Journal articles: 'Languedoc (France) – History – 17th century'

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Wilkinson, Greg. "Eating disorder in 17th century France – psychiatry in history." British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.162.

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Jané, Oscar. "Controlar la frontera en Cataluña. Fortificar y dominar el espacio en la época moderna." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.07.

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El texto aborda la evolución del análisis historiográfico que se ha llevado a cabo sobre la Cataluña moderna entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVIII. Aunque la frontera moderna de Cataluña puede ser múltiple, nos centramos esencialmente en aquella que va desde el Valle de Arán hasta el Mediterráneo. El texto abre con una primera reflexión sobre el camino hacia el cambio de modelo, luego evoca los efectos de las guerras con Francia, con algunos ejemplos concretos, como el de Cerdaña, y, por último, expone la realidad percibida y llevada a cabo con la nueva “fortificación” de la frontera catalana a finales del siglo XVII, cuando el control de Francia se hace evidente. Palabras clave: Frontera, fronterización, fortificaciónTopónimos: Francia, España, Cataluña,Período: época moderna ABSTRACTThe text addresses the evolution of the historiographical analysis that of modern Catalonia between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 18th century. Although the modern border of Catalonia may be multiple, the focus will essentially be upon the border that runs from the Arán Valley to the Mediterranean. The text opens with an initial reflection on the path towards a change of model, before evoking the effects of the wars with France, with some specific examples, such as that of Cerdanya, and finally presenting the reality perceived and manifested with the new “fortification” of the Catalan border at the end of the 17th century, when French control became evident. Keywords: Border, bordering, fortificationPlace names: France, Spain, CataloniaPeriod: modern era REFERENCIASAyats, A., Louis XIV et les Pyrénées catalanes de 1659 à 1681. Frontière politique et frontières militaires, Trabucaire, Canet, 2002.Bély, L., “La representación de la frontera en las diplomacias durante la Época Moderna”, Manuscrits, 26, (2008), pp. 35-51.— “Westphalie, Pyrénées, Utrecht: trois traités pour redessiner l'Europe”, en O. Jané (ed.), Del Tractat dels Pirineus a l'Europa del segle XXI: un model en construcció, Museu d'Història de Catalunya-Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2010, pp. 13-21.Bourret, C., Les Pyrénées centrales du ixe au xixe siècle. La formation progressive d’une frontière, Pyrégraph, Aspet, 1995.Brunet, S., Les prêtres des montagnes. La vie, la mort, la foi dans les Pyrénées centrales sous l'Ancien Régime (Val d'Aran et diocèse de Comminges), PyréGraph, Aspet, 2001.Cámara, A., Fortificación y ciudad en los reinos de Felipe II, ed. NEREA, Madrid, 1998.Camiade, M., Genís, M.T. y Lacombe-Massot, J.-P., “Les mirades en el territori: les fortificacions al massís de l’Albera, el vessant més oriental dels Pirineus”, en Fronteres: una visió des de l'Empordà, Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Empordanesos, 2011, pp. 491-502.Caner, P. y Vilar, L., “Castells i cases fortificades de Calonge”, Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins, 23, (1976), pp. 279-320.Capponi, N., “Le strade dell’ invasore. Strategia, fortezze e sistema difensivi nella Toscana dei secoli XVI-XVII”, en Frontiere e fortificazioni di frontera, Edizioni Firenze, Florencia, 2001, pp. 147-164.Carrió Arumí, J., “La política militar hispànica i la persecució de bandolers a Catalunya en els segles XVI-XVII”, Recerques: història, economia, cultura, 69, (2014), pp. 99-130.— Catalunya en l’estructura militar de la Monarquia Hispànica (1556-1640). Tres aspectes: les fortificacions, els soldats i els allotjaments, Tesis doctoral, UB, Barcelona, 2008.Casals, A., “Estructura defensiva de Catalunya a la primera meitat del segle XVI: els comtats de Rosselló i Cerdanya”, en El poder real de la Corona de Aragón: (siglos XIV-XVI),Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, 1996, pp. 83-94.Colás Latorre, G. y Salas Ausens, J. A., Aragón en el siglo XVI. Alteraciones sociales y conflictos políticos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 1982.Conesa, M., D’herbe, de terre et de sang: La Cerdagne du XIVe au XIXe siècle, Presses universitaires de Perpignan, Perpiñán, 2018.Cornette, J., Le roi de guerre. Essai sur la souveraineté dans la France du Grand Siècle, Editions Payot Rivages, París, 2000, p. 43Cortada, L., Estructures territorials, urbanisme i arquitectura poliorcètics a la Catalunya preindustrial, IEC, Barcelona, 1998, 2 vols.Díaz Capmany, C., “La construcció de la plaça forta de Sant Ferran a Figueres”, AIEE, 36, (2003), pp. 265-295.Dubost, J.-F., “Absolutisme et centralisation en Languedoc au XVIIe siècle (1620-1690)”, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 37-3, (1990), pp. 369-397.Dubost, J.-F.y Sahlins, P., Et si on faisait payer les étrangers? Louis XIV. Les immigrés et quelques autres, Flammarion, París, 1999.Espino López, A., Cataluña durante el reinado de Carlos II: política y guerra en la frontera catalana, 1679-1697, Monografies Manuscrits, Bellaterra, 1999.— Las guerras de Cataluña. El Teatro de Marte, 1652-1714, Edaf, Madrid, 2014.— “Entre Francia y España. Conflicto político y defensa hispánica de la frontera en la Cerdaña, 1659-1672”, Hispania, vol. LXXVII, 257, (2017), pp. 705-733.— La Cerdaña en armas. Conflicto e identidad en la frontera catalana, 1637-1714, Ed. Milenio, Lleida, 2017.— Fronteras de la monarquía. Guerra y decadencia en tiempos de Carlos II, Ed. Milenio, Lleida, 2019.— “La nueva frontera militar en la Cerdaña. Las defensas de Puigcerdà (1659-1683)”, Chronica Nova, 47, (2021), pp. 213-242.Espino López, A. y Jané Checa, O. (eds.), Guerra, frontera i identitats, Ed. Afers, Catarroja-Barcelona, 2015.Estanyol, V., El pactisme en guerra (L'organització militar catalana als inicis de la guerra de separació, 1640-1642), Ed. Dalmau, Barcelona, 1999.Ferrier-Caverivière, N., “La guerre dans la littérature française de 1672 à 1715”, en Guerre et pouvoir en Europe au XVIIe siècle, H. Veyrier, Saint-Etienne, 1991, pp. 105-128.Gascón, J., Alzar banderas contra su rey. La rebelión aragonesa de 1591 contra Felipe II, Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 2010.Gil Pujol, X., De las alteraciones a la estabilidad. Corona, fueros y política en el Reino de Aragón, 1585-1648, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 1989.Jané Checa, O., Catalunya i França al segle XVII. Identitats, contraidentitats i ideologies a l’època moderna (1640-1700), Afers, Catarroja, 2006.— La identitat de la frontera pirinenca. Efectes socials i polítics al nord de Catalunya des de la creació de Montlluís (1677-1698), Diputació de Girona, Girona, 2008.— Catalunya sense Espanya. Ramon Trobat, ideologia i catalanitat a l’empara de França, Ed. Afers, Catarroja-Barcelona, 2009.— “The boundaries between France and Spain in the Catalan Pyrenees: Elements for the construction and invention of borders”, en K. Stoklosa G. Besier (eds.), European Border Regions in Comparison: Overcoming Nationalistic Aspects or Re-Nationalization?, Routledge, New York-Oxford, 2014, pp. 39-57La Fuente, P. de, “La fortificació del litoral cadaquesenc al segle XVI”, Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Empordanesos, 34, (2001), pp. 379-400.— “Anàlisi d’alguns aspectes sobre la concepció teòrica del projecte del castell de Sant Ferran”, Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Empordanesos, 29, (1996), pp. 177-190.— La ciudad como problema militar: Perpiñán y los ingenieros de la monarquía española (ss. XVI-XVII), Tesis Doctoral, UNED, Madrid, 1995 (publicada por el Ministerio de Defensa en 1999).Macías Cordero, N., Tiburzio Spannocchi: su contribución a la fortificación aragonesa, TFG-Arquitectura, UPM, 2020.Martí Escayol, M. A. y Espino López, A., Catalunya abans de la Guerra de Successió: Ambrosi Borsano i la creació d'una nova frontera militar, 1659-1700, Ed. Afers, Catarroja-Barcelona, 2013.Martínez Latorre, D., Giovan Battista Calvi, ingeniero de las fortificaciones de Carlos V y Felipe II (1552-1565), Tesis Doctoral, Ministerio de Defensa, Barcelona, 2002.Muchembled, R., Le temps des supplices. De l’obéissance sous les rois absolus. XVe-XVIIIe siècles, Armand Colin, París, 1992.Nordman, D., Frontières de France, de l’espace au territoire (xvie-xixe siècles), Gallimard, París, 1998.— “La frontera: teories i lògiques territorials a França (segles XVI-XVIII), Manuscrits, 26, (2008), pp. 21-33.Paillissé, M.-A., Mont-Louis place forte et nouvelle (1679-1740), Mémoire de maîtrise, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, 1982.Pernot, J.-F., “Guerre de siège et places fortes”, Guerre et pouvoir en Europe au XVIIe siècle, H. Veyrier, Kronos, Saint-Etienne, 1991, pp.129-150.Peytaví, J., “Salses”, en A. Catafau (ed.), Les celleres et la naissance du village en Roussillon (Xe-XVe siècles), Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, Perpiñán, 2014, pp. 591-601.Porras Gil, C., La organización defensiva española en los siglos XVI-XVII desde el río Eo hasta el Valle de Arán, Publicaciones Universidad de Valladolid, Salamanca, 1995.Poujade, P., Une vallée frontière dans le Grand siècle. Le Val d’Aran entre deux monarchies, Pyrégraph, Aspet, 1998.— “Comunicació i divisió a la frontera septentrional de Catalunya entre els segles XV i XVIII”, Catalan Historical Review, 11, (2018), pp. 137-149.Sahlins, P., Boundaries: the making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1989.Sancho, M., “Apunts per una arqueologia dels castells i fortificacions pre-feudals a l’Alt Pirineu (Urgell, Pallars i Ribagorça), segles VI-X”, Treballs d’Arqueologia, 22, (2018), pp. 5-28.Sanllehy, M.A., “Le Val d’Aran: la frontière et les frontières (XVII et XVIIIe siècles)”, en Pays pyrénéens et Pouvoirs centraux (XVIe-XXe s.), Actes du Colloque International de Foix, Association des Amis des Archives de l’Ariège, Foix, 1993, pp. 467-478.— Comunitats, veïns i arrendataris a la Val d'Aran (S. XVII-XVIII), Garsineu, Tremp, 2 vols., 2007.Sanz Camañes, P., “Fronteras, poder y milicia en la España Moderna. Consecuencias de la administración militar en las poblaciones de la frontera catalano-aragonesa durante la Guerra de Secesión Catalana (1640-1652)”, Manuscrits, 26, (2008), pp. 53-77.— Estrategias de poder y guerra de frontera. Aragón en la Guerra de Secesión catalana (1640-1652), CEMCM, Huesca, 2001.Simon, E. y Obiols, L. (eds.), La Cerdanya de 1603: El Tractat del comtat de Cerdanya de Joan Trigall, Anem Editors, Andorra, 2020.Stopani, A., La production des frontières. Etat et communautés en Toscane (XVIe-XVIIe siècles), École Française de Rome, Roma, 2008.Takayanagi, S., “On projects of citadels in four spanish cities by Tiburzio Spannocchi”, Journal of Architecture and Planning, 81-719, (2016), pp. 225-235.Vivar Lombarte, G., “La fortificació de Catalunya: la introducció de les noves teories europees sobre el bastió (1675-1733)”, Pedralbes, 18-2, (1998), pp. 539-547.

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McCaffrey, Emily. "Imagining the Cathars in Late-twentieth-century Languedoc." Contemporary European History 11, no. 3 (July 31, 2002): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302003041.

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This article describes the recent resurgence of the popular memory of the thirteenth-century Cathar, or Albigensian, heresy and its bloody repression in Languedoc, south-western France. After centuries of having been relegated to the realms of elite historical theological and political writing, today the memory of the Cathars dominates local history, culture, literature and tourism. Indeed, the popular memory of the Cathars has become central to collective identity and its expressions. The article explores how local professional historians have mediated, sometimes awkwardly, between academic history and popular history.

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Seifert, L. C. "Hidden Agendas: Cross-Dressing in 17th-Century France." French Studies 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knn077.

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Rescia, Laura. "Joseph Harris, Hidden Agendas: Cross-Dressing in 17th- Century France." Studi Francesi, no. 148 (XLX | I) (April 1, 2006): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.30176.

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Rothkrug, Lionel, and William Beik. "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 3 (1987): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204618.

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Désy, Pierrette. "A secret sentiment (Devils and gods in 17th century New France)." History and Anthropology 3, no. 1 (March 1987): 83–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1987.9960781.

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Jack, Sybil M. "Salons, History, and the Creation of 17th-century France: Mastering Memory (review)." Parergon 23, no. 2 (2006): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2007.0009.

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Wood, James B., and William Beik. "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864456.

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Roth, Pinchas. "Legal Strategy and Legal Culture in Medieval Jewish Courts of Southern France." AJS Review 38, no. 2 (November 2014): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009414000312.

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From the mid-thirteenth century onwards, the rabbinic courts of southern France (Provence and Languedoc) found themselves dealing with an increasing number of cases in which plaintiffs were using the court as leverage in a struggle that was taking place outside the court. This period also saw the first legal advocates appearing in Jewish courts. These two related phenomena point to a shift in Jewish legal culture, part of a move throughout thirteenth-century Mediterranean Europe towards what Daniel Lord Smail has called “consumption of justice.”

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Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. "Phonetics and speaking machines." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.3.02fag.

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Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.

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Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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Beik (book author), William, and Julian Dent (review author). "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc." Renaissance and Reformation 26, no. 2 (January 31, 2009): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v26i2.11760.

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Allen, Edward A. "A Model and Typology of Local Political Struggle in Eighteenth-Century France: Based on Comparisons from Languedoc." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 1 (January 1988): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615440.1988.9955276.

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Carretero, L. "On the Horns of a Dilemma: Paris, Languedoc and the Clash of Civilizations in Nineteenth-Century France." French History 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 416–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/16.4.416.

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Tindemans, Klaas. "The Politics of the Poetics: Aristotle and Drama Theory in 17th Century France." Foundations of Science 13, no. 3-4 (July 10, 2008): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-008-9131-1.

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Dewald, Jonathan. ":State and Society in Eighteenth‐Century France: A Study of Political Power and Social Revolution in Languedoc." American Historical Review 114, no. 2 (April 2009): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.2.491.

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Genieys-Kirk, S. "The Art of Instruction: Essays on Pedagogy and Literature in 17th-Century France." French Studies 64, no. 1 (December 17, 2009): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knp205.

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Kudelin, Andrey. "The Eastern Policy of France in the Second Half of the 17th — Second Half of the 18th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024010-0.

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The article reveals the peculiarities of the eastern policy of France in the second half of the 17th — second half of the 18th century. During the reign of Kings Louis XIV and Louis XV, the eastern policy of France underwent significant changes. At the beginning of this period, the main goal of the “eastern barrier” was to confront the Austrian Habsburgs. To this end, the government of Louis XVI used, first of all, the alliance with the Principality of Transylvania. Problems in the east distracted the Habsburgs from the wars in Europe. During the reign of Louis XV, France's foreign policy became much less consistent. At the beginning of the reign of this monarch, the policy of the “eastern barrier” continued, only now it was directed primarily against Russia, since France was very concerned about the Austro-Russian military alliance. Later, the so-called “reversal of alliances” took place, which eventually led to the Seven Years' War, during which France was on the same side with Austria and Russia, and the policy of the “eastern barrier” was temporarily forgotten. After the turn of Russian policy towards an alliance with Prussia, France is also returning to its traditional policy of containing Russia. This was reflected in the support of the Bar Confederation in Poland and pushing the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate to war with Russia. However, this policy has not led to any significant results. Apparently, the traditional alliance with the Ottoman Empire for France already at that moment did not seem so attractive to some French politicians. The weakening of the Ottoman Empire was presented to them as a possible reason for the seizure of its territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt for example.

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DAVIES, J. "Review. Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France. State Power and Aristocracy in Languedoc. Beik, William." French Studies 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/40.2.209.

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Dekker, Rudolf. "Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.

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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.

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Kacki, Sacha, Lila Rahalison, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Ezio Ferroglio, and Raffaella Bianucci. "Black Death in the rural cemetery of Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse Aude-Languedoc, southern France, 14th century: immunological evidence." Journal of Archaeological Science 38, no. 3 (March 2011): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.012.

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Fantasia, Rick. "Everything and Nothing: the Meaning of American Popular Culture in France." Tocqueville Review 15, no. 2 (January 1994): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.15.2.57.

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As one drives westward toward Geneva from the small city of Thonon-les-bains, with its stately perch on the Southern shore of Lac Leman, its fading Victorian-era hotel spas and 17th century château, and its remarkable views of the French Alps, one comes upon a stretch of road that, to an American, appears perfectly familiar and thus seems completely "foreign" in its French context. Quite suddenly, from both sides of the road, one's view is seized by the intrusion of brightly-colored placards, dazzling neon signs and coarse structures that signal a steady string of auto dealerships, gas stations, furniture outlets, garden supply stores, a kitchen appliance store, a bowling alley and a sprawling supermarket complex.

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Tenenti, Alberto. "God, king and state in France, between the end of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century." Revista de História das Ideias 8, Tomo I (1986): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_8-1_1.

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Hanrahan, J. "State and Society in Eighteenth-Century France: A Study of Political Power and Social Revolution in Languedoc." French Studies 63, no. 3 (June 24, 2009): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knp070.

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Degen, Julian Michael. "Les Reines de Perse aux pieds d‘Alexandre. Rezeption des exemplum virtutis von Curtius Rufus bis Charles le Brun." historia.scribere, no. 8 (June 14, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.8.459.

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The history of Alexander the Great was from his time on a very popular medium for facts and also common known fictions, what let Alexanders deeds become very longing for other rulers, like Louis XIV. He hired Charles le Brun to paint a representative passage of Alexanders history, what he liquidated through the lecture of Cutius Rufus’ historia Alexandri Magni. This paper is about the transformation of ancient sources with their intentions into 17th century France. I created the thesis of „mental horizons“ to depict the motives of adoption into the historical perception.

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Heller, Sarah-Grace. "Mocking Medieval French Fashion." French Historical Studies 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018441.

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Abstract A debate poem (partimen PC 16,17) from the early thirteenth century richly demonstrates attitudes toward medieval French fashion, debating who was better, the “French” of France and England for their sumptuous apparel and generous feasts or the “Catalan” Occitan speakers for whom acquisition meant jovial pillage. Fashion appears as a preoccupation of the north, in contrast with southern poverty. Examined in context with political sirventes poems celebrating plunder, the Chanson de la croisade albigeoise (ca. 1210–12), which expresses pathos through clothing tropes, and the hyperbolic fair in Flamenca (ca. 1223), this study places these representations in the context of the military culture of Languedoc and Provence and its developing markets. This troubadour mockery of pretentious French display also expresses implicit envy and criticizes the damage the pillage ideal imposed on the fashion economy of the Midi. Un partimen (PC 16,17) du début du treizième siècle présente un aperçu très riche des attitudes à l'égard de la mode française médiévale, en mettant en débat la question suivante: qui étaient les meilleurs, les « Français » de France et d'Angleterre avec leurs somptueux habits et leurs fêtes généreuses, ou bien les « Catalans » (à savoir les Occitans situés de chaque côté des Pyrénées), qui acquéraient des objets en pillant plutôt qu'en les achetant ? A cette époque, la mode apparaît davantage comme une préoccupation en région septentrionale qu'en région méridionale, plus pauvre. En comparant des sirventes politiques célébrant le pillage et le pathos vestimentaire dans la Chanson de la croisade albigeoise (c. 1210–12) et la foire hyperbolique dans Flamenca (c. 1223), cette étude situe ces représentations dans le contexte des guerres et des industries textiles naissantes en Languedoc et en Provence. Le rire troubadour vis-à-vis de l'ostentation française trahit la convoitise des Occitans à l'égard des Français tout en critiquant aussi les dommages occasionnés par l'idéal de pillage sur l'économie de la mode dans le Midi.

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Crowston, Clare. "Papermaking in Eighteenth Century France: Management, Labor, and Revolution at the Montgolfier Mill, 1761–1805. By Leonard N. Rosenband. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Pp. xv, 210. $39.95." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005605.

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Until now, the Montgolfier family's best-known historical legacy has been the name they lent to the hot-air balloon, whose development they sponsored in the 1780s. Leonard Rosenband's achievement in this book is to elucidate the industrial enterprise that laid the foundation for that adventure. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Montgolfiers owned and operated one of the most important papermaking manufactures in France, centered in Vidalon-le-Haut in northern Languedoc. As Rosenband acknowledges, the Montgolfiers were hardly representative of the French papermaking industry. The scale of their operations, concentration on high-quality paper, and determination to compete with superior Dutch products all clearly distinguished them from their lesser brethren. Nonetheless, Rosenband claims that in their reliance on the same production techniques, division of labor, and well-organized journeymen, the Montgolfiers have much to teach us about the papermaking industry as a whole and, indeed, about the overall process of industrialization in France.

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Rescia, Laura. "The Art of Instruction. Essays on Pedagogy and Literature in 17th-Century France, ed. by Anne Birberick." Studi Francesi, no. 162 (LIV | III) (November 1, 2010): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.6262.

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Pace, Claire. "»Free from business and debate«: city and country in responses to landscape in 17th–century Italy and France." Konsthistorisk Tidskrift/Journal of Art History 73, no. 3 (August 2004): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00233600410018101.

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Naamy, Nazar. "RUNTUHNYADUNIA TAKHAYUL DAN PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA DI NEGARABARATPADA AKHIR ABAD 20." TASAMUH 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tasamuh.v15i1.143.

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The development of religion in the West at the end of the 20th century in Andrew Greeley’s view has increased in some former communist countries, especially Russia. While in other countries has decreased as in England, Netherlands, and France. In some countries it is relatively unchanged, especially the traditional Catholic countries, and in some societies the social democracy has declined and there has been an increase. Whereas in the case of individuals, Greeley finds that religion becomes more important for people as they age. Greeley observed that the survey results showed a lack of interest in religion among young people and tended to ignore it. This is due to the correlation related to lifecycle issues and not a sign of social change. In connection with the disappearance of the real world of superstition in the 17th century scientists tried to eliminate the mystical and superstitious patterns of thought and provide a more scientific and experimental pattern of thought, so that in the west in the 17th century it became history and witness that the era of superstition has begun to disappear. The superstition in western tradition is not easy to destroy because it takes a long time span of about 1563-1762 years.

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Grempler, Martina. "Deutsche Nationalidole in der italienischen Oper des 19. Jahrhunderts." Studia Musicologica 52, no. 1-4 (March 1, 2011): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.52.2011.1-4.25.

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Freedom fighters and national heroes frequently appeared on the operatic stage of the 19th century. Rossini used the story of Wilhem Tell, Verdi composed an opera about Jeanne D’Arc, the national heroine of France, and in La battaglia di Legnano Emperor Barbarossa figures as the incarnation of the menace for the Italians’ longing for freedom, exerted through centuries by the sovereigns of German-speaking countries. The article deals with Italian operas about personalities of German history who had special importance in the national discourse of their own country. In particular it focuses on the historical characters of Arminius and Charlemagne, already present on the operatic stage in the 17th century. Their representation underwent essential modifications in the age of the Risorgimento.

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Oksana Koshulko. "Women’s Empowerment: an Insight into History and the Present Day." SIASAT 6, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v6i3.101.

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The article presents the results of research concerning the empowerment of women from the 17th to 21st century in various countries, including Mexico, the U.K., the U.S.A., Ukraine and France among others. Fourteen cases of women's empowerment in their areas of activity are explored, using case studies collected from primary and secondary data. Twelve of the cases are described and explored using secondary data and two cases using primary data, collected in 2019 in Kyiv, Ukraine. The cases are encrypted as Case 1 - C_ 1 through to Case 14 - C_ 14. The article is an important insight into women's empowerment through history to the present, showing how at times women have sacrificed themselves to achieve their aims and how these sacrifices are important for women of today. However, despite the achievements throughout the centuries, women must continue their struggle to obtain full rights and freedom for all women around the world.

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Seville, Adrian. "The Game of the Sphere or of the Universe — a Spiral Race Game from 17th century France." Board Game Studies Journal 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgs-2016-0001.

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Abstract Simple race games, played with dice and without choice of move, are known from antiquity. In the late 16th century, specific examples of this class of game emerged from Italy and spread rapidly into other countries of Europe. Pre-eminent was the Game of the Goose, which spawned thousands of variants over the succeeding centuries to the present day, including educational, polemical and promotional variants.1 The educational variants began as a French invention of the 17th century, the earliest of known date being a game to teach Geography, the Jeu du Monde by Pierre Duval, published in 1645. By the end of the century, games designed to teach several of the other accomplishments required of the noble cadet class had been developed: History, the Arts of War, and Heraldry being notable among them. A remarkable example of a game within this class is the astronomical game, Le Jeu de la Sphere ou de l’Univers selon Tycho Brahe, published in 1661 by E(s)tienne Vouillemont in Paris. The present paper analyses this game in detail, showing how it combines four kinds of knowledge systems: natural philosophy, based on the Ptolemaic sphere; biblical knowledge; astrology, with planetary and zodiacal influences; and classical knowledge embodied in the names of the constellations. The game not only presents all four on an equal footing but also explores links between them, indicating some acceptance of an overall knowledge-system. Despite the title, there is no evidence of the Tychonian scheme for planetary motion, nor of any Copernican or Galilean influence. This game is to be contrasted with medieval race games, based on numerology and symbolism, and with race games towards the end of the Early Modern period in which science is fully accepted.

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Stenger, Gerhardt. "From Toleration to Laïcité." Dialogue and Universalism 31, no. 2 (2021): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131225.

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This paper traces the history of the philosophical and political justification of religious tolerance from the late 17th century to modern times. In the Anglo-Saxon world, John Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) gave birth to the doctrine of the separation of Church and State and to what is now called secularization. In France, Pierre Bayle refuted, in his Philosophical Commentary (1685), the justification of intolerance taken from Saint Augustine. Following him, Voltaire campaigned for tolerance following the Calas affair (1763), and the Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) imposed religious freedom which, a century later, resulted in the uniquely French notion of laïcité, which denies religion any supremacy, and any right to organize life in its name. Equality before the law takes precedence over freedom: the fact of being a believer does not give rise to the right to special statutes or to exceptions to the law.

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Pronin, D. "Spinoza and dialectical materialism." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 1-2 (November 19, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80269.

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The name of Spinoza is immortal, since his teachings stand on a broad highway that leads to Marxism-Leninism. It is impossible to understand the genius of Marx by divorcing his views from the ideological heritage of the past. "His teaching arose as a direct and immediate continuation of the teachings of the greatest representatives of philosophy, political economy and socialism." (Lenin, op., Vol. XVI, 349). Spinoza in the 17th century is the representative of materialism, which was later developed and deepened by Marx, of that materialism about which Lenin wrote: Throughout the entire recent history of Europe, and especially at the end of the 18th century, in France, where a decisive battle was fought against all sorts of medieval rubbish , against serfdom in institutions and in ideas, materialism turned out to be the only consistent philosophy, true to all the teachings of the natural sciences, hostile to superstition, hypocrisy, etc. "(Lenin, vol. XVI, 350)

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Fijarczyk, Anna, Mathieu Hénault, Souhir Marsit, Guillaume Charron, Tobias Fischborn, Luc Nicole-Labrie, and Christian R. Landry. "The Genome Sequence of the Jean-Talon Strain, an Archeological Beer Yeast from Québec, Reveals Traces of Adaptation to Specific Brewing Conditions." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401149.

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Abstract The genome sequences of archeological Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates can reveal insights about the history of human baking, brewing and winemaking activities. A yeast strain called Jean-Talon was recently isolated from the vaults of the Intendant’s Palace of Nouvelle France on a historical site in Québec City. This site was occupied by breweries from the end of the 17th century until the middle of the 20th century when poisoning caused by cobalt added to the beer led to a shutdown of brewing activities. We sequenced the genome of the Jean-Talon strain and reanalyzed the genomes of hundreds of strains to determine how it relates to other domesticated and wild strains. The Jean-Talon strain is most closely related to industrial beer strains from the beer and bakery genetic groups from the United Kingdom and Belgium. It has numerous aneuploidies and Copy Number Variants (CNVs), including the main gene conferring cobalt resistance in yeast. The Jean-Talon strain has indeed higher tolerance to cobalt compared to other yeast strains, consistent with adaptation to the most recent brewing activities on the site. We conclude from this that the Jean-Talon strain most likely derives from recent brewing activities and not from the original breweries of Nouvelle France on the site.

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Truong, Anh Thuan. "Conflicts among religious orders of Christianity: А study of Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.214.

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During the 17th and 18th centuries, the presence as well as activities of religious orders of Christianity in Vietnam, predominantly the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders (Franciscan Order, Dominican Order, etc.), and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, to establish or maintain and strengthen the interests of some Western countries’ (Portugal, Spain, France) missionary work in this country led to conflicts and disputes over the missionary area as well as the right to manage missionary activities among religious orders of Christianity. From 1665 to 1773, the Vietnamese Catholic Church witnessed protracted disputes and conflicts between Jesuits sponsored by the Portuguese and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris backed by France. While contradictions between them remained unresolved, from the first half of the 18th century onwards, conflicts and disputes between the Spanish Franciscan Order and the missionaries of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris continued to arise. This influenced the development of Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Based on original historical sources and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars as well as international, this article applies two main research methods of the history of science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to closely examine the “panorama” of the conflicts between the religious orders of Christianity that took place in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. The article analyzes the underlying and direct cause of this phenomenon, making certain contributions to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in Vietnam, as well as the history of East-West cultural exchange in the country during this period.

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Uvarov, Pavel. "Historical Research and Directions of French Royal Expansion in 16th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015333-5.

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In the seventeenth century, the search for the “forgotten” rights of the king were an important aid in organizing French expansion, mainly in the eastern and northeastern directions. At the sovereign courts of Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté “chambers of annexations” (chambres d’annexion) were created in 1680 to organize search for archival documents supporting royal claims to neighboring lands. The idea of creating special institutions engaged in the search for documents revealing the precedents of relations with other countries and forgotten rights, that French king had supposedly enjoyed in those parts, was expressed back during the reign of Henry II. In 1556, Raoul Spifame, a lawyer at the Paris Parliament, published a book consisting of fictitious royal decrees, of which many would be implemented in the future. Among other things he ordered, on behalf of the king, the creation of thirty chambers, each specializing in the search for documents in the “treasury of charters” relating to a particular province. He had determined the composition of these chambers, the procedure for work and the form of reporting, — all this in order to arm the king with knowledge of his forgotten rights and the content of antique treaties and agreements. The nomenclature of “provincial chambers” is especially interesting, from the Chambers of Scotland and England to the Chamber of Tunisia and Africa, as well as the Chamber of Portugal and the New Lands. Much more attention was attracted by those lands to which a century later the French expansion would be directed: Franche-Comté, Artois and Flanders, Lorraine, the Duchy of Cleves. But more than half of chambers specialized in the Italian lands. This is not surprising, since in the 1550s France was entering the climax of the Italian Wars. Under Henry II (1547—1559) one of the four secretaries of state, Jean du Thier, was the person responsible for the southwestern direction of French policy. There is reason to believe that Spifame was associated with du Thier or with other members of the king’s “reform headquarters”. The large-scale transformations already at work were interrupted by the unexpected death of Henry II and the subsequent Wars of Religion. But continuity was inherent in the “spirit of the laws” of the Ancien Régime, so Spifame was able to predict future developments, including the creation of “chambers of annexation”.

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Potofsky, Allan. "State and Society in Eighteenth‐Century France: A Study of Political Power and Social Revolution in Languedoc. By Stephen Miller. Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 2008. Pp. xiv+322. $79.95." Journal of Modern History 81, no. 4 (December 2009): 952–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650657.

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Mentzer, Raymond A. "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc. By William Beik. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. xviii + 375 pp. $44.50." Church History 55, no. 3 (September 1986): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166845.

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Doyle, William. "State and Society in Eighteenth‐Century France: A Study of Political Power and Social Revolution in Languedoc. By Stephen Miller. (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2008. Pp.xi, 322. $79.95.)." Historian 72, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00273_55.x.

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F.V. Akhundov. "SPORTS JOURNALISM TRAININGS AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJAN." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 3, no. 2 (July 23, 2021): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v3i2.343.

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In modern times, sports have become more global, and thanks to sports and the media, especially television, the schedule of major events has changed. Thus, a new era has begun in sports journalism. Sports journalism has emerged as a small field in the past. The history of sports journalism is connected with the development of sports. One of the first examples of media in the world appeared in the 17th century. Sports developed professionally in the 19th century. But sports media started before this development. The emergence of this area is directly related to the United States. Betting games in the United States have resulted in the emergence of sports media. Therefore, the first example of sports media dates back to the 19th century. Sports journalism, which first appeared in boxing and horse racing, is everywhere in the world today. Sports journalism is the world's most interactive live media. The Tour de France, the famous Wimbledon tennis tournament in France, is one of the oldest tournaments in the sport. Along with the development of sports, the world's most famous sportswear brands have always sponsored. Large corporations such as Nike, which has an annual turnover of $ 4 billion, invest in sports. Due to the size of the advertising market, sports are one of the largest areas of the media. This study discusses the history and development of world sports journalism. At the same time, opportunities for sports journalism education to influence the development of sports media in Azerbaijan, which has invested heavily in sports in recent years, are presented. Here are some suggestions on the first master's program in sports journalism in the Caucasus. At the same time, sports journalism in Azerbaijan is compared with the US and British media, which are the oldest examples of sports journalism.

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Jouhaud, Christian. "William Beik, Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France. State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, « Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History », 1985, 375 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 41, no. 5 (October 1986): 1067–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900074436.

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Terentieva, Ekaterina. "The French Court Historical Writing as a Form of Manifestation of the Royal Power (Late 16th — First Half of 17th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018884-1.

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The present paper argues that the French historical writing in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century became a form of manifestation of the French royal power. The integrated scientific approach chosen in this research permits the author to draw several new conclusions concerning the multiplicity of forms of publicity of the French absolute monarchy. Three main aspects are in question: the institutional (or socio-political) one, the aspect of publishing specific in early modern Europe, and the substantial aspect of the historical discourse of the epoch. The existence of the court office of the royal historiographer (historiographe du roi) itself was a form of manifestation of the French royal power as it symbolized the special assignment of historical knowledge to the crown. Another visible form of manifestation of the French royal power connected with the historical writing of the epoch was the form of existence of works consecrated to historical subjects, i.e. the peculiarities of design of the editions of historical writings. Finally, the subject area of historical works in question were also related to the manifestation of the strengthening absolute monarchy. The court historical writing in early modern France evolved in tight connection with the erudite intellectual movement. Thus, however diverse the erudite movement had been, its massive current was deeply connected with the crown and its different ambitions — from uniting territories and gaining fidelity of its subjects to glorifying the French kings and controlling all the spheres of political and cultural life in the kingdom.

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Agratina, Elena E. "THE EMERGENCE OF ART CRITICISM IN FRANCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2022): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-3-146-164.

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The topic of the emergence of art criticism in France in the second half of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, being rather widely covered in foreign academic literature, is still underdeveloped in Russian art history. Nevertheless, that issue is extremely important for understanding the processes that took place in the French and more widely in the European artistic milieu. The article aims to highlight the process of the criticism formation not only as a literary genre but primarily as a phenomenon of cultural life. Based on original written sources and foreign academic literature, the author traces how the appearance of fine art in the light of publicity was prepared in the Parisian artistic milieu. The author addresses the important questions that arose during the formative and legitimizing phase of criticism, such as its distinction from pre-existing art theory, as well as the distinction between the critic and the theorist or fine art historian. The artwork must now satisfy not only the master and the customer and a small circle of connoisseurs, society also becomes an active participant in artistic life, and the viewer enshrines the right to judge the art. The author shows how criticism is gradually becoming more diverse and polyphonic. Works written on behalf of a wide variety of characters are appearing, writers are adapting various literary genres that already exist: epistolary, diary, plays, poems, dialogues. For many years, criticism becomes an active channel of communication linking all participants in artistic life.

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Wollock, Jeffrey. "John Bulwer (1606–1656) and Some British and French Contemporaries." Historiographia Linguistica 40, no. 3 (September 3, 2013): 331–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.40.3.02wol.

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Summary John Bulwer’s (1606–1656) work was unknown in 17th–18th century France. In 1827, when Joseph-Marie Degérando (1772–1842) became curious about the relation between the methods respectively of Bulwer and John Wallis (1616–1703), the pioneer oral instructor of the deaf in Britain, he had to query Charles Orpen, M. D. (1791–1856) in Dublin because no copy of Bulwer’s Philocophus (1648) could be found in Paris. In fact, Theodore Haak (1605–1690) had sent a copy of this book from London to Père Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) in Paris in July 1648, but none of Mersenne’s circle could read English, and Mersenne died several weeks later. In that context, this paper presents a comparison of Bulwer’s views with those of the Cartesians and Port-Royalists. Wallis claimed he knew of no work on speech for the deaf prior to his own, but he must have known about the Philocophus from the time of its publication, five years before his De Loquela (1653) and nearly 14 years before he began teaching the deaf.

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Hoffman, Philip T. "Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France: State Power and Provincial Aristocracy in Languedoc. By William Beik. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. xviii, 375. $44.50." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 2 (June 1986): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070004643x.

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Krom, Mikhail. "Patronage and Clientele in the Muscovite State in the 16th and 17th Centuries: Historiography and the Key Issues." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.6.

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Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of patron-client relations in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Russia, which until recently has been almost completely neglected by the scholars. Relying on recent publications and his own findings, the author addresses the key issues of the topic including the origins of this phenomenon in Russia, the typology of patron-client relations and their specifics in Muscovy. Methods and materials. The paper combines a survey of the current historiography with examination of selected primary sources (mainly private letters from archival collections) and forays into the theory of patron-client relations elaborated by social scientists. Comparing the Muscovite patronage system to its counterparts in other European countries enables some hypotheses about the peculiarities of patron-client relations in pre-Petrine Russia. Analysis. Addressing the problem of the origins of the Russian patronage the author traces the evolution of social relations and the appearance of the specific language of patronage which leads him to a conclusion that the phenomenon in question might have emerged by the end of the 16th century. Proceeding then to the typology of patron-client relations, the author assumes that, although only aristocratic patronage has been thoroughly studied so far, similar phenomena can be detected in other milieus as well, including the Church, where nepotism and corporate clientelism flourished. Finally, the author isolates some specific features of the Muscovite patronage, especially its depoliticized and decentralized character, as contrasted to the analogous phenomena in Poland-Lithuania, England, and France. Results. Summing up the present-day knowledge of the Muscovite patronage, the author highlights it as a typically early modern phenomenon that evolved within the official state institutions and functioned as an addendum to them.

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Dębicka, Malwina K. "Opiniowanie sądowo-lekarskie we Francji w XVII stuleciu." Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology 72, no. 1 (September 8, 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891716amsik.22.003.16232.

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Artykuł ten jest syntezą historii opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego we Francji w XVII wieku. W pracy zastosowano głównie dwie metody badawcze – metodę historyczną i metodę opisową. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie wiedzy o francuskiej medycynie sądowej w kontekście historycznym i prawnym. Pokazuje pionierskie badania medyków i chirurgów, przedstawia ówczesne regulacje prawne oraz podkreśla wysoki poziom francuskiej medycyny sądowej na tle innych krajów europejskich. Od najdawniejszych czasów problematyka oceny zdrowia i życia była przypisywana ekspertom medycyny – jurorom (edykt z 1603 roku médecins jurés et chirurgiens jurés). W XVII w. badania sądowo- -lekarskie stały się obowiązkiem. Ludzie zainteresowali się np. zdrowiem psychicznym oskarżonych czy oględzinami narządów rodnych w przypadku rozwodu. Na historię opinii sądowo-lekarskich na ziemiach francuskich ogromny wpływ miała chirurgia włoska. Co ciekawe, Francja była pierwszym krajem, który oddzielił kwestie sądowe i medyczne od zadań związanych z policją medyczną. Medicolegal opinions in France in XVII Century This article is a synthesis of the history of medicolegal opinions in France in the 17th century. Mainly two research methods were used in the work – the historical method and the descriptive method. The article aims to present the knowledge of French forensic medicine in a historical and legal context. It shows the pioneering research of medics and surgeons, presents the legal regulations of that time, and emphasizes the high level of French science compared to other European countries. It is worth adding that from the earliest times the issues with the assessment of health and life were assigned to medical experts – jurors (the edict of 1603 médecins jurés et chirurgiens jurés). During this period, forensic and medical examinations became a duty. People became interested in the mental health of the accused, as well as in the inspection of the reproductive organs in the event of a divorce. Italian surgery had a huge impact on the history of medicolegal opinions in the French territories. Interestingly, France was the first country to separate judicial and medical issues from tasks related to the medical police.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Languedoc (France) – History – 17th century'

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