Journal articles on the topic 'Languages, Modern Study and teaching (Primary) Thailand'

The Classics in Communities project (http://classicsincommunities.org/) is a partnership between members of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and the Iris Project. It was set up in response to the primary curriculum reforms which were implemented in England from September 2014. In the Key Stage 2 (KS2) Languages curriculum policy, for the first time, Classical Greek and Latin can be chosen for study by pupils aged 6-11 in place of a modern language. The project particularly targets schools where Classical languages have not previously featured on the curriculum. It has twin aims: to equip teachers in primary schools with the skills and knowledge necessary to teach these languages; and to conduct parallel research to determine the impact of Classical language learning on children's cognitive development.

The education system must respond to changes in society, its demands and needs of students at all levels, so the mission of modern pedagogical institutions of higher education is to train teachers ready and able to accept such challenges. The article presents the experience of the Department of Foreign Languages at the Pedagogical Institute of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University in training students majoring in 012 "Preschool Education" and 013 "Primary Education" and methods of teaching them to implement digital tools in the process of forming foreign language communicative competence of 3-10 year-old children at preschool institutions and the New Ukrainian School. It should be noted that this work took place within the research on the scientific topic: "Strategy of foreign language teacher training in the context of European integration." The basis of the study is the understanding of the specifics of language as a means of communication, and therefore the emergence of new digital ways and tools of communication, their widespread penetration into various spheres of life naturally requires their use for educational purposes. In addition, the normative documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine recognize information and digital competence as a component of professional competence of a teacher of any subject, which also requires modernization of components of teacher training in early foreign language learning. In the process of research we relied on the levels of digital competence of teachers defined in DigCompEdu and aimed to prepare future teachers of early foreign language teaching for the practical application of digital tools and instruments taking into account Generation Theory, Alpha children, current foreign language programs in modern conditions of educational institutions in Ukraine. In the process of research in the curriculum of disciplines "Modern technologies of teaching preschool children a foreign language" (specialty "Preschool education") and "Modern technologies of foreign language teaching in primary school" (specialty "Primary education") content modules "Organizational and pedagogical conditions of application of modern technologies of teaching foreign languages (FL) to preschool (PS) children / FL in PS”, “Digital technologies of teaching FL to preschool children / FL in PS”, “Media-based learning in early foreign language learning in PS / in primary school”,“ Technologies of blended learning of foreign languages in primary school” are introduced, within which theoretical, practical and methodical work takes place, the purpose of which is the formation of digital competence of future teachers.

The methodology of teaching foreign languages is constantly looking for ways to effectively master foreign languages by primary school students. The article deals with the possibility of using digital and multimedia technologies in the process of forming foreign language grammar competence of younger students on the example of the German language. The analysis of foreign experience proved the relevance of the introduction of such technologies in the teaching process of educational institutions of all levels, but it also noted the lack of studying the method of using digital and multimedia tools in the process of forming foreign language competence of primary school students, in particular when learning grammar in German. It is considered that in modern educational development conditions it is important to take into account the features of modern students, who are digital native, and the use of digital and multimedia technologies in German lessons is a natural and understandable tool for them. Future teachers and those, who are practicing the early language teaching, need to overcome psychological barriers and doubts about the effectiveness of new tools to make digital and multimedia technology a daily practice. The article proposes digital and multimedia resources and programs that can be used in the process of forming a foreign grammar competence at different stages of grammar processing, while fully complying with the requirements of the program "Foreign Languages for General and Specialty Educational Institutions 1-4 classes" of Ukraine. The comparative analysis of online resources intended for the study of foreign languages, including German, with the existing foreign language program for the New Ukrainian School (2018), taking into account the level of foreign language communication competence at the time of graduation from 4th grade, allowed to systematize existing digital networks on the Internet and cartoon resources in accordance with vocabulary stock and vocabulary topics, which will help to apply them effectively in German lessons, to increase the motivation of younger students, to encourage an independent study of a foreign language

The process of teaching university lecturers foreign language professional discourse is shown, the aim and objectives of education are defined, and the importance of choosing proper educational content is specified. The significance of professional knowledge as to its capability to form lecturer's professional language competence in accordance with the modern state of scientific knowledge is proven. The necessity of taking into account specifics of lecturer's professional activities and including professional knowledge in the educational content is proven, and its components are defined. The principles which form the model of teaching university lecturers in the context of profession-oriented educational process, and the competency-based, cognitive, and student-centered approaches, are examined in detail. The components of educational content in teaching foreign languages are stated, representing the basis of foreign language education, centering on professional activity. Currently many Russian universities in an attempt to internationalize face the problem of high-quality education and right selection of academic staff, who can speak English at the required level. This situation is determined by the necessity of linguistic support of the education process (lectures in foreign languages, training international students) and research work (searching and studying sources in foreign languages, cooperation with foreign researchers etc.). Non-languages faculties of Russian universities are experiencing the lack of specialists, who have the required level of English (developing and presenting lecture courses, work programs, evaluation methods, laboratory works). So the whole range of the problems forms the relevance of the study. As the primary research method experienced teachers training is used.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of intrinsic motivation of primary-school-age children alongside the factors that influence these levels when learning English. Design/methodology/approach This goal was reached through a study that was conducted in four educational establishments of Tyumen. The study benefits from qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part consists of an experiment in a group setting. Two groups of students were learning under two different programmes and the teachers were making records of student outcomes, interest in learning and motivation. The findings demonstrate that the level of motivation/interest is higher when interactive techniques (appropriate for the age of students) are in use. The quantitative part involved a survey to identify intrinsic motivations by completing which the students revealed high and medium levels of motivation/interest to learn. Findings The findings can be used when updating or re-designing education programmes and when creating new methods for teaching English in Russian educational establishments. Originality/value Giving the schoolchildren a motivation to learn is, without any exaggeration, one of the central problems in modern school. Teaching English as a foreign language to students of younger age (schoolchildren) requires a special approach due to special psychological and mental characteristics that these students have. The scholars have established that learning of foreign languages happens best at a very young age. However, without proper methods of teaching, teachers will not be able to reach the learning objectives, which they were attempting to reach. The reason for this effect is simple. The way the subject is taught is expected to spark interest but with the lack of interest in the subject, students will not feel sufficiently motivated to actually learn something. Hence, motivation is essential for learning any foreign language. In the home setting, motivation to learn, as well as a positive learning environment, is the responsibility of parents.

As the modern world gives many opportunities for travel, communication, technologies, the need of learning foreign languages has become the critical issue for every country. The more expanded borders are, the more forces should be undertaken for controlling the situation within and out of the country. The concept of the Russian language teaching in the course of the US policy depends on political matters. The author has made an effort to describe activities of strengthening educational system for international understanding and global competence. The analyzed data includes the list of the US schools, which offer Russian language courses, the campaigns which are run for re-enforcing the position of the Russian language. This article describes the existing measures, which provide Russian language learning in the USA. The study analyses the ways of implementing the Russian language into the system of higher, secondary and primary schools. The findings indicate the measures of the Russian Federation government, which are successfully performed on the territory of the USA. The study demonstrates the changes of methodical potential, which have been undergone since 60th of XX century.

This article is the partial result of an investigation carried out with the students of the Degree Program in Modern Languages ​​of the University of Caldas, Colombia. This research was likewise integrated into a second study concerning the Didactics of the Grammar of Foreign Languages. The research arose from the linguistic hybridization that language teachers have perceived in the correction of the written production of students who simultaneously learn several languages. We analyze, in the current investigation, the phenomenon of linguistic transfer through a corpus of authentic texts written by students. This research focuses on two primary objectives: to identify the phenomenon of transfer at the scriptural level and to determine the pedagogical implications of the language loan in the simultaneous learning of several foreign languages. The methodology is based on an analytical-descriptive approach whose instruments for collecting information were an interview, a survey and a corpus of 50 authentic texts produced by the students. We made a description of the discursive unit and then we carried out a morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis of each text. The systematization of the information gathered threw us among the conclusions that the mixture of languages ​​in written production is essentially due to the similarity between them, that is, due to their nature of related languages ​​and the approach used for teaching foreign languages, it facilitates the transfer phenomenon when the learning of several linguistic codes occurs simultaneously.

Long-term evaluations of student performance are important to show whether Multilingual Education (MLE) students are making real progress, as well as to show what changes are needed to make MLE programs more successful. The purpose of this paper is to describe a six-year study of MLE students in Southern Thailand. .In 2007, the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University (RILCA-MU) initiated the Patani Malay-Thai Bi/multilingual Research Project in four schools in Southern Thailand. In 2011, the Yala Rajabhat University (YRU) staff began biannual student evaluations of both the experimental (MLE) schools and the “normal” Thai-only comparison schools, when the first cohort of students began primary grade 1. YRU followed these students’ performances until 2016 when they completed primary grade 6. The learning achievement for students in the experimental (MLE) schools was found to be significantly higher than that of students in the comparison schools at the level of 0.01, except in grade 6. The number of students who met the basic educational criteria was greater for the MLE schools than the comparison schools. MLE was found to be very helpful for low and mid-level performing student. Finally, scores on the critical thinking skills assessment of the MLE students were greater than the comparison school students. Thus, this six-year research project has clearly shown that MLE can help to solve the problems of teaching and learning in Thailand’s three southern border provinces. This approach to long-term evaluations can be helpful to projects in other countries also.

Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a plan that will effectively integrate a 3-years foreign language program of Arabic-English-Japanese in three different Islamic schools, “Madrasah Ibtida’iyah, Madrasah Tsanawiyah, and Madrasah Aliyah” in Cipadung Sub-District, Cibiru District. Research Method: The study utilizes a mix of both qualitative and quantitative research approach with a detailed analytical method. The research gathered its primary data by the school (madrasah) statistics, for example, curriculum activity assessments, student’s involvement in the lecture, test scores, sample questionnaires, and some sample exercises. However, the data is analyzed by organizing the primary data in charts or graphs. Principal Findings: The main findings obtained from this study is, the implementation of smart and creative learning methodologies will create a student’s engaging and enjoyable learning environment. A properly designed curriculum developed teaching strategies, utilization of audio/visual resources boosts the student’s interest in learning foreign-language courses. Thus, the effective implementation of foreign-language-programs can create better growth opportunities for the youngsters of Indonesia. Application: The integration of three different foreign languages into a single curriculum is although very difficult, but once it is embedded in the course, it has several applications as well. This study is an inherent part of most academic research, which is based on creative curriculum designs for schools and colleges. This is also impactful and suitable in modern technological based teaching and learning research activities. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty that makes this study more prominent as compared to the previous ones is the blend of technology in the traditional way of teaching. The use of audio/visual gadgets firmly grasps the interest of students of all ages throughout the lecture. Similarly, the smartly planned curriculum based on student’s caliber has ultimately helped in advancing the existing knowledge of each understudied student.

The aim of this article is to present the profile of a ‘good’ foreign language teacher,which has been created on the basis of the comments made by about 230 students of modern languages at Polish institutions of higher education (colleges and universities) in two voivodeships of Poland, namely Podkarpackie Voivodeship and Wielkopolska Voivodeship. In this image, teacher personality traits, the majority of which are regarded as values not only in professional life (e.g. in the teaching profession), but also in personal life, have ranked the highest. Personality traits have overshadowed the other two groups of qualities, which foreign language teachers are also equipped with, i.e. didactic and glottodidactic ones. This study is part of a larger research project covering all types of schools in Poland (from primary schools, through middle and secondary schools, to colleges and universities)

The article explores the features of modern information and communication technologies implementation in teaching technical English. The specifics of teaching foreign languages for applicants for non-linguistic specialties has its own characteristics, which should be taken into account when constructing and conducting classes. The information society poses new challenges and correspondingly new goals for teachers and applicants to higher education, the achievement of which is ensured by analyzing situational data and creating the environment that would most closely reflect the realities of the modern professional environment, which requires an appropriate level of a foreign language knowledge. It was determined that electronic learning tools act as a catalyst in mastering the material and improve the quality of the educational process. The study analyzed psychological factors that provide an extremely high level of student motivation and form the corresponding priorities in the direction of professional growth. The pedagogical ways of introducing multimedia teaching aids while studying a foreign language are described in detail as a key condition for the fundamental training of a qualified specialist, focused on meeting the needs of the modern market. It is noted that higher education institutions do not yet fully possess educational computer programs and the latest software, which is one of the most pressing problems in the digitalization of the educational process. It is proved that the effectiveness of achieving didactic goals directly depends on the chosen forms and methods of training, and the inclusion of information and communication technologies has such advantages as individualization and intensification of the educational process, an increase in the amount of independent work of the applicant, which is an important component of the Bologna process. In this regard, and with the aim of developing the communication skills of future specialists, ICTs are considered to be the primary element in the training of qualified specialists in economic fields.

In the article, theoretical-and methodological approaches of modern scholars to the issue of implementing learning strategies into the process of teaching foreign languages are ascertained. The development of strategies and the strategy repertoire along with factors that influence the choice of strategies and their transfer to different learning contexts is considered. Strategy instruction and its impact on language learners are observed. The variety and diversity of factors affecting the choice and the use of learning strategies, namely, motivation, learner autonomy, self-regulation, prior learning experience and students’ beliefs, which determine individual choice of language learning strategies by students of higher education establishments are analyzed. The transfer of general learning strategies to new learning contexts, notably to learning foreign languages, and the predictive value they have in language achievement is defined. The value and importance of learning strategies and the relationship between success, achievement and performance and examined. The teaching of the wide scope of strategies to language students to help them become more efficient, effective and productive is addressed. Possible differences in learning strategy types and frequency of strategy use in low and high strategy users as well as high and low achievers of foreign language learners are identified. Research needs to be conducted to find more efficient ways of training learners to use language learning strategies effectively. The length, the amount and the type of strategy instruction that has more impact on the students’ adoption of learning of strategies should be scrutinized. The type of strategies that learners are more susceptible to accept and adopt not only in the short term but also in the long term should be analyzed. No study has been conducted in the general set of strategies which beginner learners of English transfer from their general repertoire of strategies to language learning as the primary tools to face language learning and the extent to which these strategies will help them in attaining success in language learning.

The idea about knowing well any foreign language is very inspirational. People who know two or more foreign languages are admired and give people a hope to learn a new language easily. Consequently, this nice idea ends with the difficulties that students face while learning a new language. Only the infinitive desire could help student to learn something new. Attempts are really important thing in learning language, but difficulties can stop and isolate from the learning process. Scientists constantly have been estimating various kinds of learning difficulties and people who are undergoing difficulties of their studies. Frequently students face with academic failures, but according to the scholars, there is a way to avoid them – making learning more modernized by incorporating various innovative technologies as a motivational tool.Teacher’s role, without any concerns, has a great influence on a person’s life. Intellectual development starting with the primary classes to the university auditoriums and even future career largely depends on a teacher, who is responsible for providing valuable information and deciding on the methods as well as motivational tools to be applied.The research and data acquired revealed the students’ attitude towards learning of foreign language. It was noted that it is a very complicated and laborious procedure requiring long time and sustained efforts. During the process of foreign language acquisition, as the research results demonstrate, students confront with variety of difficulties. The respondents noted that the most topical difficulties are as follows: poor knowledge from secondary school, lack of practice, inefficient time management, etc. Therefore, in order to achieve prodigious results, the process of efficient language acquisition has to incorporate new educational trends, innovative study methods and practices, and appropriate motivational tools. Students participating in the survey specified that they would be satisfied by participating in modern innovative teaching and learning activities and having more contact hours for their lectures, and although the role of motivation cannot be denied.

Purpose of the study: The article discusses the national-cultural characteristics of the Chinese gender culture and methods of its implementation in linguistic units: words, phraseological units, euphemisms, proverbs, and sayings. This research also examines the nominative system of the Chinese language, the lexicon, as well as what ratings are attributed to men and women and in what semantic areas they are most clearly expressed. Methodology: In order to describe the internal form of gender vocabulary, the authors used the following methods common for studies: description, semantic definition, classification, and linguistic interpretation, and the statistical method (quantitative calculations). The etymological approach used to identify primary sources of gender vocabulary. Main Findings: A study of linguistic facts shows that the gender stereotypes of Chinese culture possess not only general cultural, but also general linguistic properties, which are fixed by different kinds of language units. Gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexical and phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, case-texts (discourse) and other language units, which indicates its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. Applications/Implications of the study: The results of the study can be used in the further researches of gender stereotypes and its linguistic objectification in both related and genetically distant languages, in various types of discourse. The results of the work can also be used in the teaching of Chinese, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of translation, regional studies. The authors believe that the results of the study will help to better understand the native Chinese speakers, which can help increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication. Novelty/Originality of the study: In this article, the author first showed that gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexico-phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, and other linguistic units, which testifies to its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. It is one of the first studies analyzed the language objectification of the gender code of Chinese culture.

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the concepts and theories of educational administration, 2) to study the model of educational management, and 3) to analyze the theoretical tendency and the educational management model in practice. The primary data were collected from the Tipitaka in Thai version of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and Commentaries. The secondary data were collected from Buddhist documents, educational administration, and interviews with 10key informants. The collected data were analyzed by content analysis. The research results indicated that: 1) the concepts and theories concerning academic affairs, teaching and learning management and evaluation by information technology, personnel management are an important part to drive the organization into effectiveness by setting job channel and description, and personnel development in virtue and knowledge. The budget is a factor to make the organization achieve its goal. The institutional environment is to support the management and work performance effectively. Furthermore, the participation in educational administration is a key factor to push the operation according to policy and plan. 2) The educational management model based on the Ministry of Education consisted of 4 aspects; Academic management, Budget management, Personnel, and General administration with stability and relevant to the 20-Year National Strategy and Thailand 4.0, by development and empowerment of potential, opportunity, equality of people, and enhancing people's quality of life with eco-friendly system, and educational system and management development. 3) The analysis of theoretical trends and educational management models into practice in 4 aspects; academic affairs, budget, personnel, and general management in practice is to strengthen the stability and reconciliation relevant to modern administration system with innovation and social network by using the educational administration in the digital age integrated with Buddhist principles to become a professional administrator in the present situation.

At the given moment, the traditional exists in a post-functional situation – many traditions are not getting inherited from generation to generation. If traditions are not transferred by acknowledging the old ones and by expressing them anew – they simply disappear. The freedom of a person to “carry out” his or her affiliation to a certain cultural space gets endangered. How can it be possible to strengthen one’s local, Latgalian cultural capital by learning and comprising the traditions of other regions of Latvia?The aim of the study is to draw attention to the issue of learning the traditional culture within the margins of primary education in regions of Latvia, including Latgale by actualizing the discussion about the importance of preparing contemporary teaching aids for acquisition of the traditional culture and language within different primary school subjects. In the article, the functioning of traditions and their learning is analysed by using the opposing terms “one’s own – alien/ different” as a universal, persistent notion in the binary worldview, by inviting to see within the alien not only the destructive, the opposite to one’s own, but also the forces that initiate the getting to know of the different, and allow it to become useful, usable, or refutable. A conceptual insight is offered within the context of the issue of creating a learning aid and selecting and arranging the content of Latvian regional traditions for the said aid in order to carry out a meaningful primary education for a student.The contraposition of terms “one’s own – other” is analysed as a universal, durable notion in the binary worldview. “The other begins, where one’s own ends, and this boundary moves along with the person” (Байбурин 1993: 185). One tends to see in the other not only the destructive, the contrary to one’s own, but also the powers that have initiated the creation of person’s world. In modern culture, the opposition of “one’s own – other” is being replaced by the opposition “one’s own – different” by getting to know the different, it can be allowed to become useful, applicable or rejectable.To arrange the surroundings of a person in the manner of a world, first a home is needed. To reside means to be somewhere familiar and intimate, in one’s own territory, and it is indispensable in order to specify oneself, to aggregate oneself. It is also a place where an encounter happens with the other, the different. On the other hand, often it is the different that allows one to perceive oneself as a unique entity and to recover one’s identity amidst the many changes and transformations.Learning the traditional culture of one’s region in the family and school is residing, being together with one’s own culture. Recognition of that which is one’s own, getting to know it, remembering it is an important condition for building one’s identity, which begins in childhood.A mechanical reproduction of the forms of traditional culture is useless. With the intermediation of personal meaningfulness, the socially significant norms and cultural values are made tangible in the mind of an individual and turn into inner motives of his or her actions and behaviour.It is important for the modern person to understand the traditional mechanism of thought, the system of perceptions and rituals, the reason behind them by using critical thinking already before beginning to learn about traditions, thus approaching the spiritual horizons of the archaic. By getting to know the different, it can become useful, applicable or rejectable.Within the concept of the content of the traditional culture it is important to respect the concepts and the principles that characterize every era and its society in general. Those are: time, space, participants, rituals, and results. The traditional culture can be incorporated in learning every area of basic education – the content of all subjects: languages, basics of technology and sciences, art, man and society. Traditional festivities offer the systemic and systematic option of absorption of the diversity of cultural traditions by using the content of different subjects of the basic education as a meaningful tool. Within this kind of education the artificially created margins of subjects disappear – life is reflected as a whole.Modern didactic concepts in creating useful insights suitable for learning the traditional culture are found in the empirical approach and action theory (Dewey 1979; Gill, Brockbank 2004; Griffin, Holford, Jarvis 2003; Kolb 2000; Леонтев 2005) that accentuates the significance of the personal experience and activity of an individual in constructing a new experience and comprehension, in the theories of personal development accentuating the part society and cultural space play in the process of the becoming of a personality (Bronfenbrenner 1989; Rogoff 2003), in the critical thinking approach the use of which in the education of an individual provides them with a deeper understanding of the changing reality (Kolb 2000; McWilliam, Taylor 2012). Experience about one’s regional traditional culture can be obtained in a theoretical and cognitive way, but the true depth of the cultural awareness is revealed only, when those traditions are being applied. Celebrations consolidate people of different generations within a common experience. By celebrating together with those close to child, that child will not question the importance of traditions. Learning by cooperating with people from different generations is one of the most important principles in the practice of the traditional culture. The meaningful understanding forms easier if a practical activity with a specific material takes place within a specific environment. Experience strengthens the connections to the surrounding world.

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Language Learning & Technology (U of Hawaii, Manoa, USA) 9.3 (2005), 35–54.05–259Rogerson-Revell, Pamela (U of Leicester, UK; pmrr1@le.ac.uk), A hybrid approach to developing CALL materials: authoring with Macromedia's Dreamweaver/Coursebuilder. ReCALL (Cambridge, UK) 17.1 (2005), 122–138.05–260Smith, Ross (PricewaterhouseCoopers, Spain), Global English: gift or curse?English Today (Cambridge, UK) 21.2 (2005), 56–62.05–261St-Hilaire, Aonghas (Washington, DC, USA), Louisiana French immersion education: cultural identity and grassroots community development. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Clevedon, UK) 26.2 (2005), 158–172.05–262Todd, Richard W. (King Mogkut's U of Technology, Thailand; irictodd@kmutt.ac.th), ‘In an aeroplane, yes, in an aeroplane’: within-unit repetitions in classroom discourse. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 189–209.05–263Uschi, Felix (Monash U, Australia; uschi.felix@arts.monash.edu.au), E-learning pedagogy in the third millennium: the need for combining social and cognitive constructivist approaches. ReCALL (Cambridge, UK) 17.1 (2005), 85–100.05–264Volle, Lisa M. (Central Texas College, USA), Analyzing oral skills in voice and e-mail and online interviews. Language Learning & Technology (U of Hawaii, Manoa, USA) 9.3 (2005), 145–163.05–265Williams, John N. (Cambridge U, UK; jnw12@cam.ac.uk), Learning without awareness. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge, UK) 27.2 (2005), 269–304.05–266Yongqi Gu, Peter, Guangwei Hu & Lawrence Jun Zhang (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore; yqpgu@nie.edu.sg), Investigating language learner strategies among lower primary school pupils in Singapore. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK) 19.4 (2005), 281–303.

04–538 Allford, D. Institute of Education, University of London. d.allford@sta01.joe.ac.uk‘Grasping the nettle’: aspects of grammar in the mother tongue and foreign languages. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 24–32.04–539 Álvarez, Inma (The Open U., UK). Consideraciones sobre la contribución de los ordenadores en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. [The contribution of computers to foreign language learning.] Vida Hispánica (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 19–23.04–540 Arkoudis, S. (U. of Melbourne, Australia; Email: sophiaa@unimelb.edu.au). Teaching English as a second language in science classes: incommensurate epistemologies?Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 17, 3 (2003), 161–173.04–541 Bandin, Francis and Ferrer, Margarita (Manchester Metropolitan U., UK). Estereotípicos. [Stereotypes.] Vida Hispánica. Association for Language Learning (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 4–12.04–542 Banno, Eri (Okayama University). A cross-cultural survey of students’ expectations of foreign language teachers. Foreign Language Annals, 36, 3 (2003), 339–346.04–543 Barron, Colin (U. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Email: csbarron@hkusua.hku.hk). Problem-solving and EAP: themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 3 (2003), 297–314.04–544 Bartley, Belinda (Lord Williams's School, Thame). Developing learning strategies in writing French at key stage 4. Francophonie (London, UK), 28 (2003), 10–17.04–545 Bax, S. (Canterbury Christ Church University College). The end of CLT: a context approach to language teaching. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 278–287.04–546 Caballero, Rodriguez (Universidad Jaume I, Campus de Borriol, Spain; Email: mcaballe@guest.uji.es). How to talk shop through metaphor: bringing metaphor research to the ESP classroom. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 177–194.04–547 Field, J. (University of Leeds). Promoting perception: lexical segmentation in L2 listening. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 4 (2003), 325–334.04–548 Finkbeiner, Matthew and Nicol, Janet (U. of Arizona, AZ, USA; Email: msf@u.Arizona.edu). Semantic category effects in second language word learning. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 3 (2003), 369–384.04–549 Frazier, S. (University of California). A corpus analysis of would-clauses without adjacent if-clauses. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 443–466.04–550 Harwood, Nigel (Canterbury Christ Church University College, UK). Taking a lexical approach to teaching: principles and problems. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 12, 2 (2002), 139–155.04–551 Hird, Bernard (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: b.hird@ecu.edu.au). What are language teachers trying to do in their lessons?Babel, (Adelaide, Australia) 37, 3 (2003), 24–29.04–552 Ho, Y-K. (Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan). Audiotaped dialogue journals: an alternative form of speaking practice. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 269–277.04–553 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA). Chinese as a foreign language in Canada: a content-based programme for elementary school. Language, Culture and Curriculum (), 16, 1 (2003), 70–89.04–554 Kennedy, G. (Victoria University of Wellington). Amplifier collocations in the British National Corpus: implications for English language teaching. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 467–487.04–555 Kissau, Scott P. (U. of Windsor, UK & Greater Essex County District School Board; Email: scotkiss@att.canada.ca). The relationship between school environment and effectiveness in French immersion. The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Ottawa, Canada), 6, 1 (2003), 87–104.04–556 Laurent, Maurice (Messery). De la grammaire implicite à la grammaire explicite. [From Implicit Grammar to Explicit Grammar.] Tema, 2 (2003), 40–47.04–557 Lear, Darcy (The Ohio State University, USA). Using technology to cross cultural and linguistic borders in Spanish language classrooms. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 541–551.04–558 Leeser, Michael J. (University of Illianos at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Email: leeser@uiuc.edu). Learner proficiency and focus on form during collaborative dialogue. Language Teaching Research, 8, 1 (2004), 55.04–559 Levis, John M. (Iowa State University, USA) and Grant, Linda. Integrating pronunciation into ESL/EFL classrooms. TESOL Journal, 12 (2003), 13–19.04–560 Mitchell, R. (Centre for Language in Education, University of Southampton; Email: rfm3@soton.ac.uk) Rethinking the concept of progression in the National Curriculum for Modern Foreign Languages: a research perspective. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 15–23.04–561 Moffitt, Gisela (Central Michigan U., USA). Beyond Struwwelpeter: using German picture books for cultural exploration. Die Unterrichtspraxis (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2003), 15–27.04–562 Morley, J. and Truscott, S. (University of Manchester; Email: mfwssjcm@man.ac.uk). The integration of research-oriented learning into a Tandem learning programme. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 52–58.04–563 Oliver, Rhonda (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: rhonda.oliver@cowan.edu.au) and Mackey, Alison. Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. The Modern Language Journal (Madison, WI, USA), 87, 4 (2003), 519–533.04–564 Pachler, N. (Institute of Education, University of London; Email: n.pachler@ioe.ac.uk). Foreign language teaching as an evidence-based profession?Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 4–14.04–565 Portmann-Tselikas, Paul R. (Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Austria). Grammatikunterricht als Schule der Aufmerksamkeit. Zur Rolle grammatischen Wissens im gesteuerten Spracherwerb. [Grammar teaching as a training of noticing. The role of grammatical knowledge in formal language learning.] Babylonia (Switzerland, www.babylonia), 2 (2003), 9–18.04–566 Purvis, K. (Email: purvis@senet.com.au) and Ranaldo, T. Providing continuity in learning from Primary to Secondary. Babel, 38, 1 (2003), (Adelaide, Australia), 13–18.04–567 Román-Odio, Clara and Hartlaub, Bradley A. (Kenyon College, Ohio, USA). Classroom assessment of Computer-Assisted Language Learning: developing a strategy for college faculty. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 592–607.04–568 Schleppegrell, Mary J. (University of California, Davis, USA) and Achugar, Mariana. Learning language and learning history: a functional linguistics approach. TESOL Journal, 12, 2 (2003), 21–27.04–569 Schoenbrodt, Lisa, Kerins, Marie and Geseli, Jacqueline (Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, USA; Email: lschoenbrodt@loyola.edu) Using narrative language intervention as a tool to increase communicative competence in Spanish-speaking children. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 16, 1 (2003), 48–59.04–570 Shen, Hwei-Jiun (National Taichung Institute of Technology). The role of explicit instruction in ESL/EFL reading. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 36, 3 (2003), 424–433.04–571 Sifakis, N. C. (Hellenic Open U., Greece; Email: nicossif@hol.gr). Applying the adult education framework to ESP curriculum development: an integrative model. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 195–211.04–572 Simpson, R. and Mendis, D. (University of Michigan). A corpus-based study of idioms in academic speech. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 419–441.

03—230 Andress, Reinhard (St. Louis U., USA), James, Charles J., Jurasek, Barbara, Lalande II, John F., Lovik, Thomas A., Lund, Deborah, Stoyak, Daniel P., Tatlock, Lynne and Wipf, Joseph A.. Maintaining the momentum from high school to college: Report and recommendations. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 1—14.03—231 Andrews, David R. (Georgetown U., USA.). Teaching the Russian heritage learner. Slavonic and East European Journal (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 45, 3 (2001), 519—30.03—232 Ashby, Wendy and Ostertag, Veronica (U. of Arizona, USA). How well can a computer program teach German culture? Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 79—85.03—233 Bateman, Blair E. (937 17th Avenue, SE Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Email: bate0048@umn.edu). Promoting openness toward culture learning: Ethnographic interviews for students of Spanish. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 318—31.03—234 Belz, Julie A. and Müller-Hartmann, Andreas. Deutsche-amerikanische Telekollaboration im Fremdsprachenuterricht – Lernende im Kreuzfeuer der institutionellen Zwänge. [German-American tele-collaboration in foreign language teaching – learners in the crossfire of institutional constraints.] Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2002), 68—78.03—235 Bosher, Susan and Smalkoski, Kari (The Coll. of St. Catherine, St. Paul, USA; Email: sdbosher@stkate.edu). From needs analysis to curriculum development: Designing a course in health-care communication for immigrant students in the USA. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 1 (2002), 59—79.03—236 Brandl, Klaus (U. of Washington, USA; Email: brandl@u.washington.edu). Integrating Internet-based reading materials into the foreign language curriculum: From teacher- to student-centred approaches. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 87—107.03—237 Bruce, Nigel (Hong Kong U.; Email: njbruce@hku.hk). Dovetailing language and content: Teaching balanced argument in legal problem answer writing. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 321—45.03—238 Bruton, Anthony (U. of Seville, Spain; Email: abruton@siff.us.es). From tasking purposes to purposing tasks. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 280—95.03—239 Candlin, C. N. (Email: enopera@cityu.edu.hk), Bhatia, V. K. and Jensen, C. H. (City U. of Hong Kong). Developing legal writing materials for English second language learners: Problems and perspectives. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 299—320.03—240 Chen, Shumei. A contrastive study of complimentary responses in British English and Chinese, with pedagogic implications for ELT in China. Language Issues (Birmingham, UK), 13, 2 (2001), 8—11.03—241 Chudak, Sebastian (Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität, Poznán, Poland). Die Selbstevaluation im Prozess- und Lernerorientierten Fremdsprachenunterricht (Bedeutung, Ziele, Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten). [The self-evaluation of process- and learner-oriented foreign language teaching.] Glottodidactica (Poznań, Poland), 28 (2002), 49—63.03—242 Crosling, Glenda and Ward, Ian (Monash U., Clayton, Australia; Email: glenda.crosling@buseco.monash.edu.au). Oral communication: The workplace needs and uses of business graduate employees. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 1 (2002), 41—57.03—243 Davidheiser, James (U. of the South, USA). Classroom approaches to communication: Teaching German with TPRS (Total Physical Response Storytelling). Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 25—35.03—244 Duff, Patricia A. (U. of British Columbia, Canada; Email: patricia.duff@ubc.ca). The discursive co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: An ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 289—322.03—245 Egbert, Joy (Washington State U., USA; Email: egbert@wsunix.wsu.edu), Paulus, Trena M. and Nakamichi, Yoko. The impact of CALL instruction on classroom computer use: A foundation for rethinking technology in teacher education. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 108—26.03—246 Einbeck, Kandace (U. of Colorado at Boulder, USA). Using literature to promote cultural fluency in study abroad programs. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 59—67.03—247 Fallon, Jean M. (Hollins U., Virginia, USA). On foreign ground: One attempt at attracting non-French majors to a French Studies course. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 405—13.03—248 Furuhata, Hamako (Mount Union Coll., Ohio, USA; Email: furuhah@muc.edu). Learning Japanese in America: A survey of preferred teaching methods. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 134—42.03—249 Goldstein, Tara (Ontario Inst. for Studies in Ed., U. of Toronto, Canada). No Pain, No Gain: Student playwriting as critical ethnographic language research. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes (Toronto, Ont.), 59, 1 (2002), 53—76.03—250 Hu, Guangwei (Nanyang Technological U., Singapore; Email: gwhu@nie.edu.sg). Potential cultural resistance to pedagogical imports: The case of communicative language teaching in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 93—105.03—251 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth U., New Jersey, USA; Email: jhuang@monmouth.edu). Activities as a vehicle for linguistic and sociocultural knowledge at the elementary level. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 3—33.03—252 Hyland, Ken (City U. of Hong Kong; Email: ken.hyland@cityu.edu.hk). Specificity revisited: How far should we go now? English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 385—95.03—253 Jahr, Silke. Die Vermittlung des sprachen Ausdrucks von Emotionen in DaF-Unterricht. [The conveying of the oral expression of emotion in teaching German as a foreign language.] Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Berlin, Germany), 39, 2 (2002), 88–95.03—254 Jung, Yunhee (U. of Alberta, Canada; Email: jhee6539@hanmail.net). Historical review of grammar instruction and current implications. English Teaching (Korea), 57, 3 (2002), 193—213.03—255 Kagan, Olga and Dillon, Kathleen (UCLA, USA & UC Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning, USA). A new perspective on teaching Russian: Focus on the heritage learner. Slavonic and East European Journal (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 45, 3 (2001), 507—18.03—256 Kang, Hoo-Dong (Sungsim Coll. of Foreign Languages, Korea; Email: hdkang2k@hanmail.net). Tracking or detracking?: Teachers' views of tracking in Korean secondary schools. English Teaching (Korea), 57, 3 (2002), 41—57.03—257 Kramsch, Claire (U. of California at Berkeley, USA). Language, culture and voice in the teaching of English as a foreign language. Language Issues (Birmingham, UK), 13, 2 (2001), 2—7.03—258 Krishnan, Lakshmy A. and Lee, Hwee Hoon (Nanyang Tech. U., Singapore; Email: clbhaskar@ntu.edu.sg). Diaries: Listening to ‘voices’ from the multicultural classroom. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 227—39.03—259 Lasagabaster, David and Sierra, Juan Manuel (U. of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Email: fiblahed@vc.ehu.es). University students' perceptions of native and non-native speaker teachers of English. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 11, 2 (2002), 132—42.03—260 Lennon, Paul. Authentische Texte im Grammatikunterricht. [Authentic texts in grammar teaching.] Praxis des neusprachlichen Unterrichts (Berlin, Germany), 49, 3 (2002), 227–36.03—261 Lepetit, Daniel (Clemson U., USA; Email: dlepetit@mail.clemson.edu) and Cichocki, Wladyslaw. Teaching languages to future health professionals: A needs assessment study. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 384—96.03—262 Łȩska-Drajerczak, Iwona (Adam Mickiewicz U., Poznán, Poland). Selected aspects of job motivation as seen by EFL teachers. Glottodidactica (Poznán, Poland), 28 (2002), 103—12.03—263 Liontas, John I. (U. of Notre-Dame, USA). ZOOMANIA: The See-Hear-and-Do approach to FL teaching and learning. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 36—58.03—264 Littlemore, Jeannette (Birmingham U., UK). Developing metaphor interpretation strategies for students of economics: A case study. Les Cahiers de l'APLIUT (Grenoble, France), 21, 4 (2002) 40—60.03—265 Mantero, Miguel (The U. of Alabama, USA). Bridging the gap: Discourse in text-based foreign language classrooms. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 437—56.03—266 Martin, William M. (U. of Pennsylvania, USA) and Lomperis, Anne E.. Determining the cost benefit, the return on investment, and the intangible impacts of language programmes for development. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 36, 3 (2002), 399—429.03—267 Master, Peter (San Jose State U., CA, USA: Email: pmaster@sjsu.edu). Information structure and English article pedagogy. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 331—48.03—268 Mertens, Jürgen. Schrift im Französischunterricht in der Grundschule: Lernehemnis oder Lernhilfe? [Writing in teaching French in primary school: Learning aid or hindrance?] Neusprachliche Mitteilungen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis (Berlin, Germany), 55, 3 (2002), 141–49.03—269 Meskill, Carla (U. at Albany, USA; Email: cmeskill@uamail.albany.edu), Mossop, Jonathan, DiAngelo, Stephen and Pasquale, Rosalie K.. Expert and novice teachers talking technology: Precepts, concepts, and misconcepts. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 46—57.03—270 Mitchell, Rosamond and Lee, Jenny Hye-Won (U. of Southampton, UK; Email: rfm3@soton.ac.uk). Sameness and difference in classroom learning cultures: Interpretations of communicative pedagogy in the UK and Korea. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 35—63.03—271 Mohan, Bernard (U. of British Columbia, Canada; Email: bernard.mohan@ubc.ca) and Huang, Jingzi. Assessing the integration of language and content in a Mandarin as a foreign language classroom. Linguistics and Education (New York, USA), 13, 3 (2002), 405—33.03—272 Mori, Junko (U. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Email: jmori@facstaff.wisc.edu). Task design, plan, and development of talk-in-interaction: An analysis of a small group activity in a Japanese language classroom. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 323—47.03—273 O'Sullivan, Emer (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-U. Frankfurt, Germany; Email: osullivan@em.uni-frankfurt.de) and Rösler, Dietmar. Fremdsprachenlernen und Kinder-und Jugendliteratur: Eine kritische Bestandaufsnahme. [Foreign language learning and children's literature: A critical appraisal.] Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Germany), 13, 1 (2002), 63—111.03—274 Pfeiffer, Waldemar (Europa Universität Viadrina – Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany). Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der interkulturellen Sprachvermittlung. [The possibilities and limits of intercultural language teaching.] Glottodidactica (Poznán, Poland), 28 (2002), 125—39.03—275 Rebel, Karlheinz (U. Tübingen, Germany) and Wilson, Sybil. Das Portfolio in Schule und Lehrerbildung (I). [The portfolio in school and the image of a teacher (I).] Fremdsprachenunterricht (Berlin, Germany), 4 (2002), 263–71.03—276 Sonaiya, Remi (Obafemi Awolowo U., Ile-ife, Nigeria). Autonomous language learning in Africa: A mismatch of cultural assumptions. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 106—16.03—277 Stapleton, Paul (Hokkaido U., Japan; Email: paul@ilcs.hokudai.ac.jp). Critical thinking in Japanese L2 writing: Rethinking tired constructs. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 250—57.03—278 Sullivan, Patricia (Office of English Language Progs., Dept. of State, Washington, USA, Email: psullivan@pd.state.gov) and Girginer, Handan. The use of discourse analysis to enhance ESP teacher knowledge: An example using aviation English. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 397—404.03—279 Tang, Eunice (City U. of Hong Kong) and Nesi, Hilary (U. of Warwick, UK; Email: H.J.Nesi@warwick.ac.uk). Teaching vocabulary in two Chinese classrooms: Schoolchildren's exposure to English words in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 65—97.03—280 Timmis, Ivor (Leeds Metropolitan U., UK; Email: i.timmis@lmu.ac.uk). Native-speaker norms and International English: A classroom view. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 240—49.03—281 Toole, Janine and Heift, Trude (Simon Fraser U., Bumaby, BC, Canada; Email: toole@sfu.ca). The Tutor Assistant: An authoring tool for an Intelligent Language Tutoring System. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 373—86.03—282 Turner, Karen and Turvey, Anne (Inst. of Ed., U. of London, UK; Email: k.turner@ioe.ac.uk). The space between shared understandings of the teaching of grammar in English and French to Year 7 learners: Student teachers working collaboratively. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 11, 2 (2002), 100—13.03—283 Warschauer, Mark (U. of California, USA). A developmental perspective on technology in language education. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 36, 3 (2002), 453—75.03—284 Weasenforth, Donald (The George Washington U., USA; Email: weasenf@gwu.edu), Biesenbach-Lucas, Sigrun and Meloni, Christine. Realising constructivist objectives through collaborative technologies: Threaded discussions. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 58—86.

05–267Aitchison, Claire (U of Western Sydney, Australia), Thesis writing circles. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 97–115.05–268Allison, Desmond (The National U of Singapore), Authority and accommodation in higher degree research proposals. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 155–180.05–269Bazerman, Charles (U of California, Santa Barbara, USA), An essay on pedagogy by Mikhail M. Bakhtin. Written Communication (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 22.3 (2005), 333–338.05–270Belanger, Joe (U of British Columbia, USA), ‘When will we ever learn?’: the case for formative assessment supporting writing development. English in Australia (Norwood, Australia) 141 (2004), 41–48.05–271Bodwell, Mary Buchinger (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA; mary.bodwell@bos.mcphs.edu), ‘Now what does that mean, “first draft”?’: responding to text in an adult literacy class. 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I want to argue here that the use of terms like “disabled” has very concrete and practical consequences; such language choices are significant and constitutive, not simply the abstract subject of a theoretical debate or a “politically correct” storm in a teacup. In this paper I want to examine some significant moments of conflict over and resistance to definitions of “disability” in an arts project, “In the Picture”, run by one of the UK’s largest disability charities, Scope. In the words of its webpages, this project “aims to encourage publishers, illustrators and writers to embrace diversity - so that disabled children are included alongside others in illustrations and story lines in books for young readers” (http://www.childreninthepicture.org.uk/aboutus.htm). It sought to raise awareness of “ableism” in the book world and through its webpage, offer practical advice and examples of how to include disabled children in illustrated children’s books. From 2005 to 2007, I tracked the progress of the project’s Stories strand, which sought to generate exemplary inclusive narratives by drawing on the experiences of disabled people and families of disabled children. My research drew on participant observation and interviews, but also creative audience research — a process where, in the words of David Gauntlett, “participants are asked to create media or artistic artefacts themselves.” Consequently, when I’m talking here about definitions of “disability’, I am discussing not just the ways people talk about what the word “disabled” might mean, but also the ways in which such identities might appear in images. These definitions made a real difference to those participating in various parts of the project and the types of inclusive stories they produced. Scope has been subject to substantial critique from the disability movement in the past (Benjamin; Carvel; Shakespeare, "Sweet Charity"). “In the Picture” was part of an attempt to resituate the charity as a campaigning organization (Benjamin; O’Hara), with the campaign’s new slogan “Time to get Equal” appearing prominently at the top of each page of the project’s website. As a consequence the project espoused the social model of disability, with its shift in focus from individual peoples’ bodily differences, towards the exclusionary and unequal society that systematically makes those differences meaningful. This shift in focus generates, some have argued, a performative account of disability as an identity (Sandhal; Breivik). It’s not simply that non-normative embodiment or impairment can be (and often is) acquired later in life, meaning that non-disabled people are perhaps best referred to as TABs — the “temporarily able bodied” (Duncan, Goggin and Newell). More significantly, what counts as a “disabled person” is constituted in particular social, physical and economic environments. Changing that environment can, in essence, create a disabled person, or make a person cease to be dis-abled. I will argue that, within the “In the Picture” project, this radically constructionist vision of disablement often rubbed against more conventional understandings of the term “disabled people”. In the US, the term “people with disabilities” is favoured as a label, because of its “people first” emphasis, as well as its identification of an oppressed minority group (Haller, Dorries and Rahn, 63; Shakespeare, Disability Rights). In contrast, those espousing the social model of disability in the UK tend to use the phrase “disabled people”. This latter term can flag the fact that disability is not something emanating from individuals’ bodily differences, but a social process by which inaccessible environments disable particular people (Oliver, Politics). From this point of view the phrase “people with disabilities” might appear to ascribe the disability to the individual rather than the society — it suggests that it is the people who “have” the disability, not the society which disables. As Helen Meekosha has pointed out, Australian disability studies draws on both US civil rights languages and the social model as understood in the UK. While I’ve chosen to adopt the British turn of phrase here, the broader concept from an Australian point of view, is that the use of particular sets of languages is no simple key to the perspectives adopted by individual speakers. My observations suggest that the key phrase used in the project — “ disabled people” — is one that, we might say, “passes”. To someone informed by the social model it clearly highlights a disabling society. However, it is a phrase that can be used without obvious miscommunication to talk to people who have not been exposed to the social model. Someone who subscribes to a view of “disability” as impairment, as a medical condition belonging to an individual, might readily use the term “disabled people”. The potentially radical implications of this phrase are in some ways hidden, unlike rival terms like “differently abled”, which might be greeted with mockery in some quarters (eg. Purvis; Parris). This “passing” phrase did important work for the “In the Picture” project. As many disability activists have pointed out, “charity” and “concern” for disabled people is a widely espoused value, playing a range of important psychic roles in an ableist society (eg. Longmore; Hevey). All the more evocative is a call to support disabled children, a favoured object of the kinds of telethons and other charitable events which Longmore discusses. In the words of Rosemarie Garland Thomson, the sentimentality often used in charity advertising featuring children “contains disability’s threat in the sympathetic, helpless child for whom the viewer is empowered to act” (Garland Thomson, 63). In calling for publishers to produce picture books which included disabled children, the project had invested in this broad appeal — who could argue against such an agenda? The project has been successful, for example, in recruiting support from many well known children’s authors and illustrators, including Quentin Blake and Dame Jackie Wilson. The phrase “disabled children”, I would argue, smoothed the way for such successes by enabling the project to graft progressive ideas —about the need for adequate representation of a marginalized group — onto existing conceptions of an imagined recipient needing help from an already constituted group of willing givers. So what were the implications of using the phrase “disabled children” for the way the project unfolded? The capacity of this phrase to refer to both a social model account of disability and more conventional understandings had an impact on the recruitment of participants for writing workshops. Participants were solicited via a range of routes. Some were contacted through the charity’s integrated pre-school and the networks of the social workers working beside it. The workshops were also advertised via a local radio show, through events run by the charity for families of disabled people, through a notice in the Disabled Parents site, and announcements on the local disability arts e- newsletter. I am interested in the way that those who heard about the workshops might have been hailed by —or resisted the lure of — those labels “disabled person” or “parent of a disabled child” or at least the meaning of those labels when used by a large disability charity. For example, despite a workshop appearing on the programme of Northwest Disability Arts’ Deaf and Disability Arts Festival, no Deaf participants became involved in the writing workshops. Some politicised Deaf communities frame their identities as an oppressed linguistic minority of sign language users, rather than as disabled people (Corker; Ladd). As such, I would suggest that they are not hailed by the call to “disabled people” with which the project was framed, despite the real absence of children’s books drawing on Deaf culture and its rich tradition of visual communication (Saunders; Conlon and Napier). Most of those who attended were (non-disabled) parents or grandparents of disabled children, rather than disabled people, a fact critiqued by some participants. It’s only possible to speculate about the reasons for this imbalance. Was it the reputation of this charity or charities in general (see Shakespeare, "Sweet Charity") amongst politicised disabled people that discouraged attendance? A shared perspective with those within the British disabled peoples’ movement who emphasise the overwhelming importance of material changes in employment, education, transport rather than change in the realm of “attitudes” (eg Oliver, Politics)? Or was it the association of disabled people undertaking creative activities with a patronising therapeutic agenda (eg Hevey, 26)? The “pulling power” of a term even favoured by the British disability movement, it seems, might be heavily dependent on who was using it. Nonetheless, this term did clearly speak to some people. In conversation it emerged that most of those who attended the workshops either had young family members who were disabled or were imbricated in educational and social welfare networks that identified them as “disabled” — for example, by having access to Disability Living Allowance. While most of the disabled children in participants’ families were in mainstream education, most also had an educational “statement” enabling them to access extra resources, or were a part of early intervention programmes. These social and educational institutions had thus already hailed them as “families of disabled children” and as such they recognised themselves in the project’s invitation. Here we can see the social and institutional shaping of what counts as “disabled children” in action. One participant who came via an unusual route into the workshops provides an interesting reflection of the impact of an address to “disabled people”. This man had heard about the workshop because the local charity he ran had offices adjacent to the venue of one of the workshops. He started talking to the workshop facilitator, and as he said in an interview, became interested because “well … she mentioned that it was about disabilities and I’m interested in people’s disabilities – I want to improve conditions for them obviously”. I probed him about the relationship between his interest and his own experiences as a person with dyslexia. While he taught himself to read in his thirties, he described his reading difficulties as having ongoing impacts on his working life. He responded: first of all it wasn’t because I have dyslexia, it was because I’m interested in improving people’s lives in general. So, I mean particularly people who are disabled need more care than most of us don’t they? …. and I’d always help whenever I can, you know what I mean. And then thinking that I had a disability myself! The dramatic double-take at the end of this comment points to the way this respondent positions himself throughout as outside of the category of “disabled”. This self- identification points towards the stigma often attached to the category “disabled”. It also indicates the way in which this category is, at least in part, socially organised, such that people can be in various circumstances located both inside and outside it. In this writer’s account “people who are disabled” are “them” needing “more care than most of us”. Here, rather than identifying as a disabled person, imagined as a recipient of support, he draws upon the powerful discourses of charity in a way that positions him giving to and supporting others. The project appealed to him as a charity worker and as a campaigner, and indeed a number of other participants (both “disabled” and “non-disabled”) framed themselves in this way, looking to use their writing as a fundraising tool, for example, or as a means of promoting more effective inclusive education. The permeability of the category of “disabled” presented some challenges in the attempt to solicit “disabled peoples’” voices within the project. This was evident when completed stories came to be illustrated by design, illustration and multimedia students at four British universities: Liverpool John Moores University, the University of Wolverhampton, the University of Teeside and the North East Wales Institute. Students attending an initial briefing on the project completed a questionnaire which included an item asking whether they considered themselves to be disabled. While around eight of the eighty respondents answered “yes” to this question, the answers of these students and some others were by no means clear cut. A number of students identified themselves as dyslexic, but contested the idea that this diagnosis meant that they were disabled. One respondent commented along similar lines: “My boyfriend was very upset that the university considers him to be disabled because he is dyslexic”. How can we make sense of these responses? We could note again that the identity of “disabled” is highly stigmatised. Many disabled students believe that they are seen as lazy, demanding excessive resources, or even in the case of some students with non- visible impairments, lying (Kleege; Olney and Brockman). So we could view such responses as identity management work. From this point of view, an indicator of the success of the project in shifting some of the stigma attached to the label of “disabled” might be the fact that at least one of the students participants “came out” as dyslexic to her tutors in the course of her participation in the project. The pattern of answers on questionnaire returns suggests that particular teaching strategies and administrative languages shape how students imagine and describe themselves. Liverpool John Moores University, one of the four art schools participating in the project, had a high profile programme seeking to make dyslexic students aware of the technical and writing support available to them if they could present appropriate medical certification (Lowy). Questionnaires from LJMU included the largest number of respondents identifying themselves as both disabled and dyslexic, and featured no comment on any mismatch between these labels. In the interests of obtaining appropriate academic support and drawing on a view of dyslexia not as a deficit but as a learning style offering significant advantages, it might be argued, students with dyslexia at this institution had been taught to recognise themselves through the label “disabled”. This acknowledgement that people sharing some similar experiences might describe themselves in very different ways depending on their context suggests another way of interpreting some students’ equivocal relationship to labels like “dyslexia” and “disabled”. The university as an environment demanding the production of very formal styles of writing and rapid assimilation of a high volume of written texts, is one where particular learning strategies of people with dyslexia come to be disabling. In many peoples’ day to day lives – and perhaps particularly in the day to day lives of visual artists – less conventional ways of processing written information simply may not be disabling. As such, students’ responses might be seen less as resistance to a stigmatised identity and more an acknowledgement of the contingent nature of disablement. Or perhaps we might understand these student responses as a complex mix of both of these perspectives. Disability studies has pointed to the coexistence of contradictory discourses around disability within popular culture (eg, Garland-Thomson; Haller, Dorries and Rahn). Similarly, the friezes, interactive games, animations, illustrated books and stand-alone images which came out of this arts project sometimes incorporate rival conceptions of disability side by side. A number of narratives, for example, include pairs of characters, one of which embodies conventional narratives of disability (for example, being diagnostically labelled or ‘cured’), while the other articulates alternative accounts (celebrating diversity and enabling environments). Both students and staff reported that participation in the project prompted critical thinking about accessible design and inclusive representation. Some commented in interviews that their work on the project had changed their professional practice in ways they thought might have longer term impact on the visual arts. However, it is clear that in student work, just as in the project itself, alternative conceptions of what “disability” might mean were at play, even as reframing such conceptions are explicitly the aim of the enterprise. Such contradictions point towards the difficulties of easily labelling individual stories or indeed the wider project “progressive” or otherwise. Some illustrated narratives and animations created by students were understood by the project management to embody the definitions of “disabled children” within the project’s ten principles. This work was mounted on the website to serve as exemplars for the publishing industry (http://www.childreninthepicture.org.uk/stories.htm). Such decisions were not unreflective, however. There was a good deal of discussion by students and project management about how to make “disabled children” visible without labelling or pathologising. For example, one of the project’s principles is that “images of disabled children should be used casually or incidentally, so that disabled children are portrayed playing and doing things alongside their non- disabled peers” (see also Bookmark). Illustrator Jane Ray commented wryly in an article on the website on her experience of including disabled characters in a such a casual way in her published work that no-one notices it! (Ray). As I’ve discussed in more detail elsewhere (Matthews, forthcoming), the social model, espoused by the project, with its primary focus on barriers to equality rather than individual impaired bodies, presented some challenges to such aims. While both fairytales and, increasingly, contemporary books for young people, do sometimes engage with violence, marginalisation and social conflict (Saunders), there is a powerful imperative to avoid such themes in books for very young children. In trying to re-narrativise disabled children outside conventional paradigms of “bravery overcoming adversity”, the project may have also pushed writers and illustrators away from engaging with barriers to equality. The project manager commented in an interview: “probably in the purest form the social model would show in stories the barriers facing disabled children, whereas we want to show what barriers have been knocked down and turn it round into a more positive thing”. While a handful of the 23 stories emerging from the writing workshops included narratives around bullying and or barriers to equal access, many of the stories chose to envisage more utopian, integrated environments. If it is barriers to inequality that, at least in part, create “disabled people”, then how is it possible to identify disabled children with little reference to such barriers? The shorthand used by many student illustrators, and frequently too in the “images for inspiration” part of the project’s website, has been the inclusion of enabling technologies. A white cane, a wheelchair or assistive and augmentative communication technologies can be included in an image without making a “special” point of these technologies in the written text. The downside to this shorthand, however, is the way that the presence of these technologies can serve to naturalise the category of “disabled children”. Rather than being seen as a group identity constituted by shared experiences of discrimination and exclusion, the use of such “clues” to which characters “are disabled” might suggest that disabled people are a known group, independent of particular social and environmental settings. Using this arts project as a case study, I have traced here some of the ways people are recognised or recognise themselves as “disabled”. I’ve also suggested that within this project other conceptions of what “disabled” might mean existed in the shadows of the social constructionist account to which it declared its allegiances. Given the critiques of the social model which have emerged within disability studies over the last fifteen years (e.g. Crowe; Shakespeare, Disability Rights), this need not be a damning observation. 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