Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lanthanide Fluoride

Academic literature on the topic 'Lanthanide Fluoride'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lanthanide Fluoride"

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Раджабов, Е. А., and В. А. Козловский. "Перенос электрона между разнородными лантаноидами в кристаллах BaF-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- --- II механизмы переноса." Физика твердого тела 61, no. 5 (2019): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.05.47587.19f.

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The processes of electron transfer from a divalent lanthanide acceptor (Eu, Sm, Yb) to a trivalent lanthanide donor (Nd, Sm, Dy, Tm, Yb) and reverse thermal transfer are studied in barium fluoride crystals. Electron phototransfer at room temperatures is accompanied by a counter-movement of the charge-compensating interstitial fluorine. In the process of photobleaching at low temperatures, the divalent lanthanide donor turns out to be near the interstitial fluorine, which causes its 4f-5d absorption bands to shift to the red. The magnitude of the shift increases with decreasing size of the lanthanide in the series (Nd, Sm, Dy, Tm, Yb). Detailed mechanisms of photo and thermal electron transfer between heterogeneous lanthanides in BaF2 crystals are analyzed.
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Grzechnik, Andrzej, and Karen Friese. "Fluorides containing lanthanides and yttrium at extreme conditions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314099446.

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We are interested in crystal structures and stabilities of fluoride materials containing lanthanides and yttrium that are related to the CaF2 structure. These compounds are laser hosts and luminescent materials, oxygen sensors as well as components of solar cells. They exhibit various schemes of (dis)ordering of cations and anions in fluorite superstructures and anion-excess fluorites. In the last few years, we have performed a series of studies on the bulk AMF4 and MF3 materials (A = Li, Na, K; M = Y, lanthanide) at different pressure-temperature conditions. Among them, ordered LiYF4 is a commercial host for solid state lasers, while partially ordered NaYF4 doped with lanthanides is the most efficient material for green and blue up-conversion known to date. In the system KF–YF3, we have studied not only KYF4 [1] but also KY3F10, which is an anion-excess 2×2×2 superstructure of fluorite at atmospheric conditions. At high temperatures and high pressures, it converts to another fluorite superstructure with disordered fluorine atoms. The pressure-induced LaF3 post-tysonite structure is another example of the anion-excess fluorite [2]. Our work on the fluorite-related materials at extreme conditions provides information on their structural instabilities that could further be used to better understand and control their materials properties. For instance, we demonstrated that the NaMF4 up-converters are unstable and that the ordering of the cations and vacancies in their structure is a slow process [3]. Consequently, the order–disorder transformations have a profound influence over the luminescent properties of these materials when doped.
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Zhang, Pei-Zhi, Rui Liu, Ling-Dong Sun, Hao Dong, Lin-Dong Li, Xiao-Yu Zheng, Ke Wu, and Chun-Hua Yan. "Phase segregation enabled scandium fluoride–lanthanide fluoride Janus nanoparticles." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 8 (2018): 1800–1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00328a.

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Dong, Cunhai, and Frank C. J. M. van Veggel. "Cation Exchange in Lanthanide Fluoride Nanoparticles." ACS Nano 3, no. 1 (December 12, 2008): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn8004747.

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Li, Yajuan, Xudong Yu, and Tao Yu. "Eu3+ based mesoporous hybrid material with tunable multicolor emission modulated by fluoride ion: application for selective sensing toward fluoride ion." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 22 (2017): 5411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01240c.

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Blackburn, Octavia A., Jack D. Routledge, Laura B. Jennings, Nicholas H. Rees, Alan M. Kenwright, Paul D. Beer, and Stephen Faulkner. "Substituent effects on fluoride binding by lanthanide complexes of DOTA-tetraamides." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 7 (2016): 3070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt04349b.

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Ding, Mingye, Daqin Chen, Danyang Ma, Jianbin Dai, Yuting Li, and Zhenguo Ji. "Highly enhanced upconversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped active-core/luminescent-shell/active-shell nanoarchitectures." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 13 (2016): 2432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00163g.

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Through active-core/luminescent-shell/active-shell engineering in lanthanide-doped fluoride nanocrystals, significant enhancement of UC emission intensity has been successfully realized under the synergistic action of double sensitization and suppression effects.
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Blackburn, Octavia A., Alan M. Kenwright, Paul D. Beer, and Stephen Faulkner. "Axial fluoride binding by lanthanide DTMA complexes alters the local crystal field, resulting in dramatic spectroscopic changes." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 45 (2015): 19509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt02398j.

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Dramatic changes are observed in both the NMR and luminescence spectra of LnDTMA complexes on addition of fluoride, consistent with a change in the nature of the magnetic anisotropy at the paramagnetic lanthanide centre.
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Shi, Dongliang, Xiaoping Yang, Zhiyin Xiao, Xiaoming Liu, Hongfen Chen, Yanan Ma, Desmond Schipper, and Richard A. Jones. "A 42-metal Yb(iii) nanowheel with NIR luminescent response to anions." Nanoscale 12, no. 3 (2020): 1384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09151c.

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Han, Qingyan, Zhu Lu, Wei Gao, Wanting Zhou, Jianxia Qi, Aihua Hao, and Jun Dong. "Controlling upconversion luminescence patterns in space with red emission enhancement from a single fluoride microcrystal by tuning the excitation mode." RSC Advances 9, no. 31 (2019): 17537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03182k.

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The UC luminescence patterns can be controlled from the flower-like emission pattern to the red flame-like irradiation pattern with a red luminescence enhancement for a single lanthanide-doped fluoride material by varying the excitation position.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lanthanide Fluoride"

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Hughes-Currie, Rosa. "Free-Electron Laser and Synchrotron Spectroscopy of Fundamental Excitations in Ytterbium-Doped Fluoride Lattices." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics & Astronomy, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10581.

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The spectroscopy of wide-bandgap fluoride materials doped with divalent ytterbium is presented. The structure of impurity-trapped excitons is explored, vacuum ultraviolet excitation is used to investigate the transfer processes between excitations, and the effect of confinement on self-trapped excitons is studied. The excited-state structure of impurity-trapped excitons is measured in the multisite system NaMgF₃:Yb²⁺. A two-colour ultraviolet-infrared pulsed photoluminescence enhancement technique is employed to probe the interlevel transitions and dynamics of impurity-trapped excitons in doped insulating phosphor materials. NaMgF₃:Yb²⁺ exhibits emission from two charge-compensation centres with peaks at 22 300 cm⁻¹ (448 nm) and 24 000 cm⁻¹ (417 nm). The observed photoluminescence enhancement is caused by a combination of intra-excitonic excitation and electron trap liberation. The electron traps are inferred to have a depth of approximately 800 cm⁻¹. Time-resolved VUV spectroscopic studies of emission and excitation spectra of CaF₂:Yb, NaMgF₃Yb and MgF₂:Yb are presented to investigate excitation and relaxation mechanisms of both impurity-trapped excitons and intrinsic excitons in each fluoride host. Host-to-impurity energy transfer mechanisms leading to formation of impurity-trapped excitons are discussed. The 4f¹⁴ → 4f¹³5d CaF₂:Yb²⁺ absorption bands are successfully modeled with a semi-empirical effective Hamiltonian calculation for NaMgF₃:Yb²⁺ and MgF₂:Yb²⁺. The excitation and emission spectra of all studied materials are compared. Results on VUV spectroscopy of 3 and 5 monolayer CdF₂–CaF₂ superlattices show the change in optical behaviour of the self-trapped exciton in CdF₂ when it is confined and give an indication of the radius of the exciton. The decay of the emission is modeled with three components, corresponding to three self-trapped exciton states. Results on the VUV spectroscopy of CdF₂–CaF₂ superlattices show that the confinement effect seems to equally influence the energy of excitonic and bandgap absorption in 3 and 5 monolayer superlattices. At the same time, as the self-trapped exciton is more confined, the emission is blue-shifted by 1600 cm⁻¹ indicating that the effective excitonic radius is about three monolayers.
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Jayasundera, Anil. "Solvothermal chemistry of luminescent lanthanide fluorides." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2125.

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Exploration of novel lanthanide fluoride framework materials in inorganic-organic hybrid systems under solvothermal conditions towards development of new luminescent materials is discussed. X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction methods have been used as crystallographic characterisation techniques. Determination and study of luminescence properties for selected hybrid materials has also been carried out. The first organically templated luminescent lanthanide fluoride framework, [C₂N₂H₁₀]₀.₅ [Ln₂F₇] (Ln= Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb and Lu), has been synthesised and characterised. This structure type consists of a three-dimensional yttrium fluoride framework incorporating two similar, but crystallographically distinct, yttrium sites. Photoluminescence studies of [C₂N₂H₁₀]₀.₅ [Y₂F₇]: Ln³⁺ (Ln³⁺ = Gd³⁺, Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺) have been explored and characteristic luminescence emissions are reported. An inorganic-organic hybrid indium fluoride and its scandium fluoride analogue, [C₄H₁₄N₂][MF₅](M=In and Sc) is reported. The structure consists of infinite trans vertex sharing (InF₅)[subscript(∞)] chains, which are linked via H-bonded organic moieties. The scandium and fluorine local environments of [C₄H₁₄N₂][ScF₅] are characterised by ¹⁹F, and ⁴⁵Sc solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopies. A single scandium site has been confirmed by ⁴⁵Sc MAS NMR. ¹⁹F MAS NMR clearly differentiates between bridging and terminal fluorine. The photoluminescence properties of these complexes, [C₄H₁₄N₂][In[subscript(1-x)] Ln[subscript(x)]F₅] (Ln=Tb and/or Eu), have been explored. The optimum composition for Eu³⁺ doped samples occurs at x = 0.05 Eu³⁺ and the “asymmetry ratio” of R = I₅₉₀/I₆₁₅ ( ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ and ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₁) gives a clear picture of the sensitivity for crystal field of the compound. For x = 0.08 Tb³⁺, a strong down-conversion fluorescence corresponding to ⁵D₄ → ⁷F₅ (green at 543.5 nm) occurs. In addition, a Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺ co-doped sample exhibits a combination of green (Tb³⁺) and orange (Eu³⁺) luminescence, with Tb³⁺ enhancing the emission of Eu³⁺ in this host. Exploration of novel indium, aluminium, and zirconium fluoride crystal structures with potential luminescent properties has also been undertaken. A chiolite-like phase K₅In₃F₁₄ (space group P4/mnc) has been synthesised. No phase transition occurs over the temperature range 113K< T< 293 K, as has been seen in other chiolite-like structures. An organically templated indium fluoride, [NH₄]₃[C₆H₂₁N₄]₂[In₄F₂₁] has been prepared; this features the trimeric unit [In₃F₁₅]³⁻ which appears to be the first of its type in a metal fluoride. A new hybrid fluoride, Sr[N₂C₂H₁₀]₂[Al₂F₁₂].H₂O has been synthesised. Because the ionic radius of Eu²⁺ is similar to that of Sr ²⁺ this may be a potential host for blue luminescent Eu²⁺. The new material KZrF₅.H₂O shows pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry of Zr⁴⁺ with a polar space group, Pb2₁m, which may potentially have ferroelectric properties.
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ZHANG, XIAO. "Excitation de la fluorescence anti-stokes de l'ion holmium trivalent dans les fluorites et le fluorure de lanthane." Reims, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REIMS008.

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Ce travail presente une etude de la conversion rouge-vert et rouge-bleu par l'ion holmium trivalent dans les fluorites et le fluorure de lanthane. Une telle conversion peut s'effectuer par differents mecanismes: le processus d'absorptions successives, le transfert d'energie et l'avalanche de photons. Une connaissance approfondie de ces mecanismes est necessaire car ils sont utilises depuis une dizaine d'annees, pour realiser des lasers emettant dans le vert et bleu lorsqu'on les excite dans le rouge ou le proche infrarouge. Dans les cristaux de structure fluorite, l'ion holmium trivalent se substitue au cation divalent et peut occuper differents sites cristallographiques a cause de la necessite d'une compensation de charge. Avec la technique de spectroscopie par selection de sites effectuee avec un laser a colorant accordable dans le rouge, ces differents sites peuvent etre etudies separement. Au contraire, dans le fluorure de lanthane, l'ion holmium n'occupe qu'un seul site. Dans tous les cas, les etudes spectroscopique et dynamique des fluorescences stokes et anti-stokes revelent que les principaux mecanismes d'excitation de l'ion holmium sont des absorptions successives a deux photons et des transferts d'energie. Le processus d'absorptions successives via un niveau dont la duree de vie est suffisamment longue pour favoriser l'absorption du second photon a ete identifie avec les sites isoles. Le processus de transfert d'energie a ete observe essentiellement pour les paires mais aussi entre des ions holmium plus eloignes. L'etude dynamique revele differents processus de transferts, impliquant deux ions holmium excites soit sur le meme niveau d'energie soit sur deux niveaux differents. Avec le fluorure de cadmium codope holmium et ytterbium, l'ion ytterbium joue le role de pont pour transferer l'energie d'excitation d'un ion holmium a l'autre et de barriere pour empecher les relaxations croisees entre les ions holmium
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Facciotti, Camilla <1990&gt. "Development of lanthanide doped alkaline-earth fluorides core-shell nanoparticles for nanothermometry and drug delivery applications." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6344.

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In this study we have worked out a new kind of nanodevices based on CaF2 and SrF2 hosts doped with lanthanide ions with upconverting properties. The main aim consists in the development of luminescent, MRI active and multifunctional nanoparticles useful in different biomedical fields. The structural, morphological and optical properties have been investigated with laser spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction technique, electron microscopy technique. The colloidal properties have been studied with the Dynamic Light Scattering technique. The encouraging results prove that the upconverting nanoparticles are good candidates as nanothermometers and nanodelivery cargo systems.
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Métin, Jacques. "Etude structurale de fluorures ternaires de lanthanides et mecanismes de transfert d'energie gd**(3+) -> eu**(2+) dans rbgd : :(3)f::(10)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E391.

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Etude des systemes kf-prf::(3) et csf-luf::(3) par analyse thermique differentielle et radiocristallographie. Synthese d'une nouvelle serie de composes de formule tlln::(3)f::(10) et caracterisation cristallographique. Etude de proprietes optiques de ces materiaux, le transfert gd**(3+)->eu**(2+) etant envisage pour optimiser l'emission de raie uv 4f**(7)->4f**(7) de l'ion eu**(2+) dans les varietes cubique et hexagonale de rbgd::(3)f::(10). Mise en evidence des deux sites cristallographiques qu'occupe gd par analyse de la fluorescence des niveaux **(6)p::(j) de l'ion gd**(3+) dans la variete hexagonale
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Dorais, Marie-Christine. "Développement de nanoparticules inorganiques luminescentes dopées aux lanthanides." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28332/28332.pdf.

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Zambon, Daniel. "Etude structurale et optique de la phase linay::(2)f::(8) : tb**(3+), eu**(3+), mecanisme de transfert tb**(3+) -> eu**(3+)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF21088.

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Etude de la fluorescence. Une serie de composes isotopes de formule generale linaln::(2)f::(8) a ete synthetisee avec des lanthanides de faible rayon ionique (ln = ho -> lu). Un laser a impulsion accordable de largeur spectrale 0,5cm**(-1) a ete utilise pour exciter selectivement dans l'uv ou dans le visible un des niveaux absorbants au-dessus de **(5)d::(4) de l'ion tb**(3+) ou de **(5)d::(0) de l'ion eu**(3+). Mise en evidence d'un transfert d'energie tb**(3+) -> eu**(3+)
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Benalloul, Paul. "Dispositifs électroluminescents en couches minces et polychromie." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066282.

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Nous avons élaboré des dispositifs EL ayant la structure MISIM (métal-isolant-semiconducteur-isolant-métal). Les différentes couches minces sont déposées sous vide par évaporation au canon à électrons ou par pulvérisation cathodique radiofréquence. Etude systématique des dispositifs ZnS: TbF3, émettant dans le vert. Performances et perspectives des dispositifs ZnS:LnF3, plus particulièrement de ceux dopés avec TmF3, TbF3 et SmF3 qui émettent respectivement dans le bleu, le vert et le rouge (trichromie). Notre conclusion est que seul TbF3 est un centre complexe satisfaisant. Par contre, les performances que l'on peut attendre de SmF3 sont à peine acceptables; quant à l'émission bleue de TmF3, elle est nettement insuffisante. Nous exposons une voie nouvelle permettant d'obtenir l'émission rouge de Eu3+. Une étude de ce centre complexe est présentée ainsi que les performances obtenues.
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Mahiou, Rachid. "Transferts d'excitation optique et effets non lineaires dans des materiaux concentres en gadolinium." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E379.

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Fluorescence de nagdf::(4), k::(2)gdf::(5), gdcl::(3). Excitation selective dans l'ultraviolet (excitation a 1 photon) ou dans le rouge (excitation a 2 photons) d'une des composantes stark du multiplet **(6)p::(7/2) de gd**(3+). Le declin de la fluorescence entre 4,4k et la temperature ambiante permet de determiner le mode de diffusion de l'energie d'excitation. Effet de la densite d'excitation. Mise en evidence d'une fluorescence anti-stokes issue des niveaux **(6)g::(7/2), **(6)d::(3/2) et **(6)i::(7/2). Effet d'un champ magnetique
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Labidi, Fathi. "Préparation et étude de couches minces de fluorure de lanthane destinées à la réalisation de membranes sensibles pour capteurs." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10585.

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Etude des conditions optimales de preparation de couches minces de fluorure de lanthane par pulverisation cathodique rf ou par sublimation thermique sous vide. Caracterisation physicochimique des couches obtenues. L'etude des proprietes electriques est realisee par spectroscopie d'admittance en utilisant une representation par admittances fractionnaires et par itc. Les interactions gaz-solide et ions en solution solide sont etudiees et conduisent a la realisation d'un capteur a oxygene fonctionnant des la temperature ambiante et d'un capteur isfet fluor
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Book chapters on the topic "Lanthanide Fluoride"

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Rastogi, Chandresh Kumar. "Up-Converting Lanthanide Ions Doped Fluoride Nanophosphors: Advances from Synthesis to Applications." In Handbook on Synthesis Strategies for Advanced Materials, 159–211. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1892-5_6.

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Müller, Bernd G. "Lanthanide Fluorides." In Topics in f-Element Chemistry, 55–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3758-4_2.

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Morteani, G., and M. Satir. "The Bastnaesite-Fluorite-Barite Deposit of the Kizilcaören District, Eskisehir, Turkey." In Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium, 189–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87262-4_7.

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Shimohara, Y., A. Nezu, M. Numakura, H. Akatsuka, and H. Matsuura. "Electrochemical Behaviour of Light Lanthanides in Molten Chlorides with Fluorides." In Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology, 577–80. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118448847.ch7g.

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Pedroni, Marco, F. Piccinelli, M. Bettinelli, and A. Speghini. "Lanthanide Doped Nanocrystalline Alkaline Earth Fluorides: Synthesis, Structural, Morphological and Spectroscopic Investigation." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 437–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5313-6_50.

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Eyring, L. "Oxygen-Deficient, Fluorite-Related Structures: Lanthanide Oxides (Ce, Pr, and Tb Higher Oxides)." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 160–65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145203.ch113.

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Nakamura, Akio, Naoki Igawa, Yoshihiro Okamoto, Yukio Hinatsu, Junhu Wang, Masashi Takahashi, and Masuo Takeda. "Lanthanides (151Eu and155Gd) Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Defect-Fluorite Oxides Coupled with New Defect Crystal Chemistry Model." In Mössbauer Spectroscopy, 71–94. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118714614.ch04.

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Kinkead, Scott A., Kent D. Abney, and Thomas A. O'Donnell. "Chapter 126 f-Element speciation in strongly acidic media: Lanthanides and mid-actinidemetals, oxides, fluorides, and oxide fluorides in superacids." In Lanthanides/Actinides: Chemistry, 507–27. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1273(05)80049-2.

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Chamelot, Pierre, Laurent Massot, Mathieu Gibilaro, and Pierre Taxil. "Lanthanides Extraction Processes in Molten Fluoride Media." In Molten Salts Chemistry, 521–40. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-398538-5.00025-1.

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Chervonnyi, Alexandr D. "Thermodynamic Properties of Lanthanide Fluorides and Chlorides in the Gaseous and Condensed States." In Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, 165–484. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-54316-5.00002-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lanthanide Fluoride"

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Tropper, A. C. "Visible Upconversion Fiber Lasers." In Compact Blue-Green Lasers. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cbgl.1992.thb1.

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Over the past two years several upconversion-pumped visible laser systems based on lanthanide-doped fluorozirconate glass fibre have been reported[1-5], illustrating the great potential of this medium for efficient infrared to visible conversion. Confinement of pump radiation in a small core fiber lead to rapid multiple step pumping of high-lying metastable energy levels for fairly modest levels of pump power. Compared to silica fibers the low vibrational energies of the heavy metal fluoride glass matrix leads to a greatly reduced competition to optical pumping and emission processes from nonradiative decay. A further advantage relative to silica is the narrowness of the absorption and fluorescence bands giving higher peak cross-sections and less likelihood of unwanted excited state absorption(ESA). Fluoride fibre fabrication technology has now reached a point at which small core fibres (i.e. monomode in the visible) with scattering losses down to ~ 0.2dBm−1 can be made, so that the remarkable properties of the fluoride glass host can be embodied in efficient compact devices.
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Rogin, P., and G. Huber. "Epitaxial Pr,Yb:LiYF4 Waveguides for Upconversion Lasers." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.cthf6.

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Upconversion lasers based on lanthanide doped host materials have been known for several years. The efficiency of their multiphoton excitation schemes depends critically on the absence of competing nonradiative processes, depleting the intermediate energy levels involved as well as the upper laser level. For this reason, fluoride host materials generally outperform oxides due to their lower phonon energies and, consequently, lower multiphonon relaxation rates. In this work, we concentrate on LiYF4 (YLF) codoped with Pr3+ and Yb3+, allowing for a sensitized avalanche upconversion mechanism [1] to produce red (639.5 nm) output upon pumping at ~ 835 nm. The threshold pump intensity of this process is in the order of 105 to 106 W/cm2, requiring a tightly focused pump beam. In bulk media, the high divergency of such a beam results in a very short gain medium, where only a small part of the incident light is absorbed, giving rise to a poor overall efficiency. A longer gain medium, as demonstrated with fluoride glass fibres, allows for a far better performance. In a disordered host material, however, the inhomogeneous broadening of the spectral lines reduces the peak gain cross section. Therefore, it seems promising to combine the advantages of the fibre geometry and a crystalline host by using crystalline waveguides.
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Patel, Darayas Havovi N., Sergey S. Sarkisov, Abdalla M. Darwish, Aminaa Jallow, Kaiana Lewis, Dedrian Barrett, Andrew Dholichand, Mike Warren, and Kayla McEady. "Lanthanide-doped down-conversion fluorides: synthesis, characterization, and applications." In Oxide-based Materials and Devices XII, edited by Ferechteh H. Teherani, David C. Look, and David J. Rogers. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2577886.

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MacDougall, Sean Kye W., Aruna Ivaturi, Jose Marques-Hueso, Daqin Chen, Yuansheng Wang, and Bryce S. Richards. "Broadband excitation of upconversion in lanthanide doped fluorides for enhancement of Si solar cells." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Ralf Wehrspohn and Andreas Gombert. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.922644.

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Schroeder, John, and Luu–Gen Hwa. "Intrinsic Brillouin Linewidths and Stimulated Brillouin Gain Coefficients in Glasses studied by Inelastic Light Scattering." In Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlopm.1988.thb2.

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Abstract:
Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering measurements on various multicomponent halide glasses and some selected oxide glasses were done. The Brillouin linewidth measurements, the Brillouin intensities and frequency shifts allowed the calculation of phonon attenuation, Pockels' elastooptic coefficients and the Stimulated Brillouin scattering gain coefficients. Brillouin linewidths obtained experimentally range between the limit of 52MHz for a BeF2 glass and 213MHz for a Zirconium–Barium–Lanthanium–Fluoride glass.1 The parameter obtained in the above study shows that the threshold power for the onset of Stimulated Brillouin scattering in some halide glasses is greater than that for silicate glasses, which has important ramifications as a selection criterion for halide based glasses as single mode optical waveguide materials.2
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Uhlig, H., R. Thielsch, J. Heber, and N. Kaiser. "Lanthanide tri-fluorides: a survey of the optical, mechanical and structural properties of thin films with emphasis of their use in the DUV-VUV-spectral range." In Optical Systems Design 2005, edited by Claude Amra, Norbert Kaiser, and H. Angus Macleod. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.625100.

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