has an institutional basis, which reviews the development of institutional mechanisms as they have evolved to deal fisheries management problems. These mechanisms (which can either be formal or informal) consist of committees, laws and constitutions that have developed as society has progressed. Probably the most prominent of these, in terms of current fisheries policy, is the Marine Living Resources Act (MLRA) of 1998. The broad policy prescription of the MLRA basically advocates the sustainable utilisation of marine resources while outlining the need to restructure the fishing industry to address historical imbalances and to achieve equity. It is this broad objective that this thesis applies to the squid fishery. The primary means of achieving the above objective, within the squid industry, has been through the reallocation of permit rights. These rights also provide the primary means by which effort is managed. A disruption in the rights allocation process therefore has implications for resource management as well. Permits rights can be described as a form of use right or propertY right. These rights are structured according to their operational-level characteristics, or rules. Changing these rules can thus affect the efficiency or flexibility of a rights based system. This is important because initial reallocation of rights, by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), was based on an incomplete set of rights. This partly led to the failure of early redistribution attempts resulting in a "paper permit" market. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that redistribution attempts were based on ill-defined criteria that contributed to the failure described above. In addition to this the method through which redistribution was attempted is also questionable. This can be described as a weak redistribution strategy that did not account for all equity criteria (i.e. factors like capital ownership, employment or relative income levels). This thesis thus recommends, among other things, that an incentive based rights system be adopted and that the design of this system correctly caters of the operational-level rules mentioned above. In addition to this a strong redistribution, based on fishing capital, ownership, income and the transfer of skills, should be implemented.KMBT_363
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Thoms, J. Michael. "Ojibwa fishing grounds a history of Ontario fisheries law, science, and the sportsmen's challenge to aboriginal treaty rights, 1650-1900 /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?NQ90280.
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Dixon, Zachary Parke. "Material Expertise: Applying Object-oriented Rhetoric in Marine Policy." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6224.
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This dissertation applies object-oriented rhetorics and posthuman philosophies to environmental policy deliberation in order to help bridge gaps between policy makers, scientists, and citizens. For environmental policy scholars the non-credentialed expertise of local, or indigenous stakeholders is valued as possessing technical, objective merit that can improve the development and implementation of environmental policies. However, the utilization of stakeholder expertise in environmental policy faces serious challenges in terms of finding common grounds for communication within complex techno-social systems, of overcoming deep cultural differences and perceptions, and grave ethical issues of access and power. This dissertation develops two case studies of marine fisheries policy debates using theories of material ontology to detail the process of how the expertise of ordinary citizens develops within the context of environmental policy and how that expertise might be better utilized.
By employing object-oriented rhetorical theories to trace material agency through the Snook and Gamefish’s (SGF) stakeholder integration programs in Florida’s Spotted Seatrout and Common Snook fishery debates, this dissertation argues that a material ontology of expertise offers a means of assessing the quality of lay-publics’ non-credentialed expertise. This dissertation suggests that an enriched since of what material objects are capable of rhetorically helps us develop tangible, actionable tools for environmental policy studies. By understanding expertise in terms of the accretion of material experiences, policy makers and scholars might more easily evaluate and utilize the expertise of environmental policy stakeholders
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Sakata, Tommy Taira. "An assessment of area licence configurations in the B.C. salmon fishery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24911.
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There has been much discussion of the merits and limitations of area licensing, i.e., a fishery management tool which restricts fishermen to certain geographic areas, in the British Columbia," Canada, salmon fishery. To date there has been little formal evaluation of the implications of this policy tool for salmon fishery management. In the reports by Pearse (1982), Sinclair (1978) and Fleet Rationalization Committee (1982) some insights on the subject are provided, but an evaluation in terms of specific criteria is lacking.
This study evaluates five area licence configurations in the context of the B.C. salmon fishery. They are assessed based on evaluative criteria that cover the following subject areas: management operations; socio-economic effects; biological effectiveness; and economic efficiency. Each of these broad subjects are factored into specific elements, in which the emphasis is on the nature of the fishery and the resource. From the analysis it was found that the area licence configurations that factored the coast into two large harvest areas or the configuration that alienated small area(s) as test area(s) are most appropriate for the fishery. These configurations facilitated the attainment of management operations, socio-economic and biological goals, but not the economic efficiency goals. The other configurations, in particular those that factor the coast into a number of smaller harvest areas, result in exacerbating the problems with all criteria except economic efficiency and some biological factors. The appropriate area configurations for the B.C. salmon fishery would be the configurations that factors the coast into two large harvest areas; or the configuration where two or three small harvest areas are alienated from the existing harvest area. There are three fundamental reasons for this: (1) they are least disruptive (i.e., minimum impact on present harvest patterns, least politically sensitive, and minimum distributional effects); (2) they offer greatest flexibility to address political, economic, biological and social uncertainties; and (3) these area configurations provide the greatest ease of implementation and incremental adjustment of the status quo. Acceptance of these configurations will depend on the time horizon and the objectives of the decision makers.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Winkler, Charles L. "Fishers of men for the 21st century training lay evangelists to reach postmodern man /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2004. http://www.tren.com.
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Thesis (D.Min.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita. Includes Training manual [student copy] (Appendix 2) and Leader's manual (Appendix 3). Bibliography: leaves 239-242.
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Rachor, Hornsby Jacquelyn Lee. "Measuring Regulatory and Noncompliance Prevalence Among Maryland Commercial Blue Crab Fishers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7327.
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Few empirical studies exist that compare regulation (R) and fishing crime (VL). The lack of information about R and VL effects stakeholder decision-making. Crime weakens conservation efforts and creates false baseline data. This furthers R and the cycle repeats. The purpose of this correlational study was to determine the statistical association between the number and type of annual commercial blue crab R and VL of the same. The Pearson's R correlation was used to analyze the data because it demonstrated the strength of each relationship. This quantitative study was grounded in enforcement theory. The data was public record and consisted of the number of R and VL issued yearly from the General Assembly of a Mid Atlantic's State Department of Natural Resources (MD-DNR). The intent was to correlate multiple decades, but the earliest available VL data began in 2009. The analysis uncovered divergent patterns. The correlation coefficient of 0.79644 confirmed laws from 2009 correlated positively with 2010 violations. Further analysis revealed a negative correlation for 2010 and 2011 that was indicated by a negative correlation coefficient of -0.3588 and -0.166. The mean average of VL was 12.5%. As restrictions keep increasing, the economic impact on local communities is substantial. This research has the potential to effect positive changes in restrictive harvest practices, record keeping of VL by Natural Resources of this Mid Atlantic State, and harvest reporting practices by crabbers. Sharing the findings with industry stakeholders may stimulate dialogue among stakeholders that answers why one type of regulation was violated more than another, encourage compliance by industry users, and improve conservation efforts to proliferate blue crab. This research contributes to future investigation of often-neglected variables that compromise conservation of blue crab.
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Pretorius, Graeme. "Big hopes for small-scale fishers: a critical review of South Africa's small-scale fishing policy and regulations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25400.
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Some 18 years after the enactment of the Marine Living resources Act (18 of 1998), which gives express recognition to the subsistence or small-scale fisheries sector, a regime addressing the needs of this sector has finally been promulgated. That regime consists of the Policy for the Small Scale Fisheries Sector (20 June 2012) in South Africa and the Regulations relating to Small Scale Fishing (8 March 2016). Through a paradigm shift in small-scale fisheries governance, the regime seeks to put an end to the marginalisation and exclusion of these fishers from the fishing rights allocation process that has persisted in the absence of a formal regulatory regime. The Policy for the Small Scale Fisheries Sector purports to adopt and promote a human rights based approach and focuses on food security and livelihood. It seeks to employ co-management of the common pool resources and promote customary practices. It allocates a basket of multi-species rights to community legal entities allowing for a community based resource management with a strong developmental agenda. This paper seeks to reflect on the effectiveness of this regime by critically examining the regime governing the small scale fishing sector against the body of knowledge that has developed internationally regarding successful and effective management of the Small Scale fishing Sector.
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Mackenzie, Bernard Louis. "An assessment of the shore baitfishery in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/165/.
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Gambardella, Sophie. "La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques en droit international : l'exemple de la Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1043.
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La gestion et la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la Méditerranée relève à titre principal de la responsabilité de deux organismes régionaux de pêche : la Commission générale des pêches pour la Méditerranée et la Commission internationale pour la conservation des thonidés de l’Atlantique. Le régime juridique se construit donc dans deux enceintes distinctes et se nourrit par ailleurs de l’influence d’autres régimes conventionnels. Ce dédoublement institutionnel aurait pu être alors créateur de conflits de normes de gestion et de conservation ou encore d’interprétation. Pourtant, la fragmentation institutionnelle observée ne constitue pas un obstacle à une unité au cœur du système. Le degré d’interaction entre les deux commissions fait surgir une unité des méthodes et des moyens de mise en œuvre de la gestion et de la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la Méditerranée de sorte que le régime juridique apparaît comme un ensemble, un tout indivisible. L’existence d’une telle unité n’est toutefois pas significative de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité du systèmeFisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean relies primarily upon the responsibility of two regional fisheries management organizations: the General fisheries commission for the Mediterranean and the International commission for the conservation of Atlantic tunas. The legal regime is thus built in two distinct arenas and is also nourished by the influence of other conventional regimes. This institutional duplication could thus have resulted in conflicts of norms of management, conservation or even of interpretation. And yet, the observed institutional fragmentation does not appear as an obstacle to unity at the heart of the system. A unity of methods and means of implementation of fisheries management and conservation in the Mediterranean derives from the degree of interaction between the two commissions. The regime thus appears as a set, an indivisible whole. Nevertheless, the existence of such unity is not tantamount to effectiveness and efficiency of the system
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Vernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
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L'éveil de la société internationale aux problèmes environnementaux, en particulier ceux touchant les océans et les zones côtières, a permis de développer des principes et notions nécessaires à la protection du milieu marin et de ses ressources. Le concept de pêche responsable vise à atteindre une gestion durable des pêches. Il nécessite la mise en place de mesures de plus en plus contraignantes pour l'activité de pêche afin de limiter son impact sur les ressources biologiques marines et les écosystèmes marins. Dans un contexte global de raréfaction des ressources, la difficulté à trouver un consensus mondial autour des questions les plus urgentes suscite le doute quant à la capacité des organismes internationaux à mettre en place des mesures contraignantes et effectives dans les zones au-delà des juridictions nationales. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur la place que tiennent les acteurs publics dans la gestion durable des ressources halieutiques. L'objet de cette thèse est de vérifier dans quelle mesure les compétences conférées à l'Union européenne en matière de gestion des pêches lui permettent de contribuer à l'application du concept de pêche responsable pour une gestion durable des pêcheries mondiales.
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Ferreira, Graziele. "Comunidade de pescadores artesanais no Lago de Itaipu - conflitos territoriais na Colônia Z11 de São Miguel do Iguaçu/PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/34.
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Previous issue date: 2014-04-11This research aims to analyze the formation of the fishing territory in Itaipu Lake, specifically in the fishing town of Colony Z11, in São Miguel do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. The element that motivated the study was the understanding of the formation process of this fishing territory: a territory built (from flooding), imposed on the population, with varied uses and conflicts involving different actors with different interests, such as artisanal fishermen and small farmers, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fishing Colony and ItaipuBinacional. For this study, the methodology used was based on literature reading, on statistics survey of artisanal fisheries in Brazil and in the Itaipu Lake, as well as on public policy in the fishing sector, on the historical process of fishing colonies, and on field work that include interviews and questionnaires. From our results, it is worth noting that the fisherman of Colony Z 11 is a fisherman because of the reality imposed; he fishes in an artificial lake, a territory full of varied subjects and conflicts; practices pluriactivities; lives in a discontinuous community (geographically distant from each other); and fishing, besides craft, is an important source of income. Nevertheless, reality shows the activity weakened by the difficulties in the extraction, production and marketing of fish circuit. In the riverine communities of Itaipu Lake, many family farmers, farm workers and even urban farmers began to engage in fishing activities frequently since the formation of Itaipu Lake. This new alternative income and life spans customs, way of life, now interrelated, forming a new territory as a result of upgrading and new power relations. This new social subject reinvents itself and expands territorially, in a conflictual space.
Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a formação do território da pesca no Lago de Itaipu, especificamente na localidade pesqueira da Colônia Z11, do município de São Miguel do Iguaçu, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O elemento que motivou o estudo foi a compreensão do processo de formação deste território pesqueiro: um território construído (a partir do alagamento), imposto à população, com variados usos e conflitos, que envolvem variados agentes com diferentes interesses, como os pescadores artesanais e os pequenos agricultores, o Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura, a Colônia de Pescadores e a Itaipu Binacional. Para este estudo, a metodologia utilizada baseou-se em leituras bibliográficas, no levantamento de dados estatísticos da pesca artesanal no Brasil e no Lago de Itaipu, bem como nas políticas públicas do setor pesqueiro, no processo histórico das colônias de pesca, e nos trabalhos de campo que contemplam entrevistas e aplicação de questionários. Dos resultados obtidos, cabe destacar que o pescador da Colônia Z 11 é pescador pela realidade imposta; pesca em um lago artificial, um território repleto de sujeitos variados e de conflitos; pratica a pluriatividade; vive em comunidade descontínua (distante geograficamente uns dos outros); e a pesca, além de um ofício, é importante fonte de renda. Não obstante, a realidade mostra a atividade fragilizada pelas dificuldades no circuito da extração, produção e comercialização do pescado. Nas comunidades ribeirinhas ao Lago de Itaipu, muitos agricultores familiares, trabalhadores rurais e até urbanos passaram a exercer a atividade pesqueira frequentemente a partir da formação do lago de Itaipu. Essa nova alternativa de renda e de vida abarca costumes, modo de viver, agora inter-relacionados, formando um novo território, como resultado da readaptação e das novas relações de poder. Esse novo sujeito social reinventa-se e amplia-se territorialmente, em um espaço conflituoso.
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Strong, Rebecca. "The War on Plastics and Other Environmental Damages: An Analysis of Innovative Environmental Policies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2152.
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This thesis examines the environmental damages done by humans, such as plastic pollution, harmful energy production, and habitat destruction, and the things we are doing to correct them. It analyzes the costs and benefits government policies such as the ban of plastic products, along with creative innovations such as a sea vacuum and a cannon that shoots fish. Are we doing enough to heal the damage we have caused? Furthermore, can we change our behaviors to prevent more damage in the future?
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Seng, Ratha. "Livelihoods in the changing Tonle Sap : past, present and future." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30365/document.
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L'objectif général de ce travail était d'évaluer les stratégies des moyens de subsistance dans le lac Tonle Sap en rapport avec divers facteurs de changement. Plus précisément, l'étude visait à étudier les variations et les déterminants des moyens de subsistance (spatial et temporal), ainsi que les impacts des futurs changements et des communautés de pêcherie (CFis) dans les plaines inondables de Tonle Sap. En utilisant les approches multivariées, j'ai pu mettre en évidence les résultats suivants : Les différentes caractéristiques écologiques déterminent les différentes stratégies des moyens de subsistance et les ressources environnementales sont indispensables pour la période post-conflit des pays comme le Cambodge ; Les divers facteurs humains, naturels et économiques, sociaux et physiques ont influencé le choix et le revenu des ménages ; parmi lesquels, la possession de terrain était le plus important; La perte de net revenu est attendue dans tous les futurs scenarios de changement, particu- lièrement avec ceux qui dépendent uniquement un moyen de subsistance, subi une perte en moyenne de 18% dans tous les scénarios, comparativement à 9% pour le groupe des multi-moyens de subsistance ; La taille idéale de la zone communautaire est de 2 310 hectares et l'impact positif des CFis peut être réalisé en améliorant la planification, le processus opérationnel et le mécanisme de résolution des conflits, également qu'en développant et renforçant des réseaux et la conformité des règles. Les résultats suggèrent que les moyens de subsistance sont spécifiques au contexte et le choix des stratégies des ménages est associé à une gamme de facteurs socio-écologiques. Nous devons éviter une prescription unique pour aborder les problèmes des moyens de subsistance dans le Tonle Sap. Effectivement, les implications politiques pour améliorer la participation aux moyens de subsistance ainsi que pour maximiser les avantages économiques et sociaux à long terme pour les ménages devraient accorder une attention particulière aux ménages pauvres en ressources. Par conséquent, l'augmentation de la richesse et des biens du ménage, ainsi que l'établissement des programmes efficaces de conservation des ressources améliorent effective- ment la capacité d'adaptation des ménages en réponse aux changements inattendus et également contribuent à renforcer et soutenir les organisations des CFisThe overall goal of this research was to assess the livelihood strategies in the Tonle Sap in the face of various drivers of change around the lake. Specifically, the study intended to investigate livelihood variations and determinants (both spatial and temporal), and the impact of future scenario changes and of the Community Fisheries (CFis) in the Tonle Sap's floodplain. By using multivariate approach, I am able to highlight the fol- lowing findings: - different ecological characteristics influencing livelihood strategies and the environmental resources are imperative in post-conflict Cambodia; - various human, natural and economic, social, and physical capitals have influenced household's choice and income. Land was the most significant; - net income loss is expected for under all future scenarios, with those engaged in single livelihoods experiencing an average loss of 18% across all scenarios compared to 9% for the multi-livelihood group; - an ideal size of community area is 2,310 hectares and the positive impact of CFis can be achieved by improving planning, operational process and conflict resolution mechanism, developing networks and reinforcing rule compliance. The findings suggest that livelihood is context specific and the choice of household's strategies is associated with a range of socio and ecological factors and we should avoid a one-size-fit prescription to tackle livelihood problems in the Tonle Sap. Policy impli- cations to improve livelihood participation and maximize the long-term economic and social benefits for household should consider special attention to resource poor house- holds, increase household's wealth and assets, design and implement effective resource conservation programs, improve households' adaptive capacity in response to unex- pected changes and continue strengthening and supporting the CFi organizations
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Buthod-Garçon, Aurélie. "L'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard des tiers." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND008.
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Les organisations et arrangements régionaux de gestion des pêches, qui composent les régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches, se sont progressivement imposés au cours des dernières décennies comme les mécanismes clés de la gouvernance des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Leur rôle est d'assurer, notamment à travers l'allocation de quotas de pêche à leurs parties contractantes, mais également à travers l'adoption de mesures techniques, de contrôle et de mise en oeuvre, l'exploitation durable et la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Or pour que les règlementations adoptées dans le cadre de ces régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches soient le plus efficaces possible, il est souhaitable qu'elles ne soient pas remises en cause par des activités de pêche contraires, comme celles que peuvent mener les tiers à ces régimes. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est alors d'analyser la portée et le cadre juridique de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard de ces tiers. Différents aspects de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard des tiers sont analysés, tout comme sa compatibilité avec le droit international, et notamment avec le principe de pacta tertiis. Pour ce faire, cette recherche s'intéresse entre autres, à l'évolution des mécanismes de gestion des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer, au rôle joué par les instruments universels contraignants et non contraignants, à l'opposabilité des dispositions relatives aux tiers contenues dans les conventions régionales de gestion des pêches, à l'opposabilité des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches et de leur droit dérivé ou encore au comportement des tiers en réaction aux mesures de dissuasion et de contrôle adoptées à leur encontre suite aux activités de pêche des navires battant leur pavillon, qui sont désormais considérées comme une forme de pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN). Enfin, il est également question de tenter d'identifier, si au regard des récentes pratiques des tiers concernés, de nouvelles règles coutumières semblent émerger en ce qui concerne le devoir de coopération à la conservation et à la gestion des ressources halieutiques hauturièresOver the past decades, regional fisheries management organisations and arrangements, which constitute regional fisheries management regimes, have gradually emerged as key mechanisms to the governance of high seas fishery resources. Their role is to ensure, through the allocation of fishing quotas to their contracting parties, as well as the adoption of technical, control and enforcement measures, the sustainable exploitation and conservation of high seas fishery resources. However, in order to ensure the effectiveness of these regulations, fishing activities, such as third party activities, shall not undermine them. The main objective of this research is therefore to analyse the scope and the legal framework of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties. Different aspects of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties will be analysed, as well as its compatibility with international law, such as the pacta tertiis principle. This research therefore explores, inter alia, the evolution of high seas fisheries management mechanisms, the role of binding and non-binding universal instruments, the opposability of provisions relating to third party contained in regional fisheries management conventions, the opposability of regional fisheries management organisations and their normative power; as well as third party behaviour in reaction to measures implemented against them to deter and control the activities of vessels flying their flag, which can be considered as a form of illegal, undeclared and unregulated fishing (IUU). Finally this research also seeks to identify, if in the light of recent third party practices, we can identify the emergence of new customary rules concerning the duty to cooperate in the conservation and management of high seas fishery resources
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Chan, Bunyeth. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle des espèces et de communauté de poissons dans le système d'inondation pulsé de Tonle Sap." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30244/document.
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Le lac Tonle Sap (TSL) est l'un des plus grands lacs du monde et est connu comme un hot-spot de la biodiversité en Asie du Sud-Est. En raison de la grande diversité ainsi que de la productivité élevée de poissons, le lac contribue à un apport important en protéines pour la population cambodgienne. Cette étude vise principalement à étudier (1) la dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la composition des communautés de poissons, (2) les effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la distribution des espèces et (3) l'effet de l'abolition des lots de pêche sur la biomasse, les communautés de poissions et le structure des poissons. En utilisant des méthodes statistiques multivariées sur les données de poissons et de variables environnementales, je suis en mesure de mettre en évidence les principales conclusions suivantes: * Les communautés de poissons du TSL étaient composées de deux assemblages de poissons: l'assemblage du nord, principalement caractérisé par des poissons noirs, et l'assemblage du sud, principalement lié aux poissons blancs, gris et estuariens. Les assemblages de poissons de la période 1994-1995 étaient représentés par l'abondance de tous les groupes fonctionnels, c'est-à-dire les poissons noirs, blancs et gris, et pour la période de 1996 à 1999, les assemblages étaient liés aux poissons blancs et gris. * Les distributions des abondances espèces de poissons n'étaient pas homogènes dans le TSL. De plus, les aires de distributions des espèces étaient différentes et étaient régies par des combinaisons distinctes de caractéristiques de l'habitat et de facteurs climatiques. * H. lobatus et H. siamensis peuvent coexister ensemble, mais la synchronisation et la migration de H. lobatus conduisent toujours à celles de H. siamensis. Ces résultats suggèrent que la population de H. lobatus est plus sensible aux variations d'impulsion de flux que celles de H. siamensis. Ceci indique que les variations des impulsions d'écoulement sont les principaux déterminants responsables de la dynamique temporelle de chaque espèce.[...]Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) is one of the world's largest lakes and is a biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia. It supports high fish productivity which sustains protein supply for millions of people in the region. This study aims to investigate (1) spatial and temporal dynamics of fish community composition, (2) the effects of environmental factors on fish distribution and (3) effects of fishing lot abolishment on fish biomass, community and structure in TSL. By using multivariate statistical methods on fish and environmental data, the thesis highlights that: * There were two fish assemblages in TSL: the northern assemblage, mostly characterised by black fishes, and the southern assemblage, mainly linked to white, grey and estuarine fishes. Fish assemblages from earlier years (1994 and 1995) were represented by the abundances of all functional groups, i.e. black, white and grey fishes, and from 1996 to 1999, the assemblages were linked only to white and grey fishes. * Fish species distributions were not homogeneous within TSL. In addition, species distribution areas were different and were governed by distinct combinations of the local habitat characteristics and regional climatic factors. * H. lobatus and H. siamensis can co-occur together, but synchronisation and migration of H. lobatus always lead those of H. siamensis. These results suggest that the population of H. lobatus is more responsive to flow pulse variations than those of H. siamensis.[...]
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Portela, Rafael Davis. "Pescadores na Bahia do Século XIX." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11626.
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Busquei nesta dissertação contribuir para a superação de uma importante lacuna da historiografia brasileira, que pouco produziu sobre os trabalhadores do mar. Tratei aqui dos pescadores da Bahia, na segunda metade do século XIX. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes. No primeiro capítulo, discuto o contexto e os objetivos da criação da Capitania dos Portos, e as consequências disso para os pescadores. Problematizo a questão das matrículas dos pescadores, diretamente ligadas às novas estratégias de recrutamento de mão de obra para a Marinha de guerra, e as estratégias e opções deles para escapar do serviço. No segundo capítulo procuro traçar um perfil dos pescadores baianos através de documentos da capitania, censos, listas eleitorais, inventários etc, e trago o caso de Francisco Xavier de Santana, pescador da povoação do Rio Vermelho, que por alguns anos teve que driblar uma série de ataques e sabotagens a ele dirigidas para poder fazer sua pescaria com redes. Durante a análise dos sentidos do caso, procuro entender lógicas das relações entre pescadores, suas articulações políticas e redes de amizade e solidariedade. O capítulo final cuida de conflitos no mar ligados à questão dos territórios marítimos. De como os pescadores instituem divisões territoriais no mar, por eles mesmos continuamente disputadas e transgredidas. Trago a luta da capitania em fazer valer leis que nem sempre estavam de acordo com os costumes e/ou interesses de alguns pescadores e a oposição entre duas concepções distintas acerca do direito ao uso e controle de “partes” específicas do mar. In this thesis I contribute to overcome a relevant shortcoming of Brazilian historiography, which produced little about sea workers. The subject of this study are the fishermen of Bahia, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The work is divided into three parts. In the first chapter, I bring the context and objectives of the creation of the Capitania dos Portos [Port Captaincy], and the consequences of that to fishermen. I discuss the fisherman enrollment policy, directly linked to new strategies for recruiting manpower for the Marinha de Guerra [Navy], and the strategies and options to avoid the mandatory service. In the second chapter I draw a profile of Bahian fishermen through documents of the captaincy, censuses, electoral lists, inventories etc, and bring up Francisco Xavier de Santana's case, a fisherman from a village called Rio Vermelho, who for some years had to overcome a series of attacks and sabotages made against him in order to be able to keep on doing his fishing with fishnets. In the analysis of this case, I establish the relations among the fishermen and their friendship, solidarity and political networks. The final chapter is dedicated to the sea conflicts linked to issues concerning maritime territories. It explains how the fishermen used to establish territorial divisions at sea that were sistematically contested and transgressed by themselves. I hereby present the effort of the captaincy to enforce laws that weren't always in accordance to the customs and/or interests of some fishermen, and also the contrast between two different perspectives towards the right to use and to control specific "parts" of the sea.
Salvador
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Nguyen, Lan Ngoc. "The contributions of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies to the development of the law of the sea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286357.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to systematically examine the contributions made by the dispute settlement bodies established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to the development of the law of the sea. The two main research questions to be answered are: (i) what kind of contribution have UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies made to the development of the law of the sea? and (ii) what are the factors that impact the performance of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies in developing the law of the sea? To that end, Chapter 1 provides a working definition for the concept of 'judicial development of international law' in order to establish a framework for an assessment of the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals. Based on this working definition, Chapters 2, 3 and 4 examine the significance of UNCLOS tribunals' decisions in the development of three main areas of the law of the sea, respectively the law on fisheries, the law on the outer continental shelf and the law on marine environmental protection. Based on the findings of these chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the factors that help explain the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals to the law of the sea as identified in the preceding chapters. These factors include: (i) the jurisdictional scope of UNCLOS tribunals, (ii) the institutional design of UNCLOS, (iii) the interpretative method employed by UNCLOS tribunals in deciding their cases and (iv) the perception that UNCLOS tribunals hold regarding their roles. Chapter 6 concludes by taking stock of the contribution of UNCLOS tribunal in these areas and offering some final observations on the role of UNCLOS tribunals in the development of the law of the sea.
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Smolinska, Anna Maria. "Les interactions entre régionalisme et universalisme dans le droit de la mer contemporain." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30082.
Full textAbstract:
L’évolution du droit international contemporain conduit souvent à poser la question de sa fragmentation. L’existence, dans le droit de la mer, d’une double approche, universelle et régionale, contribue à alimenter ce débat.La présente recherche s’intéresse aux relations, en termes d’interactions, que l’universalisme et le régionalisme entretiennent dans le droit de la mer. Elle tente plus précisément d’en comprendre les mécanismes et les enjeux.Dans un premier temps, l’étude est consacrée à l’analyse des interactions normatives et institutionnelles. Il est observé que le dédoublement de l’ordre des mers est plus apparent que réel, universalisme et régionalisme étant engagés dans des relations montrant leur entrelacement.Dans une seconde phase, l’analyse se tourne vers l’impact de ces interactions, non seulement sur les approches universelle et régionale, mais également sur l’ordre des mers. Il apparaît, en effet, que les relations entre ces deux dynamiques influencent décisivement la gouvernance des espaces marins dans leur ensemble. C’est ce dont rendent compte tant la création que l’application effective des règles chargées d'assurer cette gouvernance internationaleThe evolution of contemporary international law often leads to the question of its fragmentation. The presence, in the Law of the Sea, of both a universal and a regional approach contributes towards nourishing this debate.The present research focuses on the relationships, in terms of interaction, between universalism and regionalism within the Law of the Sea. It attempts especially to understand the mechanisms of these interactions and their stakes.At first, the study is devoted to the analysis of normative and institutional interactions. One can observes that the cleavage of the legal order of the seas is more apparent than real, since universalism and regionalism are engaged in relationships showing their intertwining nature.Secondly, the study is turned towards the impact of these interactions, not only on the universal and regional approaches, but also on the legal order of the Sea. Indeed, it appears that the relations between these two components of the Law of the Sea, influence in a decisive way the governance of the oceans as a whole. This influence can be seen in the creation as well as in the effective application of the rules of this international governance
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Leroy, Antonia. "Les transformations du droit des pêches face à l'émergence d'un problème juridique : la pêche illicite, non rapportée, non réglementée : Aspects de droit international, européen et national." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0043.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit des pêches maritimes puise ses fondements dans le droit de la mer. La Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 pense les questions de pêche à travers les espaces maritimes qu’elle établit. La lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN), s’est insinuée à l’intérieur du droit des pêches en transformation, sur lequel on s’interroge ici, et notamment sur la capacité de ce dernier à éradiquer ces activités INN. La pêche INN renvoie à différentes formes d’activités, de méthodes de pêche, ou de conditions d’exercice de la pêche, qu’il importe de clarifier. Les causes de la pêche INN et le traitement à y appliquer intéressent le droit public au moment où celui-ci recherche des parades. Le contenu et la portée des principes du droit international en matière de lutte contre la pêche INN, n'ont pas été pleinement efficaces puisque ce type de pêche persiste. La principale responsabilité de lutter contre la pêche INN incombe aux États, responsables au minimum d’éviter la pêche INN dans leurs mer territoriale et zones sous juridiction (État côtier) et en haute mer par des navires battant leur pavillon (État du pavillon). L’implication des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches (ORGP) ou d’autres États ou le focus sur certains rôles de l’État comme celui de l’"État du port" et l’"État du marché", qui facilitent ou contrent le commerce des produits halieutiques provenant d’activités INN, ont fait émerger des mesures juridiques internationales ou internes plus contraignantes. Dans ce mouvement, la politique commune européenne des pêches et son droit autant dans son volet interne qu’externe ont joué un rôle déterminantFisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role
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Neri, Kiara. "L'emploi de la force en mer." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30076.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit international contemporain est placé face à un défi majeur : assurer la sécurité et laliberté des espaces maritimes alors que l’on y observe une recrudescence des activités illicitesou dangereuses. L’étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de ce défi et tente de cerner la problématiquede l’emploi de la force en mer afin de lutter contre ces activités. Elle se place alors dans lasphère du développement et de la mise en oeuvre de pouvoirs de police dans les zonesmaritimes et tente de montrer l’ambivalence de la police internationale relative à la mer. Elleest caractérisée par une double juxtaposition entre l’objet de l’emploi de la force en mer(activités illicites de personnes privées ou actes illicites des Etats) et entre les acteurs chargésde lutter contre l’illicite en mer. Elle se traduit par deux dialectiques distinctes maisétroitement imbriquées. La première, police internationale en mer et police internationale desmers, repose sur les acteurs de l’illicite et déterminera le corps de règles applicable. Laseconde, emploi de la force décentralisé et emploi de la force centralisé, met en scène lesacteurs de la police relative à la mer et permet de mettre en lumière le besoin croissant d’unegestion commune centralisée des atteintes à l’ordre des mersContemporary international law is facing a great challenge: ensuring both the security and theliberty of the oceans while unlawful or hazardous activities at sea are constantly increasing.The study takes its place within this challenge and tries to shed light on the issue of the use offorce at sea in order to combat these activities. It lies within the framework of thedevelopment and the enforcement of police powers on the maritime zones and attempts to putforward the ambivalence of the international police relating to the sea. The ambivalence ischaracterized by a couple of juxtapositions, both between the object of the use of force at sea(private unlawful activities or States’ unlawful acts) and between the actors in charge of thestruggle for the safety of the oceans. It results in two distinct but closely linked dialectics. Thefirst, international police at sea and international police of the sea, relies on the actors of theunlawful acts and determines the relevant body of rules. The second, decentralized andcentralized use of force, emphasizes the increasing need for a global and shared managementof the breaches of the legal order of the sea
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Hu, Nien-Tsu Alfred. "Fishing boats and gunboats the convergence of fisheries and naval policy /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19478873.html.
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Evans, Paul L. "Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definition." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33563.
Full textAbstract:
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States
to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed
in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize and empower the Pacific Salmon
Commission as the agent of fishery sustainability. The Pacific Salmon
Commission serves as a bilateral recommendation-making body. Through its
formal and informal, communications, the commission suggests action and defines
regional salmon policy. Over the past decade pressures related to overharvest,
changing oceanic conditions, and an increasing demand for production have
challenged the commission and the fishery as never before.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was officially signed into existence in 1985. It
was supposed to be re-ratified in 1992. This did not occur. From 1992 until 1999
numerous ratification processes were attempted, all but one failed. During this
time tensions mounted and expressed frustrations nearly prompted overt violence.
In August 1997 Canadian fishermen angered at the lack of a solution blockaded a
U.S. passenger ferry thrusting the issue onto the world stage. In response to the crisis Canada and the U.S. empowered a joint commission to find resolution.
While the resultant Strangway-Ruckelshaus Initiative proved to be a failure, its
findings paved the way for eventual re-ratification.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty exists because salmon within the Pacific
Northwest represent different but simultaneous values within rooted world view
orientations. The respective political cultures of Canada and the U.S. have
sustained administrative regimes consistent with their dominant understanding of
salmon and its values. Divergent cultural expectations and shared economic
pressures have sustained conflict over the fishery and led to political and economic
uncertainty. The Pacific Salmon Treaty is a work in progress. Understanding the
treaty's context, historical development and function is vital for the sustainability
of the fishery.
The recent ratification of the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents an evolution
in shared resource management. Based upon an "abundance-based management"
regime the 1999 agreement provides the Pacific Salmon Commission with more
discretionary capacity. However, the new pact may prove to be incomplete in form
and function because of contradictory world view orientations. This research
suggests that an emphasis on struggle management instead of conflict avoidance
coupled with an enhanced bilateral commitment to the sustainability of the fishery
may prove most helpful for the long-term outlook of the salmon. It also suggests
that it is simply too early to tell whether this most recent attempt can or will "save
the salmon."Graduation date: 2001
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Power, Melanie Deanne. "Fishing for justice : an ethical framework for fisheries policies in Canada." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14810.
Full textAbstract:
Canadian fisheries are in crisis. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, stories abound
of fisheries closures or failures and coastal communities in difficulty. A new approach to
fisheries policy is required, one which recognises the intrinsic value of all participants in the
fisheries ecosystem and is capable of providing guidance on how to make policy decisions. The
principles of environmental ethics provide a framework for developing justice-based fisheries
policies.
The environmental ethics literature is first explored, with special attention to fisheries
issues. From this review, a justice-based framework is identified, in which five types of justice
are viewed as pertinent to fisheries concerns. This framework is then translated into an
assessment tool, based upon the Rapfish method for rapid appraisal of fisheries and using a set
of justice-based ethical criteria. These criteria are evaluated and, through a paired comparison
survey, further explored. An assessment of a range of Canadian marine fisheries is conducted
using these ethical criteria. Subsequently, a modified Rapfish assessment, using the original
criteria supplemented with additional customised criteria, is conducted for Aboriginal fisheries
for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. Additionally, a study is conducted which explores
preferences regarding the abundance and diversity of fisheries ecosystems.
Finally, the commercial fishery for Pacific salmon in British Columbia is presented as a
case study. The Rapfish assessment results are presented, and considerations as to how to
operationalise just policies for this fishery are suggested. Recommendations include: balancing
the composition of the commercial fleet, based upon ecological impacts of the various gear
types; encouragement of local stewardship and community involvement; and inclusion of
various forms of knowledge in fisheries management and decision-making.
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Harris, Douglas C. "The legal capture of British Columbia’s fisheries: a study of law and colonialism." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8144.
Full textAbstract:
This is a study of the human conflict over fish in late nineteenth and early twentieth
century British Columbia, and of how that conflict was shaped by law. Law, understood
broadly to include both the legal forms of the Canadian state and those of Native peoples,
defined and in part created both Native and state fisheries. When those fisheries clashed,
one finds conflict between legal systems. When one fishery sought to replace the other, its
laws had to replace the other. Thus, this is a study of law and colonialism, seen through a
close analysis of the conflict over fish.
Native fisheries and the web of regulation surrounding them preceded non-Native
interest in British Columbia's fish. The fishery was not an open-access resource, but
rather a commons, defined by entitlements, prohibitions and sanctions that allowed certain
activity, proscribed others, permitted one group to catch fish at certain times in particular
locations with particular technology, and prohibited others. The Canadian state denied the
legitimacy and even the existence of Native fisheries law in imposing its law on the fishery.
This study, based largely on government records and a secondary anthropological
literature, describes the legal apparatus constructed by the Canadian state to reduce Native
control of the fisheries in British Columbia through the creation, in law, of the "Indian
food fishery". Law became a means of constructing a particular economic and social
order that marginalized Native participation in the fishery and eliminated Native control.
It was a "rhetoric of legitimation" that supported state domination, but also local
resistance. Native peoples and their supporters used law, both Native and state law, to defend their fisheries. The history of the conflict over fish is the history of competing legal
cultures, and the struggle on the Cowichan River and the Babine River over fish weirs
reveals those cultures, constructed in opposition to each other. The study concludes by
integrating the local conflicts over fish into a wider literature on law and colonialism,
reflecting on the role of law in particular colonial settings.
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March, Chantal A. "The impact of the Marshall Decision on fisheries policy in Atlantic Canada /." 2002.
Find full text
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Opondo, Paul Abiero. "Fishers and fish traders of lake victoria : colonial of fish and the development of fish production in Kenya, 1880-1978." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4301.
Full textAbstract:
The developemnt of fisheries in Lake Victoria is faced with a myriad challenges including overfishing, environmental destruction, disappearance of certain indigenous species and pollution. All these problems can be located within the social, economic and political systems that exists today and in the past. This thesis, ‘Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria : Colonial Policy and the Development of Fish Production in Kenya, 1880-1978’, argues that the Luo fishers had their own indigenous techniques of fishing, modes of preservation and systems of management that ensured sustainable utilisation of fisheries. The thesis examines the role of the Luo fishers in the sustainable usage of the Lake Victoria fisheries.
The British colonial settlers came up with new policies of plantation and commercial farming, taxation and forced labour, all of which encouraged the Luo fishers to partially break with their pre-colonial systems and create new ways of responding to the demands of the colonial state. The study argues that the coming of colonialism and its attendant capitalism introduced new fishing gear as well as new species, such as mbuta, that were inimical to the sustainable utilisation of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The colonial regime also introduced new practices of fisheries management such as scouts, licensing, closed seasons and the numbering of boats, practices geared towards ensuring the commercial production and development of the fisheries. This commercialisation led to cut-throat competition between Asian, European and African fish traders. The coming of independence in 1963 brought some changes, such as the provision of credit facilities, new technology, and attempts by the new African government to more effectively control and manage the fisheries. However, not much changed in terms of policy objectives, and most of the colonial policies remained unchanged. New industries were established around the fisheries, but most remained in the hands of Asians and a few African middlemen. The small-scale fishers continued to struggle against the commercialisation of fishery production, remaining voiceless and marginalised. The study recommends an all inclusive participatory approach to solve the problems currently affecting the Lake Victoria fisheries.History
DLITT (History)