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Academic literature on the topic 'Languge and languages'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Languge and languages"

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P, Vimala. "Dialect in Contemporary Literature (Regional Dialects)." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-3 (July 16, 2022): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s323.

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Language is the identity of society. Literature that emerges through these languages also reflects society. In that sense every literature is set up with every language style. That is to say, the literature that appeared in the Sanam period was based on the proverbial language style of the time. After that the language of prose takes shape. Prose is a form of writing that simply conveys ideas as if speaking without grammatical conventions. It was followed by the pre-independence literature of the quest for freedom. A few lawsuits have been filed in the political arena since independence. Thus the language is constantly changing from time to time. The vast majority of literature produced today is centered on the regional Languge. This Article moves on to the cause of such social change and the consequences of change on society.
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Wulandari, Dwi, and Afif Noor. "Foreign Language Learning, Environment, and their Influence on Moslem Teenage Learners’ Identity." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207043.

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This study is aimed at looking at how the environment of foreign language learnings affect the identity formation of the teenage learning them. English and Arabic languge, the language learnt formally by teenage at madrasa, are compared to find out which influences what in learners identity. The study shows that learners see both languages in a positive attitude, though in a different manner. English is seen with pretty much respct of the symbols of modernization, and therefore the learners are more cautious in using them, although some studies report that there is no negative influence of English on learners’ identity. On the other hands, Arabic language is easily view as part of learners’ identity as it is closely related with Islam. Though the learners perceive the language in a quite different manner, the result of their learning aimed at communication show quite similar result, as both processes show the difficulty in enhancing quick achivements.
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LƏTİFLİ, V. A. "XARİCİ DİLİN TƏDRİSİNDƏ İNNOVATİV METODLARIN İSTİFADƏSİ." Actual Problems of study of humanities 2, no. 2024 (July 15, 2024): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.2.217.

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The Role of Innovative Methods in Teaching Foreign Languge Summary The article is devoted to description of innovative methods. Innovative methods and technologies of teaching today are gaining increasing recognition and new opportunities associated with the establishment of interpersonal interaction. In this article is paid attention to choices of methods which should vary with different purposes, ages groups, and stages of mental development. A structure of modern process of teaching and its results is presented in this receaerch. Some of the common learning characteristics of adult language and literacy learners as well as four guiding principles to teaching adults foreign languages are given in the article. Key words: innovative method, project, active learning, traditional learning, creative tasks
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Fathira, Vina. "Isoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Malay-Riau Language." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(1).1159.

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Dialectology is a part of sociolinguistics that is known as regional dialect topic. To ease the readers to understand the regional dialect especially in language mapping for certain region, the researcher used isoglosses boundary. Isoglosses boundary is the line that separate between region of having different etyma. The aim of this research is to elaborate the language mapping in dialectolgy by isoglosses boundary. Method of the research used qualitative method explained descriptively. In this research, the researcher conducted a dialectology research in Rokan Hulu Regency by 21 observation spots. In collecting data, there were 200 Swadesh words had been recorded, had been transcribed in phonetic transcription, and had been drawn in language mapping. The result showed that language mapping in Malay-Riau language was easy to analyze the differencess of language used by using isoglosses boundary. The languge mapping founds a language with some dialects used, Malay-Riau language with Bengkalis Minang dialect, with Mandailing dialect since the position of Rokan Hulu Regency lies among 3 regions having different in languages. They are West Sumatra Province with Minangese language, North Sumatra Province with Bataknese/Mandailing language, and Bengkalis Regency with Malay Riau Island language. The most dominant was Malay-Riau language, Malay-Riau language with Mandailing dialect. It means that, there is only one language used in Rokan Hulu Regency. It is called Malay-Riau language with Mandailing Dialect.
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Jufizal. "ERGATIVITY AND SUBJECT DELETION IN STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF MINANGKABAUNESE." Jurnal Lazuardi 3, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53441/jl.vol3.iss3.40.

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In addition to grammatical-formal constructions, Minangkabaunese has another type of grammatical constructions in which the stylistic-cultural meanings are capsulated. Such stylistic-grammatical constructions bring about language politeness values, as well. This paper, which is derived from and developed based on a part of the result of a research conducted in 2017and in 2019, particularly discusses the phenomena of ergativity and subject deletion of the stylistic-grammatical constructions in Minangkabaunese in conveying language politeness value. Two questions are respectively answered in this paper: (i) what is the degree of ergativity of stylistic-grammatical constructions in Minangkabaunese?; and (ii) how do the ergativity and subject deletion convey the language politeness value and language education? The studies were descriptive-qualitative researches operationally conducted in the form of a field linguistic research. The data are in the form of syntactic constructions which are categorized into the stylistic-grammatical constructions. The result of data analysis reveals that: (i) the stylistic-grammatical constructions of Minangkabaunese have high degree of ergativity; and (ii) they bring about the languge politeness value by means of ergative construction, subject deletion, and using ready-made and fixed constructions. These are all useful for language education, especially in Minangkabaunese and in other languages with the same or similar culture.
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Kvaskova, L. V. "Experience of Teaching a Linguopragmatic Interpretation of Foreign-Languge Text." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 4, 2019 (2019): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2019-4-214-223.

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The article outlines the results of didactic activities aimed at exploring the foundations of text linguistics and discourse analysis of the authentic English text, as well as employing research skills in their lingua-pragmatic interpretation by masters’ program students specializing in “Linguistics” and “Teaching Education” at the Institute of Foreign Languages, Moscow Pedagogical State University, within the period of 2017–2018 academic studies. The article dwells upon methods of teaching and successful results of applying functional approaches to text and discourse grammar analysis in the final individual creative research projects, being fulfilled within the whole period of studying.
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Patriantoro, Patriantoro. "The Geography of Dayak Dialect in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.300.

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The aims of this research entitled “The Geography of Dayak Dialect in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan” were to describe lexical variation, calculate the difference in lexical variation between observation points, map lexical variation, and create isogloss documents lexically. The form of this research was descriptive qualitative; the source of data for the Dayak language used in Landak was the native speakers of Dayak language. The methods used for data analysis were synchronous comparative method and triangular comparative technique between villages; while the formula used to analyze the data was the Dialectometric. The results from the data analysis, difference in lexical variation calculation between observation of Dayak language in Landak regency indicated that there found language differences, dialect differences, sub-dialect differences speech differences and no differences. Different lexical variations existed in the study area. There found 2 languages from the mapping of lexical variations of the Dayak language in Landak Regency. The first language included 4 observation points (Air Besar/Serimbu) called as S language (Serimbu) and the second language at observation points ((1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 / Sompak, Darit, Landak, Pahoman, Sengah Temila, and Mandor ) is referred to as the K language (Kanayatn). The K (Kanayatn) languge itself has 2 dialects, namely first dialect at the Observation point (3) Landak (members of Landak), the second dialect at the point of observation (1,2,5,6,7) Darit dialect (members of Sompak, Darit, Pahoman, Sengah Temila, and darit). The lexical isogloss documents separated the different language area with the percentage of 80.1%-100%; dialect areas 50.1%-80%; sub-dialect area 30.1%-50%; regional different in speech 20.1%-50%; and no difference with the range of 0-20%.
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Rogers, Richard A. "Glacial Geography and Native North American Languages." Quaternary Research 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90077-8.

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This study tests the hypothesis that the number and distribution of some native American languages may be related to ice-margin changes of the Wisconsin glaciation. The analysis indicated that the number of languages per unit area is much greater in unglaciated areas of the last glacial maximum than in glaciated areas. The pattern of languge overlap between land areas sequentially exposed during deglaciation appears to indicate the direction of movement of populations from the periphery toward the core of the area once covered by the Wisconsin Ice Sheet. The data strongly indicate that North America was inhabited prior to the Wisconsin glacial maximum, because glacial maximum conditions apparently influenced linguistic distributions. Evidence suggests that ancestral Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene speakers occupied the northwestern edge of the continental ice mass, and that ancestral Algonquian speakers were south of the ice mass during the Wisconsin glacial maximum (approximately 18,000 yr ago). These three linguistic groups were the principal ones to spreas into areas exposed by the recession of the Wisconsin ice.
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Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.
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Shimi, G., C. Jerin Mahibha, and Durairaj Thenmozhi. "An Empirical Analysis of Language Detection in Dravidian Languages." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 15 (April 16, 2024): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i15.765.

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Objectives: Language detection is the process of identifying a language associated with a text. The proposed system aims to detect the Dravidian language that is associated with the given text using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the results obtained using the different models. It also aims to evaluate the performance of a language agnostic model for the purpose of language detection. Method: An empirical analysis of Dravidian language identification in social media text using machine learning and deep learning approaches with k-fold cross validation has been implemented. The identification of Dravidian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Tamil Code Mix, and Malayalam Code Mix, is performed using both machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms used for language detection are Naive Bayes (NB), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The supervised Deep Learning (DL) models used include BERT, mBERT and language agnostic models. Findings: The language agnostic model outperform all other models considering the task of language detection in Dravidian languages. The results of both the ML and DL models are analyzed empirically with performance measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The accuracy associated with different machine learning algorithms varies from 85% to 89%. It is evident from the experimental result that the deep learning model outperformed with an accuracy of 98%. Novelty: The proposed system emphasizes on the use of the language agnostic model to implement the process of detecting Dravidian languages associated with the given text which provides a promising result of 98% accuracy which is higher than the existing methodologies. Keywords: Language, Machine learning, Deep learning, Transformer model, Encoder, Decoder
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Languge and languages"

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Santoro, Mirko. "Compounds in sign languages : the case of Italian and French Sign Language." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH204.

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Dans cette thèse, j’étudie le domaine des mots composés dans les langues des signes. La composition a été décrite comme étant une stratégie d’enrichissement du lexique des langues des signes, même dans des cas de langues des signes émergentes. J’aborde ce sujet au travers de trois approches principales : typologique/empirique, théorique et expérimentale.Dans la partie typologique/empirique, j’apporte une description approfondie des mots composés dans deux langues signées : la LIS et la LSF. Dans ce domaine, ma principale contribution est de proposer une typologie plus exhaustive des classificateurs en y incluant les formes simultanées.Dans la partie théorique, j’apporte une description formelle de la manière de dériver la typologie complète des mots composés présents dans ces deux langues.Mon objectif premier est de montrer que les mots composés peuvent être dérivés de différentes manières selon leurs propriétés, et que la dérivation morpho-syntaxique n’est pas le seul processus qui affecte les options combinatoires de composition. Les processus post-syntaxiques, et particulièrement la linéarisation, doivent avoir au minimum accès à des représentations partielles afin de distinguer les formes qui doivent être épelées de façon séquentielle et simultanée.Dans la partie expérimentale, je cherche à savoir si la réduction phonologique est une condition suffisante pour identifier les mots composés dans les langues signées. Ma principale contribution a été de montrer que l’importation des critères d’une langue des signes à une autre doit être réalisée avec une extrême précaution
In this dissertation, I investigate the domain of compounds in sign languages. Compounding has been documented as a key strategy to enrich the lexicon of sign languages even in situations of emergent sign languages. I address this topic with three main angles: typological/empirical, theoretical and experimental. In the typological/empirical part, I offer a thorough description of compounds in two sign languages: Italian and French Sign Language (LIS and LSF). I offer a refined and more comprehensive typology of compounds, in which classifiers and simultaneous forms are also taken into account.In the theoretical part, I provide a formal account of how to derive the whole typology of compounds found in LIS and LSF. I show i) that compounds can be derived in multiple ways depending on their morphosyntactic properties and ii) that morphosyntactic derivation is not the only process that affects the combinatorial options of compounding. Post-syntactic processes, especially linearization, have to have access to at least partial representations in order to distinguish between forms that have to be spelled out either sequentially or simultaneously.In the experimental part, I investigate whether phonological reduction is a sufficient condition to identify compounds in SL. I show that importing criteria from one SL to another can be done, but with extreme caution
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Maciá, Fábrega Josep. "Natural language and formal languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10348.

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Gradisic, Lejla, and Maria Lundin. "Barns läsutveckling : På vilket sätt påverkas den vid användandet av Phonics respektive Whole language?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118897.

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Barns läsutveckling har länge delat upp forskare och lärare i två läger. The reading war i USA spred sig över världen under 1970-talet och påverkade även lärare och forskare i Sverige. Debatten gällde om elever skulle fortsätta undervisas genom att lära sig alfabetets bokstäver och tillhörande språkljud eller om det var mer effektivt att använda sig av en helordsmetod. Syftet med denna konsumtionsuppsats har varit att undersöka skillnader i barns läsutveckling vid användandet av Phonics och Whole language och hur dessa skiljer sig mellan olika ortografier. Vi har även analyserat tidigare forskning där de kombinerat dessa två metoder.Denna vetenskapliga litteraturstudie har genomförts genom att jämföra resultat av tidigare forskning. Resultaten i dessa studier har sedan granskats och analyserats och sedan sammanställts utifrån våra frågeställningar och vårt syfte. Resultaten visar att det uppstår vissa skillnader vid barns tidiga läsning. Elever som undervisas med Phonicsmetoden utvecklar en större fonologisk medvetenhet och avkodar orden bättre än de elever som undervisats med Whole language. Vidare visar resultaten att de elever som undervisats med Whole language får en bättre läsförståelse. Gällande läsningen visade eleverna liknande resultat och skillnaderna låg i avkodning av okända ord samt läsförståelsen.Det viktigaste vid läsundervisningen är dock att läraren är kompetent och besitter en stor kunskap om den metod hen använder sig av.
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Service, Elisabet. "Phonological coding in working memory and foreign-language learning." Helsinki : Dept. of Psychology, University of Helsinki, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/24617470.html.

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Cook, Jonathan J. "Language interoperability and logic programming languages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/725.

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We discuss P#, our implementation of a tool which allows interoperation between a concurrent superset of the Prolog programming language and C#. This enables Prolog to be used as a native implementation language for Microsoft's .NET platform. P# compiles a linear logic extension of Prolog to C# source code. We can thus create C# objects from Prolog and use C#'s graphical, networking and other libraries. P# was developed from a modified port of the Prolog to Java translator, Prolog Cafe. We add language constructs on the Prolog side which allow concurrent Prolog code to be written. We add a primitive predicate which evaluates a Prolog structure on a newly forked thread. Communication between threads is based on the unification of variables contained in such a structure. It is also possible for threads to communicate through a globally accessible table. All of the new features are available to the programmer through new built-in Prolog predicates. We present three case studies. The first is an application which allows several users to modify a database. The users are able to disconnect from the database and to modify their own copies of the data before reconnecting. On reconnecting, conflicts must be resolved. The second is an object-oriented assistant, which allows the user to query the contents of a C# namespace or Java package. The third is a tool which allows a user to interact with a graphical display of the inheritance tree. Finally, we optimize P#'s runtime speed by translating some Prolog predicates into more idiomatic C# code than is produced by a naive port of Prolog Cafe. This is achieved by observing that semi-deterministic predicates (being those which always either fail or succeed with exactly one solution) that only call other semi-deterministic predicates enjoy relatively simple control flow. We make use of the fact that Prolog programs often contain predicates which operate as functions, and that such predicates are usually semi-deterministic.
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Diallo, Ibrahima. "Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366175.

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This thesis describes language policy practices in Senegal, identifies the languages used by Senegalese people in various social, public, and institutional settings, and details the attitudes of Senegalese people towards their own mother tongues, Wolof, French, and English and these speech communities. It examines also the importance, place, and future of local languages and European languages in Senegal and analyses the issue of language(s) of education in Senegal. To conduct this research, a variety of sampling techniques were used to collect data from a wide range of population-categories including respondents from the general population, public administration, students, and the business sector. Throughout the period of this study, Senegal was undergoing a phenomenal linguistic experience characterised by the sudden arrival and strengthening of English in the country, increasing interest by Senegalese people in local languages, and a gradual decline of the domains of French language use in the country. Against this linguistic backdrop, a number of major findings have resulted from the research including the finding that home languages (in particular, the mother tongues) are dominant in most family and social settings while French is dominant only in public settings. However, the data show that both mother tongues and Wolof are being used increasingly in public institutions; domains that hitherto belonged to French. The language use with people indicates a similar pattern, i.e. local languages are mostly used with close family members and with people in the extended family circle while French is dominant only with people in public institutions. The home languages (mother tongues and Wolof) and, to a lesser extent English, are more popular in public settings, thus reducing the hegemony of the use of French with people in public institutions. The study based on the data collected from the overall sample found also that the attitudes of the Senegalese people towards French, English, and their mother tongues are high and positive but the attitudes towards Wolof show both positive and negative ratings. The results show that, according to Senegalese people, the local languages are not given due importance in the education system. Similarly, they believe that English is not regarded as important in the education system either. Therefore, they request more importance to be given to both languages in the education system. As for French, it is considered very important in the education system and therefore, there were no particular requests to increase its relative importance in education. Further, French is believed to have negative influences in Senegal while this is not the case for English. Regarding the language(s) of instruction, local languages are described as the most appropriate languages for education. However, when languages are analysed in parallel, French maintains its leadership. In general, the Senegalese people have positive attitudes towards the speech communities. However, the attitudes towards the Wolof and French speech communities are both positive and negative. Similarly, the intensity of the desire to learn languages is generally positive but is characterised by the presence of a mix of positive and negative ratings for French and Wolof. However, a cross-sectional analysis shows quite interesting variations across the four population-categories mentioned earlier, mainly regarding language use, the issue of the language(s) of instruction in Senegal, the attitudes of Senegalese people towards languages and towards speech communities, and the intensity of their desire to learn languages - to name but a few areas of variation. The study has resulted in major findings regarding language use in Senegal. One of these is the loyalty of Senegal people towards their languages, that is, first, to their own mother tongue and then to Wolof - as a second language; second the Senegalese people remain attached to the French language, and finally they have a great admiration for English. According to the study, Senegalese people are attached to their language because of the more effective communication opportunities the local languages offer and also because of the positive benefits associated with (early) education in one's own mother tongue. In addition, the respondents believe that local languages help them assert their identity and maintain their cultures. The study found that Senegalese people are attached to the French language because it is an important national language (the official language of the country) and international language (for communication in the Francophone world). As for English, they admire the language because of its prestige and its status as a 'universal' language for communication and its dominance in science, technology, education, and business. The study concludes with a number of recommendations for the improvement of language planning and language-in-education policy in Senegal. The recommendations focus mainly on enhancing considerably the place and role of local languages in the education system, initiating systematic language policy prestige activities, and developing a rigorous policy that fosters positive attitudes towards local languages in general and the Wolof language and the Wolof speech community in particular. As regards the English language, the study recommends offering greater opportunities to learn the language by widespread reinforcement of its teaching in the education system.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Languages and Linguistics
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Connell, Professor T. J. "Languages (in particular Spanish) : language teaching and learning & languages for the professions." Thesis, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444221.

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Meyer, Hans Joachim. "A global language or a world of languages." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-201117.

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Livingstone, Daniel Jack. "Computer models of the evolution of language and languages." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398331.

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Loza, Christian. "Cross Language Information Retrieval for Languages with Scarce Resources." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157/.

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Our generation has experienced one of the most dramatic changes in how society communicates. Today, we have online information on almost any imaginable topic. However, most of this information is available in only a few dozen languages. In this thesis, I explore the use of parallel texts to enable cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) for languages with scarce resources. To build the parallel text I use the Bible. I evaluate different variables and their impact on the resulting CLIR system, specifically: (1) the CLIR results when using different amounts of parallel text; (2) the role of paraphrasing on the quality of the CLIR output; (3) the impact on accuracy when translating the query versus translating the collection of documents; and finally (4) how the results are affected by the use of different dialects. The results show that all these variables have a direct impact on the quality of the CLIR system.
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Books on the topic "Languge and languages"

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Winter, Werner, ed. On Languages and Language. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110881318.

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name, No. When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2003.

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D, Joseph Brian, ed. When languages collide : perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden, eds. Language Change in Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.36.

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Wekker, Herman, ed. Creole Languages and Language Acquisition. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110811049.

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Siemund, Peter, and Noemi Kintana, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.7.

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Callies, Marcus, and Stefanie Hehner. Pluricentric Languages and Language Education. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003248552.

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1965-, Siemund Peter, and Kintana Noemi, eds. Language contact and contact languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2008.

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Herman, Wekker, and Leiden Creole Workshop (1990 : University of Leiden), eds. Creole languages and language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.

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Crystal, David. Words on words: Quotations about language and languages. London: Penguin, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Languge and languages"

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Stawarska, Beata. "Language and Languages." In Saussure’s Linguistics, Structuralism, and Phenomenology, 87–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43097-9_10.

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Bugarski, Ranko. "Language and Languages." In History of Linguistics 1993, 321. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.78.39bug.

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Hildén, Raili, and Ritva Kantelinen. "Language Education - Foreign Languages." In Miracle of Education, 161–76. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-811-7_11.

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Mosses, Peter D. "Programming Language Description Languages." In Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions, 249–73. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-736-3_8.

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Shaul, David Leedom. "Languages and Language Loss." In Linguistic Ideologies of Native American Language Revitalization, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05293-9_1.

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Mughan, Terry. "Introduction: language and languages." In The Routledge Companion to Cross-Cultural Management, 79–84. London: Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203798706-11.

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Holmes, Janet, and Nick Wilson. "National languages, language policy, and language planning." In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 140–82. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367821852-6.

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Borghi, Anna M., and Ferdinand Binkofski. "Language, Languages, and Abstract Concepts." In SpringerBriefs in Psychology, 111–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9539-0_6.

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Wolf, Michael P. "Ideal language or ordinary languages?" In Philosophy of Language, 21–27. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003183167-5.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden. "Language change in contact languages." In Benjamins Current Topics, 1–18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.36.01cle.

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Conference papers on the topic "Languge and languages"

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Orlov, Yurii Nikolaevich. "Language recognition methods and Voynich Manuscript analysis." In 4th International Conference “Futurity designing. Digital reality problems”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/future-2021-20.

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The statistical properties of letters frequencies in European literature texts are investigated. The determination of logarithmic dependence of letters sequence for one-languge and two-language texts are examined. The pare of languages are suggested for Voynich Manuscript. The internal structure of Manuscript is considered. The spectral portraits of two-letters distribution are constructed.
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Farisiyah, Umi, and Zamzani Zamzani. "Languange Shift and Language Maintenance of Local Languages toward Indonesian." In International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.50.

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Rosati, Domenic. "Learning to Pronounce as Measuring Cross-Lingual Joint Orthography-Phonology Complexity." In 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AIAPP 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.120908.

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Machine learning models allow us to compare languages by showing how hard a task in each language might be to learn and perform well on. Following this line of investigation, we explore what makes a language “hard to pronounce” by modelling the task of grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) transliteration. By training a character-level transformer model on this task across 22 languages and measuring the model’s proficiency against its grapheme and phoneme inventories, we show that certain characteristics emerge that separate easier and harder languages with respect to learning to pronounce. Namely the complexity of a language's pronunciation from its orthography is due to the expressive or simplicity of its grapheme-tophoneme mapping. Further discussion illustrates how future studies should consider relative data sparsity per language to design fairer cross-lingual comparison tasks.
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Ghenghea, Voichita alexandra. "A NEW APPROCH IN CURRICULUM PLANNING FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-246.

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With respect to the changing profile of the engineer in a globalized world, the author believes that teaching specialized languages at technical universities completes the study of future engineers and opens them doors to an international career. Students should be made aware of their responsibility towards ensuring the effectiveness of knowledge transfer among laymen/endusers, who often have difficulty in understanding specialized texts. Therefore, an update of curriculum planning, made possible by the inclusion of a new course offer like Technical Documentation at the University ,,Politehnica" of Bucharest, is a timely requirement for technical universities in Romania, if we envisage a revised profile of the engineering qualification in the global labour market. The author proceeds first to an empirical analysis of texts chosen: German and Romanian documentation, user manuals for electrical appliances, which are instructional texts placed at the interface between technology, marketing and public. They are considered from the viewpoint of intelligibility of discourse and from an intercultural perspective as well. The results confirm the working assumption that documentation should correspond to certain quality standards. The author then describes various individual tasks students solve online in the German languge class, related on the one hand to websites of different companies and on the other hand to documentation of appliances these companies produce. Websites and user manuals are evaluated by students according to two checklists which enable them to differentiate between general vs. particular/intercultural features. Step by step they become aware of the way how knowledge transfer among endusers is performed and which are the means of improving it. In the long run both content and language skills are improved and they may constitute the premisses of a successful start as an engineer.
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Yin, Kayo, and Malihe Alikhani. "Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processing (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/753.

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Signed languages are the primary means of communication for many deaf and hard of hearing individuals. Since signed languages exhibit all the fundamental linguistic properties of natural language, we believe that tools and theories of Natural Language Processing (NLP) are crucial towards its modeling. However, existing research in Sign Language Processing (SLP) seldom attempt to explore and leverage the linguistic organization of signed languages. This position paper calls on the NLP community to include signed languages as a research area with high social and scientific impact. We first discuss the linguistic properties of signed languages to consider during their modeling. Then, we review the limitations of current SLP models and identify the open challenges to extend NLP to signed languages. Finally, we urge (1) the adoption of an efficient tokenization method; (2) the development of linguistically-informed models; (3) the collection of real-world signed language data; (4) the inclusion of local signed language communities as an active and leading voice in research.
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Chen, Zhenpeng, Sheng Shen, Ziniu Hu, Xuan Lu, Qiaozhu Mei, and Xuanzhe Liu. "Emoji-Powered Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/649.

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Sentiment classification typically relies on a large amount of labeled data. In practice, the availability of labels is highly imbalanced among different languages. To tackle this problem, cross-lingual sentiment classification approaches aim to transfer knowledge learned from one language that has abundant labeled examples (i.e., the source language, usually English) to another language with fewer labels (i.e., the target language). The source and the target languages are usually bridged through off-the-shelf machine translation tools. Through such a channel, cross-language sentiment patterns can be successfully learned from English and transferred into the target languages. This approach, however, often fails to capture sentiment knowledge specific to the target language. In this paper, we employ emojis, which are widely available in many languages, as a new channel to learn both the cross-language and the language-specific sentiment patterns. We propose a novel representation learning method that uses emoji prediction as an instrument to learn respective sentiment-aware representations for each language. The learned representations are then integrated to facilitate cross-lingual sentiment classification.
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Ali, Azad, and Seever Sulainman. "Adding a new Language to VB .NET Globalization - Making the Case for the Kurdish Languages." In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2993.

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Starting with the introduction of Visual Studio .NET (VS .NET) application developers can write programs that may be used for different languages listed in VB .NET globalization. However, this globalization list is incomplete and is missing many languages. Among the languages that are missing from VB globalization is the Kurdish language. This paper makes a case for adding the Kurdish language to the list used in VB .NET globalization. The paper starts by explaining about VB .NET globalization, the Kurdish language and then makes a case for adding the Kurdish language. Making the case is based on factors considered in including languages and also on the features of the Kurdish language. A summary and suggested future work is included at the end.
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Abilova, Zulfiyya. "INFLUENCE OF OTHER LANGUAGES ON THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE." In Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25112020/7256.

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Many natural languages contain a large number of borrowed words, which usually enter the language as the result of cultural-historical, socio-economic and other relations between people. The article is devoted to the English language which, in the process of its historical development, was crossed with the Scandinavian languages and the Norman dialect of the French language. In addition, English almost, throughout its history, had linguistic interaction with Latin, French, Spanish, Russian, German and other languages of the world. This article examines the influence of Latin, French and Scandinavian languages as well as the development of English as the language of international communication.
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Vijayan, Karthika, and Oshin Anand. "Language-Agnostic Text Processing for Information Extraction." In 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Applications. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122310.

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Information extraction from multilingual text for conversational AI generally implements natural language understanding (NLU) using multiple language-specific models, which may not be available for low resource languages or code mixed scenarios. In this paper, we study the implementation of multilingual NLU by development of a language agnostic processing pipeline. We perform this study using the case of a conversational assistant, built using the RASA framework. The automatic assistants for answering text queries are built in different languages and code mixing of languages, while doing so, experimentation with different components in an NLU pipeline is conducted. Sparse and dense feature extraction accomplishes the language agnostic composite featurization of text in the pipeline. We perform experiments with intent classification and entity extraction as part of information extraction. The efficacy of the language agnostic NLU pipeline is showcased when (i) dedicated language models are not available for all languages of our interest, and (ii) in case of code mixing. Our experiments delivered accuracies in intent classification of 98.49%, 96.41% and 97.98% for same queries in English, Hindi and Malayalam languages, respectively, without any dedicated language models.
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Rosenan, Boaz. "Designing language-oriented programming languages." In the ACM international conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1869542.1869576.

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Reports on the topic "Languge and languages"

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Kircher, Ruth, and Mirjam Vellinga. ECMI Minorities Blog. From Acquisition to Activation: How Language Planning Can Promote New Speakers’ Minority Language Us. European Centre for Minority Issues, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/cmlh2988.

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New speakers (individuals acquiring minority languages outside the home, typically later on in life) can make important contributions to minority language revitalisation. However, this can only happen if they become active and frequent users of the minority languages they have learnt. In many contexts, this is not the case. Taking Frisian in Fryslân as a case study, this blog post examines new speakers’ activation (the process by which they become active and habitual minority language users) – focusing specifically on how this is affected by traditional minority language speakers’ behaviours. The findings highlight how the complex dynamics between traditional and new speakers can hinder the latter’s activation. The blog post discusses the implications of these findings, concluding that there is a need for prestige planning to ameliorate intergroup relations – and thereby foster new speakers’ activation and promote minority language revitalisation.
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EdTech Hub, EdTech Hub. Minoritised languages, education, and technology: Current practices and future directions in low- and middle-income countries. EdTech Hub, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0127.

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This article explores the current status and future directions of minoritised language education and the use of technology in low- and middle-income countries. Our literature review of available academic sources in multiple languages reveals a lack of evidence on the use of technology in minoritised language education across different countries, especially multilingual contexts with greater linguistic diversity. To understand the issue in greater detail and to offer recommendations informed by current practice, we then conducted interviews and a collaborative workshop with four organisations with relevant EdTech initiatives. The analysis covers facilitating and limiting factors these organisations have encountered, as well as the impact of good practice initiatives on learners and society at large. We conclude by identifying the practical, policy, and research properties in the development of minoritised language education and technology. Keywords: minoritised languages, mother tongue, educational technology, LMIC, multilingualism, language of instruction An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
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Bekmyrzaev, Nurbek. Language Policies of the Central Asian States. Edited by Nargiza Muratalieva. The Representative Office of the Institute for War and Peace Reporting in Central Asia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46950/202004.

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This work outlines the formation of state languages in the Central Asian countries, analyzes their functioning alongside the Russian language, draws conclusions and forecasts for the future, and provides recommendations for improving language policies. The publication is intended for young experts and consultants, researchers, decision-makers, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the policies of the Central Asian countries.
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Arnold, H. G., W. B. Dress, and R. S. Loffman. An investigation of very high level languages and their implementation on a Forth language microprocessor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5606643.

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Gärkman, Heidi, Katija Aladin, and Christopher Petrie. Spotlight on Bilingual Education. HundrED, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58261/bwof1517.

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Through our research, we have discovered that bilingual education is about learning how to think and act in two (or more) languages and how to navigate between them. Bilingual education is an inclusive environment where more than one language is used to learn! We have been mindful of searching for innovations that best support the learning of languages in positive and welcoming bilingual and multilingual environments – innovations that in one way or another can bring together and support all members of a school community. With this Spotlight, we are proud to highlight innovative practices and approaches in bilingual education that excite, inspire, enable, create and support bilingual teaching and learning, language awareness and confidence, mother tongue education, bilingualism and multilingualism, cultural exchange, inclusion and diversity.
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Willis, Craig. ECMI Minorities Blog. Minority Language Media and TikTok: Are Broadcasters Showing They Are Still Relevant for Younger Audiences? European Centre for Minority Issues, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/qlmm1477.

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Whilst younger audiences move away from traditional forms of media consumption, public broadcasters – including those in minority languages – have long been facing declining viewing figures in terms of linear television. At the same time, social media consumption habits are diverging along a generational gap – younger audiences favour TikTok and Instagram over Facebook or Twitter. This blogpost sheds light on one element of this, analysing the attempts of institutional actors – in this case minority language broadcasters – to reach different audience segments by creating content directly through TikTok. Concentrated focus is placed on the Welsh language broadcaster S4C, the Galician language broadcaster TVG and the Catalan language broadcaster TV3, with the conclusions pointing towards greater levels of success for their sub-brands which adopt a less-formal, non-institutionalised approach. The positive examples suggest minority language media are finding ways to adapt to contemporary challenges and that their role for younger generations was perhaps neglected too soon by some critics.
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Baader, Franz, and Alexander Okhotin. On Language Equations with One-sided Concatenation. Aachen University of Technology, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.154.

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Language equations are equations where both the constants occurring in the equations and the solutions are formal languages. They have first been introduced in formal language theory, but are now also considered in other areas of computer science. In the present paper, we restrict the attention to language equations with one-sided concatenation, but in contrast to previous work on these equations, we allow not just union but all Boolean operations to be used when formulating them. In addition, we are not just interested in deciding solvability of such equations, but also in deciding other properties of the set of solutions, like its cardinality (finite, infinite, uncountable) and whether it contains least/greatest solutions. We show that all these decision problems are ExpTime-complete.
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Duncan, Seira. ECMI Minorities Blog. Indigenous languages and psychological well-being: Comparing educational, healthcare and employment opportunities in Greenland, Sápmi, and Scotland. European Centre for Minority Issues, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/gvxp1463.

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The past several years have seen increased documentation of the association between indigenous language utilisation and psychological well-being. Scotland is the northernmost non-Arctic country and has been fostering ties with its northern counterparts in recent years; like Greenland and Sápmi, it has indigenous languages. This post compares educational, healthcare, and employment opportunities in these regions and analyses the wider psychological implications of indigenous language utilisation in these sectors. While there appears to be room for improvement in all sectors in the three regions, Greenland, Sápmi, and Scotland will likely benefit from strengthening cross-regional dialogues.
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Merzlykin, Olexandr V., Iryna Yu Topolova, and Vitaliy V. Tron. Developing of Key Competencies by Means of Augmented Reality at CLIL Lessons. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2661.

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Using of new learning and IC technologies is necessary for effective learning of modern students. Their specific educational needs are: using of mobile ICTs, collaboration, challenging tasks and entertainment. Appropriate learning environment should be created to satisfy all these demands. It ought to deal with cloud-based technologies (for 24/7 access, individual and group work according to a personal schedule), augmented reality (for creating of firm links between real and virtual objects), content and language integrated learning (for immersion in an additional language and creation challenging groups and personal tasks in language and non-language subjects). Using these technologies in complex provides social and ICT mobility and creates positive conditions for developing 9 of 10 key competencies. The paper deals with the features, problems and benefits of technologies’ implementation in secondary schools. To sum up, in spite of all difficulties, this environment helps students to get some practical experience in using foreign languages and understanding abstract nature concepts; to develop language and research competencies and to remain motivated (and self-motivated) in learning Science and English.
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Бакум, З. П., and О. О. Пальчикова. Роль языковой картины мира в обучении иностранных студентов украинскому языку. Tanaka Print, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/402.

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The article considers the problem of teaching students foreign languages by means of comparing national linguistic pictures of the world. The analysis of linguistic and linguadidactic literature allows to interpret linguistic picture of the world as a set of knowledge about the world embodied in language form, more precisely - the specific features of the national language, reflecting cultural, historical and social experience of a particular nation. In this regard the national linguistic pictures of the world are not identical. The authors lay stress on the importance of taking into account the fact of national specific differences of linguistic pictures of the world in teaching foreign students Ukrainian as a foreign language, also indicate that special attention should be paid to linguacultural work with vocabulary and phraseology, in which national and cultural experience is embodied.
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