Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Langue unique'

La thèse met en évidence la nécessité de la maîtrise de l’expression orale en français pour la réussite scolaire et socioprofessionnelle dans le contexte burundais. A la faveur d’une analyse de documents et de l’enquête par questionnaire, il y est premièrement mis en évidence l’importance de la langue française dans le paysage linguistique et dans le système éducatif du Burundi. Ensuite, il y est montré l’importance de l’expression orale en français dans la vie professionnelle du milieu intellectuel et dans les média radiodiffusés du pays. En troisième lieu, la prise en charge du développement de l’expression orale en français par l’école est soumise à l’analyse. Ses faiblesses sont mises en exergue grâce à l’analyse de documents pédagogiques, à l’entretien avec des observateurs privilégiés, à l’observation de pratiques de classes et à l’évaluation du niveau atteint à la fin de l’école fondamentale par un test sur la production orale en continue. Il y est enfin proposé des voies de solution pour améliorer la compétence visée par l’étude et l’applicabilité d’un des dispositifs est testée. L’efficience du dispositif pourra être analysée dans une étude quantitative et longitudinale.
Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse porte sur la recherche d’une solution chez le poète russe Vélimir Khlebnikov (1885 - 1922) à travers plusieurs modalités d’écriture. Il s’agit de suivre son travail singulier à la trace en abordant tout d’abord sa pratique poétique, puis la fondation et la théorisation de la langue unique, langue supposée capable d’épuiser la totalité du Réel et enfin les recherches numérales afin de cerner à la fois la spécificité des tentatives de traitement de la jouissance convoquées par chacune de ces démarches et la logique unaire qui caractérise l’œuvre saisissante de Khlebnikov, logique relevant d’une nécessité vitale. La radicalité de l’expérience khlebnikovienne nous incite entre autre à réinterroger les rapports du sujet au signifiant à la lumière de cette démarche et de l’invention qui la caractérise. Le travail de Khlebnikov nous donne également à penser une modalité singulière d’intrication et de désintrication de l’œuvre, du nom et du corps qui ouvre un champ de réflexion concernant les réaménagements structuraux
Vélimir Khlebnikov (1885 - 1922) – a Russian poet, one of the key figures of Russian futurism. This dissertation follows the traces of Khlebnikov’s work through his different modes of writing, looking first at his poetic practice, then his creation and theorisation of a unique language, one that he hoped would be able to exhaust the Real in its totality, and finally his numerical research, in order to identify both the specificity of his attempts to deal with the jouissance proper to each of these processes and the unary logic characteristic of his remarkable body of work, a logic which attests to a vital need. The radical nature of Khlebnikov’s experiment also leads us to question, in light of this approach and its inventiveness, the subject’s relation to the signifier. Finally, his work gives us the opportunity to think about a singular modality of linking and unlinking a work, a name and a body, opening up a field of reflection concerning structural shifts

La these est consacree a l'examen interlinguistique du phenomene de sujet nul. Trois types de comportement caracterisent sa distribution a travers les langues. Dans les langues dites pro-drop, le sujet nul est une option par defaut. Tandis que dans les langues romanes il semble ne pas dependre du contexte, en chinois sa distribution est contrainte par des facteurs discursifs. Neanmoins, il represente. Dans les langues a pro-drop partiel, le sujet nul est une option marquee. En hebreu, le marquage de la personne sur la flexion verbale influence la legitimation du sujet nul, mais en russe tel n'est pas le cas. En anglais, le sujet nul est possible quand le topique saillant est fort, mais la force de ce topique est determinee par le registre (ex. La langue parlee). Un chapitre separe est dedie a l'examen du francais. Le changement du comportement entre les langues montre que le parametre du sujet nul ne peut pas etre une valeur binaire et que les types de categories vides ne le decrivent pas.

L'apprentissage du français pour les Vietnamiens comporte une dimension linguistique mais s’inscrit également dans des stratégies d’accès à l’emploi et il est fortement lié à l’histoire entre les 2 pays même si la demande postscolaire d’apprentissage des langues est, aujourd’hui, majoritairement orientée vers l’anglais. Cette demande rencontre, dans le champ de la formation postscolaire, l’offre de deux types d’organismes : les centres de langue et les centres culturels. Ces deux structures sont en concurrence en matière d’apprentissage du français. Paradoxalement, les centres culturels proposant un enseignement avec des locuteurs natifs, des ressources documentaires, etc. Sont moins fréquentés que les centres de langue. Cependant, ils contribuent à la diffusion de la langue française au Vietnam même si l’organisation et le déroulement pédagogique des cours dans les deux types de structure sont différents. Les centres de langues se concentrent uniquement sur les éléments linguistiques : grammaire, vocabulaire, structure de la langue dans la conception des programmes pédagogiques. De leur côté, les centres culturels présentent aux apprenants des éléments linguistiques mais également des connaissances culturelles liées à langue française. Notre travail de recherche a pour but de comprendre les types de motivation pour l’apprentissage du français et les représentations de l’activité d’apprentissage chez les apprenants vietnamiens. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les représentations d’un apprentissage à visée instrumentale expliqueraient les différences de demande vis-à-vis des deux types de centre. Dans ce contexte, nous interrogeons les conditions de possibilité d’innovations didactiques dans le domaine de l’enseignement des langues
Learning French for Vietnamese has a linguistic dimension but it is also in the goal of the access to employment strategies. The demand for post-school learning languages is mainly oriented towards English. However there is also a demand for French and it has a history. This demand of post -school training could be found in two kinds of organizations: language centers and cultural centers. These two structures are in competition for learning French. Paradoxically, cultural centers offering teaching with native speakers, documentary resources, etc. Are less frequented than the language centers. Centers of foreign language opened in the evening and French cultural centers, contribute to the spread of the French language in Vietnam. However, the organization and pedagogical process of teaching French in these centers are different. Centers of foreign language in evening focus only on linguistic elements: grammar, vocabulary, language structure which are in the conception of teaching program. For their part, the cultural centers offer to learners linguistic elements, but also cultural knowledge related to French language. Our research is an attempt to understand the types of motivation for learning French and the representations of the activity learning, among Vietnamese learners. We assume that the representations of learning instrumental referred explain the differences in demands that opposite the two types of center. In this context, we question the conditions of the possibility of educational innovations in the field of language teaching

多数の溶媒分子に取り囲まれている溶液中において溶質分子の化学反応素過程を考える場合、溶媒分子による反応の平衡論的、動的な効果を考える必要がある。本研究では、ユニークな反応場として水や有機溶媒とは区別される、超臨界流体とイオン液体をとり上げ、溶質分子のプロトン移動反応、光解離反応について、時間分解レーザー分光と分子動力学計算、理論的解析を行い、その現象を明らかにする試みをおこなった。
In solution, solvent molecules involve chemical reaction of solute molecules and could alter both reaction yield and kinetics. In this thesis, the author focused on fundamental chemical reactions (intermolecular proton transfer and photodissociate reaction) in a unique class of solvents, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids. By measuring time-resolved fluorescence spectrum and transient absorption spectrum of solutes, the author discusses how the reaction yield and kinetics are described by solvent physicochemical properties.
博士(理学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Science
同志社大学
Doshisha University

La thèse a pour objectif de réfléchir sur la possibilité d’appliquer la conception du langage développée par Wittgenstein dans sa philosophie des jeux de langage au langage esthétique. Cet intérêt pour la philosophie tardive du philosophe ne pouvait aboutir sans une confrontation avec la philosophie du Tractatus, l’auteur lui-même n’envisageant la possibilité de comprendre la seconde partie de sa philosophie qu’à la lumière de la première. En effet, le Tractatus détermine une conception du langage unique, dans laquelle ce dernier a pour rôle de représenter le réel, en en partageant la structure. Par conséquent, tous les jugements normatifs, y compris les jugements esthétiques, seront éjectés du domaine du sens dans celui de l’ineffable et du mystique dans la mesure où toute vraie proposition, c’est-à-dire sensée, par opposition aux pseudo-propositions doit impérativement porter sur des objets.Cette restriction du sens et donc du dicible le conduisant à une aporie, Wittgenstein détermine une autre conception du langage, plutôt, complémentaire de la première et ce, progressivement à partir des années trente, dans laquelle le langage devient pluriel parce que tributaire de plusieurs paramètres extra linguistiques en relation avec le contexte, la culture, la forme de vie… Et c’est justement le concept de jeux de langage qui va en montrer le fonctionnement de la signification comme usages.A partir de quelques exemples de tableaux, nous montrerons de quelle manière la peinture, sa compréhension et son interprétation se plient à cette conception du langage, mais aussi du sens de la philosophie post-Tractatus
The aim of this thesis is to think about the possibility to apply the conception of language developed by Wittgenstein in the philosophy from language games to esthetic language. The interest for the late philosophy of the philosopher could not ended without a confrontation in the philosophy of the Tractatus. The author himself considers the possibility to understand the second part of his philosophy only at the light of the initial. In fact, the Tractatus establishes a conception of an unique language, in which the latter has the role to represent the real, and in sharing the structure. Consequently, all the normal jugements including esthetic jugements will be ejected from the scope of sense in the one of the unutterable and the mystic insofar all true proposition is sensible by opposition to the pseudo-proposals must imperatively bear on objects.The restriction of the sense and dicible is leading him to a difficulty, Wittgenstein establishes another conception of language, rather complementary from the first one, and this gradually from the thirties in which the language becomes tributor from several parameters extra linguistic in relation with context, culture and shape of life and this is precisely the concept of language games which will show the working of the meaning as use.From a few examples of paintings, we shall demonstrate how the painting its comprehension and its interpretation are submitted to this conception of language but also to the sense of the philosophy post-Tractatus

The native language of South Korea has come to contain a linguistic subset consisting of English and European loanwords and pseudo-loanwords. The notion that the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner is immersed in such a lexicon, and that this terminology can be utilized to effectively assist target language (Standard American English) vocabulary acquisition by the false-beginner through Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), was evaluated and examined. The empirical investigation employed a within-methods (i.e. experiment and survey) design. To this end, the researcher developed and deployed multimedia-based learning environments to empirically test research suppositions. In particular, to examine how the student’s knowledge of English words adapted for use in the South Korean vernacular – loanwords – is affected by their attitudes towards computerized instruction, their preference for certain methods of learning and teaching, and also by the attributes of computerized instructional packages. Ultimately, a method of instruction grounded in both CALL and linguistic theory was developed and its effectiveness for use with South Korean EFL learners in a university English program setting assayed. Scholarly accounts of the South Korean cultural learning style were also taken into consideration, and the implications such accounts hold for the implementation of CALL initiatives scrutinized.The findings of this study are significant at the administrative, practitioner, and field level. Research outcomes indicate (a) computer use did not bias results obtained through CALL: (b) use of the L1 (first language) to assist foreign language acquisition produced positive learning gains, albeit marginal and limited, as evidenced by the persistent difficulty learners had in building new form-meaning connections between pseudo-loanwords in South Korean and English-equivalents; and, (c) multimedia-based learning developed on cultural and classroom expectations of learners, as found in the literature, was not as successful as that it was contrasted against. Consequently, results of the research come to support usability of CALL in the tertiary education sector, the existence of a ‘stabilized interlanguage’ on the South Korean peninsula and the need to re-profile the South Korean cultural learning style and student classroom expectations that pertain to EFL.

The native language of South Korea has come to contain a linguistic subset consisting of English and European loanwords and pseudo-loanwords. The notion that the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner is immersed in such a lexicon, and that this terminology can be utilized to effectively assist target language (Standard American English) vocabulary acquisition by the false-beginner through Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), was evaluated and examined. The empirical investigation employed a within-methods (i.e. experiment and survey) design. To this end, the researcher developed and deployed multimedia-based learning environments to empirically test research suppositions. In particular, to examine how the student’s knowledge of English words adapted for use in the South Korean vernacular – loanwords – is affected by their attitudes towards computerized instruction, their preference for certain methods of learning and teaching, and also by the attributes of computerized instructional packages. Ultimately, a method of instruction grounded in both CALL and linguistic theory was developed and its effectiveness for use with South Korean EFL learners in a university English program setting assayed. Scholarly accounts of the South Korean cultural learning style were also taken into consideration, and the implications such accounts hold for the implementation of CALL initiatives scrutinized.
The findings of this study are significant at the administrative, practitioner, and field level. Research outcomes indicate (a) computer use did not bias results obtained through CALL: (b) use of the L1 (first language) to assist foreign language acquisition produced positive learning gains, albeit marginal and limited, as evidenced by the persistent difficulty learners had in building new form-meaning connections between pseudo-loanwords in South Korean and English-equivalents; and, (c) multimedia-based learning developed on cultural and classroom expectations of learners, as found in the literature, was not as successful as that it was contrasted against. Consequently, results of the research come to support usability of CALL in the tertiary education sector, the existence of a ‘stabilized interlanguage’ on the South Korean peninsula and the need to re-profile the South Korean cultural learning style and student classroom expectations that pertain to EFL.

The principal is an important key to school success and student achievement (Anderson & Togneri, 2003; Met & Lorenz, 1997). Considering the role of principals of dual immersion schools, few studies have considered factors leading to their success (Nicholson, Harris-Johhn, & Schimmel, 2005; Simmons et al., 2007). With current advancements in skill mapping and meta-analyses, the understanding of skill and trait theory has improved, greatly enhancing the researcher's ability to effectively identify a leader's skills and traits (Derue, Nahrgang, Wellman, & Humphrey, 2011; Marzano, Waters, & McNulty, 2005; Scouller, 2011; Zaccaro, 2007). A clearer understanding of the skills and traits dual immersion principals need would help other dual immersion principals and the districts and states that train these principals (Waters, Marzano, & McNulty, 2003). Through a set of interviews and surveys, the researcher explored themes and patterns based on principals' opinions of the skills and traits they use. The researcher compared one-way dual immersion schools with two-way dual immersion schools in an effort to distinguish how principals' opinions vary between these two contrasting immersion paradigms. An analysis of principal responses from the surveys and interviews revealed that a number of traits and skills identified in previous research are also important for dual immersion principals. In addition, the research found a number of new skills and traits unique to the dual immersion context. This research also found that many skills and traits of dual immersion principals varied between the contexts of one-way and two-way. These findings indicate an important shift in our understanding of the role of principal and the ways that dual immersion principals are trained.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether infants' social attention, as well as their joint attention behaviors uniquely predicted emerging language abilities. This longitudinal study examined attention regulation skills, joint attention behaviors, infants' expressive/receptive language (current), emerging communication abilities at 16- and 17-month-old (time 1); expressive/receptive language (subsequent) at 18- 19-month-old (time 2). Infants' sustained attention was measured by their attention control to a central stimulus in the presence of a distracter competing for their attention. Dynamic human face (upright, inverted) and abstract display with their matched voice tracks were used to separately measure infants' attention regulation to different types of events. Infants' sustained attention was estimated by their latencies away from central stimuli to distracters, as well as their fixation duration and gaze count on central events and distracters. It was found that infants' latency away from the abstract figure toward the distracter was the only variable that significantly negatively predicted current expressive vocabulary. Initiating joint attention was observed to significantly predict infants' abilities in current receptive vocabulary. The emerging language communication ability predicted expressive vocabulary at two times. In addition, infants' fixation and count to the upright speaker's face and eyes contributed significant amount of variance in initiating joint attestation. The fixation and gaze count on the distracter in the upright condition significantly predicted infants' emerging language skills.
Ph. D.

It was generally accepted that dopamine receptors D1 (D1R)- and D2 (D2R)-expressing neurons are homogeneously and randomly distributed throughout the striatum. However, in reporter transgenic mice, the specific subregions of the caudal lateral striatum have been reported: the D1R-poor zone, in which D2R-expressing neurons are predominant, and the D2R-poor zone, in which D1R-expressing neurons are predominant. The present study demonstrated the presence of these distinct subregions not only in rodents but also in marmosets using endogenous dopamine receptors. We also showed that direct pathway medium spiny neurons in these distinct subregions preferentially project to parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons in the dorsal part of the substantia nigra pars lateralis.
博士(理学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Science
同志社大学
Doshisha University

To investigate how minority groups such as the Japanese speaking communities on the Gold Coast in Australia have developed a variety of the Japanese language, a survey was conducted with 31 first-generation Japanese immigrants. Among the unique 216 words collected, 26 new words, 45 catachrestic loanwords that bring new concepts of ideas or things into the Japanese language, 101 non-catachrestic loanwords co-existing with semiotically-matching other Japanese words, nine words with phonological modifications and 35 interjections were recorded. As a result, the most used unique words were non-catachrestic loanwords. Most words were related to their everyday lives; however, some were related to politics or of a more conceptual nature, unlike similar research conducted in Brazil before WWII. Nouns were the most popular unique words collected in terms of word classes. The names of things, shops, facilities, and occupations are often used in loanwords, as it is easier to use the same names in Japanese and English conversations. All the loanword verbs collected were formed with the suffix ‘-suru (to do)’. Some loanword adjectives were formed with the suffix ‘-na’. No ‘Taigen + -ru’ verbs or ‘loanwords + -i’ adjectives were confirmed. Among 26 new words used/developed on the Gold Coast, most were shortened nicknames of places and shops, such as ‘Hanja (Hungry Jacks)’, ‘Debijo (David Jones)’, ‘Raria (Australia)’, ‘Ōsu (Australia)’, ‘Wāsu (Woolworths)’, ‘Sushitore (Sushitrain)’, ‘Pashi (Pacific Fair)’, ‘Robitan (Robina Town Centre) and ‘Imigure (former Department of Immigration and Border Protection)’. Most of the words were clippings and compound clippings such as ‘Buri (Brisbane)’ and ‘Burobi (buro+bi, Broadbeach)’, and one loanblend ‘Japasen (for people who only date Japanese)’, one calque ‘Kokumin (National Australia Bank)’, one native creation ‘Donishī (Sydney)’, and two words ‘Ūru’ and ‘Ōru’ (both from the airport code ‘OOL’) from the Japanese tourism industry register were collected. For catachrestic loanwords, most of them were direct loans; however, some loanshifts such as ‘pikkingu (picking, meaning fruit picking)’ and ‘raundo (around, travelling around in Australia)’ were observed. For non-catachrestic loanwords, some names of places and occupations and things in their everyday lives were often used. Some words were used because they have slightly different impressions from the standard Japanese words, such as ‘yaoya’ and ‘vege shop’. For both catachrestic and non-catachrestic loanwords, some influence in shortenings from the local English slang/dialect was found as well, such as ‘Burijī (Brissie: Brisbane)’, ‘Ūrī (Woolies: Woolworths)’, ‘Bābī (Barbeque)’ and ‘mojī (mozzie: mosquito)’. Some phonological modifications influenced by English were found, such as ‘aikea’ instead of ‘ikea’ for the name of the interior shop IKEA, and ‘garāji’ instead of ‘garēji’ for garage. Some uncommon loanwords in Japan, such as ‘petorōru’, ‘petorō’, ‘petoro’, ‘petororu’, and 'petoraru’ for petrol, showed various phonological adaptations. Many loanwords for interjections were recorded, such as ‘oh my god’, ‘oh dear’, ‘oops’ and ‘awesome’. They often show code-switching behaviour for interjections with English accenting and pronunciation done unconsciously. More intentional code-switching behaviour is also observed to soften the situation, make it humorous, or dodge a straight answer. This code-switching is natural and easier to use for smooth communication in their life with two languages. Most participants had a positive attitude towards integrating English into their Japanese language. They think it is unavoidable living in an English-dominated society, and many of them speak English more often than Japanese. Although some words can only be expressed in English, this research found that people on the Gold Coast tend to integrate English into their Japanese conversations mainly for their convenience. It is not from the loss of their Japanese proficiency as their language skills are constantly updated through frequent return trips to Japan and access to online content in Japanese. It is considered embarrassing to mix languages too often in Japan, but it is very hard to avoid it in their life on the Gold Coast. However, they still try to avoid it in a formal or semiformal situation and outside their community. This research contributes new data to the field of Japanese language variation through language contact. There is no previous research conducted in this field, especially on Japanese people in Australia. It is significant to research and record the living language at the present time on the Gold Coast, Australia.
Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Visual Arts (DVA)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

Istraživanje koje je predstavljeno u ovoj doktorskoj
disertaciji usmereno je na problem merenja kolebljivosti
biračkog tela i njenih prostornih aspekata u
postkomunističkim društvima. Komparativni okvir
istraživanje čine Republika Srbija i pet mladih članica
Evropske unije (Mađarska, Slovenija, Rumunija, Bugarska
i Hrvatska). U političkim naukama i sociologiji politike,
najuticajnije istraživačko polje koje razmatra prostorne
aspekte partijskih sistema jeste teorija partijske
nacionalizacije koja ovaj proces definiše kao
homogenizaciju biračkog ponašanja na čitavoj teritoriji
nacionalne države. Kako je izborna kolebljivost jedan od
fundamentalnih mera biračkog ponašanja, iznenađuje
činjenica da u dosadašnjim istraživanjima procesi
nacionalizacije i promene izborne kolebljivosti nisu
dovođeni u eksplicitnu vezu. Ideja ove disertacije je da
premosti istraživački "vakuum" koji postoji između ova
dva polja. Preciznije, formulišemo tri istraživačka cilja
koja će biti ostvarena u ovoj disertaciji.
Prvi cilj odnosi se na rešavanje problema merenja izborne
kolebljivosti na nacionalnom nivou u postkomunističkim
društvima, što podrazumeva i rešavanje problema
diferencijacije između unutarsistemske i vansistemske
kolebljivosti koji predstavljaju dva fundamentalno
različita aspekta ponašanja biračkog tela. Metodološka
rešenja predstavljena u ovoj disertaciji osiguravaju internu
konzistentnost merenja unutar definisanog uzorka, što
dovodi do plauzibilnijih komparativnih zaključaka o
trendovima promene nivoa kolebljivosti. Na osnovu
postignutih rezultata, odnosno realizacije ovog
istraživačkog cilja, klasifikujemo države u dva tipa: (1)
sistemi tipa I za koje je karakterističan umeren nivo
kolebljivosti i unutarsistemska kolebljivost kao
342.892.2 : 581.15 308(4) : 308(497.11)
dominantna komponenta (Mađarska, Rumunija, Hrvatska,
Srbija); (2) sistemi tipa II za koje je karakterističan visok
nivo kolebljivosti i vansistemska kolebljivost kao
dominantna komponenta (Slovenija, Bugarska).
Drugi cilj ove disertacije jeste mrežno-prostorna
dekompozicija izborne kolebljivosti na NUTS3
prostornom nivou. U istraživanju smo koristili dva
različita metodološka pristupa ovoj vrsti dekompozicije:
(1) prostornu stastiku, odnosno metod prostornih
autokorelacija, (2) i mrežnu analizu, odnosno metod
korelacionih mreža. Putem prostorne autokorelacije oktrili
smo fokalne prostorne konfiguracije, odnosno klastere
teritorija koje su međusobno u korelaciji, dok nam metod
korelacionih mreža omogućava da utvrdimo u kom
stepenu su lokalizovane interakcije (odnosno korelacije)
između teritorija češće u odnosu na sve ostale korelacije
unutar sistema. Mrežno-prostorna dekompozicija otkriva
prostorne konfiguracije unutar nacionalnih država koje su
interno homogene i heterogene u odnosu na ostatak države.
Samim tim, one predstavljaju distinktivne političke
prostore, unutar kojih postoji lokalizovana reakcija
biračkog tela na partijski sistem. Prateći teoriju
nacionalizacije, izostanak većeg broja ovih klastera u
nekom sistemu tumačimo kao indikator procesa
nacionalizacije, dok u suprotnom slučaju kosntatujemo da
postoji lokalizacija politike.
Treći cilj ove disertacije odnosi se na kvantifikaciju
rezultata dobijenih mrežno-prostornom dekompozicijom
izborne kolebljivosti. Preciznije, cilj je transformisati
dobijenu teritorijalnu diviziju na klastere susedstva u
numeričku meru koja se može koristiti kao indikator
nacionalizacije i lokalizacije političkih sistema. Rezultat
realizacije ovog cilja jeste nova mera predstavljena u ovoj
disertciji, koju nazivamo indeksom lokalizacije izborne
kolebljivosti (za obe komponente kolebljivosti). Na
osnovu rezultata našeg istraživanja utvrdili smo da ova
nova mera korespondira sa konvencionalnim merama
nacionalizacije, ali pri tome ima nekoliko prednosti u
odnosu na njih od kojih je jedna posledica toga što je
indeks izveden iz prostorne distribucije izborne
kolebljivosti, kao agregentne, fundamentalne mere
biračkog ponašanja. Rezultati komparacije indeksa
lokalizacije izborne kolebljivosti pokazuju i da unutar
ranije defnisane tipologije sistema postoji pravilna
diferencijacija u nivou lokalizacije sistema, te su sistemi
tipa I umereno i visoko lokalizovani, dok su sistemi tipa II
visoko nacionalizovani. na ovaj način, utvrđujemo da
postoji zavisnost nivoa kolebljivosti od stepena
nacionalizacije sistema, što je i najvažniji saznajni
doprinos ove disertacije.
U zaključnom poglavlju se osvrećemo i na položaj
Republike Srbije i njenog političkog sistema u odnosu na
ostale zemlje uzorka. Na osnovu izmerenih nivoa izborne
kolebljivosti i stepena nacionalizacije sistema dajemo
detaljan opis evolucije partijskog sistema Srbije u XXI
veku, komentarišemo njegove sličnosti sa analiziranim
mladim članicama EU (pre svega sa Mađarskom) i
formulišemo hipoteze o pravcima njegovog razvoja u
budućnosti, kao i smernice za dalje integrisane studije
izborne kolebljivosti i političke nacionalizacije.

Ova disertacija predstavlja ispitivanje modalnih glagola i kategorije modalnosti u okviru pravnog funkcionalnog stila i teorije prevođenja. Naime, engleski modali proučavaju se na korpusu pravnih dokumenata Evropske unije sa akcentom na prevodne ekvivalente u srpskom jeziku. Modali se proučavaju prvenstveno kao eksponentni deontičke modalnosti u okviru koje se pripisuju značenja obaveze, naredbe, zabrane, dozvole, zahtjeva i slično, što je u skladu sa semantikom pravnog diksursa koji je podložan modalizaciji.
Modali se proučavaju na korpusu dokumenata Evropske unije, s jedne strane zbog činjenice da su pravne zakonitosti institucionalizovane u okviru Evropske unije nešto drugačije normirane od uobičajenog pravnog registra anglosaksonskog pravnog sistema, a s druge strane zbog aktuelne situacije u pogledu evrointegracija i potrebe usklađivanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa zakonodavstvom Evropske unije, a samim tim i prevođenja velikog broja dokumenata sa engleskog na srpski jezik i obrnuto. Interesovanje za proučavanje modalnih glagola u okviru pravnog funkcionalnog stila javilo se zbog kompleksnosti upotrebe modalnih glagola u savremenom engleskom jeziku, ali i zbog niza pravila koja ih prate u okviru jezičke politike Evropske unije i niza problema sa kojima se prevodioci suočavaju prilikom prevođenja pravnih dokumenata. Pravni tekstovi podliježu značajnim ograničenjima zbog specifične terminologije i odgovarajućih sintaksičkih struktura, a budući da prevodioci najčešće nijesu pravnici neophodno je istaći sve specifičnosti prevođenja pravnih propisa sa akcentom na modalnim glagolima.
Modalnost je semantičko-gramatička kategorija koja se izražava na različite načine u različitim jezicima, a budući da je riječ o kontrastivnom istraživanju, cilj rada je i da se kontrastivnom metodom utvrdi šta engleski i srpski jezik imaju zajedničko kod upotrebe modalnih glagola u pravnom registru, kao i koje se razlike javljaju među njima. To znači da primarni cilj istraživanja predstavlja popisivanje svih modalnih glagola u korpusu, potom njihovu analizu sa aspekta semantike, a zatim utvrđivanje na koji način su prevedeni na srpski jezik, koje se zakonitosti javljaju u procesu prevođenja, koje tekstualne zakonitosti i ograničenja postoje s obzirom na specifičnosti kontrastiranih jezika. Budući da se u fokusu rada nalazi jedna semantički i sintaksički veoma složena kategorija u radu je primijenjen lingvističko- semantički pristup. Teorijski okvir i interpretacija značenja zasnivaju se na
tradicionalnoj i savremenoj literaturi o modalnosti i modalnim glagolima u ispitivanim jezicima.
Disertacija se posebno bavi sljedećim pitanjima: koliko različiti žanrovi, odnosno tipovi diskursa utiču na modalnost; koja vrsta modalnosti se najčešće javlja u pravnim tekstovima; koje su sličnosti i razlike između engleskog i srpskog jezika s obzirom na ovaj koncept; da li bi bilo moguće sačiniti skalu poklapanja i nepoklapanja između engleskog i srpskog na kontrastivnoj osnovi sa posebnim osvrtom na prevođenje modalnih glagola u pravnim tekstovima; kako se tipovi modalnosti prevode s jednog na drugi jezik kad su u pitanju pravni tekstovi; u kom jeziku se više upotrebljavaju modalni glagoli u diskursu prava, engleskom ili srpskom; koja morfosintaksička sredstva se koriste više ili manje često za izražavanje modalnosti; kako se svaki konkretni modalni glagol prevodi, da li se najčešće zamjenjuje najbližim ekvivalentom u drugom jeziku. Osnovni metodološki pristup primijenjen u istraživanju je deskriptivni, s tim što je analiza i kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog karaktera.

Poslednjih decenija intenzivno se na univerzionalnom i regionalnim nivoima razvija pravo ljudskih prava, uključujući pravo na ravnopravnost i pravo na slobodu od diskriminacije. To je doprinelo napretku u ostvarivanju prava žena i rodne ravnopravnosti. Ukinute su formalne zakonske prepreke za žene, zatim je zabranjena diskriminacija i garantovano je pravo na ravnopravnost, što je omogućilo de iure ravnopravnost, a nakon toga se teži ostvarivanju de facto ravnopravnosti. Međutim, suštinska ravnopravnost između žena i muškaraca još uvek nije dostignuta. Žene širom sveta i dalje su u nepovoljnijem položaju u poređenju sa muškarcima, diskriminisane su u svim sferama javnog i privatnog života i izložene su nasilju. Pored toga, žene su veoma heterogena grupa, a pojedine grupe žena višestruko su marginalizovane i izložene su većem riziku od višestruke diskriminacije, pa je njihov položaj mnogo lošiji u poređenju sa ženama i muškarcima iz većinske populacije, kao i muškarcima iz njihove manjinske grupe. Višestruka diskriminacija je složen društveni fenomen, kojim se bave mnoge naučne discipline, zbog čega je bilo neophodno interdisciplinarno istraživanje.U radu se bavim istraživanjem fenomena višestruke diskriminacijom žena, kao i dometima i ograničenjima pravne zaštite žena od višestruke diskriminacije u Republici Srbiji i Austriji, Bugarskoj, Hrvatskoj, Francuskoj i Nemačkoj, kao odabranim državama Evropske unije. Teorijski okvir ovog rada su feminističke teorije uopšte, a posebno feministička pravna teorija koju Marta Kamalas (Martha Chamallas) definiše kao feminističku pravnu teoriju generacije kompleksnih identiteta, a Kler Dalton (Claire Dalton) kao fazu raznovrsnosti. Podele koje su one formulisale povezane su sa pravnim teorijama jednakosti i ravnopravnosti, koje su važan deo teorijskog okvira ovog rada jer je na osnovu njih zabranjena diskriminacija, odnosno, kako je to Sandra Fredman definisala, ukinute su formalne zakonske prepreke, direktna i indirektna diskriminacija zabranjena su u svim sferama i uvedeni su mehanizmi za promovisanje ravnopravnosti. Feministička teorija intersekcionalnosti, koju je uspostavila Kimberli Krenšo (Kimberlé Crenshaw) predstavlja važan deo teorijskog okvira ovog rada, jer je za razumevanje pojma višestruke diskriminacije važno razumevanje višestrukosti identiteta i njihove međusobne zavisnosti i neodvojivosti. Teorija intersekcionalnosti naglašava da fokus mora da bude na jedinstvenom identitetu osobe, a obuhvata i nove koncepte u kojima se prevazilaze lična svojstva kao delovi identiteta i grupe koje se stvaraju na osnovu jednog ili više ličnih svojstava, te kao središno pitanje postavlja odnos moći koji deluje u odnosu na specifičan jedinstveni i nedeljivi identitet neke osobe. Predmet mog interesovanja bio je da li pravo ima odgovor na nedeljivost identiteta žena, što znači da sam istraživala da li je u antidiskriminacionim postupcima prepoznata višestruka diskriminacija, kao i da li žene koje pripadaju višestruko marginalizovanim grupama imaju adekvatnu mogućnost efikasne i delotvorne zaštite od diskriminacije. U radu zastupam tezu da je zabrana višestruke diskriminacije potreban, ali ne i dovoljan uslov za adekvatnu zaštitu žena od višestruke diskriminacije, odnosno, da samo propisivanje zabrane višestruke nije dovoljno da bi žene dobile adekvatnu zaštitu od diskriminacije. Takođe, zastupam tezu da prepreku ostvarivanju ravnopravnosti višestruko diskriminisanih žena predstavlja nedostatak suštinskog razumevanja fenomena višestruke diskriminacije među sudijama i advokatima, koji često odlučuju pod uticajem sopstvenih predrasuda i stereotipa, što pravnu zaštitu od diskriminacije čini nedelotvornom i dodatno marginalizuje žene. Zbog toga sam analizirala sudsku praksu i praksu nacionalnih tela za ravnopravnost u Srbiji i odabanim državama Evropske unije, kao i praksu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava i Suda pravde Evropske unije, u slučajevima višestruke diskriminacije žena.Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je broj postupaka za zaštitu žena od višestruke diskriminacije veoma mali, kao i da postoje brojni izazovi u obezbeđivanju efikasne i delotvorne pravne zaštite od višestruke diskriminacije žena, koji između ostalog, uključuju i određene normativne nedostatke u pravnim sistemima država, suštinsko nerazumevanje višestruke diskriminacije žena, odlučivanje pod uticajem rodnih stereotipa i predrasuda, kao i teškoće u primeni pojedinih odredaba zakona.Rad nudi uvid u prepreke i izazove u pravnoj zaštiti žena od višestruke diskriminacije, koje je neophodno otkloniti kako bi se višestruko diskriminisanim ženama obezbedila efikasna i delotvorna zaštita od diskriminacije. Rezultati istraživanja mogu biti od koristi pravnim profesionalcima (sudijama i advokatima), kao i donosiocima odluka i opštoj javnosti, u cilju podizanja svesti, boljeg razumevanja fenomena višestruke diskriminacije žena i poboljšanja pravne zaštite žena od višestruke diskriminacije.
In recent decades, human rights, including the right to equality and the right to freedom from discrimination, have been intensively developed at the universal and regional levels. This has contributed to progress in the realization of women's rights and gender equality. Formal legal barriers for women were abolished, discrimination was then banned and the right to equality was guaranteed, which enabled de iure equality, and subsequently sought to achieve de facto equality. However, substantive equality between women and men has not yet been achieved. Women around the world are still disadvantaged compared to men, discriminated against in all spheres of public and private life and subjected to violence. In addition, women are a very heterogeneous group, and some groups of women are marginalized and at higher risk of multiple discrimination, so their position is much worse compared to women and men in the majority population as well as men from their minority group. Multiple discrimination is a complex social phenomenon researched by many scientific disciplines, and interdisciplinary approach is necessary.The dissertation deals with the phenomenon of multiple discrimination against women, as well as the scope and limitations of legal protection of women against multiple discrimination in the Republic of Serbia and Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France and Germany, as selected countries of the European Union. The theoretical framework of this paper is feminist theories in general, and feminist legal theory in particular, which Martha Chamallas defines as the feminist legal theory of the generation of complex identities, and Claire Dalton defines it as the phase of diversity. The divisions they formulate are linked to the legal theories of equity and equality, which are an important part of the theoretical framework of this dissertation because the prohibition of discrimination is based on those theories. Sandra Fredman defines it as follows: formal legal barriers are abolished, direct and indirect discrimination is prohibited in all spheres, and mechanisms have been introduced to promote equality. The feminist theory of intersectionality, founded by Kimberlé Crenshaw, is an important part of the theoretical framework of this dissertation because understanding the multiple identities and their interdependence and inseparability is important for understanding the concept of multiple discrimination. Intersectionality theory emphasizes that the focus must be on the unique identity of the person, and introduces new concepts in which separate parts of identities, and groups created on the basis of one or more personal traits should be overcame. In addition, the central question should be focused on power dynamics acting in relation to the specific unique and indivisible identity of a person. The subject of my interest was whether the legal systems have an answer to the indivisibility of women's identities, which means that I researched whether multiple discrimination was recognized in anti-discrimination proceedings, and whether women belonging to multiple marginalized groups had an adequate possibility to be efficiently and effectively protected against discrimination. In my dissertation, I argue that the prohibition of multiple discrimination is a necessary but not sufficient condition for adequate protection of women against multiple discrimination, that is, the mere introduction of a prohibition of multiple discrimination in legislation is not sufficient for women to obtain adequate protection against discrimination. I also argue that the barrier to achieving equality for multiple discriminated women is the lack of an essential understanding of the phenomenon of multiple discrimination among judges and lawyers, who often decide under the influence of their own prejudices and stereotypes, which renders legal protection against discrimination ineffective and further marginalizes women. Therefore, I have analyzed the case law and practice of national equality bodies in Serbia and selected European Union countries, as well as the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases of multiple discrimination against women.The results of the research show that the number of procedures for the protection of women from multiple discrimination is very small, and that there are numerous challenges in ensuring effective and effective legal protection against multiple discrimination against women, which include, among other things, certain regulatory deficiencies in the legal systems of the states, lack of understanding of multiple discrimination against women, decision making under the influence of gender stereotypes and prejudices, and difficulties in applying certain provisions of the law.The dissertation offers insights into the obstacles and challenges in the legal protection of women against multiple discrimination, which need to be addressed in order to provide effective and efficient protection from multiple discriminated against women. The results of the research can be useful to legal professionals (judges and lawyers) as well as decision makers and the general public, with the aim of raising awareness, better understanding the phenomenon of multiple discrimination against women and improving the legal protection of women against multiple discrimination.

This study tested the unique checking constraint hypothesis and the usage-based account concerning why young children produced tense and agreement morphemes variably via three experiments. Experiment 1 investigated whether subject types influenced the production accuracy of auxiliary 'is' in three-year-olds through an elicited production task. The rate of use of auxiliary 'is' increased as children's tense productivity increased, but the pattern was different for each subject type. The rate of use increased more rapidly with tense productivity for lexical NP subjects than it did for pronominal subjects. Experiment 2 further examined the role of subject types, predicate types, and predicate word frequency on the use of copula 'is' in three-year-olds via an elicited production task. Overall, the production accuracy of copula 'is' was higher with nominal predicates than with permanent- or temporary-adjectival predicates, followed by locative predicates. Children also produced copula 'is' more accurately with low-frequency predicate words than with high-frequency predicate words. Moreover, the effect of subject types on the use of copula 'is' varied with children's tense productivity. For sentences with nominal, permanent-adjectival, or temporary-adjectival predicates, children with lower tense productivity used copula 'is' more accurately with lexical subjects than with pronominal subjects in. In contrast, children with higher tense productivity produced copula 'is' more accurately with pronominal subjects than with lexical subjects. Experiment 3 extended Experiment 1 by exploring the degree of abstractness of representations of auxiliary BE via a structural priming task. The production accuracy of auxiliary 'is' in three-year-olds increased above the baseline when the prime-target pair shared the same structure and subject + auxiliary 'is' combinations, but not when the prime-target pair only shared the same structure. However, the production accuracy of auxiliary 'are' did not change with prime types. These experiments suggest that young children have only lexically-specific representations of auxiliary BE. Frequency, rather than structural properties, of sentence elements influenced the production accuracy of auxiliary and copula 'is' in young children. These findings support the usage-based approach that young children use tense and agreement morphemes variably because they have not yet learned adult-like abstract representations and use highly frequent/ lexically-specific constructions for the production of these morphemes.

Ausgehend von den primärsensorischen Arealen verlaufen Verarbeitungswege nach anterior durch die Temporallappen, die der Objekterkennung dienen. Besonders die vorderste Spitze der Temporallappen, der anteriore Temporalkortex, wird mit Funktionen der Objektidentifizierung assoziiert. Es existieren jedoch mehrere Vermutungen, welcher Art die Objekte sind, die in dieser Region verarbeitet werden. Es gibt Annahmen über die Verarbeitung von Sprache, von menschlichen Stimmen, semantischen Informationen oder individuellen Konzepten. Um zwischen diesen Theorien zu differenzieren, wurden vier ereigniskorrelierte fMRT-Messungen an jungen gesunden Erwachsenen durchgeführt. Die Probanden hörten in drei Experimenten die Stimmen berühmter und unbekannter Personen und in einem der Experimente zusätzlich Geräusche von Tieren und Musikinstrumenten. Im vierten Experiment wurden Zeichnungen von Comicfiguren gezeigt sowie von Tieren und Obst- und Gemüsesorten. Die neuronale Aktivität bei der Verarbeitung dieser Reize im Vergleich zu Zeiten ohne Stimulation wurde mit Hilfe von Interesseregionen untersucht, die nahezu die gesamten Temporallappen abdeckten und diese in jeweils zwölf Areale untergliederten. In den anterioren Temporallappen waren sowohl mit auditiven als auch mit visuellen Stimuli deutliche Aktivierungsunterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der semantischen Kategorie festzustellen. Individuelle Konzepte (menschliche Stimmen und Zeichentrickfiguren) riefen eine signifikant stärkere Aktivierung hervor als kategoriale Konzepte (Tiere, Musikinstrumente, Obst- und Gemüse). Außerdem war das Signal, dass durch die Stimmen der bekannten Personen ausgelöst wurde, deutlich stärker als das Signal der unbekannten Stimmen. Damit sind die Daten am ehesten kompatibel mit der Annahme, dass die anterioren Temporallappen, bekannte individuelle Konzepte verarbeiten. Da die beschriebenen Signalunterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Bedingungen ausgehend von den transversalen Temporalgyri nach anterior zum Temporalpol zunahmen, unterstützen die Ergebnisse zudem die Theorie von einem ventralen Verarbeitungsweg, der die Temporallappen nach anterior durchquert und zur Objekterkennung beiträgt. In Übereinstimmung mit den Annahmen der Konvergenzzonentheorie von A. R. Damasio scheint die spezifische Funktion dieses rostral gerichteten Verarbeitungsweges aus der sukzessiven Kombination immer mehr sensomotorischer Merkmale von Objekten zu bestehen. Da bekannte individuelle Konzepte eine besonders hohe Anzahl von Merkmalen aufweisen, ist eine weiter nach anterior verlaufende Verarbeitung zu beobachten als bei unbekannten oder kategorialen Konzepten.
It is assumed that neural pathways run from the primary sensory cortices through the temporal lobes towards their poles crossing areas necessary for object recognition. Especially the most anterior temporal parts were associated with processes contributing to the identification of objects. Yet, there is little agreement on the kinds of objects that are interpreted by the anterior temporal lobes. For example, there are assumptions regarding linguistic processing, voice recognition, the processing of general semantic information or the identification of unique entities. In order to differentiate between those theories, four event-related fMRI experiments were performed in healthy young adults. In three experiments, the subjects heard the voices of famous and unknown persons. In addition, characteristic sounds of animals and musical instruments were presented in one of these experiments. During the fourth experiment, drawings of famous cartoon characters were shown together with animals and fruit & vegetables. The neural activity in response to these stimuli compared to rest was analyzed using a regions-of-interest approach. 12 regions-of-interest that covered the majority of the temporal lobes were defined in each hemisphere. Both with auditory and visual stimuli, there were clear activation differences between the semantic categories in the anterior temporal lobes. Unique entities (human voices and cartoon characters) evoked a significantly stronger signal than categorical concepts (animals, musical instruments, fruit & vegetables). Furthermore, the signal in response to voices of familiar persons was significantly higher than to unfamiliar voices. Thus, the results are most compatible with the assumption that the anterior temporal lobes process supramodal features of familiar unique entities. As the before-mentioned signal differences between unique and categorical concepts and between familiar and unfamiliar voices increased from the transversal temporal gyri towards the temporal poles, the results support the notion of a ventral processing pathway running rostrally through the temporal lobes. In accordance with the convergence zone theory described by A.R. Damasio, the precise function of that pathway seems to consist in the incremental combination of sensorimotor concept features. Since familiar unique entities possess an especially high number of features, their processing was found to be directed into more anterior portions of the temporal lobe than the perception of unfamiliar or categorical concepts.

Cette thèse a pour objet l‘analyse des dénominations monoréférentielles (DM) dénommant des référents singuliers ─ lieu, personne, événement, institution ou produit de l‘activité humaine ─ dans un corpus établi à partir de guides touristiques consacrés à l‘Algérie. L‘analyse des données révèle un champ linguistique complexe et multilingue (arabe-français-berbère) où l‘auteur du guide est confronté aux problèmes posés par le transfert de dénominations idiosyncrasiques relatives à la réalité algérienne. Dans le cadre d‘une recherche impliquant une dimension nécessairement traductologique, nous effectuons une analyse morphosyntaxique et sémantico-référentielle de ces DM. Au terme de cette analyse qui met en évidence la complexité de ces formes appellatives, tant au plan de la forme qu‘à celui du sens, nous proposons des éléments susceptibles de contribuer à une nouvelle définition du nom ! propre
This thesis aims to analyze uniquely-referring names which refer to singular referents indicating a place, a person, an event, an institution or a product of human activity in a corpus of tourist guide specific to Algeria. It is evident from the analysis that the issue of language contact poses a multilingual (Arabic – Berber – French) complexity in the linguistic field where the author is constantly confronted with idiosyncratic names that identify Algerian reality. In addition to translatological aspects, we conduct an analysis of morpho-syntactic and semantic-referential properties of these uniquely-referring names which highlights their formal and semantic complexity hence contribute towards new definition of proper names

Поглед на јавно-приватно партнерство (у даљем тексту: ЈПП) у савременим условима даје слику о комплексном модерном концепту, економско-правној, али и политичкој категорији, институту који је на први поглед сасвим јасан, а суштински недовољно истражен. ЈПП посматрано под лупом научне и стручне јавности, углавном се описује као пожељан концепт у домену развоја инфраструктуре и пружања јавних услуга. Схватање да се путем ЈПП могу решити сви проблеми који не могу бити ефикасно решени од стране јавног сектора је готово митско. Оно никада неће бити доминантан модел у овој области, због своје комплексности, због чињенице да је за мале пројекте скуп метод, али и због тога што некада захтева коришћење много више ресурса него што је потребно. Успостављањем овог вида сарадње између јавног и приватног партнера може да се сложифинансијска слагалица и реши проблем финансирања одређеног пројекта, поделом трошкова и одговорности јавног и приватног субјекта. Ипак ЈПП не треба приступати само као механизму помоћу ког ће се исправити недостаци на тржишту. Треба имати у виду појединачне предности овог модела и вредности које му се приписују.Први део рада посвећен је истраживачком путу ка проналажењу адекватне дефиниције ЈПП, уз свевремено настојање да се овај концепт разликује од сличних модела. Указано је на основне предности и недостатке ЈПП, представљен историјски развој сарадње јавног и приватног партнера и анализирана су начела ЈПП.Други део рада посвећен је правном оквиру ЈПП. Анализиране су правне норме којима је регулисано ЈПП, прво у Европској унији, а потом и у Републици Србији. Услов за примену ЈПП у свакој држави је доношење одговарајућих правних норми и обезбеђивање начина и средстава за примену ових норми. Када се у улози института који је потребно правно уредити јави хибридна творевина попут ЈПП, намеће се захтев за успостављањем баланса између приватног и јавног права и остваривањем разних циљева, попут економских, социјалних и правних, што комплексној мрежи јавно-приватних односа даје специфичност и универзалну вредност. Због значаја усклађивања националног законодавства са правом Европске уније, истраживачки рад усмерен је на утврђивање резултата досадашње хармонизације правила о ЈПП у домаћем праву са онима која важе управу Европске уније, у циљу давања закључка о томе у којој мери је овај посао успешно спроведен. У овом делу рада учињен је и кратак осврт на регулаторну делатност UNCITRAL-а и могућност стандардизације јавних уговора.Трећи део рада посвећен је облицима ЈПП, при чему су детаљно анализирани уговорни облици ЈПП, а потом је указано на најзначајније карактеристике институционалног ЈПП.Четврти део посвећен је субјектима ЈПП. Након детаљне анализе правног положаја јавног и приватног партнера, наметнуло се као питање од нарочитог значаја за обраду теме да се утврди које чињенице су утицале на то да локалне самоуправе постану субјект који се најчешће јавља у улози јавног партнера у пројектима ЈПП у Републици Србији, што представља изузетак у пракси која је забележена у Европској унији. У том циљу спроведено је емпиријско истраживање, а резултати истраживања унети су у овај део рада.Због чињенице да се ЈПП смешта у режим јавних набавки када је потребно изабрати приватног партнера, односно доделити концесију, пети део овог рада односи се на право јавних набавки, а посебно се у овом делу рада говори о поступцима јавних набавки, критеријумима за избор приватног партнера, значају самоиницијативног предлога, правилима о заштити конкуренције, а због најуже повезаности са темом поступка доделе јавног уговора, у овом делу указано је на то какву улогу имају надлежне институције у поступку доделе јавног уговора и како се спроводи надзор над реализацијом јавног уговора.Највећи део рада посвећен је јавном уговору о ЈПП, његовом појму, правној природи, садржини, изменама и престанку. Иако се у Републици Србији сматра да успех ЈПП зависи од добро сачињеног јавног уговора, у Европској унији влада став да је кључ успеха у природи односа између учесника, који треба да буде заснован на сарадњи и међусобном поверењу.Уколико поверење изостане и дође до спора, уговорне стране користе неки од механизама за решавање насталог спора, који су анализирани у седмом делу рада. Осми део рада посвећен је закључним разматрањима и попису коришћене литературе.
Pogled na javno-privatno partnerstvo (u daljem tekstu: JPP) u savremenim uslovima daje sliku o kompleksnom modernom konceptu, ekonomsko-pravnoj, ali i političkoj kategoriji, institutu koji je na prvi pogled sasvim jasan, a suštinski nedovoljno istražen. JPP posmatrano pod lupom naučne i stručne javnosti, uglavnom se opisuje kao poželjan koncept u domenu razvoja infrastrukture i pružanja javnih usluga. Shvatanje da se putem JPP mogu rešiti svi problemi koji ne mogu biti efikasno rešeni od strane javnog sektora je gotovo mitsko. Ono nikada neće biti dominantan model u ovoj oblasti, zbog svoje kompleksnosti, zbog činjenice da je za male projekte skup metod, ali i zbog toga što nekada zahteva korišćenje mnogo više resursa nego što je potrebno. Uspostavljanjem ovog vida saradnje između javnog i privatnog partnera može da se složifinansijska slagalica i reši problem finansiranja određenog projekta, podelom troškova i odgovornosti javnog i privatnog subjekta. Ipak JPP ne treba pristupati samo kao mehanizmu pomoću kog će se ispraviti nedostaci na tržištu. Treba imati u vidu pojedinačne prednosti ovog modela i vrednosti koje mu se pripisuju.Prvi deo rada posvećen je istraživačkom putu ka pronalaženju adekvatne definicije JPP, uz svevremeno nastojanje da se ovaj koncept razlikuje od sličnih modela. Ukazano je na osnovne prednosti i nedostatke JPP, predstavljen istorijski razvoj saradnje javnog i privatnog partnera i analizirana su načela JPP.Drugi deo rada posvećen je pravnom okviru JPP. Analizirane su pravne norme kojima je regulisano JPP, prvo u Evropskoj uniji, a potom i u Republici Srbiji. Uslov za primenu JPP u svakoj državi je donošenje odgovarajućih pravnih normi i obezbeđivanje načina i sredstava za primenu ovih normi. Kada se u ulozi instituta koji je potrebno pravno urediti javi hibridna tvorevina poput JPP, nameće se zahtev za uspostavljanjem balansa između privatnog i javnog prava i ostvarivanjem raznih ciljeva, poput ekonomskih, socijalnih i pravnih, što kompleksnoj mreži javno-privatnih odnosa daje specifičnost i univerzalnu vrednost. Zbog značaja usklađivanja nacionalnog zakonodavstva sa pravom Evropske unije, istraživački rad usmeren je na utvrđivanje rezultata dosadašnje harmonizacije pravila o JPP u domaćem pravu sa onima koja važe upravu Evropske unije, u cilju davanja zaključka o tome u kojoj meri je ovaj posao uspešno sproveden. U ovom delu rada učinjen je i kratak osvrt na regulatornu delatnost UNCITRAL-a i mogućnost standardizacije javnih ugovora.Treći deo rada posvećen je oblicima JPP, pri čemu su detaljno analizirani ugovorni oblici JPP, a potom je ukazano na najznačajnije karakteristike institucionalnog JPP.Četvrti deo posvećen je subjektima JPP. Nakon detaljne analize pravnog položaja javnog i privatnog partnera, nametnulo se kao pitanje od naročitog značaja za obradu teme da se utvrdi koje činjenice su uticale na to da lokalne samouprave postanu subjekt koji se najčešće javlja u ulozi javnog partnera u projektima JPP u Republici Srbiji, što predstavlja izuzetak u praksi koja je zabeležena u Evropskoj uniji. U tom cilju sprovedeno je empirijsko istraživanje, a rezultati istraživanja uneti su u ovaj deo rada.Zbog činjenice da se JPP smešta u režim javnih nabavki kada je potrebno izabrati privatnog partnera, odnosno dodeliti koncesiju, peti deo ovog rada odnosi se na pravo javnih nabavki, a posebno se u ovom delu rada govori o postupcima javnih nabavki, kriterijumima za izbor privatnog partnera, značaju samoinicijativnog predloga, pravilima o zaštiti konkurencije, a zbog najuže povezanosti sa temom postupka dodele javnog ugovora, u ovom delu ukazano je na to kakvu ulogu imaju nadležne institucije u postupku dodele javnog ugovora i kako se sprovodi nadzor nad realizacijom javnog ugovora.Najveći deo rada posvećen je javnom ugovoru o JPP, njegovom pojmu, pravnoj prirodi, sadržini, izmenama i prestanku. Iako se u Republici Srbiji smatra da uspeh JPP zavisi od dobro sačinjenog javnog ugovora, u Evropskoj uniji vlada stav da je ključ uspeha u prirodi odnosa između učesnika, koji treba da bude zasnovan na saradnji i međusobnom poverenju.Ukoliko poverenje izostane i dođe do spora, ugovorne strane koriste neki od mehanizama za rešavanje nastalog spora, koji su analizirani u sedmom delu rada. Osmi deo rada posvećen je zaključnim razmatranjima i popisu korišćene literature.
The view of public-private partnership (hereinafter: PPP) in contemporary conditions gives an image of a complex modern concept, in an economic-legal, but also a political category. This is an institution that is quite clear at first glance, but essentially inadequately explored. The PPP, viewed by the scientific and professional public, is generally described as a desirable concept in the field of infrastructure development and public service provision. The viewpoint according to which all problems the public sector may fail to solve can be solved through PPP is almost mythical. It will never be a dominant model in this area due to its complexity and the fact that it is expensive for small projects, but also because it sometimes requires the use of much moreresources than necessary. By establishing this type of cooperation between the public and private partners, a financial jigsaw puzzle can be made and the problem of financing of a particular project may be solved by the division of costs and responsibilities of the public and private entities. However, PPP should not be regarded only as a mechanism by which the shortcomings in the market will be amended. One should bear in mind the individual advantages of this model and the values attributed to it.The first part of the paper deals with finding an appropriate definition of PPP, whilesimultaneously trying to distinguish this concept from similar models. This part points out the basic advantages and disadvantages of PPP, presents the historical development of public and private partner cooperation and analyzes the principles of PPP.In the second part of the paper, which is devoted to the legal framework of PPP, there is an analysis of the legal norms regulating the PPP, first in the European Union, and then in the Republic of Serbia. The requirement for the implementation of PPPs in each country is the adoption of appropriate legal norms and the provision of means for the application of these standards. When the role of the institute that needs to be regulated is taken by a hybrid formation such as PPP, then this leads to the demand for establishing a balance between private and public law and achieving various goals, such as economic, social and legal ones, which gives a specific and universal value to the complex network of public-private relations. Due to the importance of aligning the national legislation with the law of the European Union, the research focused ondetermining the results of the previous harmonization of the rules on PPP in domestic law with the law of the European Union, in order to give a conclusion on the extent to which this work has been successfully implemented. In this part of the paper, there is a short overview of the regulatory activity of UNCITRAL and the possibility of standardizing public contracts.In the third part of the paper, which is the result of the research on the forms of PPP, there is a detailed analysis of the contractual forms of PPP and the most significant characteristics of the institutional PPP.The fourth part of the paper is dedicated to PPP subjects. After a detailed analysis of the legal position of the public and private partners, a question of particular importance for the topic arose and it refers to the necessity to find out which facts influenced the local self-government to become the subject that most often appears as a public partner in PPP projects in the Republic of Serbia, which is an exception in practice seen in the European Union. Hence, the empirical research was conducted and the results of the research are given in this part of the paper.Owing to the fact that PPP is placed in the system of public procurement when it is necessary to choose a private partner, i.e. to grant a concession, the fifth part of this paper deals with the law on public procurement, in particular public procurement procedures, selection criteria for the private partner, the importance of a self-initiative proposal and regulations on protection of competition. Due to the closest connection with the topic of awarding the public contract, in this part there was an emphasis on the role of the competent institutions in the procedure of awarding a public contract and how the supervision over the implementation of the public contract is carried out.The largest part of the paper is devoted to the public contract on PPP, its concept, legal nature, content, changes and termination. Although in the Republic of Serbia it is considered that the success of PPP depends on a well-made public contract, the European Union believes that the key to success lies in the nature of the relationship between the participants, which should be based on cooperation and mutual trust.If the confidence fails and the dispute arises, the contracting parties may use one of themechanisms for resolving the dispute, which are analyzed in the seventh part of the paper. The eighth part of the paper is devoted to the concluding reviews and the list of references.

Notre projet de recherche se situe dans le cadre de l’analyse du discours en tant que discipline qui traite le fonctionnement du discours en situation. Notre propos s’inscrit donc dans la relation entre événement et discours, en particulier au sein du débat institutionnel français lors du remplacement monétaire du franc opéré par la monnaie unique, autrement dit lors du « passage à l’euro ». Ce sujeta demandé aux locuteurs de notre corpus de rechercher de façon continue l’adhésion de leurauditoire. Pour cette raison, une approche argumentative s’est tout de suite imposée à notrerecherche : nous avons ainsi mis l’accent sur l’utilisation de formes et structures intra-discursivesfinalisées à créer un climat de confiance ou de méfiance envers la monnaie unique.Notre attention s’est concentré sur l’étude des stratégies argumentatives en relation avec les positionnements et les thèses politiques et économiques défendues à l’intérieur de ce débat.Quelles stratégies de persuasion ont été employées en France pour argumenter ce passage ? À travers quels types d’arguments les locuteurs ont-ils organisé l’objectif de leur discours? Finalement, existe-il un discours sur l’euro associable à des argumentations spécifiques selon les places argumentatives occupées par ses partisans et ses opposants ?
Our research project belongs to discourse analysis as a discipline that deals with the operation of thespeech in situation. Our aim is therefore in the relationship between event and discourse,particularly in the institutional French debate when franc has been replaced by a unique currency,the Euro. The speakers of our corpus had to build confidence in Public audience. For this reason, anargumentative approach was necessary for our research. So, we have focused on the use of formsand structures intra-discursive finalized to create a climate of trust or distrust towards the uniquecurrency. Our attention is focused on the study of different forms of argument in relation to thepolitics positions and economic theses defended within this debate.What persuasive strategies were used in France to argue this passage? Through what kind ofarguments the speakers have organized the objective of their speech? Finally, is there a speech onthe euro associable with specific arguments according to the argumentative places occupied by itssupporters and opponents?

Le langage d'assignation statique unique, SSA, est l'une des représentations intermédiaires les plus communément utilisées dans les compilateurs industriels. Cependant l'intérêt de la communauté d'analyse statique de programmes est minime, un fait dû aux faibles fondations formelles du langage SSA. Cette thèse présente une sémantique dénotationelle du langage SSA, permettant des définitions formelles des analyses statiques du langage SSA en se basant sur les méthodes classiques de l'interprétation abstraite. D'un point de vue pratique, cette thèse présente l'implémentation des analyseurs statiques définis formellement dans un compilateur industriel, la Collection de Compilateurs GNU, GCC.

A study of Gothic influences and eidetic imagery evident in eight Blake color plates to demonstrate that, when interpreted together with key Blake poems, unity of body and soul can be accomplished by means of the visionary imagination.

Постојеће законодавство ЕУ не пружа довољан правни основ за слободно кретање привредних друштава међу државама чланицама ЕУ из разлога недовољне легислативне активности органа ЕУ. Одредбе о слободи настањивања из Уговора о функционисању Европске уније не дају јасну слику о томе коју теорију о припадности привредних друштава треба примењивати како би привредна друштва несметано уживала слободу настањивања – теорију оснивања, теорију стварног седишта или, пак, неку трећу. Вишегодишњи неуспеси органа ЕУ да правно уреде питање припадности привредних друштава дали су слободу Суду ЕУ да буде веома активан у креирању судске праксе поводом припадности привредних друштава, а путем тумачења слободе настањивања. Видна је разлика између либералистичког приступа Суда са једне стране и протекционизма ког поједине државе чланице ЕУ потенцирају у својим националним правима, као и кроз органе ЕУ.Пракса Суда ЕУ показала је да се разлике између теорија о припадности привредних друштава могу премостити, а да при томе не дође до напуштања једне од њих. Тако би се из теорије оснивања прихватило начело аутономије воље оснивача, док би се из теорије стварног седишта прихватио став да државе чланице имају право да интервенишу у одређеним питањима из домена права привредних друштава, када је то потребно ради заштите одређеног општег интереса. Разлике између теорије оснивања и теорије стварног седишта суштински представљају разлике у поимањима обима државног суверенитета од стране различитих држава чланица ЕУ. Тако се оне државе које желе да стимулишу развој привреде привлачењем страних инвеститора одлучују за прихватање теорије оснивања, док са друге стране теорију стварног седишта прихватају оне државе које желе да остваре што је могуће већу контролу привредних активности које се врше на њеној територији.Иако су и Суд ЕУ и правна теорија покушавали да реше питање сукоба између две преовлађујуће теорије о припадности привредних друштава – теорије оснивања и теорије стварног седишта – то се до данашњег дана није догодило, превасходно јер су наведене теорије засноване на двема супротстављеним филозофијама. Филозофија којом се води теорија оснивања потиче из држава које имају традиционално јаку међународну трговину и које, стога, проблему прилазе на један отворенији и флексибилнији начин, стављајући у први план пре свега слободу трговине и принцип сигурности у привредним односима. Теорија стварног седишта проблему прилази сагледавајући стварну везу између одређеног привредног друштва и одређене државе. Из скоријих пресуда Суда ЕУ може се закључити да право ЕУ све више иде ка прихватању теорије оснивања као преовлађујуће теорије о припадности привредних друштава, која, међутим, не може бити примењивана без корективних мера којима би се штитила права трећих лица. Оно што би требало да буде повезујући чинилац и за теорију оснивања и за теорију стварног седишта јесте управо то што је њихов коначан циљ исти, а то је што мање ограничење слободе настањивања привредних друштава.
Postojeće zakonodavstvo EU ne pruža dovoljan pravni osnov za slobodno kretanje privrednih društava među državama članicama EU iz razloga nedovoljne legislativne aktivnosti organa EU. Odredbe o slobodi nastanjivanja iz Ugovora o funkcionisanju Evropske unije ne daju jasnu sliku o tome koju teoriju o pripadnosti privrednih društava treba primenjivati kako bi privredna društva nesmetano uživala slobodu nastanjivanja – teoriju osnivanja, teoriju stvarnog sedišta ili, pak, neku treću. Višegodišnji neuspesi organa EU da pravno urede pitanje pripadnosti privrednih društava dali su slobodu Sudu EU da bude veoma aktivan u kreiranju sudske prakse povodom pripadnosti privrednih društava, a putem tumačenja slobode nastanjivanja. Vidna je razlika između liberalističkog pristupa Suda sa jedne strane i protekcionizma kog pojedine države članice EU potenciraju u svojim nacionalnim pravima, kao i kroz organe EU.Praksa Suda EU pokazala je da se razlike između teorija o pripadnosti privrednih društava mogu premostiti, a da pri tome ne dođe do napuštanja jedne od njih. Tako bi se iz teorije osnivanja prihvatilo načelo autonomije volje osnivača, dok bi se iz teorije stvarnog sedišta prihvatio stav da države članice imaju pravo da intervenišu u određenim pitanjima iz domena prava privrednih društava, kada je to potrebno radi zaštite određenog opšteg interesa. Razlike između teorije osnivanja i teorije stvarnog sedišta suštinski predstavljaju razlike u poimanjima obima državnog suvereniteta od strane različitih država članica EU. Tako se one države koje žele da stimulišu razvoj privrede privlačenjem stranih investitora odlučuju za prihvatanje teorije osnivanja, dok sa druge strane teoriju stvarnog sedišta prihvataju one države koje žele da ostvare što je moguće veću kontrolu privrednih aktivnosti koje se vrše na njenoj teritoriji.Iako su i Sud EU i pravna teorija pokušavali da reše pitanje sukoba između dve preovlađujuće teorije o pripadnosti privrednih društava – teorije osnivanja i teorije stvarnog sedišta – to se do današnjeg dana nije dogodilo, prevashodno jer su navedene teorije zasnovane na dvema suprotstavljenim filozofijama. Filozofija kojom se vodi teorija osnivanja potiče iz država koje imaju tradicionalno jaku međunarodnu trgovinu i koje, stoga, problemu prilaze na jedan otvoreniji i fleksibilniji način, stavljajući u prvi plan pre svega slobodu trgovine i princip sigurnosti u privrednim odnosima. Teorija stvarnog sedišta problemu prilazi sagledavajući stvarnu vezu između određenog privrednog društva i određene države. Iz skorijih presuda Suda EU može se zaključiti da pravo EU sve više ide ka prihvatanju teorije osnivanja kao preovlađujuće teorije o pripadnosti privrednih društava, koja, međutim, ne može biti primenjivana bez korektivnih mera kojima bi se štitila prava trećih lica. Ono što bi trebalo da bude povezujući činilac i za teoriju osnivanja i za teoriju stvarnog sedišta jeste upravo to što je njihov konačan cilj isti, a to je što manje ograničenje slobode nastanjivanja privrednih društava.
The current EU legislation does not provide a sufficient legal basis for the free movement of companies within the member states of the EU, due to insufficient legislative activities of the EU institutions. The provisions on the freedom of establishment contained in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union do not show a clear picture on which of the theories on the nationality of companies ought to be applied in order for companies to enjoy the freedom of establishment without a hindrance – the incorporation theory, the real seat theory or some other theory. Perennial failures of the EU authorities to put in order the legislation pertaining to the question of the nationality of companies have resulted in wide discretion of the Court of Justice of the European Union to actively create the case-law in regards to the nationality of companies, by means of interpretation of the freedom of establishment. The difference between the liberal approach adopted by the Court, on one side, and the protectionism that some member states are so prone to in their national laws and which they eagerly advocate via the institutions of the EU, on the other side, is blatant. The case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU has shown that the differences between theories for establishing the nationality of companies could be overcome, without abandoning one or the other. This could be done by accepting the principle of autonomy of will, characteristic for the incorporation theory, whereas the stance that member states are entitled to intervene in certain matters of company law, if necessitated by the protection of certain public interests, could be harvested from the real seat theory. The distinction between these two theories basically stems from divergent conceptions of the scope of state sovereignty advanced by different member states of the EU. This means that states keen to stimulate industry growth opt for the incorporation theory, while on the other hand, the real seat theory is adopted by those states avid to control, to the fullest possible extent, the economic activities performed on their territory.Although both the Court of Justice of the EU and the doctrine have attempted to resolve the contention between the two dominant theories on the nationality of companies  – the incorporation theory and the real seat theory – no solution has hitherto been found, mainly because the two theories are strongly based on two opposing philosophical viewpoints. The mindset that navigates the incorporation theory is derived from states with traditionally substantial international trade and which states, accordingly, approach the pertinent problem in a more open and flexible manner, putting first and foremost the freedom of trade and the principle of certainty in economic relations. The real seat theory, however, approaches the issue by contemplating the actual connection between a company and a certain state.  It can be deduced from recent judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union that the law of the European Union is more and more inclined to adopt the incorporation theory as the dominant theory on the nationality of companies; this theory, however, cannot be implemented without applying corrective measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of third persons. What ought to be the connecting factor for both the incorporation theory and the real seat theory is precisely the fact that their final goal is identical – that is to reduce, to the fullest possible extent, the limitations on the freedom of establishment of companies.

Although there are units larger than the word in language, linguists have not been able to agree on a definition of these units. This study examines a variety of notions, relevant in the study of ”fixed” or ”frozen” expressions in contemporary French. Criteria such as memorization, unique context, non-compositionality, marked syntax, lexical blocking and grammatical blocking are analyzed in detail. A closer look at them reveals that in fact only one of them, lexical blocking, is both necessary and sufficient in the description of a fixed expression. The other criteria are, however, also important to the notion of ”fixedness”. It may well be that the criteria that have often been proposed in linguistic literature would benefit from being organized in a family resemblance rather than being used as necessary and sufficient conditions.

Resumo: Nesta dissertação nós mostraremos, pela contribuição da filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, focalizando o conceito de expressão e os processos de referenciação, que as relações entre linguagem, corpo e mundo da vida são formadoras do simbolismo e da significação. Em acréscimo, examinaremos alguns desenvolvimentos recentes das vertentes lingüísticas de uma perspectiva sócio-cognitiva da linguagem, refletindo sobre as conseqüências da afirmação da união senciente-sensível para a ontologia clássica da mente e da linguagem, como também para a teoria corrente do conhecimento e dos debates epistemológicos sobre a negação dos dualismos interno-externo, sujeito-objeto e mente-corpo.
Abstract: In this dissertation we will show, through contribution of the philosophy Merleau-Ponty, focusing the conception of expression and the referention processes, however relations between language, body and life's world is formed the simbolism and the signification. In addition, we will examine some recent developments from the linguistics siope of a social-cognitive view of the language, reflecting upon the consequences of this assert of the unite perceive-perceptible to the classic ontogeny of mind and language, as well as to current theory of knowledge and espistemological debates about negation of the dualisms internal-external, subject-object, mind-body.
Orientador: Jonas Gonçalves Coelho
Coorientador: Edwiges Maria Morato
Banca: Helena Franco Martins
Banca: Mariana Claudia Broens
Banca: Rosana do Carmo Novaes Pinto
Banca: Lourenço Chacon
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Nesta dissertação nós mostraremos, pela contribuição da filosofia de Merleau-Ponty, focalizando o conceito de expressão e os processos de referenciação, que as relações entre linguagem, corpo e mundo da vida são formadoras do simbolismo e da significação. Em acréscimo, examinaremos alguns desenvolvimentos recentes das vertentes lingüísticas de uma perspectiva sócio-cognitiva da linguagem, refletindo sobre as conseqüências da afirmação da união senciente-sensível para a ontologia clássica da mente e da linguagem, como também para a teoria corrente do conhecimento e dos debates epistemológicos sobre a negação dos dualismos interno-externo, sujeito-objeto e mente-corpo.
In this dissertation we will show, through contribution of the philosophy Merleau-Ponty, focusing the conception of expression and the referention processes, however relations between language, body and life's world is formed the simbolism and the signification. In addition, we will examine some recent developments from the linguistics siope of a social-cognitive view of the language, reflecting upon the consequences of this assert of the unite perceive-perceptible to the classic ontogeny of mind and language, as well as to current theory of knowledge and espistemological debates about negation of the dualisms internal-external, subject-object, mind-body.

Master’s thesis deals with implementation of a European standard DATEX II. This standard specifies the data format for information transmission in road transport. The road traffic is flowing streams of current information. For the work was selected network of meteorological stations, which will publish the measured data, ie weather conditions of road transport. Measured data will be available to consumers in the format DATEX II. Implementation will be operational in its entirety meteorological station from design to the actual web service that will produce data information for consumers.

How do infants learn word meanings? Research has established the impact of both parent and child behaviors on vocabulary development, however the processes and mechanisms underlying these relationships are still not fully understood. Much existing literature focuses on direct paths to word learning, demonstrating that parent speech and child gesture use are powerful predictors of later vocabulary. However, an additional body of research indicates that these relationships don’t always replicate, particularly when assessed in different populations, contexts, or developmental periods.

The current study examines the relationships between infant gesture, parent speech, and infant vocabulary over the course of the second year (10-22 months of age). Through the use of detailed coding of dyadic mother-child play interactions and a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analytic methods, the process of communicative development was explored. Findings reveal non-linear patterns of growth in both parent speech content and child gesture use. Analyses of contingency in dyadic interactions reveal that children are active contributors to communicative engagement through their use of gestures, shaping the type of input they receive from parents, which in turn influences child vocabulary acquisition. Recommendations for future studies and the use of nuanced methodologies to assess changes in the dynamic system of dyadic communication are discussed.

Dissertation

The thesis gives a comprehensive picture of Werner Schwab, Austrian playwright and performer. He ranked among the most performed German-speaking authors at the time of his death in 1994. The main objective of this work, whose basis lies in Schwab's dramatic production, is to provide a comprehensive monographic study. The thesis deals not only with the dramas, but also with their relationship to the theatrical production of Thomas Bernhard and Elfriede Jelinek. The chapter on the author's personal life is followed by chapters "Postdramatic Theatre", "Theatre of Cruelty", and "Folk Play", where you can find the answer to the question of the place of Schwab's drama in the overall concept of literature at the end of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the unique language usage he developed, called "Schwabisch" after the author.

Cette recherche vise à décrire comment a évolué l’évaluation de la compétence à écrire dans les épreuves uniques d’écriture de 5e secondaire, en portant spécifiquement le regard sur la composante linguistique de cette compétence. Une recherche documentaire a permis de recueillir des épreuves et autres documents les concernant pour une période allant de 1971 à 2012. Bien que notre étude porte en particulier sur les épreuves uniques d’écriture, implantées en 1986, nous avons pu remonter plus loin dans le temps afin de brosser un tableau le plus large possible de l’évaluation certificative de l’écriture en 5e secondaire. Plusieurs aspects sont analysés : le contexte des épreuves, les tâches qu’elles contiennent, les paramètres encadrant leur correction, ainsi que les seuils de réussite relatifs à la langue, les épreuves entières, la compétence à écrire et la matière français, langue d’enseignement. Nous avons également pu observer, à l’échelle provinciale, l’évolution des résultats des élèves aux épreuves uniques d’écriture. À l’aide de divers concepts théoriques reliés à l’évaluation de la compétence écrire et sa composante linguistique, un cadre méthodologique a été développé pour permettre l’analyse des épreuves d’écriture. Celle-ci révèle notamment que la nature des tâches et leurs paramètres sont restés assez constants dans le temps, particulièrement depuis 1986. Le nombre d’erreurs linguistiques permises a augmenté, alors que les résultats des élèves sont restés stables. De plus, le regard historique de cette étude montre comment le ministère de l’Éducation accorde à notre époque une grande importance à l’écriture et à la correction de l’orthographe.
This research aims to describe the ways in which the evaluation of written French has evolved within the “épreuves unique” of secondary 5. More specifically, it analyzes the evolution of evaluation methods regarding written language conventions in these examinations. A documentary research has allowed us to collect examinations and other related documents for a time span stretching from 1971 to 2012. Although our study specifically looks into the “épreuves uniques”, which were implanted in 1986, we have chosen to go back further in time in order to depict a larger portrait of certificate evaluation of French writing in secondary 5. Many aspects are analyzed: context of examinations, tasks contained within them, scoring parameters and pass levels regarding language conventions, examinations as a whole as well as writing and the French language. We have also observed the province-wide evolution of students’ results for these examinations. Using a variety of theoretical concepts related to the evaluation of written language conventions, a methodology was developed in order to allow the analysis of writing assignments. The latter notably reveals that the nature of such tasks and their parameters have remained relatively constant in time, particularly since 1986. The number of allowed language-related mistakes has augmented, whereas students’ results have remained stable. Furthermore, the historic perspective of this study illustrates how the ministère de l’Éducation nowadays allows a great importance to writing and the correction of spelling mistakes.

The thesis represents the position of French language on international scene, its role in the formation of patriotism of French nation and its development within the European Union. This thesis is concerned with the reasons which raised French language to an international and diplomatic language and which led to the weakening of its influence in the world. The thesis analyzes the language policy of France and institutions supporting the francophonie which care for protection and maintenance of French in the European and worldwide bases. Not least, there is outlined the importance of French language in the process of European integration and its current mission in the institutions of European Union.

This thesis explores the UK's media environment and aims to decide whether the media show bipolar trends in reporting about immigration during the infamous EU immigration crisis. It utilizes the Natural Language Processing AI to assess a dataset of five major publishers in the UK - The Sun, The Daily Mail, The Guardian, The Independent and The Daily Telegraph - through the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. The focus of the analysis are the dynamics of the media space in general as well as specifics of reporting of separate publishers. The applied method is a novelty to quantitative assessment of qualitative aspects of given texts and the thesis serves as an example of successful utilization of such approach. In comparison to the previous researches conducted on similar topics, the main benefits of utilization of the AI includes the ability to assess huge datasets, assured consistency and huge innovative potential. Being able to analyze a dataset of 1813 articles quantitatively, the method is as important as the study itself.

Eliška Fátorová The position of minority and regional languages in the context of European language policy Abstract The thesis deals with the language policy of the European Union and examines what position minority and regional languages occupy in this policy. Chapter on language planning introduces two models of protection of these languages and a major part of the research framework deals with a Language Management Theory. The aim of the thesis is to show whether the language policy of the European Union trace elements of this theory. The first part discusses in general about Europe and languages, about the language policy of the EU, the development of which is divided into three periods. This chapter aims to answer the question whether and how the EU language policy direction has shifted during the last twenty years. To answer this question thesis uses mainly research of Michal Krzyzanowski and Ruth Wodak. Based on their analysis of EU documents concerning European language policy a shift towards a focus on EU competitiveness and employment of the population, to which the knowledge of foreign languages contributes, can be traced.. Another part focuses on minority and regional languages. There is introduced the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, which is a document of the Council of...

Language, Translation and Law The main objective of this thesis is to explore the interconnection of law and language with a special focus on legal translation. The author of the thesis analyses the history of legal translation together with multilingualism in European Union. The thesis is divided into three major parts: "Language in law", "Translation in law" and "Language(s) and multilingualism in the European Union". The author explains the term legal language in the first part. The attention is directed to indeterminacy and incomprehensibility of the legal language as well as to legal vocabulary and stylistics of legal discourse. The author furthermore analyses the role and legal regulation of the legal language in Czech legislation. The plain language movement is noted as well. The second part of the thesis examines in detail various aspects of legal translation. The author summarises legal translation history worldwide as well as the historical development within the Czech territory. Legal translation is addressed on the basis of the specific use of translation (legislation, international treaties, certified translation and interpretation). In the certified translation and interpretation history the author introduces the sworn interpreters cabinet decree of 22 December 1835 (Hofdecret 109....

Text in English with summary and key words in English, isiZulu and Afrikaans
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption in a multicultural context needs to be well understood, since smooth ICT operations within several key sections of any multicultural organisation are impacted on by cultural factors. This study seeks to investigate the importance and effects of several variables – cultural tastes, cultural values, social structures, and the communication context and language – on ICT adoption in the African Union (AU). It also enhances understanding of issues faced by AU when adopting ICT in their daily operations. The study has reviewed theoretical literature, specifically Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), The Competing Values Framework/Model, and Value-Based Adoption Model (VAM). The study used the value-based adoption model because in a multicultural environment such as AU, if an innovation is valuable and cost effective then they users are likely to adopt it. Reliability scores of the constructs were calculated by averaging the scores. The variables that could cause impact on ICT adoption included cultural values, social structure, culture taste, language and communication context. The tool was tested for reliability, and those questions that were found and unreliable questions were taken out from the final study. To enhance the test of validity of factors, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was preferred as the initial step in the validation process. The research was conducted at the AU offices within and outside of Ethiopia. A total of 288 participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis was used. The findings indicate that language and cultural taste had a noteworthy effect at the stated significance level (α<0.05). Cultural values, communication, social structure and the communication context were found to be insignificant at the stated significance level (α<0.05). The study recommends that the AU embraces inclusivity of different and diverse languages into its ICT systems, to facilitate adoption and use by employees. In conclusion, the study points out that cultural tastes and languages are the vital elements in the adoption of ICT in the AU.
Ukwamukelwa kohlelo lezobuChwepheshe Bolwazi Kanye nokuXhumana (Information and communications technology (ICT) kwizidingo zesimo esiqukethe amasiko amaningi kufanele kuzwisiseke kahle, njengoba imisebenzi ehamba kahle yohlelo lwe-ICT kwimikhakha esemqoka yanoma iyiphi inhlangano enamasiko amaningi ithintwa yimithelela yosikompilo. Lolu cwaningo luqonde ukuphenya ukubaluleka Kanye nemithelela yezinto ezahlukene, kuxutshwa phakathi izinhlobo zamasiko, ubuhle bamasiko, izakhowo zomphakathi, Kanye nesimo sokuxhumana Kanye nolimi, phezu kokwamukelwa kwe-ICT kwinhlangano yoBunye be-Afrika (African Union (AU), ngenhloso yokuqinisa ulwazi lwezinto ezihlupha inhlangano ye-AU, uma yamukela uhlelo lwe-ICT kwimisebenzi yalo yansuku zonke. Ucwaningo luye lwabuyekeza ukuba khona ithiyori yombhalo wobuciko, ikakhulu ithiyori ebizwa nge-Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), uhlelol lwe-Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), uhlelo lwe-Competing Values Framework/Model Kanye ne-Value-based Adoption Model (VAM). Lolu hlelo lokugcina lusetshenzisiwe, ngoba kwisizinda samasiko amaningi esinjenge-AU, uma ngabe uhlelo lwamaqhinga amasha lutholakala lusemqoka futhi lungembi eqolo, ngakho-ke abasebenzisi balo bangalwamukela. Ucwaningo lwenziwa kumahovisi enhlangano ye-AU ezindaweni ezimbili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezwe lase-Ethiopia. Inani lonke labadlalindima aba-288 bagcwalise umbhalo wemibuzo ombaxambili. Amaphuzu achaza ukwethembeka (reliability scores) ezakhiwo akhalukhuleyithwe ngokuwalinganisa (averaged). Ithuluzi lohlelo lwe-VAM luhlolwe ngenhloso yokuthola izinga lokwethembeka, kanti-ke yinoma iyiphi imibuzo engathembeki isusiwe kucwaningo. Ukuqinisa uhlelo lokuhlola izinga lokufaneleko kwemithelela (validity of factors), ukuhlaziywa kwemithelela ephenyayo (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) kunconywe njengesinyathelo sokuqala kuhlelo lwe-validation. Ulwazi olutholakele luveza ukuthi ulimi kanye losikompilo kube nomthelela obonakalayo kwisilinganiso se (<0.05), kanti izimfundisa ezinhle zamasiko, ukuxhumana, isakhiwo somphakathi kanye nesimo sezokuxhumana kutholakele ukuthi akubalulekile kwisilinganiso esichaziwe sezinga le (<0.05). Ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi i-AU yamukela uhlelo lokufaka amasiko onke ngokusebenzisa izilimi ezahlukahlukene kumasistimu ayo e-ICT, ukunceda ukwamukelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa ngabasebenzi. Sengiphetha, ucwaningo, ucwaningo luyachaza ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasiko kanye nezilimi kuyizinhlaka ezisemqoka ekwamukelweni kohlelo lwe-ICT ngaphakathim kwe-AU.
Die ingebruikneming van inligtings- en kommunikasietegnologie (IKT) in ʼn multikulturele konteks moet goed begryp word, aangesien vloeiende IKT-werksaamhede in verskeie sleutelsektore van enige multikulturele organisasie deur kulturele faktore beïnvloed word. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die belangrikheid van verskillende veranderlikes, insluitende kulturele smake, kulturele waardes, sosiale strukture, en die kommunikasiekonteks en -taal, en die invloed daarvan op IKT-ingebruikneming in die Afrika-unie (AU) te ondersoek, met die oog op verbeterde begrip van die kwessies waarmee die AU gekonfronteer word wanneer IKT in hul daaglikse werksaamhede gebruik word. In die studie is die beskikbare teoretiese literatuur hersien, spesifiek die Diffusie van Innovasie- Teorie (DIT), die Saambindende Teorie van Aanvaarding en Gebruik van Tegnologie (UTAUT), die Mededingende Waardes-raamwerk/-model en die Waardegebaseerde Ingebruikneming-model (VAM). Laasgenoemde is toegepas, want in ʼn multikulturele omgewing soos dié van die AU sal gebruikers waarskynlik ʼn innovasie gebruik indien dit waardevol en kostedoeltreffend is. Die navorsing is by AU-kantore in sowel as buite Etiopië uitgevoer. Altesaam 288 deelnemers het ʼn halfgestruktureerde vraelys voltooi. Die betroubaarheidspuntetelling van die konstrukte is bereken deur hul gemiddelde te bepaal. Die VAM-hulpmiddel is getoets vir betroubaarheid, en enige onbetroubare vrae is uit die finale studie verwyder. Om die toets van geldigheid van faktore te versterk, is verkennende faktorontleding (EFA) verkies as die aanvanklike stap in die proses van geldigheidsbepaling. Die bevindinge het getoon dat taal en kulturele smaak ʼn noemenswaardige uitwerking op die genoemde beduidendheidspeil (<0.05) gehad het, terwyl kulturele waardes, kommunikasie, sosiale struktuur en die kommunikasiekonteks onbeduidend blyk te wees op die genoemde beduidendheidspeil (<0.05). Die studie beveel aan dat die AU inklusiwiteit verwelkom deur diverse tale in sy IK-stelsels te gebruik, om aanvaarding en ingebruikneming daarvan deur werknemers te bewerkstellig. Ten slotte: die studie het bevind dat kulturele smake en tale deurslaggewende elemente in die aanvaarding van IKT in die AU is
Ukwamukelwa kohlelo lezobuChwepheshe Bolwazi Kanye nokuXhumana (Information and communications technology (ICT) kwizidingo zesimo esiqukethe amasiko amaningi kufanele kuzwisiseke kahle, njengoba imisebenzi ehamba kahle yohlelo lwe-ICT kwimikhakha esemqoka yanoma iyiphi inhlangano enamasiko amaningi ithintwa yimithelela yosikompilo. Lolu cwaningo luqonde ukuphenya ukubaluleka Kanye nemithelela yezinto ezahlukene, kuxutshwa phakathi izinhlobo zamasiko, ubuhle bamasiko, izakhowo zomphakathi, Kanye nesimo sokuxhumana Kanye nolimi, phezu kokwamukelwa kwe-ICT kwinhlangano yoBunye be-Afrika (African Union (AU), ngenhloso yokuqinisa ulwazi lwezinto ezihlupha inhlangano ye-AU, uma yamukela uhlelo lwe-ICT kwimisebenzi yalo yansuku zonke. Ucwaningo luye lwabuyekeza ukuba khona ithiyori yombhalo wobuciko, ikakhulu ithiyori ebizwa nge-Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), uhlelol lwe-Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), uhlelo lwe-Competing Values Framework/Model Kanye ne-Value-based Adoption Model (VAM). Lolu hlelo lokugcina lusetshenzisiwe, ngoba kwisizinda samasiko amaningi esinjenge-AU, uma ngabe uhlelo lwamaqhinga amasha lutholakala lusemqoka futhi lungembi eqolo, ngakho-ke abasebenzisi balo bangalwamukela. Ucwaningo lwenziwa kumahovisi enhlangano ye-AU ezindaweni ezimbili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezwe lase-Ethiopia. Inani lonke labadlalindima aba-288 bagcwalise umbhalo wemibuzo ombaxambili. Amaphuzu achaza ukwethembeka (reliability scores) ezakhiwo akhalukhuleyithwe ngokuwalinganisa (averaged). Ithuluzi lohlelo lwe-VAM luhlolwe ngenhloso yokuthola izinga lokwethembeka, kanti-ke yinoma iyiphi imibuzo engathembeki isusiwe kucwaningo. Ukuqinisa uhlelo lokuhlola izinga lokufaneleko kwemithelela (validity of factors), ukuhlaziywa kwemithelela ephenyayo (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) kunconywe njengesinyathelo sokuqala kuhlelo lwe-validation. Ulwazi olutholakele luveza ukuthi ulimi kanye losikompilo kube nomthelela obonakalayo kwisilinganiso se (<0.05), kanti izimfundisa ezinhle zamasiko, ukuxhumana, isakhiwo somphakathi kanye nesimo sezokuxhumana kutholakele ukuthi akubalulekile kwisilinganiso esichaziwe sezinga le (<0.05). Ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi i-AU yamukela uhlelo lokufaka amasiko onke ngokusebenzisa izilimi ezahlukahlukene kumasistimu ayo e-ICT, ukunceda ukwamukelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa ngabasebenzi. Sengiphetha, ucwaningo, ucwaningo luyachaza ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasiko kanye nezilimi kuyizinhlaka ezisemqoka ekwamukelweni kohlelo lwe-ICT ngaphakathim kwe-AU.
Die ingebruikneming van inligtings- en kommunikasietegnologie (IKT) in ʼn multikulturele konteks moet goed begryp word, aangesien vloeiende IKT-werksaamhede in verskeie sleutelsektore van enige multikulturele organisasie deur kulturele faktore beïnvloed word. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die belangrikheid van verskillende veranderlikes, insluitende kulturele smake, kulturele waardes, sosiale strukture, en die kommunikasiekonteks en -taal, en die invloed daarvan op IKT-ingebruikneming in die Afrika-unie (AU) te ondersoek, met die oog op verbeterde begrip van die kwessies waarmee die AU gekonfronteer word wanneer IKT in hul daaglikse werksaamhede gebruik word. In die studie is die beskikbare teoretiese literatuur hersien, spesifiek die Diffusie van Innovasie- Teorie (DIT), die Saambindende Teorie van Aanvaarding en Gebruik van Tegnologie (UTAUT), die Mededingende Waardes-raamwerk/-model en die Waardegebaseerde Ingebruikneming-model (VAM). Laasgenoemde is toegepas, want in ʼn multikulturele omgewing soos dié van die AU sal gebruikers waarskynlik ʼn innovasie gebruik indien dit waardevol en kostedoeltreffend is. Die navorsing is by AU-kantore in sowel as buite Etiopië uitgevoer. Altesaam 288 deelnemers het ʼn halfgestruktureerde vraelys voltooi. Die betroubaarheidspuntetelling van die konstrukte is bereken deur hul gemiddelde te bepaal. Die VAM-hulpmiddel is getoets vir betroubaarheid, en enige onbetroubare vrae is uit die finale studie verwyder. Om die toets van geldigheid van faktore te versterk, is verkennende faktorontleding (EFA) verkies as die aanvanklike stap in die proses van geldigheidsbepaling. Die bevindinge het getoon dat taal en kulturele smaak ʼn noemenswaardige uitwerking op die genoemde beduidendheidspeil (<0.05) gehad het, terwyl kulturele waardes, kommunikasie, sosiale struktuur en die kommunikasiekonteks onbeduidend blyk te wees op die genoemde beduidendheidspeil (<0.05). Die studie beveel aan dat die AU inklusiwiteit verwelkom deur diverse tale in sy IK-stelsels te gebruik, om aanvaarding en ingebruikneming daarvan deur werknemers te bewerkstellig. Ten slotte: die studie het bevind dat kulturele smake en tale deurslaggewende elemente in die aanvaarding van IKT in die AU is.
School of Computing
M. Sc. (Computing)