Journal articles on the topic 'Languages, Modern Study and teaching (Primary) Indonesia'

Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a plan that will effectively integrate a 3-years foreign language program of Arabic-English-Japanese in three different Islamic schools, “Madrasah Ibtida’iyah, Madrasah Tsanawiyah, and Madrasah Aliyah” in Cipadung Sub-District, Cibiru District. Research Method: The study utilizes a mix of both qualitative and quantitative research approach with a detailed analytical method. The research gathered its primary data by the school (madrasah) statistics, for example, curriculum activity assessments, student’s involvement in the lecture, test scores, sample questionnaires, and some sample exercises. However, the data is analyzed by organizing the primary data in charts or graphs. Principal Findings: The main findings obtained from this study is, the implementation of smart and creative learning methodologies will create a student’s engaging and enjoyable learning environment. A properly designed curriculum developed teaching strategies, utilization of audio/visual resources boosts the student’s interest in learning foreign-language courses. Thus, the effective implementation of foreign-language-programs can create better growth opportunities for the youngsters of Indonesia. Application: The integration of three different foreign languages into a single curriculum is although very difficult, but once it is embedded in the course, it has several applications as well. This study is an inherent part of most academic research, which is based on creative curriculum designs for schools and colleges. This is also impactful and suitable in modern technological based teaching and learning research activities. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty that makes this study more prominent as compared to the previous ones is the blend of technology in the traditional way of teaching. The use of audio/visual gadgets firmly grasps the interest of students of all ages throughout the lecture. Similarly, the smartly planned curriculum based on student’s caliber has ultimately helped in advancing the existing knowledge of each understudied student.

This study aims to determine the effect of the whole language approach to the ability to read and write in English in early stages of children aged 5-6 years in one of the kindergartens in the Yogyakarta Special Region. The population in this study were 43 children who were in the age range of 5-6 years in the kindergarten. Twenty-nine participants were included in the experimental class subjects as well as the control class with posttest only control group design. Observation is a way to record data in research on early reading and writing ability. The results of Multivariate Anal- ysis of Covariance (Manova) to the data shows that 1) there is a difference in ability between the application of the whole language approach and the conventional approach to the ability to read the beginning of English; 2) there is a difference in ability between applying a whole language approach and a conventional approach to writing English beginning skills; 3) there is a difference in ability between the whole language approach and the conventional approach to the ability to read and write the beginning in English Keywords: Whole language approach, Early reading, Early writing, Early childhood Reference Abdurrahman, M. (2003). Pendidikan bagi Anak Berkesulitan Belajar. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Aisyah, S., Yarmi, G., & Bintoro, T. (2018). Pendekatan Whole Language dalam Pengembangan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, 160–163. Alhaddad, A. S. (2014). Joedanian Literacy Education Should Whole Language be Implemented? European Scientific Journal, 10(8). Aulina, C. N., & Rezania, V. (2013). Metode Whole Language untuk Pembelajaran Bahasa Pada Anak TK. Pendidikan Usia Dini. Austring, B. D., & Sørensen, M. (2012). A Scandinavian View on the Aesthetics as a Learning Media. Journal of Modern Education Review, 2(2), 90–101. Cahyani, H., Courcy, M. de, & Barnett, J. (2018). Teachers’ code-switching in bilingual classrooms: exploring pedagogical and sociocultural functions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(4), 465–479. Cahyani, W. A. (2019). Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Membaca pada Anak Usia Dini. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. CCSU NEWS. (2019). World’s Most Literate Nations Ranked. In WORLD’S MOST LITERATE NATIONS RANKED. Chodidjah, I. (2007). Teacher training for low proficiency level primary English language teachers: How it is working in Indonesia. In British Council (Ed.) Primary Innovations: A Collection of Papers, 87–94. Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (second Edi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dhieni, N., Fridani, L., Muis, A., & Yarmi, G. (2014). Metode Perkembangan Bahasa. Universitas Terbuka, 1(155.4), 1–28. Dixon, J., & Sumon, T. (1996). Whole Language: An Integrated Approach to Reading and Writing. Action-Learning Manuals for Adult Literacy, 4. Doman, G. (1985). Ajaklah Balita Anda Belajar Meembaca. Bandung: CV. Yrama Widya. Fat, N. (2015). Ranking Minat Baca Pelajar Indonesia. In Minat Baca Indonesia. Flores, N. (2013). Undoing Truth in Language Teaching: Toward a Paradigm of Linguistic Aesthetics. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics (WPEL), 28(2). Folkmann, M. N. (2010). Evaluating aesthetics in design: A phenomenological approach. The MIT Press, 26(1), 40–53. Froese, V. (1991). Whole Language Practice and Theory. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Gagne, R. M., & Briggs, L. J. (1996). Principle of Instructional Design. New York: Richard and Winston.Gardner, H. (2013). Multiple Intelegences : The Theory in ractice a Reader. New York: Basic. Goodman, K. (1986). What‟s whole in whole language. Portsmouth: NH: Heinemann. Goodman, K. S. (1986). What’s Whole in Whole Language? A Parent/Teacher Guide to Children’s Learning. Heinemann Educational Books, Inc: 70 Court St., Portsmouth, NH 03801. Hammerby, H. (1982). Synthesis in Second Language Teaching. Blane: Second Language. Hardinansyah, V. (2017). Analisis Kebutuhan pada Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris di PG-PAUD. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini, 4(2), 92–102. Jamaris, M. (2006). Perkembangan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini Taman Kanak-kanak. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana. Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning (Wesley Longman Ltd, ed.). Addison. Krashen, S., Long, M. H., & Scarcella, R. (1979). Accounting for child-adult differences in second language rate and attainment. TESOL Quarterly, 13, 573-82. Ling-Ying, & Huang. (2014). Learning to Read with the Whole Language Approach: The Teacher’s View. Canadian Center of Science and Education : English Language Teaching, 5(7). Ling, P. (2012). The “Whole Language” Theory and Its Application to the Teaching of English Reading. Journal of Canadian Center of Science and Education, 5(3). Maulidia, C. R., Fadillah, & Miranda, D. (2019). Pengaruh Pendekatan Whole Language Terhadap Kemampuan Membaca 5-6 Tahun di TK Mawar Khatulistiwa. Program Studi Pendidikan Guru PAUD FKIP Untan Pontianak, 8(7). Mayuni, I., & Akhadiah, S. (2016). Whole Language-Based English Reading Materials. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 5(3). Meha, N., & Roshonah, A. F. (2014). Implementasi Whole Language Approach sebagai Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Berbahasa Awal Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di PAUD Non Formal. Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(1), 68–82. Moats, L. (2007). Whole language high jinks: How to Tell When “Scientifically-Based Reading Instruction” Isn’t. Washington: Thomas B. Fordham Institute. Montessori, D. M. (1991). The discovery of the Child. New York: Ballatine Books.Morrow, L. M. (1993). Literacy Development in the Early Years. United States of America: Allyn & Bacon.Munandar, A. (2013). Pemakaian Bahasa Jawa Dalam Situasi Kontak Bahasa di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Sastra Inggris, 25(1), 92–102. Musfiroh, T. (2009). Menumbuhkembangkan Baca-Tulis Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Grasindo. Nirwana. (2015). Peningkatan Kemampuan Membaca Cepat Melalui Pendekatan Whole Language pada Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri 246 Bulu-Bulu Kecamatan Tonra Kabupaten Bone. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, Dan Sastra, 1(1), 79-94., 1(1), 79–94. Novitasari, D. R. (2010). Pembangunan Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Untuk Siswa Kelas 1 Pada Sekolah Dasar Negeri 15 Sragen. Sentra Penelitian Engineering Dan Edukas, Volume 2 N. Oladele, A. O., & Oladele, I. T. (2016). Effectiveness of Collaborative Strategic Reading and Whole Language Approach on Reading Comprehension Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities in Oyo State Nigeria Adetoun. International Journal on Language, Literature and Culture in Education, 3(1), 1–24. Olusegun, B. S. (2015). Constructivism Learning Theory: A Paradigm for Teaching and Learning. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 5(6), 66–70. Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge.Otto, B. (2015). Perkembangan Bahasa Pada Anak Usia DIni (third Edit). Jakarta: Prenadamedia. Papalia, D., Old, S., & Feldman, R. (2008). Human Development (Psikologi Perkembangan). Jakarta: Kencana. Papalia, Old, & Feldman. (2009). Human Development (Psikologi Perkembangan (Kesembilan). Jakarta: Kencana. Pellini, A. PISA worldwide ranking; Indonesia’s PISA results show need to use education resources more efficiently. , (2016). Phakiti, A. (2014). Experimental Research Methods in Language Learning. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Rahim, F. (2015). Pengajaran Bahasa di Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. Routman, R. (2014). Read, write, lead: Breakthrough strategies for schoolwide literacy success. Sadtono, E. (2007). A concise history of TEFL in Indonesia. English Education in Asia: History and Policies, 205–234. Sani, R.A. (2013). Inovasi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.Sani, Ridwan A. (2013). Inovasi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara. Santrock, J. W. (2016). Children (Thirteenth). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Saracho, O. N. (2017). Literacy and language: new developments in research, theory, and practice. Early Childhood Development and Care, 3(4), 187. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1282235 Semiawan, C. R. (1983). Memupuk Bakat dan Minat Kreativitas Siswa Sekolah Menengah. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Sikki, E. A. A., Rahman, A., Hamra, A., & Noni, N. (2013). The Competence of Primary School English Teachers in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(11), 139–146. Siskandar. (2009). Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi. Jakarta: Fasilitator. Solchan, T. W., Mulyati, Y., Syarif, M., Yunus, M., Werdiningsih, E., Pramuki, B. E., & Setiawati, L. (2008). Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia di SD. Jakarta. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Solehudin, O. (2007). Model Pembelajaran Membaca Reading Workshop: Studi Kuasi Eksperimen di SD Muhammadiyah VII Bandung (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Suparno, S., & Yunus, M. (2007). Keterampilan Dasar Menulis. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Susanto, A. (2011). Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini Pengantar dalam Berbagai Aspeknya. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Suyanto, K. K. E. (2010). Teaching English as foreign language to young learners. Jakarta: State University of Malang. Tarigan, D. (2001). Pendidikan Bahasa dan sastra Indonesia Kelas Rendah. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Trask, R. L., & Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Ur, P. (1996). A course in Language Teaching. Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge. University Press. Williams, A. L., McLeod, S., & McCauley, R. J. (2010). Interventions for Speech Sound Disorders in Children. Brookes Publishing Company.: PO Box 10624; Baltimore; MD 21285. Wright, P., Wallance, J., & McCAarthy, J. (2008). Aesthetics and experience-centered design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 15(4), 18.

The Classics in Communities project (http://classicsincommunities.org/) is a partnership between members of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and the Iris Project. It was set up in response to the primary curriculum reforms which were implemented in England from September 2014. In the Key Stage 2 (KS2) Languages curriculum policy, for the first time, Classical Greek and Latin can be chosen for study by pupils aged 6-11 in place of a modern language. The project particularly targets schools where Classical languages have not previously featured on the curriculum. It has twin aims: to equip teachers in primary schools with the skills and knowledge necessary to teach these languages; and to conduct parallel research to determine the impact of Classical language learning on children's cognitive development.

The research aims to analyze and understand the vision and mission of E-Da'wah, sources of content that are used as a reference, selected preaching content, and language style displayed in Islam Digest Republika.co.id. The research uses a case study method, a qualitative approach, using new media theory, and information dissemination theory. The research results show that the vision carried out by Republika.co.id's Digest Islamic Digest is modern, moderate, Muslim, nationality, and populist, with a mission as an advanced, intelligent, and civilized new online media. While the sources of the Islamic Digest news are taken from the primary causes of the teachings of Islam al-Quran Hadith and the works of classical and contemporary scholars. Likewise, the selected content around aqidah, sharia, Sufism, history, and others, by displaying popular language styles that are interesting and easy to read.Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan memahami visi misi E-Dakwah, sumber-sumber konten yang dijadikan rujukan, konten-konten dakwah yang dipilih dan gaya bahasa yang ditampilkan dalam Islam Digest Republika.co.id. Penelitian menggunakan metode studi kasus, pendekatan kualitatif, dengan menggunakan teori media baru dan teori penyebaran informasi. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa visi yang diemban E-Dakwah Islam Digest Republika.co.id adalah modern, moderat, muslim, kebangsaan, dan kerakyatan, dengan misi sebagai media online masyarakat baru yang maju, cerdas, dan beradab. Sedangkan sumber-sumber berita Islam Digest diambil dari sumber pokok ajaran Islam al-Quran Hadits dan karya-karya ulama klasik dan kontemporer. Demikian pula konten-konten yang dipilih sekitar aqidah, syariah, akhlak tasawuf, sejarah, dan yang lainnya, dengan menampilkan gaya bahasa populer yang menarik dan enak dibaca.

The education system must respond to changes in society, its demands and needs of students at all levels, so the mission of modern pedagogical institutions of higher education is to train teachers ready and able to accept such challenges. The article presents the experience of the Department of Foreign Languages at the Pedagogical Institute of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University in training students majoring in 012 "Preschool Education" and 013 "Primary Education" and methods of teaching them to implement digital tools in the process of forming foreign language communicative competence of 3-10 year-old children at preschool institutions and the New Ukrainian School. It should be noted that this work took place within the research on the scientific topic: "Strategy of foreign language teacher training in the context of European integration." The basis of the study is the understanding of the specifics of language as a means of communication, and therefore the emergence of new digital ways and tools of communication, their widespread penetration into various spheres of life naturally requires their use for educational purposes. In addition, the normative documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine recognize information and digital competence as a component of professional competence of a teacher of any subject, which also requires modernization of components of teacher training in early foreign language learning. In the process of research we relied on the levels of digital competence of teachers defined in DigCompEdu and aimed to prepare future teachers of early foreign language teaching for the practical application of digital tools and instruments taking into account Generation Theory, Alpha children, current foreign language programs in modern conditions of educational institutions in Ukraine. In the process of research in the curriculum of disciplines "Modern technologies of teaching preschool children a foreign language" (specialty "Preschool education") and "Modern technologies of foreign language teaching in primary school" (specialty "Primary education") content modules "Organizational and pedagogical conditions of application of modern technologies of teaching foreign languages (FL) to preschool (PS) children / FL in PS”, “Digital technologies of teaching FL to preschool children / FL in PS”, “Media-based learning in early foreign language learning in PS / in primary school”,“ Technologies of blended learning of foreign languages in primary school” are introduced, within which theoretical, practical and methodical work takes place, the purpose of which is the formation of digital competence of future teachers.

This study aims to discuss modern sociolinguistic theory as the latest Arabic language learning model offering in the context of developing foreign languages in Indonesia. The results of the discussion are expected to expand scientific knowledge in the Arabic learning process in Indonesia. Some Arabic studies currently pay less attention to the study of Arabic culture. Formal learning in the classroom is just quiet theoretical learning of the language itself. Even though studying culture in language learning is very important to do. These two things are inseparable so both must be hand in hand. Everything that can be found in a language contains the culture of its language origin, as well as culture is one of the elements that can shape language. This is called macro linguistics, which is one of the scientific trends in examining issues in learning Arabic in Indonesia. For research design, this study uses a research library which operationally the library data the authors get from books and articles that have relevance to the subject matter. The stages of Arabic language learning based on sociolinguistic theory can be done through three stages, namely describing the concept of sociolinguistics, synchronizing sociolinguistic with teaching material, and implementing sociolinguistics in Arabic instruction. Thus, learning Arabic will be easier for students to understand. The results of the study reveal the results of a fantastic study.

The research aimed to understand ways of implementing multicultural values in Indonesia primary schools. This case study attempted to discover the multicultura values in primary school curriculum documents and teacher's perspective on how to promote the multicultural values in primary shcool students, by interviewing primary school teacher in Makassar and examining primary school curriculum documents. The investigation showed that teaching the values of tolerance, respecting diversity, acknowledging similarities and maintaining native languages and local identy should be done gradually by initially introducing the symbols of multicultural values through picture, videos, and observations, then teaching children through modeling and attitudes of inclusiveness. More importantly is teachers' knowledge on multiculturalism so that they could behave equally towards students and colleagues in school setting. Finally, multiculturalism should be embedded in the schools through celebration of cultures, ethnics and language diversity, through cultural festivals, food exhibition, local art and dance shows, music contests, drama, and literature. Keywords: Multicultura Values, Implementing, Primary School, Teacher Views.

Learning Arabic in Indonesia has experienced the ups and downs along with the dynamics of education in Islamic educational institutions. It gives good attention in Arabic teaching is Islamic boarding school. The Islamic boarding school students have not been able to master language skills well, like Arrisalah concerns with speaking skill and Al amin Hudatul Muna 1 concerns with reading skill. This research focused on three aspects: the materials, the instrutions process and the kinds of languages activities in Arabic teaching in modern and salaf Islamic boarding school for class two. It is kind of qualitative study design to describe the results and collecting the data.The results of this study are: (1) the Arabic teaching materials in modern Islamic boarding school consist of 7 subjects, and salaf consist of 5 subjects. (2) the instructional method in modern Islamic boarding school are used grammar translation method, direct method, audio lingual method, reading method and inductive method. The instructional method in salaf islamic boarding school are used grammar translation method and deductive method. (3) the kinds of language activities in modern Islamic boarding school devided into two kinds namely language activities inside the class and language activities outside the class.

This study aims to describe the role of foreign languages as a medium for the development of pesantren in the archipelago. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Pesantren is one of the oldest Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. In the history of its development, pesantren reap some barriers, until finally at the beginning of XX century pesantren began to demand by many people. The success of pesantren in managing Islamic education is partly because of the role of foreign languages (Arabic and English) taught in it. In the globalization era, foreign language is a primary requirement for students, thus making pesantren as an alternative institution in developing foreign language skills of santri, in addition, the learning of foreign languages in pesantren is more effective because of the language environment. This is one of them can make foreign language as one of the political media in order to advance the existence of pesantren. Foreign language politics in pesantren means managing foreign languages as the language of communication in various policies in pesantren. Some pesantrens in Indonesia with a background of modern pesantren and Salāf pesantren are keen to utilize foreign languages as a means of communication, resistance, and reconstruction of pesantren, such as the modern pesantren Gontor Ponorogo, Darullughah Wadda'wah Bangil Pasuruan pesantren, and Sidogiri Pasuruan pesantren. Some of these pesantren are pesantren who successfully manage foreign languages in accordance with the above functions. Thus, the paradigm of pesantren succession is not only seen from the number of santri who are proficient in Islamic Studies, but also from the extent to which santri skilled in various fields, one of which is foreign language.

The methodology of teaching foreign languages is constantly looking for ways to effectively master foreign languages by primary school students. The article deals with the possibility of using digital and multimedia technologies in the process of forming foreign language grammar competence of younger students on the example of the German language. The analysis of foreign experience proved the relevance of the introduction of such technologies in the teaching process of educational institutions of all levels, but it also noted the lack of studying the method of using digital and multimedia tools in the process of forming foreign language competence of primary school students, in particular when learning grammar in German. It is considered that in modern educational development conditions it is important to take into account the features of modern students, who are digital native, and the use of digital and multimedia technologies in German lessons is a natural and understandable tool for them. Future teachers and those, who are practicing the early language teaching, need to overcome psychological barriers and doubts about the effectiveness of new tools to make digital and multimedia technology a daily practice. The article proposes digital and multimedia resources and programs that can be used in the process of forming a foreign grammar competence at different stages of grammar processing, while fully complying with the requirements of the program "Foreign Languages for General and Specialty Educational Institutions 1-4 classes" of Ukraine. The comparative analysis of online resources intended for the study of foreign languages, including German, with the existing foreign language program for the New Ukrainian School (2018), taking into account the level of foreign language communication competence at the time of graduation from 4th grade, allowed to systematize existing digital networks on the Internet and cartoon resources in accordance with vocabulary stock and vocabulary topics, which will help to apply them effectively in German lessons, to increase the motivation of younger students, to encourage an independent study of a foreign language

The process of teaching university lecturers foreign language professional discourse is shown, the aim and objectives of education are defined, and the importance of choosing proper educational content is specified. The significance of professional knowledge as to its capability to form lecturer's professional language competence in accordance with the modern state of scientific knowledge is proven. The necessity of taking into account specifics of lecturer's professional activities and including professional knowledge in the educational content is proven, and its components are defined. The principles which form the model of teaching university lecturers in the context of profession-oriented educational process, and the competency-based, cognitive, and student-centered approaches, are examined in detail. The components of educational content in teaching foreign languages are stated, representing the basis of foreign language education, centering on professional activity. Currently many Russian universities in an attempt to internationalize face the problem of high-quality education and right selection of academic staff, who can speak English at the required level. This situation is determined by the necessity of linguistic support of the education process (lectures in foreign languages, training international students) and research work (searching and studying sources in foreign languages, cooperation with foreign researchers etc.). Non-languages faculties of Russian universities are experiencing the lack of specialists, who have the required level of English (developing and presenting lecture courses, work programs, evaluation methods, laboratory works). So the whole range of the problems forms the relevance of the study. As the primary research method experienced teachers training is used.

This research aims to motivate and improve Primary School Teacher in English skills. Based on Mulyanah's research 2018, there were 70% of English teachers were found by non-linear based on their previous study and based on TOEFL scores the teacher's lack of competence of English skill and they need interesting teaching media to improve their skill by using English instructions book to maintain the initial motivation, maintain the curiosity and interest of the teachers to develop a desire to learn languages, especially in English easily and quickly. In this research, the descriptive quantitative approach is selected by the researcher with a quasi-experimental design and non-equivalent design control group using pre-test and post-test, experimental and control group to find out the results after treatment given. The sample are 20 English teachers of Primary school in Tangerang, Indonesia. The research is divided into several of processes, pretest, 6 times for the treatments and the last posttest. The results of the research are 1) Increased teacher motivation in learning English, 2) Increased confidence using English both inside and outside the classroom. 3) 0.6% increased teacher competence in their English skills.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of intrinsic motivation of primary-school-age children alongside the factors that influence these levels when learning English. Design/methodology/approach This goal was reached through a study that was conducted in four educational establishments of Tyumen. The study benefits from qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part consists of an experiment in a group setting. Two groups of students were learning under two different programmes and the teachers were making records of student outcomes, interest in learning and motivation. The findings demonstrate that the level of motivation/interest is higher when interactive techniques (appropriate for the age of students) are in use. The quantitative part involved a survey to identify intrinsic motivations by completing which the students revealed high and medium levels of motivation/interest to learn. Findings The findings can be used when updating or re-designing education programmes and when creating new methods for teaching English in Russian educational establishments. Originality/value Giving the schoolchildren a motivation to learn is, without any exaggeration, one of the central problems in modern school. Teaching English as a foreign language to students of younger age (schoolchildren) requires a special approach due to special psychological and mental characteristics that these students have. The scholars have established that learning of foreign languages happens best at a very young age. However, without proper methods of teaching, teachers will not be able to reach the learning objectives, which they were attempting to reach. The reason for this effect is simple. The way the subject is taught is expected to spark interest but with the lack of interest in the subject, students will not feel sufficiently motivated to actually learn something. Hence, motivation is essential for learning any foreign language. In the home setting, motivation to learn, as well as a positive learning environment, is the responsibility of parents.

As a part of the primary stage of Chinese phonetic teaching, the importance of Chinese initial teaching is self-evident, as initial pronunciation errors can affect the results of communication. Therefore, when Indonesian students begin to learn Chinese phonetics, they should first master the pronunciation characteristics of Chinese initials. This study has made a deeper exploration based on previous studies. This study aims to propose an initial teaching scheme for Indonesian beginners built on sorting out. Through comparison between the consonant systems in Chinese and Indonesian languages, analysis of the difficulties of Indonesian students' acquisition of Chinese initials, and investigation of the arrangement of initials in the “Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet”, this study has designed a Chinese initial teaching scheme for Indonesian Chinese beginners with the purpose of improving the quality of Chinese initial teaching in Indonesia. Literature integration analysis and a qualitative research method were adopted in this study. By integrating existing literature and combining them with the authors’ own research findings, the design of the initial teaching scheme is optimized. The design features of this scheme are mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, arranging Chinese initials from easy to difficult to learn; second, strengthening the teaching and practice of Chinese initials which are different from Indonesian initials and simplifying those of Chinese initials which are identical to Indonesian initials; third, using the Indonesian alphabet or syllables as a guide to bring out Chinese initials. All of these can be regarded as the main results of this study and can be used as reference for further studies.

As the modern world gives many opportunities for travel, communication, technologies, the need of learning foreign languages has become the critical issue for every country. The more expanded borders are, the more forces should be undertaken for controlling the situation within and out of the country. The concept of the Russian language teaching in the course of the US policy depends on political matters. The author has made an effort to describe activities of strengthening educational system for international understanding and global competence. The analyzed data includes the list of the US schools, which offer Russian language courses, the campaigns which are run for re-enforcing the position of the Russian language. This article describes the existing measures, which provide Russian language learning in the USA. The study analyses the ways of implementing the Russian language into the system of higher, secondary and primary schools. The findings indicate the measures of the Russian Federation government, which are successfully performed on the territory of the USA. The study demonstrates the changes of methodical potential, which have been undergone since 60th of XX century.

<p>This research is motivated by the attitude of Muslim ambiguity in facing modernity which its existence is necessity and can not be rejected in any way. The product of modernity has roiled throughout the joints and pulse of human life without any rebellion. Because he is present with a friendly and pragmatic smile, so able to lull and make forget the impacts. The author formulates this research on the concept of modern education Mahmud Yunus and its relevance to modern education now and how its contribution to modern educational institutions in Indonesia. This study aims to get a picture of modern educational thinking Mahmud Yunus and its relevance to the birth of modern educational institutions in Indonesia. This research is library research, where the data obtained through primary data sources and secondary data, either through the source books of Mahmud Yunus figures directly or from reading materials and internet searching and interviews that the author describes by arranging them according to the theme and issues, especially issues related to the modernization of Islamic education in Indonesia. The concept of modern education Mahmud Yunus is a radical renewal of the education system by taking into account the needs and demands of society, without destroying the existing order. So the offer of modernization of education Mahmud Yunus, in the application of its implementation does not get opposition from anyone, both internal and ekster-nal. While his contribution to the birth of modern educational institutions in Indonesia; In the first place, institutional modernization, Mahmud Yunus is among those who pioneered the need to change the teaching system from the individual ones as applied in the pesantren using the sorogan or weton method. Secondly, the modernization in curriculum where Mahmud Yunus was the first to pioneer the existence of an integrated curriculum, a curriculum combining religious knowledge and general science in Islamic educational institutions, especially in developing Arabic teaching. Third, modernization in the field of learning, Mahmud Yunus is recognized by educational experts as a way hacker for the birth of new methods of Islamic education in Indonesia and he made a new teaching method that he introduced with the name al-thariqah al-mubasyarah (direct methode) that teaches various components science of Arabic. From the thought of Mahmud Yunus is found a new concept, namely; "ICT-based Modern Madrasahs" from the elaboration of the modernization concept both from the institutional side, the curriculum, the method of learning and producing a reliable educator in the hope of becoming a new paradigm for the world of Islamic education in the world and Indonesia in particular.</p><p class="keywords">Keywords: modern education, islamic education institution, integrated curriculum</p>

This article is the partial result of an investigation carried out with the students of the Degree Program in Modern Languages ​​of the University of Caldas, Colombia. This research was likewise integrated into a second study concerning the Didactics of the Grammar of Foreign Languages. The research arose from the linguistic hybridization that language teachers have perceived in the correction of the written production of students who simultaneously learn several languages. We analyze, in the current investigation, the phenomenon of linguistic transfer through a corpus of authentic texts written by students. This research focuses on two primary objectives: to identify the phenomenon of transfer at the scriptural level and to determine the pedagogical implications of the language loan in the simultaneous learning of several foreign languages. The methodology is based on an analytical-descriptive approach whose instruments for collecting information were an interview, a survey and a corpus of 50 authentic texts produced by the students. We made a description of the discursive unit and then we carried out a morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis of each text. The systematization of the information gathered threw us among the conclusions that the mixture of languages ​​in written production is essentially due to the similarity between them, that is, due to their nature of related languages ​​and the approach used for teaching foreign languages, it facilitates the transfer phenomenon when the learning of several linguistic codes occurs simultaneously.

The aim of this article is to present the profile of a ‘good’ foreign language teacher,which has been created on the basis of the comments made by about 230 students of modern languages at Polish institutions of higher education (colleges and universities) in two voivodeships of Poland, namely Podkarpackie Voivodeship and Wielkopolska Voivodeship. In this image, teacher personality traits, the majority of which are regarded as values not only in professional life (e.g. in the teaching profession), but also in personal life, have ranked the highest. Personality traits have overshadowed the other two groups of qualities, which foreign language teachers are also equipped with, i.e. didactic and glottodidactic ones. This study is part of a larger research project covering all types of schools in Poland (from primary schools, through middle and secondary schools, to colleges and universities)

The article explores the features of modern information and communication technologies implementation in teaching technical English. The specifics of teaching foreign languages for applicants for non-linguistic specialties has its own characteristics, which should be taken into account when constructing and conducting classes. The information society poses new challenges and correspondingly new goals for teachers and applicants to higher education, the achievement of which is ensured by analyzing situational data and creating the environment that would most closely reflect the realities of the modern professional environment, which requires an appropriate level of a foreign language knowledge. It was determined that electronic learning tools act as a catalyst in mastering the material and improve the quality of the educational process. The study analyzed psychological factors that provide an extremely high level of student motivation and form the corresponding priorities in the direction of professional growth. The pedagogical ways of introducing multimedia teaching aids while studying a foreign language are described in detail as a key condition for the fundamental training of a qualified specialist, focused on meeting the needs of the modern market. It is noted that higher education institutions do not yet fully possess educational computer programs and the latest software, which is one of the most pressing problems in the digitalization of the educational process. It is proved that the effectiveness of achieving didactic goals directly depends on the chosen forms and methods of training, and the inclusion of information and communication technologies has such advantages as individualization and intensification of the educational process, an increase in the amount of independent work of the applicant, which is an important component of the Bologna process. In this regard, and with the aim of developing the communication skills of future specialists, ICTs are considered to be the primary element in the training of qualified specialists in economic fields.

In the article, theoretical-and methodological approaches of modern scholars to the issue of implementing learning strategies into the process of teaching foreign languages are ascertained. The development of strategies and the strategy repertoire along with factors that influence the choice of strategies and their transfer to different learning contexts is considered. Strategy instruction and its impact on language learners are observed. The variety and diversity of factors affecting the choice and the use of learning strategies, namely, motivation, learner autonomy, self-regulation, prior learning experience and students’ beliefs, which determine individual choice of language learning strategies by students of higher education establishments are analyzed. The transfer of general learning strategies to new learning contexts, notably to learning foreign languages, and the predictive value they have in language achievement is defined. The value and importance of learning strategies and the relationship between success, achievement and performance and examined. The teaching of the wide scope of strategies to language students to help them become more efficient, effective and productive is addressed. Possible differences in learning strategy types and frequency of strategy use in low and high strategy users as well as high and low achievers of foreign language learners are identified. Research needs to be conducted to find more efficient ways of training learners to use language learning strategies effectively. The length, the amount and the type of strategy instruction that has more impact on the students’ adoption of learning of strategies should be scrutinized. The type of strategies that learners are more susceptible to accept and adopt not only in the short term but also in the long term should be analyzed. No study has been conducted in the general set of strategies which beginner learners of English transfer from their general repertoire of strategies to language learning as the primary tools to face language learning and the extent to which these strategies will help them in attaining success in language learning.

Abstrak Bahasa Arab adalah bahasa Umat Islam, bahasa yang sudah menyebar keseluruh penjuru Dunia, tak terkecuali bumi Indonesia yang memiliki keberagaman suku, budaya dan bahasa. Kendati demikian, kemajemukan bahasa di Nusantara ini tidak menutupi bahasa yang masuk dari luar negri termasuk bahasa Arab. Bahkan bahasa Indonesia ini banyak megadopsi dari bahasa Arab. Kemudian, semakin banyaknya peminat masyarakat tanah air dengan bahasa Arab, maka otomatis dibutuhkan pula pengajar yang kompeten dalam bidang bahasa Arab. Sistem pengajaran bahasa Arab di Indosesia secara umum, dari dulu hingga sekarang masih banyal lembaga pendidikan terutama pesantren menggunakan metode dan keterampilan yang sama, tidak berkembang. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah metode al-qawāid wa al-tajamah. Metode ini kekurangannya adalah tidak memperhatikan empat keterampilan berbahasa Arab, yaitu istima’(menyimak), kalam (berbicara), qirāah (membaca), dan kitābah (menulis). Metode ini banyak mengasah keterampilan membaca saja. Oleh karena itu, dipandang perlu adanya penulisan terkait masalah ini dengan meneliti tentang penerapan keterampilan berbahasa Arab bersumber dari buku paduan pembelajaran bahasa arab untuk non penutur asli (non Arab), yaitu kitāb al-Idhāāt karya ‘Abdurrahman al-Fauzan. Adapun bentuk dari riset ini ialah studi literatur (kitab-kitab) yang sifatnya kualitatif, dalam metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode library research (studi pustaka) yang sumber utamanya (primer) adalah Kitāb al-Idhāāt yang fokus pada pembahasa penerapan keterampilan bahasa Arab untuk non Arab (‘ajam). Penulis berharap dengan teralisasinya penelitian ini para pengajar bahasa Arab di Nusantara mampu menerapkan keterampilan berbahasa Arab yang empat, yaitu keterampilan istima’(menyimak), kalam (berbicara), qirāah (membaca), dan kitābah (menulis) dengan maksimal. Abstract Arabic is the language of the Islamic ummah, a language that has spread throughout the world, including Indonesia, which has a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. However, the diversity of languages in the archipelago does not cover the languages that have entered from abroad, including Arabic. Even the Indonesian language has adopted many of the Arabic language. Then, with the increasing number of homeland enthusiasts using Arabic, it automatically requires teachers who are competent in the field of Arabic. The Arabic language teaching system in Indonesia in general, from the past until now, many educational institutions, especially Islamic boarding schools, use the same methods and skills, not developed. One of the methods used is the al-qawāid wa al-tajamah method. The drawback of this method is that it does not pay attention to the four Arabic language skills, namely istima '(listening), kalam (speaking), qirāah (reading), and kitābah (writing). This method hones a lot of reading skills only. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to write about this problem by examining the application of Arabic language skills sourced from the Arabic language learning guide book for non-native speakers (non-Arabic), namely kitāb al-Idhāāt by 'Abdurrahman al-Fauzan. The form of this research is the study of literature (books) which are qualitative in nature, in this research method using the library research method (literature study) whose main source (primary) is Kitāb al-Idhāāt which focuses on the application of Arabic language skills for non Arabic ('ajam). The author hopes that with the realization of this research, Arabic language teachers in the archipelago will be able to apply the four Arabic language skills, namely istima '(listening), kalam (speaking), qirāah (reading), and kitābah (writing) skills maximally.

The idea about knowing well any foreign language is very inspirational. People who know two or more foreign languages are admired and give people a hope to learn a new language easily. Consequently, this nice idea ends with the difficulties that students face while learning a new language. Only the infinitive desire could help student to learn something new. Attempts are really important thing in learning language, but difficulties can stop and isolate from the learning process. Scientists constantly have been estimating various kinds of learning difficulties and people who are undergoing difficulties of their studies. Frequently students face with academic failures, but according to the scholars, there is a way to avoid them – making learning more modernized by incorporating various innovative technologies as a motivational tool.Teacher’s role, without any concerns, has a great influence on a person’s life. Intellectual development starting with the primary classes to the university auditoriums and even future career largely depends on a teacher, who is responsible for providing valuable information and deciding on the methods as well as motivational tools to be applied.The research and data acquired revealed the students’ attitude towards learning of foreign language. It was noted that it is a very complicated and laborious procedure requiring long time and sustained efforts. During the process of foreign language acquisition, as the research results demonstrate, students confront with variety of difficulties. The respondents noted that the most topical difficulties are as follows: poor knowledge from secondary school, lack of practice, inefficient time management, etc. Therefore, in order to achieve prodigious results, the process of efficient language acquisition has to incorporate new educational trends, innovative study methods and practices, and appropriate motivational tools. Students participating in the survey specified that they would be satisfied by participating in modern innovative teaching and learning activities and having more contact hours for their lectures, and although the role of motivation cannot be denied.

Purpose of the study: The article discusses the national-cultural characteristics of the Chinese gender culture and methods of its implementation in linguistic units: words, phraseological units, euphemisms, proverbs, and sayings. This research also examines the nominative system of the Chinese language, the lexicon, as well as what ratings are attributed to men and women and in what semantic areas they are most clearly expressed. Methodology: In order to describe the internal form of gender vocabulary, the authors used the following methods common for studies: description, semantic definition, classification, and linguistic interpretation, and the statistical method (quantitative calculations). The etymological approach used to identify primary sources of gender vocabulary. Main Findings: A study of linguistic facts shows that the gender stereotypes of Chinese culture possess not only general cultural, but also general linguistic properties, which are fixed by different kinds of language units. Gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexical and phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, case-texts (discourse) and other language units, which indicates its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. Applications/Implications of the study: The results of the study can be used in the further researches of gender stereotypes and its linguistic objectification in both related and genetically distant languages, in various types of discourse. The results of the work can also be used in the teaching of Chinese, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of translation, regional studies. The authors believe that the results of the study will help to better understand the native Chinese speakers, which can help increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication. Novelty/Originality of the study: In this article, the author first showed that gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexico-phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, and other linguistic units, which testifies to its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. It is one of the first studies analyzed the language objectification of the gender code of Chinese culture.

This study presents the thought and the role of Prof. Zakiah Daradjat, a modern female Muslim leader with multitalents in Indonesia. She is an expert in psychology of religion and mental health, both in theory and practice. Amazingly, she masters the western and eastern psychological theory, and then constructs them into her own theory which is linked to primary, middle, and high educational level. Practically, she achieves her expertise and skill in psychotherapy and counseling by teaching, writing, preaching, and opening a private counseling practice. Her main source is the fundamental doctrine of religious teachings: prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage in which she thoroughly analyzes by revealing the dimensions of mental health in them. By using descriptive analysis on her books and translated works as primary sources, and applying interview technique with teachers as well as observation technique on cases that exist at Ruhama Islamic Educational Institution, under the auspices of the Prof. Dr. Zakiah Daradjat Foundation Jakarta, some interesting findings are discovered. Scientifically, no one has previously comprehended mental health and psychology of religion before Zakiah. In turn, both disciplines are applied at Colleges for Religious Studies (Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan- hereinafter called PTK) in the form of an academic supervisory. Initially, it was counseling, but has now evolved into coaching and training. Meanwhile, the implementation of her thought in Ruhama focuses on guidance and counseling. At last, this study shows Zakiah’s thought does not only influence the concept of psychology of religion and mental health, but also affects the practice of counseling in primary, middle to high educational institutions. Penelitian ini menyajikan pemikiran dan peran Prof. Zakiah Daradjat, seorang pemimpin Muslim wanita modern dengan multitalent di Indonesia. Dia adalah seorang ahli dalam psikologi agama dan kesehatan mental, baik dalam teori dan praktek. Hebatnya, dia menguasai teori psikologi Barat dan Timur, dan kemudian membangun ke teori sendiri yang terkait dengan pendidikan dasar, menengah dan tinggi. Secara praktis, ia mencapai keahlian dan keterampilannya dalam psikoterapi dan konseling dengan mengajar, menulis, berkhutbah, dan membuka praktek konseling pribadi. Sumber utamanya adalah doktrin fundamental ajaran agama: doa, amal, puasa, dan haji di mana ia benar-benar menganalisa dengan mengungkapkan dimensi kesehatan mental di dalamnya. Dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif pada buku-buku dan karya-karya terjemahan sebagai sumber primer, dan menerapkan teknik wawancara dengan guru serta teknik observasi pada kasus yang ada di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Ruhama, di bawah naungan Prof. Dr. Zakiah Daradjat Yayasan Jakarta, beberapa temuan menarik yang ditemukan. Secara ilmiah, tidak ada seorangpun sebelumnya memahami kesehatan mental dan psikologi agama sebelum Zakiah. Pada gilirannya, kedua disiplin yang diterapkan di Sekolah Tinggi Studi Keagamaan (Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan- selanjutnya disebut PTK) dalam bentuk pengawasan akademik. Awalnya, itu konseling, tetapi sekarang telah berkembang menjadi pembinaan dan pelatihan. Sementara itu, pelaksanaan pemikirannya di Ruhama berfokus pada bimbingan dan konseling. Akhirnya, penelitian ini menunjukkan pemikiran Zakiah ini tidak hanya mempengaruhi konsep psikologi agama dan kesehatan mental, tetapi juga mempengaruhi praktek konseling di SD, menengah hingga di lembaga pendidikan tinggi.

Although there are several approaches and strategies for teaching foreign languages, the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach is the most suitable for young learners. TPR is a way of teaching language that is based on the synchronization of speech and behaviour, or in other words, teaching language through movement. This study aims to develop English learning media for children through the Total Physical Response (TPR) method. This study uses a Research and Development (R & D) approach. The development model used is the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). Data collection techniques in this study were based on the results of expert validation tests, media practicality tests, and media effectiveness tests on children aged 5-6 years in Kindergarten. The results showed that the validity test of developing interactive media for children's English learning through the TPR method by media expert was declared valid with the result of 93%. The validity test on the material aspect shows the result is 98%. In the language aspect, the language expert gave the results of the feasibility of the language used in the media with a value of 96%. Likewise, with the practicality test, the results showed that the media had an average value of practicality with a percentage of 94%. The most important result in media development is determined by the results of the effectiveness test, and this media gets an average percentage score of 77.8% on the media tested on children. Therefore, interactive media for children's English learning through the Total Physical Response method deserves to be used as interactive and quality learning media that is practical and effective for early childhood. Intervention in introducing how to develop interactive media for learning English to teachers can be carried out in further research. Keywords: Early Childhood, English Learning Media, Total Physical Response (TPR) method References: Amri, S. (2013). Pengembangan & Model Pembelajaran Dalam Kurikulum. Prestasi Pustakarya. Andi. (2013). Kupas Tuntas Adobe Flash CS6. Gramedia. Ariani, N. & H. (2010). Pembelajaran Multimedia di Sekolah Pedoman Pembelajaran Inspiratif, Konstruktif, dan Prospektif. Prestasi Pustakarya. Arsyad, A. (2011). Media Pembelajaran. Raja Grafindo Persada. Asher, J. J. (1969). The Total Physical Response Approach to Second Language Learning. The Modern Language Journal, 53(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.2307/322091 Astutik, Y., & Aulina Choirun, N. (2017). Total Physical Response (Tpr) Pada Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris Siswa Taman Kanak-Kanak. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 17(2), 196–2017. Chaer, A. (2009). Psikolinguistik Kajian Teoretik. Rineka Cipta. Cheng, G. (2009). Using Game Making Pedagogy to Facilitate Student Learning of Interactive Multimedia. Australasian Journal Educational Technology, Vol. 25 (2, 204–220. Danim. (2008). Media Komunikasi Pendidikan. Bumi Aksara. Dardjowidjojo, S. (2010). Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Manusia Edisi Kedua. Yayasan Obor Indonesia Unika Atma Jaya. Darmawan, D. (2012). Inovasi Pendidikan. Remaja Rosdakarya. Daryanto. (2011). Media Pembelajaran. PT. Sarana Tutorial Nurani Sejahtera. Depdiknas. (2009). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 58 Tahun 2009 tentang Standar Pendidikan Anak Usia dini. Er, S. (2013). Using Total Physical Response Method in Early Childhood Foreign Language Teaching Environments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1766–1768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.113 Fauzi, C., & Basikin. (2020). The Impact of the Whole Language Approach Towards Children Early Reading and Writing in English. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.141.07 Hanafiah, Nanang & Cucu, S. (2010). Konsep Strategi Pembelajaran. Refika Aditama. Jackman Hilda, L. (2010). Childhood Education Curriculum: A Child’s Connection to The world. Nelson Education Ltd. Jared, K., & Grace, O. (2009). Technology Interaction Profeesional Development Model for Practicing Teachers. Journal Technology and Early Childhood Education, 37, 209–218. Komalasari, K. (2010). Pembelajaran Kontekstual: Konsep dan Aplikasi. Refika Aditama. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and principles in language teaching (3rd ed). Oxford University Press. Lase, F. (2017). Hakikat Pendidikan Berdasarkan Kebutuhan Usia. . . Jurnal PPKn & Hukum, 12(1). Mayesky. (2012). Creative Activities for Young Children. Nelson Education. Mohamad Syarif Sumantri. (2015). Strategi Pembelajaran: Teori dan Praktik di Tingkat Pendidikan Dasar. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Ghani, N. H. H. M. G. (2014). The Effectiveness of Total Physical Response (TPR ) Approach in Helping Slow Young Learners With Low. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(6). Mulia Dewi. (2016). Thesis the Role of Play in Teaching English as A Foreign Language in Early Childhood Settings in Indonesia. Australia: Deakin University. Munir. (2009). Multimedia Konsep dan Aplikasi dalam Pendidikan. Alfabeta. Munir. (2012). Multimedia Konsep dan Aplikasi dalam Pendidikan. Alfabeta. Nuraeni, C. (2019). Using Total Physical Response (TPR) Method on Young Learners English Language Teaching. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 3(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v3i1.1223 Paturan Menteri Pendidikan Repuberlik Indonesia Nomor 137. (2014). Tentang Standar PAUD. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI No. 146 Tahun 2014 Tentang Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 PAUD. (2014). Pinter, A. (2006). Teaching young language learners. Oxford University Press. Pranowo, G. (2011). Kreasi Animasi Interaktif dengan Action Script 3.0 pada Flash CS6. Graha Ilmu. Priscilla, C. (2009). Supporting Children Learning English as Second Language in the Early Years (Birth to Six Years). Australia: Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Purwanti, R. (2020). Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Untuk Anak Usia Dini Melalui Metode Gerak dan Lagu. Potensia, Jurnal Ilmiah, 5(2), 91–105. Putro, W. E. (2013). Teknik Penyusunan Instrumen Penelitian. Pustaka Pelajar. Rahmat, A. (2010). Implementasi Kurikulum Bahasa Asing di Taman-Kanak (TK) DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Kajian Linguistik Dan Sastra, 22(77–10), 1. Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge University Press. Riduwan. (2012). Skala Pengukuran Variabel-Variabel Penelitian. Alfabeta. Sanjaya, W. (2009). Strategi Pembelajaran. Kencana. Santrock, Jhon. W. (2011). - Span Development: Perkembangan Masa Hidup. Erlangga. Sari, N. E., & Suryana, D. (2019). Thematic Pop-Up Book as a Learning Media for Early Childhood Language Development. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 13(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/jpud.131.04 Savic, V. (2014). Total Physical Response Activities in Teaching English to Young Learners. Journal of Physical Culture and Modern Society, 17, 447–454. Setiawan Deni dkk. (2017). Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Hasil Belajar Desain Sistem Instruksional Pendekatan Tpack. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Informasi Dalam Pendidikan, Vol 4 No 2, 141–146. Stakanova E., & Tolstikhina, E. (2014). Different Approaches to Teaching English As A Foreign Language to Young Learner. . . Journal of Procedia Social and Behaviour Science, Vol. 146, 456–460. Suryana, D. (2016). Stimulasi dan Aspek Perkembangan Anak. Kencana. Suyadi. (2013). Konsep Dasar PAUD. Rosdakarya. Suyanto. (2008). Evolutionary Computation. Informatika. Tarigan, H. G. (2009). Pengajaran kedwibahasaan. Angkasa. Wijayatiningsih, & Mulyadi. (2014). Pemanfaatan model total physical response dan repetition untuk pengembangan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris anak usia dini / TK. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 31(1), 63–66. Wiyani, N. A. (2014). Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini: Panduan Orang Tua dan Pendidik PAUD Dalam Memahami serta mendidik Anak Usia Dini. Gava Media.

At the given moment, the traditional exists in a post-functional situation – many traditions are not getting inherited from generation to generation. If traditions are not transferred by acknowledging the old ones and by expressing them anew – they simply disappear. The freedom of a person to “carry out” his or her affiliation to a certain cultural space gets endangered. How can it be possible to strengthen one’s local, Latgalian cultural capital by learning and comprising the traditions of other regions of Latvia?The aim of the study is to draw attention to the issue of learning the traditional culture within the margins of primary education in regions of Latvia, including Latgale by actualizing the discussion about the importance of preparing contemporary teaching aids for acquisition of the traditional culture and language within different primary school subjects. In the article, the functioning of traditions and their learning is analysed by using the opposing terms “one’s own – alien/ different” as a universal, persistent notion in the binary worldview, by inviting to see within the alien not only the destructive, the opposite to one’s own, but also the forces that initiate the getting to know of the different, and allow it to become useful, usable, or refutable. A conceptual insight is offered within the context of the issue of creating a learning aid and selecting and arranging the content of Latvian regional traditions for the said aid in order to carry out a meaningful primary education for a student.The contraposition of terms “one’s own – other” is analysed as a universal, durable notion in the binary worldview. “The other begins, where one’s own ends, and this boundary moves along with the person” (Байбурин 1993: 185). One tends to see in the other not only the destructive, the contrary to one’s own, but also the powers that have initiated the creation of person’s world. In modern culture, the opposition of “one’s own – other” is being replaced by the opposition “one’s own – different” by getting to know the different, it can be allowed to become useful, applicable or rejectable.To arrange the surroundings of a person in the manner of a world, first a home is needed. To reside means to be somewhere familiar and intimate, in one’s own territory, and it is indispensable in order to specify oneself, to aggregate oneself. It is also a place where an encounter happens with the other, the different. On the other hand, often it is the different that allows one to perceive oneself as a unique entity and to recover one’s identity amidst the many changes and transformations.Learning the traditional culture of one’s region in the family and school is residing, being together with one’s own culture. Recognition of that which is one’s own, getting to know it, remembering it is an important condition for building one’s identity, which begins in childhood.A mechanical reproduction of the forms of traditional culture is useless. With the intermediation of personal meaningfulness, the socially significant norms and cultural values are made tangible in the mind of an individual and turn into inner motives of his or her actions and behaviour.It is important for the modern person to understand the traditional mechanism of thought, the system of perceptions and rituals, the reason behind them by using critical thinking already before beginning to learn about traditions, thus approaching the spiritual horizons of the archaic. By getting to know the different, it can become useful, applicable or rejectable.Within the concept of the content of the traditional culture it is important to respect the concepts and the principles that characterize every era and its society in general. Those are: time, space, participants, rituals, and results. The traditional culture can be incorporated in learning every area of basic education – the content of all subjects: languages, basics of technology and sciences, art, man and society. Traditional festivities offer the systemic and systematic option of absorption of the diversity of cultural traditions by using the content of different subjects of the basic education as a meaningful tool. Within this kind of education the artificially created margins of subjects disappear – life is reflected as a whole.Modern didactic concepts in creating useful insights suitable for learning the traditional culture are found in the empirical approach and action theory (Dewey 1979; Gill, Brockbank 2004; Griffin, Holford, Jarvis 2003; Kolb 2000; Леонтев 2005) that accentuates the significance of the personal experience and activity of an individual in constructing a new experience and comprehension, in the theories of personal development accentuating the part society and cultural space play in the process of the becoming of a personality (Bronfenbrenner 1989; Rogoff 2003), in the critical thinking approach the use of which in the education of an individual provides them with a deeper understanding of the changing reality (Kolb 2000; McWilliam, Taylor 2012). Experience about one’s regional traditional culture can be obtained in a theoretical and cognitive way, but the true depth of the cultural awareness is revealed only, when those traditions are being applied. Celebrations consolidate people of different generations within a common experience. By celebrating together with those close to child, that child will not question the importance of traditions. Learning by cooperating with people from different generations is one of the most important principles in the practice of the traditional culture. The meaningful understanding forms easier if a practical activity with a specific material takes place within a specific environment. Experience strengthens the connections to the surrounding world.

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 2(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v2i1.1043 Altinyelken, H.K. (2015). Evolution of Curriculum Systems to Improve Learning Outcomes and Reduce Disparities in School Achievement, in Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2015. Andrian, D. (2018). International Journal of Instruction. 11(4), 921–934. Andrian, D., Kartowagiran, B., & Hadi, S. (2018). The instrument development to evaluate local curriculum in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11458a Aslan, Ö. M. (2018). From an Academician’ s Preschool Diary: Emergent Curriculum and Its Practices in a Qualified Example of Laboratory Preschool. 7(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p97 Bakhtiar, A. M., & Nugroho, A. S. (2016). Curriculum Development of Environmental Education Based on Local Wisdom at Elementary School. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 3(3), 20–28. Barbarin, O. A., & Wasik, B. H. (2009). Handbook of child development and early education. Guilford Press. Baron-gutty, A. (2018). Provision in Thai basic education”. March. Bodrova, E. (2008). Make-believe play versus academic skills: A Vygotskian approach to today’s dilemma of early childhood education. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930802291777 Bohling-philippi, V., Crim, C., Cutter-mackenzie, A., Edwards, C., Desjean-perrotta, B., Finch, K., Brien, L. O., & Wilson, R. (2015). International Journal of Early Childhood. 3(1), 1–103. Brooker, L., Blaise, M., & Edwards, s. (2014). The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood. Sage. Broström, S. (2015). Science in Early Childhood Education. Journal of Education and Human Development, 4(2(1)). https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v4n2_1a12 Childhood, E., Needs, T., & Han, H. S. (2017). Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Early Childhood Teachers’ Needs 1 ). March. Dabbagh, N & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online Learning: Concepts, Strategies, and Application. Pearson Education, Inc. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Daryanto. (2014). Pendekatan Pembelajaran Saintifik. Gava Media. Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design of Instruction. Upper Saddle River. Elde Mølstad, C., & Karseth, B. (2016). National curricula in Norway and Finland: The role of learning outcomes. European Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116639311 Eurydice. (2018). Steering Documents and Types of Activities. Farid, MN. (2012). Peranan Muatan Lokal Materi Batik Tulis Lasem Sebagai Bentuk Pelestarian Budaya Lokal. Jurnal Komunitas, 4(1), 90–121. Fisnani, Y., Utanto, Y., Ahmadi, F., Tengah, J., Technology, E., Semarang, U. N., Education, P. T., Semarang, U. N., & Info, A. (2020). The Development of E-Module for Batik Local Content in Pekalongan Elementary. 9(23), 40–47. Fitriani, R. (2018). The Effect of Scientific Approach Applied on Scientific Literacy to Student Competency at Class VIII Junior High School 12 Padang. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 7(1), 97–105. Fleer, M. (2015). Pedagogical positioning in play-teachers being inside and outside of children’s imaginary play. Early Child Development and Care, 185(11–12), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03004430.2015.1028393 Hakk, İ. (2011). Curriculum Reform and Teacher Autonomy in Turkey: The Case of the HistoryTeachi̇ng. International Journal of Instruction, 4(2), 113–128. Haridza, R., & Irving, K. E. (2017). The Evolution of Indonesian and American Science Education Curriculum: A Comparison Study. 9(February), 95–110. Hatch, J. A. (2012). From theory to curriculum: Developmental theory and its relationship to curriculum and instruction in early childhood education. In & D. W. N. File, J. Mueller (Ed.), Curriculum in early childhood education: Re-examined, rediscovered, renewed (pp. 42–53). Hos, R., & Kaplan-wolff, B. (2020). On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 9(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n1p40 Hosnan, M. (2014). Pendekatan saintifk dan kontekstual dalam pembelajaran abad 21. Ghalia Indonesia. Hussain, A., Dogar, A. H., Azeem, M., & Shakoor, A. (2011). Evaluation of Curriculum Development Process. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(14), 263–271. Maryono. (2016). The implementation of schools’ policy in the development of the local content curriculum in primary schools in Pacitan , Indonesia. Education Research and Reviews, 11(8), 891–906. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2660 Masithoh, D. (2018). Teachers’ Scientific Approach Implementation in Inculcating the Students ’ Scientific Attitudes. 6(1), 32–43. Mayfield, B. J. (1995). Educational curriculum. Journal of Nutrition Education, 27(4), 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80438-9 Muharom Albantani, A., & Madkur, A. (2018). Think Globally, Act Locally: The Strategy of Incorporating Local Wisdom in Foreign Language Teaching in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.1 Nasir, M. (2013). Pengembangan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal dalam Konteks Pendidikan Islam di Madrasah. Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 10(1), 1–18. Nevenglosky, E. A., Cale, C., & Aguilar, S. P. (2019). Barriers to effective curriculum implementation. Research in Higher Education Journal, 36, 31. Nuttal, J. (2013). Weaving Te Whariki: Aotearoa New Zealand’s early childhood curriculum framework in theory and practice (2nd ed.) (2nd ed.). NZCER Press. Oates, T. (2010). Could do better: Using international comparisons to refine the National Curriculum in England. O’Gorman, L., & Ailwood, J. (2012). ‘They get fed up with playing’: Parents’ views on play-based learning in the preparatory year. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 13(4), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.2304/ ciec.2012.13.4.266 Orakci, S., Durnali, M., & Özkan, O. (2018). Curriculum reforms in Turkey. In Economic and Geopolitical Perspectives of the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eurasia (Issue July 2019, pp. 225–251). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3264-4.ch010 Organization for Economic and Co-Operation and Development. (2019). Change Management: Facilitating and Hindering Factors of Curriculum Implementation. 8th Informal Working Group (IWG) Meeting, 1–25. Poedjiastutie, D., Akhyar, F., Hidayati, D., & Nurul Gasmi, F. (2018). Does Curriculum Help Students to Develop Their English Competence? A Case in Indonesia. Arab World English Journal, 9(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no2.12 Prasetyo, A. (2015). Curriculum Development of Early Childhood Education through Society Empowerment as Potential Transformation of Local Wisdom in Learning. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 4(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v4i1.9450 Ramdhani, S. (2019). Integrative Thematic Learning Model Based on Local Wisdom For Early Childhood Character. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 8(1), 38–45. Reifel, S. (2014). Developmental play in the classroom. In & S. E. L. Brooker, M. Blaise (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood (pp. 157–168). Sage. Reunamo, J., & Suomela, L. (2013). Education for sustainable development in early childhood education in finland. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 15(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2013-0014 Saefuddin, A., & Berdiati, I. (2014). Pembelajaran efektif. Remaja Rosda Karya. Sagita, N. I., Deliarnoor, N. A., & Afifah, D. (2019). Local content curriculum implementation in the framework of nationalism and national security. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 91–103. Saracho, O. (2012). An integrated play-based curriculum for young children. Routledge. Schumacher, D. H. (1995). Five Levels of Curriculum Integration Defined, Refined , and Described. Research in Middle Level Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/10825541.1995.11670055 Scott, D. (2014). Knowledge and the curriculum. The Curriculum Journal, 25(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2013.876367 Setiawan, A., Handojo, A., & Hadi, R. (2017). Indonesian Culture Learning Application based on Android. 7(1), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i1.pp526-535 Syarifuddin, S. (2018). The effect of using the scientific approach through concept understanding and critical thinking in science. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 6(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v6i1.15312 Ulla, M. B., & Winitkun, D. (2017). Thai learners’ linguistic needs and language skills: Implications for curriculum development. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10412a van Oers, B. (2012). Developmental education: Foundations of a play-based curriculum. In B. van Oers (Ed.), Developmental education for young children: Concept, practice, and implementation (pp. 13–26). Springer. Wahyono, Abdulhak, I., & Rusman. (2017). Implementation of scientific approach-based learning. International Journal of Education Research, 5(8), 221–230. Wahyudin, D., & Suwirta, A. (2017). The Curriculum Implementation for Cross-Cultural and Global Citizenship Education in Indonesia Schools. EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies, 10(1), 11–22. Westbrook, J., Brown, R., Pryor, J., & Salvi, F. (2013). Pedagogy, Curriculum , Teaching Practices and Teacher Education in Developing Countries. December. Wood, E., & Hedges, H. (2016). Curriculum in early childhood education: Critical questions about content, coherence, and control. The Curriculum Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2015.1129981

Abstract: Development of PAI Learning with Islamic Wasatiyah Insight: Efforts to Build Moderation Attitude Religious Learners. The human dignity of the Indonesian people has fallen to the deepest abyss, the violence and crime that occurred is an indication that our society has shifted into a society that has lost national identity. The motive for terror is carried out over and over again about jihad fisabilillah in order to achieve a degree of martyrdom, which is a noble degree in upholding the religion of Allah. The meaning of jihad is understood literally-textualist, that is only limited to war (qital) in the physical sense by taking up arms aimed at people both individually and institutionally. Such a textual-literary understanding implies rigid, exclusive and intolerant social-religious attitudes and behaviors to people who are different from them so that there is some kind of belief that people who are outside their group are not right (kafir) and are required fought. Our religious education seems to still be trapped in the teaching of the cognitive dogmatic realm which is teaching the knowledge of rules and religious law with fiqh oriented (fiqh oriented), so the fiqh is considered as religion itself. Departing from these problems, it is necessary to reconstruct a scientific-doctrinaire-based modern learning approach. The students are allowed to inner and intellectual encroachment, so they will find maturity in religion, both in terms of their religious affections and intellectual dimensions. This research includes library research, therefore the steps to be taken are the exploration of a number of data from various literature, both primary data, and secondary data. The method of data collection is done by collecting books, articles, journals, scientific opinions in which it reveals and examines the wasatiyah. The data analysis techniques using descriptive-analytic methods. The data that has been analyzed presented with the deductive method which departs from general theory to lead to conclusions to answers to the research problem. The results of the study show that applying a contextual scientific approach is a must because the approach touches three domains: attitudes, knowledge, and skills. The result is an increase and balance between the ability to be a good human being and have the skills and knowledge to live properly. Learning about Islamic wasatiyah insight is expected to be: first, students become more aware of their own religious teachings and aware of the reality of the teachings of other religions. Second, students are able to develop an understanding and presentation of other people's religions. Third, encourage students to participate in social activities which involve various adherents of different religions. Fourth, students can develop all of their own potential including their diversity potential, so they can control their own lives and more empowered.Abstrak: Pengembangan Pembelajaran PAI Berwawasan Islam Wasatiyah : Upaya Membangun Sikap Moderasi Beragama Peserta Didik. Martabat kemanusiaan bangsa Indonesia sudah terpuruk ke jurang paling dalam, kekerasan-kekerasan dan tindak kriminal yang terjadi merupakan sebuah indikasi bahwa masyarakat kita telah bergeser normanya menjadi masyarakat yang kehilangan jatidiri kebangsaan yang ramah. Motif teror yang dilakukan lagi-lagi soal jihad fisabilillah dalam rangka mencapai derajat syahid, yang dalam agama merupakan derajat yang mulia dalam menegakkan agama Allah. Makna jihad dipahami secara literalis-tekstualis, yakni hanya sebatas perang (qital) dalam arti fisik dengan mengangkat senjata yang ditujukan kepada orang baik secara perorangan maupun kelembagaan. Pemahaman yang tekstual-literal semacam itu, berimplikasi kepada sikap dan perilaku sosial keagamaan yang rigid, eksklusif dan intoleran kepada orang yang berbeda paham dengan mereka, sehingga ada semacam keyakinan, bahwa orang yang diluar dari kelompok mereka adalah tidak benar (kafir) dan wajib untuk diperangi. Pendidikan agama kita nampaknya masih terjebak dalam pengajaran ranah kognitif dogmatis yang sibuk mengajarkan pengetahuan peraturan dan hukum agama dengan disiplin ilmu fiqh yang menjadi orientasinya (fiqh orientid) sehingga fiqh dianggap sebagai agama itu sendiri. Berangkat dari problematika tersebut, Maka perlu melakukan rekonstruksi pendekatan pembelajaran modern berbasis scientific-doktriner dengan demikian, peserta didik dibiarkan melakukan perambahan batin dan intelektual, sehingga kelak menemukan dalam dirinya kedewasaan dalam beragama, baik dalam hal afeksi religiusnya maupun dimensi intelektualnya. Penelitian ini termasuk library research, karena itu langkah-langkah yang akan dilakukan adalah eksplorasi terhadap sejumlah data dari berbagai literatur, baik data primer, maupun data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku, artikel, jurnal, opini ilmiah yang didalamnya mengungkap dan mengkaji wasatiyah. Adapun teknik analisa data dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analytic. Data yang telah dianalisis kemudian dipaparkan dengan metode deduktif yang berangkat dari teori umum untuk menuju pada kesimpulan yang merupakan jawaban dari rumusan masalah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menerapkan pendekatan saintifik kontekstual merupakan suatu keharusan, karena dengan pendekatan tersebut menyentuh tiga ranah, yaitu sikap, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan. Hasilnya adalah peningkatan dan keseimbangan anatara kemampuan untuk menjadi manusia yang baik dan memiliki kecakapan dan pengetahuan untuk hidup secara layak. Pembelajaran PAI berwawasan Islam wasatiyah diharapkan dapat: pertama, peserta didik menjadi lebih sadar terhadap ajaran agama mereka sendiri dan sadar terhadap adanya realitas ajaran agama lain. Kedua, peserta didik mampu mengembangkan pemahaman dan paresiasi terhadap agama orang lain. Ketiga, mendorong peserta didik untuk berpartipasi dalam kegiatan sosaial yang di dalamnya terlibat berbagai penganut agama yang berbeda. Keempat, peserta didik dapat mengembang seluruh potensi mereka sendiri termasuk potensi keberagaman mereka sehingga mereka dapat mengontrol kehidupan mereka sendiri, dan dengan cara demikian mereka lebih berdaya.

STEAM-based learning is a global issue in early-childhood education practice. STEAM content becomes an integrative thematic approach as the main pillar of learning in kindergarten. This study aims to develop a conceptual and practical approach in the implementation of children's education by applying a modification from STEAM Learning to R-SLAMET. The research used a qualitative case study method with data collection through focus group discussions (FGD), involving early-childhood educator's research participants (n = 35), interviews, observation, document analysis such as videos, photos and portfolios. The study found several ideal categories through the use of narrative data analysis techniques. The findings show that educators gain an understanding of the change in learning orientation from competency indicators to play-based learning. Developing thematic play activities into continuum playing scenarios. STEAM learning content modification (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) to R-SLAMETS content (Religion, Science, Literacy, Art, Math, Engineering, Technology and Social study) in daily class activity. Children activities with R-SLAMETS content can be developed based on an integrative learning flow that empowers loose part media with local materials learning resources. Keyword: STEAM to R-SLAMETS, Early Childhood Education, Integrative Thematic Learning References Ali, E., Kaitlyn M, C., Hussain, A., & Akhtar, Z. (2018). the Effects of Play-Based Learning on Early Childhood Education and Development. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(43), 4682–4685. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/1044 Ata Aktürk, A., & Demircan, O. (2017). A Review of Studies on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 18(2), 757–776. Azizah, W. A., Sarwi, S., & Ellianawati, E. (2020). Implementation of Project -Based Learning Model (PjBL) Using STREAM-Based Approach in Elementary Schools. Journal of Primary Education, 9(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v9i3.39950 Badmus, O. (2018). Evolution of STEM, STEAM and STREAM Education in Africa: The Implication of the Knowledge Gap. In Contemporary Issues in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics Teacher Education in Nigeria. Björklund, C., & Ahlskog-Björkman, E. (2017). Approaches to teaching in thematic work: early childhood teachers’ integration of mathematics and art. International Journal of Early Years Education, 25(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1287061 Broadhead, P. (2003). Early Years Play and Learning. In Early Years Play and Learning. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465257 Canning, N. (2010). The influence of the outdoor environment: Den-making in three different contexts. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2010.525961 Clapp, E. P., Solis, S. L., Ho, C. K. N., & Sachdeva, A. R. (2019). Complicating STEAM: A Critical Look at the Arts in the STEAM Agenda. Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_54-1 Colucci, L., Burnard, P., Cooke, C., Davies, R., Gray, D., & Trowsdale, J. (2017). Reviewing the potential and challenges of developing STEAM education through creative pedagogies for 21st learning: how can school curricula be broadened towards a more responsive, dynamic, and inclusive form of education? BERA Research Commission, August, 1–105. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22452.76161 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). From STEM to STEAM: How to Monitor Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 30(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1488195 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2019). From STEM to STEAM: Cracking the Code? How Creativity & Motivation Interacts with Inquiry-based Learning. Creativity Research Journal, 31(3), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1641678 Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3–4), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268 Costantino, T. (2018). STEAM by another name: Transdisciplinary practice in art and design education. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2017.1292973 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, Issue February, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. DeJarnette, N. K. (2018). Implementing STEAM in the Early Childhood Classroom. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3878 Dell’Erba, M. (2019). Policy Considerations for STEAM Education. Policy Brief, 1–10. Doyle, K. (2019). The languages and literacies of the STEAM content areas. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 27(1), 38–50. http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=133954204&site=ehost-live&scope=site Edwards, S. (2017). Play-based learning and intentional teaching: Forever different? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.23965/ajec.42.2.01 Faas, S., Wu, S.-C., & Geiger, S. (2017). The Importance of Play in Early Childhood Education: A Critical Perspective on Current Policies and Practices in Germany and Hong Kong. Global Education Review, 4(2), 75–91. Fesseha, E., & Pyle, A. (2016). Conceptualising play-based learning from kindergarten teachers’ perspectives. International Journal of Early Years Education, 24(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2016.1174105 Finch, C. R., Frantz, N. R., Mooney, M., & Aneke, N. O. (1997). Designing the Thematic Curriculum: An All Aspects Approach MDS-956. 97. Gess, A. H. (2019). STEAM Education. STEAM Education, November, 2011–2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04003-1 Gronlund, G. (n.d.). “ Addressing Standards through Play-Based Learning in Preschool and Kindergarten .” Gronlund, G. (2015). Planning for Play-Based Curriculum Based on Individualized Goals to Help Each Child Thrive in Preschool and Kindergarten Gaye Gronlund. Gull, C., Bogunovich, J., Goldstein, S. L., & Rosengarten, T. (2019). Definitions of Loose Parts in Early Childhood Outdoor Classrooms: A Scoping Review. The International Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(3), 37–52. Hapidin, Pujianti, Y., Hartati, S., Nurani, Y., & Dhieni, N. (2020). The continuous professional development for early childhood teachers through lesson study in implementing play based curriculum (case study in Jakarta, Indonesia). International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(10), 17–25. Hennessey, P. (2016). Full – Day Kindergarten Play-Based Learning : Promoting a Common Understanding. Education and Early Childhood Development, April, 1–76. gov.nl.ca/edu Henriksen, D. (2017). Creating STEAM with Design Thinking: Beyond STEM and Arts Integration. Steam, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5642/steam.20170301.11 Inglese, P., Barbera, G., La Mantia, T., On, P., Presentation, T., Reid, R., Vasa, S. F., Maag, J. W., Wright, G., Irsyadi, F. Y. Al, Nugroho, Y. S., Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Edwards, S., Moore, D., Boyd, W., Miller, E., Almon, J., Cramer, S. C., Wilkes-Gillan, S., … Halperin, J. M. (2014). Young Children’s Play and Environmental Education in Early Childhood Education. PLoS ONE, 2(3), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.106 Jacman, H. (2012). Early Education Curriculum. Pedagogical Development Unit, FEBRUARY 2011, 163. https://www.eursc.eu/Syllabuses/2011-01-D-15-en-4.pdf Jay, J. A., & Knaus, M. (2018). Embedding play-based learning into junior primary (Year 1 and 2) Curriculum in WA. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.7 Kennedy, A., & Barblett, L. (2010). Supporting the Early Years Learning Framework. Research in Practise Series, 17(3), 1–12. Keung, C. P. C., & Cheung, A. C. K. (2019). Towards Holistic Supporting of Play-Based Learning Implementation in Kindergartens: A Mixed Method Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00956-2 Keung, C. P. C., & Fung, C. K. H. (2020). Exploring kindergarten teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in the development of play-based learning. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(2), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1724656 Krogh, S., & Morehouse, P. (2014). The Early Childhood Curriculum : Inquiry Learning Through Integration. Liao, C. (2016). From Interdisciplinary to Transdisciplinary: An Arts-Integrated Approach to STEAM Education. Art Education, 69(6), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224873 Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D., & Palmquist, C. M. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029321 Maxwell, L. E., Mitchell, M. R., & Evans, G. W. (2008). Effects of Play Equipment and Loose Parts on Preschool Children’s Outdoor Play Behavior: An Observational Study and Design Intervention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(2), 37–63. McLaughlin, T., & Cherrington, S. (2018). Creating a rich curriculum through intentional teaching. Early Childhood Folio, 22(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.18296/ecf.0050 Mengmeng, Z., Xiantong, Y., & Xinghua, W. (2019). Construction of STEAM Curriculum Model and Case Design in Kindergarten. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-8 Milara, I. S., Pitkänen, K., Laru, J., Iwata, M., Orduña, M. C., & Riekki, J. (2020). STEAM in Oulu: Scaffolding the development of a Community of Practice for local educators around STEAM and digital fabrication. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 26, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100197 Moomaw, S. (2012). STEM Begins in the Early Years. School Science and Mathematics, 112(2), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00119.x Peng, Q. (2017). Study on Three Positions Framing Kindergarten Play-Based Curriculum in China: Through Analyses of the Attitudes of Teachers to Early Linguistic Education. Studies in English Language Teaching, 5(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n3p543 Pyle, A., & Bigelow, A. (2015). Play in Kindergarten: An Interview and Observational Study in Three Canadian Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-014-0666-1 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2017). A Continuum of Play-Based Learning: The Role of the Teacher in Play-Based Pedagogy and the Fear of Hijacking Play. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771 Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., & Jamil, F. M. (2017). Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices. School Science and Mathematics, 117(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12201 Ridgers, N. D., Knowles, Z. R., & Sayers, J. (2012). Encouraging play in the natural environment: A child-focused case study of Forest School. Children’s Geographies, 10(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.638176 Ridwan, A., Rahmawati, Y., & Hadinugrahaningsih, T. (2017). Steam Integration in Chemistry Learning for Developing 21st Century Skills. MIER Journail of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 184–194. Rolling, J. H. (2016). Reinventing the STEAM Engine for Art + Design Education. Art Education, 69(4), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1176848 Sancar-Tokmak, H. (2015). The effect of curriculum-generated play instruction on the mathematics teaching efficacies of early childhood education pre-service teachers. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2013.788315 Sawangmek, S. (2019). Trends and Issues on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Képzés És Gyakorlat, 17(2019/3-4), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.17165/tp.2019.3-4.8 Science, A. I. (n.d.). STEM Project-Based Learning. Spencer, R., Joshi, N., Branje, K., Lee McIsaac, J., Cawley, J., Rehman, L., FL Kirk, S., & Stone, M. (2019). Educator perceptions on the benefits and challenges of loose parts play in the outdoor environments of childcare centres. AIMS Public Health, 6(4), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.461 Taylor, J., Bond, E., & Woods, M. (2018). A Multidisciplinary and Holistic Introduction. Varun A. (2014). Thematic Approach for Effective Communication in Early Childhood Education Thematic Approach for effective communication in ECCE. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR), 3(3), 49–51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289868193 Wang, X., Xu, W., & Guo, L. (2018). The status quo and ways of STEAM education promoting China’s future social sustainable development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124417 Whitebread, D. D. (2012). The Importance of Play. Toy Industries of Europe, April, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.438-441 Wong, S. M., Wang, Z., & Cheng, D. (2011). A play-based curriculum: Hong Kong children’s perception of play and non-play. International Journal of Learning, 17(10), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47298 Zosh, J. M., Hopkins, E. J., Jensen, H., Liu, C., Neale, D., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Whitebread, Solis, S. L., & David. (2017). Learning through play : a review of the evidence (Issue November). The LEGO Foundation.

This paper aims to portray the overall picture of poverty in the world and mentions the key solution to overcome poverty from a critical perspective. The data and figures were quoted from a number of researchers and organizations in the field of poverty around the world. Simultaneously, the information strengthens the correlations among poverty and lack of education. Only appropriate philosophies of education can improve the country’s socio-economic conditions and contribute to effective solutions to worldwide poverty. In the 21st century, despite the rapid development of science and technology with a series of inventions brought into the world to make life more comfortable, human poverty remains a global problem, especially in developing countries. Poverty, according to Lister (2004), is reflected by the state of “low living standards and/or inability to participate fully in society because of lack of material resources” (p.7). The impact and serious consequences of poverty on multiple aspects of human life have been realized by different organizations and researchers from different contexts (Fraser, 2000; Lister, 2004; Lipman, 2004; Lister, 2008). This paper will indicate some of the concepts and research results on poverty. Figures and causes of poverty, and some solutions from education as a key breaker to poverty will also be discussed. Creating a universal definition of poverty is not simple (Nyasulu, 2010). There are conflicts among different groups of people defining poverty, based on different views and fields. Some writers, according to Nyasulu, tend to connect poverty with social problems, while others focus on political or other causes. However, the reality of poverty needs to be considered from different sides and ways; for that reason, the diversity of definitions assigned to poverty can help form the basis on which interventions are drawn (Ife and Tesoriero, 2006). For instance, in dealing with poverty issues, it is essential to intervene politically; economic intervention is very necessary to any definition of this matter. A political definition necessitates political interventions in dealing with poverty, and economic definitions inevitably lead to economic interventions. Similarly, Księżopolski (1999) uses several models to show the perspectives on poverty as marginal, motivation and socialist. These models look at poverty and solutions from different angles. Socialists, for example, emphasize the responsibilities of social organization. The state manages the micro levels and distributes the shares of national gross resources, at the same time fighting to maintain the narrow gap among classes. In his book, Księżopolski (1999) also emphasizes the changes and new values of charity funds or financial aid from churches or organizations recognized by the Poor Law. Speaking specifically, in the new stages poverty has been recognized differently, and support is also delivered in limited categories related to more specific and visible objectives, with the aim of helping the poor change their own status for sustainable improvement. Three ways of categorizing the poor and locating them in the appropriate places are (1) the powerless, (2) who is willing to work and (3) who is dodging work. Basically, poverty is determined not to belong to any specific cultures or politics; otherwise, it refers to the situation in which people’s earnings cannot support their minimum living standard (Rowntree, 1910). Human living standard is defined in Alfredsson & Eide’s work (1999) as follows: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” (p. 524). In addition, poverty is measured by Global Hunger Index (GHI), which is calculated by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) every year. The GHI measures hunger not only globally, but also by country and region. To have the figures multi-dimensionally, the GHI is based on three indicators: 1. Undernourishment: the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient calorie intake). 2. Child underweight: the proportion of children under age 5 who are underweight (low weight for their age, reflecting wasting, stunted growth or both), which is one indicator of child under-nutrition. 3. Child mortality: the mortality rate of children under 5 (partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate dietary intake and unhealthy environments). Apart from the individual aspects and the above measurement based on nutrition, which help partly imagine poverty, poverty is more complicated, not just being closely related to human physical life but badly affecting spiritual life. According to Jones and Novak (1999 cited in Lister, 2008), poverty not only characterizes the precarious financial situation but also makes people self-deprecating. Poverty turns itself into the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance. It leads the poor to the end of the road, and they will never call for help except in the worst situations. Education can help people escape poverty or make it worse. In fact, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from people in many places around the world, in both developed and developing countries (Lipman, 2004). Lipman confirms: “Students need an education that instills a sense of hope and possibility that they can make a difference in their own family, school, and community and in the broader national and global community while it prepare them for multiple life choices.” (p.181) Bradshaw (2005) synthesizes five main causes of poverty: (1) individual deficiencies, (2) cultural belief systems that support subcultures of poverty, (3) economic, political and social distortions or discrimination, (4) geographical disparities and (5) cumulative and cyclical interdependencies. The researcher suggests the most appropriate solution corresponding with each cause. This reflects the diverse causes of poverty; otherwise, poverty easily happens because of social and political issues. From the literature review, it can be said that poverty comes from complex causes and reasons, and is not a problem of any single individual or country. Poverty has brought about serious consequences and needs to be dealt with by many methods and collective effort of many countries and organizations. This paper will focus on representing some alarming figures on poverty, problems of poverty and then the education as a key breaker to poverty. According to a statistics in 2012 on poverty from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), nearly half the world's population lives below the poverty line, of which is less than $1.25 a day . In a statistics in 2015, of every 1,000 children, 93 do not live to age 5 , and about 448 million babies are stillborn each year . Poverty in the world is happening alarmingly. According to a World Bank study, the risk of poverty continues to increase on a global scale and, of the 2009 slowdown in economic growth, which led to higher prices for fuel and food, further pushed 53 million people into poverty in addition to almost 155 million in 2008. From 1990 to 2009, the average GHI in the world decreased by nearly one-fifth. Many countries had success in solving the problem of child nutrition; however, the mortality rate of children under 5 and the proportion of undernourished people are still high. From 2011 to 2013, the number of hungry people in the world was estimated at 842 million, down 17 percent compared with the period 1990 to 1992, according to a report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) titled “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013” . Although poverty in some African countries had been improved in this stage, sub-Saharan Africa still maintained an area with high the highest percentage of hungry people in the world. The consequences and big problems resulting from poverty are terrible in the extreme. The following will illustrate the overall picture under the issues of health, unemployment, education and society and politics ➢ Health issues: According a report by Manos Unidas, a non- government organization (NGO) in Spain , poverty kills more than 30,000 children under age 5 worldwide every day, and 11 million children die each year because of poverty. Currently, 42 million people are living with HIV, 39 million of them in developing countries. The Manos Unidas report also shows that 15 million children globally have been orphaned because of AIDS. Scientists predict that by 2020 a number of African countries will have lost a quarter of their population to this disease. Simultaneously, chronic drought and lack of clean water have not only hindered economic development but also caused disastrous consequences of serious diseases across Africa. In fact, only 58 percent of Africans have access to clean water; as a result, the average life expectancy in Africa is the lowest in the world, just 45 years old (Bui, 2010). ➢ Unemployment issues: According to the United Nations, the youth unemployment rate in Africa is the highest in the world: 25.6 percent in the Middle East and North Africa. Unemployment with growth rates of 10 percent a year is one of the key issues causing poverty in African and negatively affecting programs and development plans. Total African debt amounts to $425 billion (Bui, 2010). In addition, joblessness caused by the global economic downturn pushed more than 140 million people in Asia into extreme poverty in 2009, the International Labor Organization (ILO) warned in a report titled The Fallout in Asia, prepared for the High-Level Regional Forum on Responding to the Economic Crisis in Asia and the Pacific, in Manila from Feb. 18 to 20, 2009 . Surprisingly, this situation also happens in developed countries. About 12.5 million people in the United Kingdom (accounting for 20 percent of the population) are living below the poverty line, and in 2005, 35 million people in the United States could not live without charity. At present, 620 million people in Asia are living on less than $1 per day; half of them are in India and China, two countries whose economies are considered to be growing. ➢ Education issues: Going to school is one of the basic needs of human beings, but poor people cannot achieve it. Globally, 130 million children do not attend school, 55 percent of them girls, and 82 million children have lost their childhoods by marrying too soon (Bui, 2010). Similarly, two-thirds of the 759 million illiterate people in total are women. Specifically, the illiteracy rate in Africa keeps increasing, accounting for about 40 percent of the African population at age 15 and over 50 percent of women at age 25. The number of illiterate people in the six countries with the highest number of illiterate people in the world - China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh and Egypt - reached 510 million, accounting for 70 percent of total global illiteracy. ➢ Social and political issues: Poverty leads to a number of social problems and instability in political systems of countries around the world. Actually, 246 million children are underage labors, including 72 million under age 10. Simultaneously, according to an estimate by the United Nations (UN), about 100 million children worldwide are living on the streets. For years, Africa has suffered a chronic refugee problem, with more than 7 million refugees currently and over 200 million people without homes because of a series of internal conflicts and civil wars. Poverty threatens stability and development; it also directly influences human development. Solving the problems caused by poverty takes a lot of time and resources, but afterward they can focus on developing their societies. Poverty has become a global issue with political significance of particular importance. It is a potential cause of political and social instability, even leading to violence and war not only within a country, but also in the whole world. Poverty and injustice together have raised fierce conflicts in international relations; if these conflicts are not satisfactorily resolved by peaceful means, war will inevitably break out. Obviously, poverty plus lack of understanding lead to disastrous consequences such as population growth, depletion of water resources, energy scarcity, pollution, food shortages and serious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), which are not easy to control; simultaneously, poverty plus injustice will cause international crimes such as terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and money laundering. Among recognizable four issues above which reflected the serious consequences of poverty, the third ones, education, if being prioritized in intervention over other issues in the fighting against poverty is believed to bring more effectiveness in resolving the problems from the roots. In fact, human being with the possibility of being educated resulted from their distinctive linguistic ability makes them differential from other beings species on the earth (Barrow and Woods 2006, p.22). With education, human can be aware and more critical with their situations, they are aimed with abilities to deal with social problems as well as adversity for a better life; however, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from unprivileged people (Lipman, 2004). An appropriate education can help increase chances for human to deal with all of the issues related to poverty; simultaneously it can narrow the unexpected side-effect of making poverty worse. A number of philosophies from ancient Greek to contemporary era focus on the aspect of education with their own epistemology, for example, idealism of Plato encouraged students to be truth seekers and pragmatism of Dewey enhanced the individual needs of students (Gutex, 1997). Education, more later on, especially critical pedagogy focuses on developing people independently and critically which is essential for poor people to have ability of being aware of what they are facing and then to have equivalent solutions for their problems. In other words, critical pedagogy helps people emancipate themselves and from that they can contribute to transform the situations or society they live in. In this sense, in his most influential work titled “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” (1972), Paulo Freire carried out his critical pedagogy by building up a community network of peasants- the marginalized and unprivileged party in his context, aiming at awakening their awareness about who they are and their roles in society at that time. To do so, he involved the peasants into a problem-posing education which was different from the traditional model of banking education with the technique of dialogue. Dialogue wasn’t just simply for people to learn about each other; but it was for figuring out the same voice; more importantly, for cooperation to build a social network for changing society. The peasants in such an educational community would be relieved from stressfulness and the feeling of being outsiders when all of them could discuss and exchange ideas with each other about the issues from their “praxis”. Praxis which was derived from what people act and linked to some values in their social lives, was defined by Freire as “reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it” (p.50). Critical pedagogy dialogical approach in Pedagogy of the Oppressed of Freire seems to be one of the helpful ways for solving poverty for its close connection to the nature of equality. It doesn’t require any highly intellectual teachers who lead the process; instead, everything happens naturally and the answers are identified by the emancipation of the learners themselves. It can be said that the effectiveness of this pedagogy for people to escape poverty comes from its direct impact on human critical consciousness; from that, learners would be fully aware of their current situations and self- figure out the appropriate solutions for their own. In addition, equality which was one of the essences making learners in critical pedagogy intellectually emancipate was reflected via the work titled “The Ignorant Schoolmaster” by Jacques Rancière (1991). In this work, the teacher and students seemed to be equal in terms of the knowledge. The explicator- teacher Joseph Jacotot employed the interrogative approach which was discovered to be universal because “he taught what he didn’t know”. Obviously, this teacher taught French to Flemish students while he couldn’t speak his students’ language. The ignorance which was not used in the literal sense but a metaphor showed that learners can absolutely realize their capacity for self-emancipation without the traditional teaching of transmission of knowledge from teachers. Regarding this, Rancière (1991, p.17) stated “that every common person might conceive his human dignity, take the measure of his intellectual capacity, and decide how to use it”. This education is so meaningful for poor people by being able to evoking their courageousness to develop themselves when they always try to stay away from the community due the fact that poverty is the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance (Novak, 1999). The contribution of critical pedagogy to solving poverty by changing the consciousness of people from their immanence is summarized by Freire’s argument in his “Pedagogy of Indignation” as follows: “It is certain that men and women can change the world for the better, can make it less unjust, but they can do so from starting point of concrete reality they “come upon” in their generation. They cannot do it on the basis of reveries, false dreams, or pure illusion”. (p.31) To sum up, education could be an extremely helpful way of solving poverty regarding the possibilities from the applications of studies in critical pedagogy for educational and social issues. Therefore, among the world issues, poverty could be possibly resolved in accordance with the indigenous people’s understanding of their praxis, their actions, cognitive transformation, and the solutions with emancipation in terms of the following keynotes: First, because the poor are powerless, they usually fall into the states of self-deprecation, shame, guilt and humiliation, as previously mentioned. In other words, they usually build a barrier between themselves and society, or they resist changing their status. Therefore, approaching them is not a simple matter; it requires much time and the contributions of psychologists and sociologists in learning about their aspirations, as well as evoking and nurturing the will and capacities of individuals, then providing people with chances to carry out their own potential for overcoming obstacles in life. Second, poverty happens easily in remote areas not endowed with favorable conditions for development. People there haven’t had a lot of access to modern civilization; nor do they earn a lot of money for a better life. Low literacy, together with the lack of healthy forms of entertainment and despair about life without exit, easily lead people into drug addiction, gambling and alcoholism. In other words, the vicious circle of poverty and powerlessness usually leads the poor to a dead end. Above all, they are lonely and need to be listened to, shared with and led to escape from their states. Community meetings for exchanging ideas, communicating and immediate intervening, along with appropriate forms of entertainment, should be held frequently to meet the expectations of the poor, direct them to appropriate jobs and, step by step, change their favorite habits of entertainment. Last but not least, poor people should be encouraged to participate in social forums where they can both raise their voices about their situations and make valuable suggestions for dealing with their poverty. Children from poor families should be completely exempted from school fees to encourage them to go to school, and curriculum should also focus on raising community awareness of poverty issues through extracurricular and volunteer activities, such as meeting and talking with the community, helping poor people with odd jobs, or simply spending time listening to them. Not a matter of any individual country, poverty has become a major problem, a threat to the survival, stability and development of the world and humanity. Globalization has become a bridge linking countries; for that reason, instability in any country can directly and deeply affect the stability of others. The international community has been joining hands to solve poverty; many anti-poverty organizations, including FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), BecA (the Biosciences eastern and central Africa), UN-REDD (the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) and Manos Unidas, operate both regionally and internationally, making some achievements by reducing the number of hungry people, estimated 842 million in the period 1990 to 1992, by 17 percent in 2011- to 2013 . The diverse methods used to deal with poverty have invested billions of dollars in education, health and healing. The Millennium Development Goals set by UNDP put forward eight solutions for addressing issues related to poverty holistically: 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2) Achieve universal primary education. 3) Promote gender equality and empower women. 4) Reduce child mortality. 5) Improve maternal health. 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 7) Ensure environmental sustainability. 8) Develop a global partnership for development. Although all of the mentioned solutions carried out directly by countries and organizations not only focus on the roots of poverty but break its circle, it is recognized that the solutions do not emphasize the role of the poor themselves which a critical pedagogy does. More than anyone, the poor should have a sense of their poverty so that they can become responsible for their own fate and actively fight poverty instead of waiting for help. It is not different from the cores of critical theory in solving educational and political issues that the poor should be aware and conscious about their situation and reflected context. It is required a critical transformation from their own praxis which would allow them to go through a process of learning, sharing, solving problems, and leading to social movements. This is similar to the method of giving poor people fish hooks rather than giving them fish. The government and people of any country understand better than anyone else clearly the strengths and characteristics of their homelands. It follows that they can efficiently contribute to causing poverty, preventing the return of poverty, and solving consequences of the poverty in their countries by many ways, especially a critical pedagogy; and indirectly narrow the scale of poverty in the world. In a word, the wars against poverty take time, money, energy and human resources, and they are absolutely not simple to end. Again, the poor and the challenged should be educated to be fully aware of their situation to that they can overcome poverty themselves. They need to be respected and receive sharing from the community. All forms of discrimination should be condemned and excluded from human society. When whole communities join hands in solving this universal problem, the endless circle of poverty can be addressed definitely someday. More importantly, every country should be responsible for finding appropriate ways to overcome poverty before receiving supports from other countries as well as the poor self-conscious responsibilities about themselves before receiving supports from the others, but the methods leading them to emancipation for their own transformation and later the social change.

06–208Bertinetto, Pier Marco (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; bertinetto@sns.it) & Michele Loporcaro, The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press) 35.1 (2005), 131–151.06–209Bruton, Anthony (U Seville, Spain; abruton@siff.us.es), Process writing and communicative-task-based instruction: Many common features, but more common limitations?TESL-EJ (www.tesl-ej.org) 9.3 (2005), 33 pp.06–210Canagarajah, A. Suresh (City U New York, USA), TESOL at forty: What are the issues. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 9–34.06–211Davies, Alun (Aichi Shukutoku U; Japan alun1917@yahoo.co.uk), What do learners really want from their EFL course?ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.1 (2006), 3–12.06–212Eckert, Germana (U Technology, Sydney, Australia; geckert@aim.edu.au), Optimal class sizes in EAP programs. English in Australia (www.englishaustralia.com.au) 22.2 (2005), 12 pp.06–213Ellis, Rod (U Auckland, New Zealand), Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 83–107.06–214Farrell, Thomas S. C. (Brock U, Canada; tfarrell@brocku.ca) & Particia Lim Poh Choo, Conceptions of grammar teaching: A case study of teachers' beliefs and classroom practices. TESL-EJ (www.tesl-ej.org) 9.2 (2005), 13 pp.06–215Felix, Uschi (Monash U, Melbourne, Australia; uschi.felix@arts.monash.edu.au), What do meta-analyses tell us about CALL effectiveness?ReCALL (Cambridge University Press) 17.2 (2005), 269–288.06–216Haneda, Mari (Ohio State U, USA; haneda.1@osu.edu), Some functions of triadic dialogue in the classroom: examples from L2 research. The Canadian Modern Language Review (University of Toronto Press) 62.2 (2005), 313–333.06–217Hinkel, Eli (Seattle U, USA), Current perspective on teaching the four skills. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 109–131.06–218Hu, Guangwei (Technological U, Singapore; gwhu@nie.edu.sg), English language education in China: Policies, progress, and problems. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 5–24.06–219Jenkins, Jennifer (King's College, London, UK; Jennifer.jenkins@kcl.ac.uk), Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 157–181.06–220Johnson, David (Kennesaw State U, USA; djohnson@kennesaw.edu), Teaching culture in adult ESL: Pedagogical and ethical considerations. TESL-EJ (www.tesl-ej.org) 9.1 (2005), 12 pp.06–221Kern, Richard (U California at Berkeley, USA), Perspectives on technology in learning and teaching languages. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 183–210.06–222Kumaravidivelu, B. (San José State U, USA), TESOL methods: changing tracks, challenging trends. TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 59–81.06–223Li, Song (Harbin Institute of Technology, China) & Fu Li, Intercultural communicative language teaching: Rethinking the communicative approach to ELT in China. English in Australia (www.englishaustralia.com.au) 22.1 (2004), 24 pp.06–224Mantero, Miguel (U Alabama, USA; mmantero@bamaed.ua.edu), Language, education, and success: A view of emerging beliefs and strategies in the Southeastern United States. TESL-EJ (www.tesl-ej.org) 9.1 (2005), 15 pp.06–225Morgan, Angela (U Wolverhampton, UK; Angela-Morgan@wlv.ac.uk) & Kevin Hogan, School placement and conductive education: the experiences of education administrators. British Journal of Special Education (Blackwell) 32.3 (2005), 149–156.06–226Ryan, Mary, Systemic literacy initiatives: Stories of regulation, conflict and compliance. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 28.2 (2005), 114–126.06–227Savickienė, Ineta & Violeta Kalėdaitė (Vytautas Magnus U, Kaunas, Lithuania), Cultural and linguistic diversity of the Baltic states in a new Europe. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.5 (2005), 442–452.06–228Schauer, Gila (Lancaster U, UK; g.schauer@lancaster.ac.uk) & Svenja Adolphs, Expressions of gratitude in corpus and DCT data: Vocabulary, formulaic sequences, and pedagogy. System (Elsevier) 34.1 (2006), 119–134.06–229Silver, Rita Elaine & Rita Skuja Steele (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore; resilver@nie.edu.sg), Priorities in English language education policy and classroom implementation. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 107–128.06–230Sugita, Yoshihito (Yamanashi U, Japan; sugita@yamanshi-ken.ac.uk), The impact of teachers' comment types on students' revision. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.1 (2006), 34–41.06–231Vandergriff, Ilona (San Francisco State U, USA; vdgriff@sfsu.edu), Negotiating common ground in computer-mediated versus face-to-face discussion. Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/intro.html) 10.1 (2006), 110–138.06–232Wells-Jensen, Sheri (Bowling Green State U, USA; swellsj@bgnet.bgsu.edu), The Braille International Phonetic Alphabet and other options: The blind student in the phonetics classroom. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press) 35.1 (2005), 221–230.06–233Williams, Howard (Columbia U, USA; howwil@aol.com), Maths in the grammar classroom. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.1 (2006), 23–33.06–234Zacharias, Nugrahenny T. (Satya Wacana Christian U, Indonesia), Teachers' beliefs about the use of the students' mother tongue: A survey of tertiary English teachers in Indonesia. English in Australia (www.englishaustralia.com.au) 22.1 (2004), 9 pp.

Table of Contents Tabel of Contents....................................................................................... iArticlesRHETORIC AND FIGURE OF SPEECH MINANGKABAU LOCALITY IN TONIL SCRIPT SANAI NAN ALUIH BY SUTAN SATIRio Rinaldi.............................................................................................. 117SYMBOLIC MEANINGS OF AMONG TEBAL RITUAL IN NOVEL GENDUK BY SUNDARI MARDJUKILerry Alfayanti, Sarwiji Suwandi, Retno Winarni........................... 130FIGURES OF SPEECH MINANGKABAU LOCALITY IN CARITO MINANG KINI BY HAKIMAH RAHMAH S. IN PADANG EKSPRESHasnul Fikri............................................................................................ 145GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN INDONESIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WRITINGAnggun Melati Sari, Andayani, Sumarlam...................................... 163THE TRACES OF PROTO-LANGUAGES OF AUSTRONESIA IN SOME MODERN LANGUAGES IN SUMATRAErmanto................................................................................................. 177THE MEANING AND TEACHING OF “BUDI PEKERTI” IN THE POETRY OF KEKEAN BY F. AZIZ MANNA: SEMIOTIC STUDIES OF RIFFATERREKodrat Eko Putro Setiawan, Andayani, Retno Winarni................ 190FACTUAL AND EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITIONS IN INTERACTION AMONG LECTURERS AND STUDENTS OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT AT UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARETRia Dewi Puspita Sari, Sarwiji Suwandi, St. Y. Slamet................... 201VARIETY OF RHETORICS IN POLITICAL SPEECH PRESIDENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO AND JOKO WIDODO IN EDUCATIONAL FIELDNoermanzah, Emzir, Ninuk Lustyantie............................................. 221INTERNAL INNOVATION OF TABA IN NORTHERN MALUKU: HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVEBurhanuddin......................................................................................... 239SHIFTING THE SYSTEM OF INDONESIAN WORD FORMATION: THE STUDY ON MORPHOLOGY AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF ACRONYMS, BLENDING, AND CLIPPINGM. Zaim.................................................................................................. 248Author Guidelines

04–538 Allford, D. Institute of Education, University of London. d.allford@sta01.joe.ac.uk‘Grasping the nettle’: aspects of grammar in the mother tongue and foreign languages. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 24–32.04–539 Álvarez, Inma (The Open U., UK). Consideraciones sobre la contribución de los ordenadores en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. [The contribution of computers to foreign language learning.] Vida Hispánica (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 19–23.04–540 Arkoudis, S. (U. of Melbourne, Australia; Email: sophiaa@unimelb.edu.au). Teaching English as a second language in science classes: incommensurate epistemologies?Language and Education (Clevedon, UK), 17, 3 (2003), 161–173.04–541 Bandin, Francis and Ferrer, Margarita (Manchester Metropolitan U., UK). Estereotípicos. [Stereotypes.] Vida Hispánica. Association for Language Learning (Rugby, UK), 28 (2003), 4–12.04–542 Banno, Eri (Okayama University). A cross-cultural survey of students’ expectations of foreign language teachers. Foreign Language Annals, 36, 3 (2003), 339–346.04–543 Barron, Colin (U. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Email: csbarron@hkusua.hku.hk). Problem-solving and EAP: themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 3 (2003), 297–314.04–544 Bartley, Belinda (Lord Williams's School, Thame). Developing learning strategies in writing French at key stage 4. Francophonie (London, UK), 28 (2003), 10–17.04–545 Bax, S. (Canterbury Christ Church University College). The end of CLT: a context approach to language teaching. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 278–287.04–546 Caballero, Rodriguez (Universidad Jaume I, Campus de Borriol, Spain; Email: mcaballe@guest.uji.es). How to talk shop through metaphor: bringing metaphor research to the ESP classroom. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 177–194.04–547 Field, J. (University of Leeds). Promoting perception: lexical segmentation in L2 listening. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 4 (2003), 325–334.04–548 Finkbeiner, Matthew and Nicol, Janet (U. of Arizona, AZ, USA; Email: msf@u.Arizona.edu). Semantic category effects in second language word learning. Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge, UK), 24, 3 (2003), 369–384.04–549 Frazier, S. (University of California). A corpus analysis of would-clauses without adjacent if-clauses. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 443–466.04–550 Harwood, Nigel (Canterbury Christ Church University College, UK). Taking a lexical approach to teaching: principles and problems. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 12, 2 (2002), 139–155.04–551 Hird, Bernard (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: b.hird@ecu.edu.au). What are language teachers trying to do in their lessons?Babel, (Adelaide, Australia) 37, 3 (2003), 24–29.04–552 Ho, Y-K. (Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan). Audiotaped dialogue journals: an alternative form of speaking practice. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 57, 3 (2003), 269–277.04–553 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA). Chinese as a foreign language in Canada: a content-based programme for elementary school. Language, Culture and Curriculum (), 16, 1 (2003), 70–89.04–554 Kennedy, G. (Victoria University of Wellington). Amplifier collocations in the British National Corpus: implications for English language teaching. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 467–487.04–555 Kissau, Scott P. (U. of Windsor, UK & Greater Essex County District School Board; Email: scotkiss@att.canada.ca). The relationship between school environment and effectiveness in French immersion. The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Ottawa, Canada), 6, 1 (2003), 87–104.04–556 Laurent, Maurice (Messery). De la grammaire implicite à la grammaire explicite. [From Implicit Grammar to Explicit Grammar.] Tema, 2 (2003), 40–47.04–557 Lear, Darcy (The Ohio State University, USA). Using technology to cross cultural and linguistic borders in Spanish language classrooms. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 541–551.04–558 Leeser, Michael J. (University of Illianos at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Email: leeser@uiuc.edu). Learner proficiency and focus on form during collaborative dialogue. Language Teaching Research, 8, 1 (2004), 55.04–559 Levis, John M. (Iowa State University, USA) and Grant, Linda. Integrating pronunciation into ESL/EFL classrooms. TESOL Journal, 12 (2003), 13–19.04–560 Mitchell, R. (Centre for Language in Education, University of Southampton; Email: rfm3@soton.ac.uk) Rethinking the concept of progression in the National Curriculum for Modern Foreign Languages: a research perspective. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 15–23.04–561 Moffitt, Gisela (Central Michigan U., USA). Beyond Struwwelpeter: using German picture books for cultural exploration. Die Unterrichtspraxis (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2003), 15–27.04–562 Morley, J. and Truscott, S. (University of Manchester; Email: mfwssjcm@man.ac.uk). The integration of research-oriented learning into a Tandem learning programme. Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 52–58.04–563 Oliver, Rhonda (Edith Cowan U., Australia; Email: rhonda.oliver@cowan.edu.au) and Mackey, Alison. Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. The Modern Language Journal (Madison, WI, USA), 87, 4 (2003), 519–533.04–564 Pachler, N. (Institute of Education, University of London; Email: n.pachler@ioe.ac.uk). Foreign language teaching as an evidence-based profession?Language Learning Journal (Rugby, UK), 27 (2003), 4–14.04–565 Portmann-Tselikas, Paul R. (Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Austria). Grammatikunterricht als Schule der Aufmerksamkeit. Zur Rolle grammatischen Wissens im gesteuerten Spracherwerb. [Grammar teaching as a training of noticing. The role of grammatical knowledge in formal language learning.] Babylonia (Switzerland, www.babylonia), 2 (2003), 9–18.04–566 Purvis, K. (Email: purvis@senet.com.au) and Ranaldo, T. Providing continuity in learning from Primary to Secondary. Babel, 38, 1 (2003), (Adelaide, Australia), 13–18.04–567 Román-Odio, Clara and Hartlaub, Bradley A. (Kenyon College, Ohio, USA). Classroom assessment of Computer-Assisted Language Learning: developing a strategy for college faculty. Hispania (Ann Arbor, USA), 86, 3 (2003), 592–607.04–568 Schleppegrell, Mary J. (University of California, Davis, USA) and Achugar, Mariana. Learning language and learning history: a functional linguistics approach. TESOL Journal, 12, 2 (2003), 21–27.04–569 Schoenbrodt, Lisa, Kerins, Marie and Geseli, Jacqueline (Loyola College in Maryland, Baltimore, USA; Email: lschoenbrodt@loyola.edu) Using narrative language intervention as a tool to increase communicative competence in Spanish-speaking children. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 16, 1 (2003), 48–59.04–570 Shen, Hwei-Jiun (National Taichung Institute of Technology). The role of explicit instruction in ESL/EFL reading. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 36, 3 (2003), 424–433.04–571 Sifakis, N. C. (Hellenic Open U., Greece; Email: nicossif@hol.gr). Applying the adult education framework to ESP curriculum development: an integrative model. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 22, 2 (2003), 195–211.04–572 Simpson, R. and Mendis, D. (University of Michigan). A corpus-based study of idioms in academic speech. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 37, 3 (2003), 419–441.

03—230 Andress, Reinhard (St. Louis U., USA), James, Charles J., Jurasek, Barbara, Lalande II, John F., Lovik, Thomas A., Lund, Deborah, Stoyak, Daniel P., Tatlock, Lynne and Wipf, Joseph A.. Maintaining the momentum from high school to college: Report and recommendations. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 1—14.03—231 Andrews, David R. (Georgetown U., USA.). Teaching the Russian heritage learner. Slavonic and East European Journal (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 45, 3 (2001), 519—30.03—232 Ashby, Wendy and Ostertag, Veronica (U. of Arizona, USA). How well can a computer program teach German culture? Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 79—85.03—233 Bateman, Blair E. (937 17th Avenue, SE Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Email: bate0048@umn.edu). Promoting openness toward culture learning: Ethnographic interviews for students of Spanish. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 318—31.03—234 Belz, Julie A. and Müller-Hartmann, Andreas. Deutsche-amerikanische Telekollaboration im Fremdsprachenuterricht – Lernende im Kreuzfeuer der institutionellen Zwänge. [German-American tele-collaboration in foreign language teaching – learners in the crossfire of institutional constraints.] Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 36, 1 (2002), 68—78.03—235 Bosher, Susan and Smalkoski, Kari (The Coll. of St. Catherine, St. Paul, USA; Email: sdbosher@stkate.edu). From needs analysis to curriculum development: Designing a course in health-care communication for immigrant students in the USA. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 1 (2002), 59—79.03—236 Brandl, Klaus (U. of Washington, USA; Email: brandl@u.washington.edu). Integrating Internet-based reading materials into the foreign language curriculum: From teacher- to student-centred approaches. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 87—107.03—237 Bruce, Nigel (Hong Kong U.; Email: njbruce@hku.hk). Dovetailing language and content: Teaching balanced argument in legal problem answer writing. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 321—45.03—238 Bruton, Anthony (U. of Seville, Spain; Email: abruton@siff.us.es). From tasking purposes to purposing tasks. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 280—95.03—239 Candlin, C. N. (Email: enopera@cityu.edu.hk), Bhatia, V. K. and Jensen, C. H. (City U. of Hong Kong). Developing legal writing materials for English second language learners: Problems and perspectives. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 299—320.03—240 Chen, Shumei. A contrastive study of complimentary responses in British English and Chinese, with pedagogic implications for ELT in China. Language Issues (Birmingham, UK), 13, 2 (2001), 8—11.03—241 Chudak, Sebastian (Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität, Poznán, Poland). Die Selbstevaluation im Prozess- und Lernerorientierten Fremdsprachenunterricht (Bedeutung, Ziele, Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten). [The self-evaluation of process- and learner-oriented foreign language teaching.] Glottodidactica (Poznań, Poland), 28 (2002), 49—63.03—242 Crosling, Glenda and Ward, Ian (Monash U., Clayton, Australia; Email: glenda.crosling@buseco.monash.edu.au). Oral communication: The workplace needs and uses of business graduate employees. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 1 (2002), 41—57.03—243 Davidheiser, James (U. of the South, USA). Classroom approaches to communication: Teaching German with TPRS (Total Physical Response Storytelling). Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 25—35.03—244 Duff, Patricia A. (U. of British Columbia, Canada; Email: patricia.duff@ubc.ca). The discursive co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: An ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 289—322.03—245 Egbert, Joy (Washington State U., USA; Email: egbert@wsunix.wsu.edu), Paulus, Trena M. and Nakamichi, Yoko. The impact of CALL instruction on classroom computer use: A foundation for rethinking technology in teacher education. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 108—26.03—246 Einbeck, Kandace (U. of Colorado at Boulder, USA). Using literature to promote cultural fluency in study abroad programs. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 59—67.03—247 Fallon, Jean M. (Hollins U., Virginia, USA). On foreign ground: One attempt at attracting non-French majors to a French Studies course. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 405—13.03—248 Furuhata, Hamako (Mount Union Coll., Ohio, USA; Email: furuhah@muc.edu). Learning Japanese in America: A survey of preferred teaching methods. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 134—42.03—249 Goldstein, Tara (Ontario Inst. for Studies in Ed., U. of Toronto, Canada). No Pain, No Gain: Student playwriting as critical ethnographic language research. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes (Toronto, Ont.), 59, 1 (2002), 53—76.03—250 Hu, Guangwei (Nanyang Technological U., Singapore; Email: gwhu@nie.edu.sg). Potential cultural resistance to pedagogical imports: The case of communicative language teaching in China. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 93—105.03—251 Huang, Jingzi (Monmouth U., New Jersey, USA; Email: jhuang@monmouth.edu). Activities as a vehicle for linguistic and sociocultural knowledge at the elementary level. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 3—33.03—252 Hyland, Ken (City U. of Hong Kong; Email: ken.hyland@cityu.edu.hk). Specificity revisited: How far should we go now? English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 385—95.03—253 Jahr, Silke. Die Vermittlung des sprachen Ausdrucks von Emotionen in DaF-Unterricht. [The conveying of the oral expression of emotion in teaching German as a foreign language.] Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Berlin, Germany), 39, 2 (2002), 88–95.03—254 Jung, Yunhee (U. of Alberta, Canada; Email: jhee6539@hanmail.net). Historical review of grammar instruction and current implications. English Teaching (Korea), 57, 3 (2002), 193—213.03—255 Kagan, Olga and Dillon, Kathleen (UCLA, USA & UC Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning, USA). A new perspective on teaching Russian: Focus on the heritage learner. Slavonic and East European Journal (Tucson, Arizona, USA), 45, 3 (2001), 507—18.03—256 Kang, Hoo-Dong (Sungsim Coll. of Foreign Languages, Korea; Email: hdkang2k@hanmail.net). Tracking or detracking?: Teachers' views of tracking in Korean secondary schools. English Teaching (Korea), 57, 3 (2002), 41—57.03—257 Kramsch, Claire (U. of California at Berkeley, USA). Language, culture and voice in the teaching of English as a foreign language. Language Issues (Birmingham, UK), 13, 2 (2001), 2—7.03—258 Krishnan, Lakshmy A. and Lee, Hwee Hoon (Nanyang Tech. U., Singapore; Email: clbhaskar@ntu.edu.sg). Diaries: Listening to ‘voices’ from the multicultural classroom. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 227—39.03—259 Lasagabaster, David and Sierra, Juan Manuel (U. of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Email: fiblahed@vc.ehu.es). University students' perceptions of native and non-native speaker teachers of English. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 11, 2 (2002), 132—42.03—260 Lennon, Paul. Authentische Texte im Grammatikunterricht. [Authentic texts in grammar teaching.] Praxis des neusprachlichen Unterrichts (Berlin, Germany), 49, 3 (2002), 227–36.03—261 Lepetit, Daniel (Clemson U., USA; Email: dlepetit@mail.clemson.edu) and Cichocki, Wladyslaw. Teaching languages to future health professionals: A needs assessment study. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA), 86, 3 (2002), 384—96.03—262 Łȩska-Drajerczak, Iwona (Adam Mickiewicz U., Poznán, Poland). Selected aspects of job motivation as seen by EFL teachers. Glottodidactica (Poznán, Poland), 28 (2002), 103—12.03—263 Liontas, John I. (U. of Notre-Dame, USA). ZOOMANIA: The See-Hear-and-Do approach to FL teaching and learning. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German (Cherry Hill, NJ, USA), 35, 1 (2002), 36—58.03—264 Littlemore, Jeannette (Birmingham U., UK). Developing metaphor interpretation strategies for students of economics: A case study. Les Cahiers de l'APLIUT (Grenoble, France), 21, 4 (2002) 40—60.03—265 Mantero, Miguel (The U. of Alabama, USA). Bridging the gap: Discourse in text-based foreign language classrooms. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 35, 4 (2002), 437—56.03—266 Martin, William M. (U. of Pennsylvania, USA) and Lomperis, Anne E.. Determining the cost benefit, the return on investment, and the intangible impacts of language programmes for development. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 36, 3 (2002), 399—429.03—267 Master, Peter (San Jose State U., CA, USA: Email: pmaster@sjsu.edu). Information structure and English article pedagogy. System (Oxford, UK), 30, 3 (2002), 331—48.03—268 Mertens, Jürgen. Schrift im Französischunterricht in der Grundschule: Lernehemnis oder Lernhilfe? [Writing in teaching French in primary school: Learning aid or hindrance?] Neusprachliche Mitteilungen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis (Berlin, Germany), 55, 3 (2002), 141–49.03—269 Meskill, Carla (U. at Albany, USA; Email: cmeskill@uamail.albany.edu), Mossop, Jonathan, DiAngelo, Stephen and Pasquale, Rosalie K.. Expert and novice teachers talking technology: Precepts, concepts, and misconcepts. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 46—57.03—270 Mitchell, Rosamond and Lee, Jenny Hye-Won (U. of Southampton, UK; Email: rfm3@soton.ac.uk). Sameness and difference in classroom learning cultures: Interpretations of communicative pedagogy in the UK and Korea. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 35—63.03—271 Mohan, Bernard (U. of British Columbia, Canada; Email: bernard.mohan@ubc.ca) and Huang, Jingzi. Assessing the integration of language and content in a Mandarin as a foreign language classroom. Linguistics and Education (New York, USA), 13, 3 (2002), 405—33.03—272 Mori, Junko (U. of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Email: jmori@facstaff.wisc.edu). Task design, plan, and development of talk-in-interaction: An analysis of a small group activity in a Japanese language classroom. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2002), 323—47.03—273 O'Sullivan, Emer (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-U. Frankfurt, Germany; Email: osullivan@em.uni-frankfurt.de) and Rösler, Dietmar. Fremdsprachenlernen und Kinder-und Jugendliteratur: Eine kritische Bestandaufsnahme. [Foreign language learning and children's literature: A critical appraisal.] Zeitschrift für Fremdsprachenforschung (Germany), 13, 1 (2002), 63—111.03—274 Pfeiffer, Waldemar (Europa Universität Viadrina – Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany). Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der interkulturellen Sprachvermittlung. [The possibilities and limits of intercultural language teaching.] Glottodidactica (Poznán, Poland), 28 (2002), 125—39.03—275 Rebel, Karlheinz (U. Tübingen, Germany) and Wilson, Sybil. Das Portfolio in Schule und Lehrerbildung (I). [The portfolio in school and the image of a teacher (I).] Fremdsprachenunterricht (Berlin, Germany), 4 (2002), 263–71.03—276 Sonaiya, Remi (Obafemi Awolowo U., Ile-ife, Nigeria). Autonomous language learning in Africa: A mismatch of cultural assumptions. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 15, 2 (2002), 106—16.03—277 Stapleton, Paul (Hokkaido U., Japan; Email: paul@ilcs.hokudai.ac.jp). Critical thinking in Japanese L2 writing: Rethinking tired constructs. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 250—57.03—278 Sullivan, Patricia (Office of English Language Progs., Dept. of State, Washington, USA, Email: psullivan@pd.state.gov) and Girginer, Handan. The use of discourse analysis to enhance ESP teacher knowledge: An example using aviation English. English for Specific Purposes (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 21, 4 (2002), 397—404.03—279 Tang, Eunice (City U. of Hong Kong) and Nesi, Hilary (U. of Warwick, UK; Email: H.J.Nesi@warwick.ac.uk). Teaching vocabulary in two Chinese classrooms: Schoolchildren's exposure to English words in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Language Teaching Research (London, UK), 7, 1 (2003), 65—97.03—280 Timmis, Ivor (Leeds Metropolitan U., UK; Email: i.timmis@lmu.ac.uk). Native-speaker norms and International English: A classroom view. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 56, 3 (2002), 240—49.03—281 Toole, Janine and Heift, Trude (Simon Fraser U., Bumaby, BC, Canada; Email: toole@sfu.ca). The Tutor Assistant: An authoring tool for an Intelligent Language Tutoring System. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, The Netherlands), 15, 4 (2002), 373—86.03—282 Turner, Karen and Turvey, Anne (Inst. of Ed., U. of London, UK; Email: k.turner@ioe.ac.uk). The space between shared understandings of the teaching of grammar in English and French to Year 7 learners: Student teachers working collaboratively. Language Awareness (Clevedon, UK), 11, 2 (2002), 100—13.03—283 Warschauer, Mark (U. of California, USA). A developmental perspective on technology in language education. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 36, 3 (2002), 453—75.03—284 Weasenforth, Donald (The George Washington U., USA; Email: weasenf@gwu.edu), Biesenbach-Lucas, Sigrun and Meloni, Christine. Realising constructivist objectives through collaborative technologies: Threaded discussions. Language Learning and Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/), 6, 3 (2002), 58—86.

05–267Aitchison, Claire (U of Western Sydney, Australia), Thesis writing circles. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 97–115.05–268Allison, Desmond (The National U of Singapore), Authority and accommodation in higher degree research proposals. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 155–180.05–269Bazerman, Charles (U of California, Santa Barbara, USA), An essay on pedagogy by Mikhail M. Bakhtin. Written Communication (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 22.3 (2005), 333–338.05–270Belanger, Joe (U of British Columbia, USA), ‘When will we ever learn?’: the case for formative assessment supporting writing development. English in Australia (Norwood, Australia) 141 (2004), 41–48.05–271Bodwell, Mary Buchinger (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA; mary.bodwell@bos.mcphs.edu), ‘Now what does that mean, “first draft”?’: responding to text in an adult literacy class. Linguistics and Education (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 15.1–2 (2004), 59–79.05–272Broadley, Guy, Seeing forward looking back: the New Zealand literacy picture. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Norwood, Australia) 28.1 (2005), 8–18.05–273Bruton, Anthony & Emilia Alonso Marks (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain), Reading texts in instructed L1 and FL reading: student perceptions and actual selections. Hispania (Exton, PA, USA) 87.4 (2004), 770–783.05–274Chandrasegaran, Antonia (Nanyang Technical U, Singapore), Mary Ellis & Gloria Poedjosoedarmo, Essay Assist: developing software for writing skills improvement in partnership with students. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 137–155.05–275Chujo, Kiyomi (Nihon U, Japan; chujo@cit.nihon-u.ac.jp) & Masao Utiyama, Understanding the role of text length, sample size and vocabulary size in determining text coverage. Reading in a Foreign Language (Honolulu, HI, USA) 17.1 (2005), 1–22.05–276Cromley, Jennifer G. & Roger Azevedo (U of Maryland College Park, USA), What do reading tutors do? A naturalistic study of more and less experienced tutors in reading. Discourse Processes (Mahwah, NJ, USA) 40.1 (2005), 83–113.05–277Crompton, Peter (crompton@fastmail.fm), ‘Where’, ‘In which’, and ‘In that’: a corpus-based approach to error analysis. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 157–176.05–278Day, Richard (U of Hawaii, Manoa, USA) & Jeong-suk Park, Develop ing reading comprehension questions. Reading in a Foreign Language (Honolulu, HI, USA) 17.1 (2005), 60–73.05–279Dunlosky, John & Katherine A. Rawson (U of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA), Why does rereading improve metacomprehension accuracy? Evaluating the Levels-of-Disruption Hypothesis for the Rereading Effect. Discourse Processes (Mahwah, NJ, USA) 40.1 (2005), 37–55.05–280Guillot, Marie-Noëlle (U of East Anglia, UK), Il y a des gens qui disent que…‘there are people who say that…’. Beyond grammatical accuracy in FL learners' writing: issues of non-nativeness. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (IRAL) (Berlin, Germany) 43.2. (2005), 109–128.05–281Haan, Pieter de (p.dehaan@let.ru.nl) & Kees van Esch, The development of writing in English and Spanish as foreign languages. Assessing Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 10.2 (2005), 100–116.04–282Hitosugi, Claire Ikumi & Richard R. Day (U of Hawaii, Manoa, USA), Extensive reading in Japanese. Reading in a Foreign Language (Honolulu, HI, USA) 16.1 (2004), 21–39.05–283Hunt, Alan (Kansai U, Osaka, Japan) & David Beglar, A framework for developing EFL reading vocabulary. Reading in a Foreign Language (Honolulu, HI, USA) 17.1 (2005), 23–59.05–284Jackson, Sue & Susan Gee (Victoria U of Wellington, New Zealand; sue.jackson@vuw.ac.nz), ‘Look Janet’, ‘No you look John’: constructions of gender in early school reader illustrations across 50 years. Gender and Education (Abingdon, UK) 17.2 (2005), 115–128.05–285Kaplan, B. Robert (U of Southern California, USA) & Richard B. Baldauf, Jr., Editing contributed scholarly articles from a language management perspective. Journal of Second Language Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.1 (2005), 47–62.05–286Keen, John (Manchester U, UK; john.keen@man.ac.uk), Sentence-combining and redrafting processes in the writing of secondary school students in the UK. Linguistics and Education (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 15.1–2 (2004), 81–97.05–287Liu, Lu (Purdue U, USA), Rhetorical education through writing instruction across cultures: a comparative analysis of select online instructional materials on argumentative writing. Journal of Second Language Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.1 (2005), 1–18.05–288Liu, Yongbing (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore), The construction of pro-science and technology discourse in Chinese language textbooks. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK) 19.4 (2005), 281–303.05–289McCarthey, Sarah J. & Georgia Earnest García (U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), English language learners' writing practices and attitudes. Written Communication (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 22.2 (2005), 36–75.05–290McCarthey, Sarah J., Yuey-Hi Guo & Sunday Cummins (U of Illinois, USA), Understanding changes in elementary Mandarin students' L1 and L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.2 (2005), 71–104.05–291Mills, Kathy, Deconstructing binary oppositions in literacy discourse and pedagogy. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Norwood, Australia) 28.1 (2005), 67–82.05–292Mišak, Aleksandra, Matko Marušić & Ana Marušić (Zagreb U School of Medicine, Croatia), Manuscript editing as a way of teaching academic writing: experience from a small scientific journal. Journal of Second Language Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.2 (2005), 151–172.05–293Misson, Ray (U of Melbourne, Australia), What are we creating in creative writing?English in Australia (Norwood, Australia) 141 (2004), 132–140.05–294Nelson, Cynthia D. & Caroline San Miguel (U of Technology, Sydney, Australia), Designing doctoral writing workshops that problematise textual practices. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 116–136.05–295Oller, Jr., John W., Liang Chen, Stephen, D. Oller & Ning Pan (U of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA), Empirical predictions from a general theory of signs. Discourse Processes (Mahwah, NJ, USA) 40.2 (2005), 115–144.05–296Paltridge, Brian (U of Sydney, Australia), Teaching thesis and dissertation writing. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 78–96.05–297Pantaleo, Sylvia, Young children engage with the metafictive in picture books. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Norwood, Australia) 28.1 (2005), 19–37.05–298Pearson, Lynn (Bowling Green State U, USA), The web portfolio: a project to teach Spanish reading and Hispanic cultures. Hispania (Exton, PA, USA) 87.4 (2004), 759–769.05–299Peterson, Shelley & Theresa Calovini (Toronto U, Canada; slpeterson@oise.utoronto.ca), Social ideologies in grade eight students' conversation and narrative writing. Linguistics and Education (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 15.1–2 (2004), 121–139.05–300Reynolds, Dudley W. (U of Houston, USA), Linguistic correlates of second language literacy development: evidence from middle-grade learner essays. Journal of Second Language Writing (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.1 (2005), 19–45.05–301Roache-Jameson, Sharyn, Kindergarten connections: a study of intertextuality and its links with literacy in the kindergarten classroom. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Norwood, Australia) 28.1 (2005), 48–66.05–302Ryan, Josephine, Young people choose: adolescents' text pleasures. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Norwood, Australia) 28.1 (2005), 38–54.05–303Rymes, Betsy (Georgia U, USA; brymes@coe.uga.edu), Contrasting zones of comfortable competence: popular culture in a phonics lesson. Linguistics and Education (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 14.3–4 (2003), 321–335.05–304Skillen, Jan & Emily Purser (U of Wollongong, Australia), Teaching thesis writing: policy and practice at an Australian university. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 17–33.05–305Stapleton, Paul (Hokkaido U, Japan; paulstapleton@gmail.com), Using the web as a research source: implications for L2 academic writing. The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA) 89.2 (2005), 177–189.05–306Starfield, Sue (U of New South Wales, Australia), The evolution of a thesis-writing course for Arts and Social Sciences students: what can applied linguistics offer?Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 137–154.05–307Strauss, Pat, Jo Ann Walton & Suzanne Madsen (Auckland U of Technology, New Zealand), ‘I don't have time to be an English teacher’: supervising the EAL thesis. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 1–16.05–308Terras, Melissa (U of London, UK; m.terras@ucl.ac.uk), Reading the readers: modelling complex humanities processes to build cognitive systems. Literary and Linguistic Computing (Oxford, UK) 20.1 (2005), 41–59.05–309Turner, Joan (U of London, UK), Writing a Ph.D. in the contemporary humanities. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China) 8.2 (2003), 34–53.05–310Wallace, Catherine (Institute of Education, UK; c.wallace@ioe.ac.uk), Conversations around the literacy hour in a multilingual London primary school. Language and Education (Clevedon, UK) 19.4 (2005), 322–338.05–311Yamada, Kyoko (wsedikol@hotmail.com), Lexical patterns in the eyes of intermediate EFL readers. RELC Journal (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) 36.2 (2005), 177–188.05–312Yamashita, Junko (Nagoya U, Japan), Reading attitudes in L1 and L2, and their influence on L2 extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language (Honolulu, HI, USA) 16.1 (2004), 1–19.05–313Zhang, Hao & Rumjahn Hoosain (The U of Minnesota, USA), Activation of themes during narrative reading. Discourse Processes (Mahwah, NJ, USA) 40.1 (2005), 57–82.

I want to argue here that the use of terms like “disabled” has very concrete and practical consequences; such language choices are significant and constitutive, not simply the abstract subject of a theoretical debate or a “politically correct” storm in a teacup. In this paper I want to examine some significant moments of conflict over and resistance to definitions of “disability” in an arts project, “In the Picture”, run by one of the UK’s largest disability charities, Scope. In the words of its webpages, this project “aims to encourage publishers, illustrators and writers to embrace diversity - so that disabled children are included alongside others in illustrations and story lines in books for young readers” (http://www.childreninthepicture.org.uk/aboutus.htm). It sought to raise awareness of “ableism” in the book world and through its webpage, offer practical advice and examples of how to include disabled children in illustrated children’s books. From 2005 to 2007, I tracked the progress of the project’s Stories strand, which sought to generate exemplary inclusive narratives by drawing on the experiences of disabled people and families of disabled children. My research drew on participant observation and interviews, but also creative audience research — a process where, in the words of David Gauntlett, “participants are asked to create media or artistic artefacts themselves.” Consequently, when I’m talking here about definitions of “disability’, I am discussing not just the ways people talk about what the word “disabled” might mean, but also the ways in which such identities might appear in images. These definitions made a real difference to those participating in various parts of the project and the types of inclusive stories they produced. Scope has been subject to substantial critique from the disability movement in the past (Benjamin; Carvel; Shakespeare, "Sweet Charity"). “In the Picture” was part of an attempt to resituate the charity as a campaigning organization (Benjamin; O’Hara), with the campaign’s new slogan “Time to get Equal” appearing prominently at the top of each page of the project’s website. As a consequence the project espoused the social model of disability, with its shift in focus from individual peoples’ bodily differences, towards the exclusionary and unequal society that systematically makes those differences meaningful. This shift in focus generates, some have argued, a performative account of disability as an identity (Sandhal; Breivik). It’s not simply that non-normative embodiment or impairment can be (and often is) acquired later in life, meaning that non-disabled people are perhaps best referred to as TABs — the “temporarily able bodied” (Duncan, Goggin and Newell). More significantly, what counts as a “disabled person” is constituted in particular social, physical and economic environments. Changing that environment can, in essence, create a disabled person, or make a person cease to be dis-abled. I will argue that, within the “In the Picture” project, this radically constructionist vision of disablement often rubbed against more conventional understandings of the term “disabled people”. In the US, the term “people with disabilities” is favoured as a label, because of its “people first” emphasis, as well as its identification of an oppressed minority group (Haller, Dorries and Rahn, 63; Shakespeare, Disability Rights). In contrast, those espousing the social model of disability in the UK tend to use the phrase “disabled people”. This latter term can flag the fact that disability is not something emanating from individuals’ bodily differences, but a social process by which inaccessible environments disable particular people (Oliver, Politics). From this point of view the phrase “people with disabilities” might appear to ascribe the disability to the individual rather than the society — it suggests that it is the people who “have” the disability, not the society which disables. As Helen Meekosha has pointed out, Australian disability studies draws on both US civil rights languages and the social model as understood in the UK. While I’ve chosen to adopt the British turn of phrase here, the broader concept from an Australian point of view, is that the use of particular sets of languages is no simple key to the perspectives adopted by individual speakers. My observations suggest that the key phrase used in the project — “ disabled people” — is one that, we might say, “passes”. To someone informed by the social model it clearly highlights a disabling society. However, it is a phrase that can be used without obvious miscommunication to talk to people who have not been exposed to the social model. Someone who subscribes to a view of “disability” as impairment, as a medical condition belonging to an individual, might readily use the term “disabled people”. The potentially radical implications of this phrase are in some ways hidden, unlike rival terms like “differently abled”, which might be greeted with mockery in some quarters (eg. Purvis; Parris). This “passing” phrase did important work for the “In the Picture” project. As many disability activists have pointed out, “charity” and “concern” for disabled people is a widely espoused value, playing a range of important psychic roles in an ableist society (eg. Longmore; Hevey). All the more evocative is a call to support disabled children, a favoured object of the kinds of telethons and other charitable events which Longmore discusses. In the words of Rosemarie Garland Thomson, the sentimentality often used in charity advertising featuring children “contains disability’s threat in the sympathetic, helpless child for whom the viewer is empowered to act” (Garland Thomson, 63). In calling for publishers to produce picture books which included disabled children, the project had invested in this broad appeal — who could argue against such an agenda? The project has been successful, for example, in recruiting support from many well known children’s authors and illustrators, including Quentin Blake and Dame Jackie Wilson. The phrase “disabled children”, I would argue, smoothed the way for such successes by enabling the project to graft progressive ideas —about the need for adequate representation of a marginalized group — onto existing conceptions of an imagined recipient needing help from an already constituted group of willing givers. So what were the implications of using the phrase “disabled children” for the way the project unfolded? The capacity of this phrase to refer to both a social model account of disability and more conventional understandings had an impact on the recruitment of participants for writing workshops. Participants were solicited via a range of routes. Some were contacted through the charity’s integrated pre-school and the networks of the social workers working beside it. The workshops were also advertised via a local radio show, through events run by the charity for families of disabled people, through a notice in the Disabled Parents site, and announcements on the local disability arts e- newsletter. I am interested in the way that those who heard about the workshops might have been hailed by —or resisted the lure of — those labels “disabled person” or “parent of a disabled child” or at least the meaning of those labels when used by a large disability charity. For example, despite a workshop appearing on the programme of Northwest Disability Arts’ Deaf and Disability Arts Festival, no Deaf participants became involved in the writing workshops. Some politicised Deaf communities frame their identities as an oppressed linguistic minority of sign language users, rather than as disabled people (Corker; Ladd). As such, I would suggest that they are not hailed by the call to “disabled people” with which the project was framed, despite the real absence of children’s books drawing on Deaf culture and its rich tradition of visual communication (Saunders; Conlon and Napier). Most of those who attended were (non-disabled) parents or grandparents of disabled children, rather than disabled people, a fact critiqued by some participants. It’s only possible to speculate about the reasons for this imbalance. Was it the reputation of this charity or charities in general (see Shakespeare, "Sweet Charity") amongst politicised disabled people that discouraged attendance? A shared perspective with those within the British disabled peoples’ movement who emphasise the overwhelming importance of material changes in employment, education, transport rather than change in the realm of “attitudes” (eg Oliver, Politics)? Or was it the association of disabled people undertaking creative activities with a patronising therapeutic agenda (eg Hevey, 26)? The “pulling power” of a term even favoured by the British disability movement, it seems, might be heavily dependent on who was using it. Nonetheless, this term did clearly speak to some people. In conversation it emerged that most of those who attended the workshops either had young family members who were disabled or were imbricated in educational and social welfare networks that identified them as “disabled” — for example, by having access to Disability Living Allowance. While most of the disabled children in participants’ families were in mainstream education, most also had an educational “statement” enabling them to access extra resources, or were a part of early intervention programmes. These social and educational institutions had thus already hailed them as “families of disabled children” and as such they recognised themselves in the project’s invitation. Here we can see the social and institutional shaping of what counts as “disabled children” in action. One participant who came via an unusual route into the workshops provides an interesting reflection of the impact of an address to “disabled people”. This man had heard about the workshop because the local charity he ran had offices adjacent to the venue of one of the workshops. He started talking to the workshop facilitator, and as he said in an interview, became interested because “well … she mentioned that it was about disabilities and I’m interested in people’s disabilities – I want to improve conditions for them obviously”. I probed him about the relationship between his interest and his own experiences as a person with dyslexia. While he taught himself to read in his thirties, he described his reading difficulties as having ongoing impacts on his working life. He responded: first of all it wasn’t because I have dyslexia, it was because I’m interested in improving people’s lives in general. So, I mean particularly people who are disabled need more care than most of us don’t they? …. and I’d always help whenever I can, you know what I mean. And then thinking that I had a disability myself! The dramatic double-take at the end of this comment points to the way this respondent positions himself throughout as outside of the category of “disabled”. This self- identification points towards the stigma often attached to the category “disabled”. It also indicates the way in which this category is, at least in part, socially organised, such that people can be in various circumstances located both inside and outside it. In this writer’s account “people who are disabled” are “them” needing “more care than most of us”. Here, rather than identifying as a disabled person, imagined as a recipient of support, he draws upon the powerful discourses of charity in a way that positions him giving to and supporting others. The project appealed to him as a charity worker and as a campaigner, and indeed a number of other participants (both “disabled” and “non-disabled”) framed themselves in this way, looking to use their writing as a fundraising tool, for example, or as a means of promoting more effective inclusive education. The permeability of the category of “disabled” presented some challenges in the attempt to solicit “disabled peoples’” voices within the project. This was evident when completed stories came to be illustrated by design, illustration and multimedia students at four British universities: Liverpool John Moores University, the University of Wolverhampton, the University of Teeside and the North East Wales Institute. Students attending an initial briefing on the project completed a questionnaire which included an item asking whether they considered themselves to be disabled. While around eight of the eighty respondents answered “yes” to this question, the answers of these students and some others were by no means clear cut. A number of students identified themselves as dyslexic, but contested the idea that this diagnosis meant that they were disabled. One respondent commented along similar lines: “My boyfriend was very upset that the university considers him to be disabled because he is dyslexic”. How can we make sense of these responses? We could note again that the identity of “disabled” is highly stigmatised. Many disabled students believe that they are seen as lazy, demanding excessive resources, or even in the case of some students with non- visible impairments, lying (Kleege; Olney and Brockman). So we could view such responses as identity management work. From this point of view, an indicator of the success of the project in shifting some of the stigma attached to the label of “disabled” might be the fact that at least one of the students participants “came out” as dyslexic to her tutors in the course of her participation in the project. The pattern of answers on questionnaire returns suggests that particular teaching strategies and administrative languages shape how students imagine and describe themselves. Liverpool John Moores University, one of the four art schools participating in the project, had a high profile programme seeking to make dyslexic students aware of the technical and writing support available to them if they could present appropriate medical certification (Lowy). Questionnaires from LJMU included the largest number of respondents identifying themselves as both disabled and dyslexic, and featured no comment on any mismatch between these labels. In the interests of obtaining appropriate academic support and drawing on a view of dyslexia not as a deficit but as a learning style offering significant advantages, it might be argued, students with dyslexia at this institution had been taught to recognise themselves through the label “disabled”. This acknowledgement that people sharing some similar experiences might describe themselves in very different ways depending on their context suggests another way of interpreting some students’ equivocal relationship to labels like “dyslexia” and “disabled”. The university as an environment demanding the production of very formal styles of writing and rapid assimilation of a high volume of written texts, is one where particular learning strategies of people with dyslexia come to be disabling. In many peoples’ day to day lives – and perhaps particularly in the day to day lives of visual artists – less conventional ways of processing written information simply may not be disabling. As such, students’ responses might be seen less as resistance to a stigmatised identity and more an acknowledgement of the contingent nature of disablement. Or perhaps we might understand these student responses as a complex mix of both of these perspectives. Disability studies has pointed to the coexistence of contradictory discourses around disability within popular culture (eg, Garland-Thomson; Haller, Dorries and Rahn). Similarly, the friezes, interactive games, animations, illustrated books and stand-alone images which came out of this arts project sometimes incorporate rival conceptions of disability side by side. A number of narratives, for example, include pairs of characters, one of which embodies conventional narratives of disability (for example, being diagnostically labelled or ‘cured’), while the other articulates alternative accounts (celebrating diversity and enabling environments). Both students and staff reported that participation in the project prompted critical thinking about accessible design and inclusive representation. Some commented in interviews that their work on the project had changed their professional practice in ways they thought might have longer term impact on the visual arts. However, it is clear that in student work, just as in the project itself, alternative conceptions of what “disability” might mean were at play, even as reframing such conceptions are explicitly the aim of the enterprise. Such contradictions point towards the difficulties of easily labelling individual stories or indeed the wider project “progressive” or otherwise. Some illustrated narratives and animations created by students were understood by the project management to embody the definitions of “disabled children” within the project’s ten principles. This work was mounted on the website to serve as exemplars for the publishing industry (http://www.childreninthepicture.org.uk/stories.htm). Such decisions were not unreflective, however. There was a good deal of discussion by students and project management about how to make “disabled children” visible without labelling or pathologising. For example, one of the project’s principles is that “images of disabled children should be used casually or incidentally, so that disabled children are portrayed playing and doing things alongside their non- disabled peers” (see also Bookmark). Illustrator Jane Ray commented wryly in an article on the website on her experience of including disabled characters in a such a casual way in her published work that no-one notices it! (Ray). As I’ve discussed in more detail elsewhere (Matthews, forthcoming), the social model, espoused by the project, with its primary focus on barriers to equality rather than individual impaired bodies, presented some challenges to such aims. While both fairytales and, increasingly, contemporary books for young people, do sometimes engage with violence, marginalisation and social conflict (Saunders), there is a powerful imperative to avoid such themes in books for very young children. In trying to re-narrativise disabled children outside conventional paradigms of “bravery overcoming adversity”, the project may have also pushed writers and illustrators away from engaging with barriers to equality. The project manager commented in an interview: “probably in the purest form the social model would show in stories the barriers facing disabled children, whereas we want to show what barriers have been knocked down and turn it round into a more positive thing”. While a handful of the 23 stories emerging from the writing workshops included narratives around bullying and or barriers to equal access, many of the stories chose to envisage more utopian, integrated environments. If it is barriers to inequality that, at least in part, create “disabled people”, then how is it possible to identify disabled children with little reference to such barriers? The shorthand used by many student illustrators, and frequently too in the “images for inspiration” part of the project’s website, has been the inclusion of enabling technologies. A white cane, a wheelchair or assistive and augmentative communication technologies can be included in an image without making a “special” point of these technologies in the written text. The downside to this shorthand, however, is the way that the presence of these technologies can serve to naturalise the category of “disabled children”. Rather than being seen as a group identity constituted by shared experiences of discrimination and exclusion, the use of such “clues” to which characters “are disabled” might suggest that disabled people are a known group, independent of particular social and environmental settings. Using this arts project as a case study, I have traced here some of the ways people are recognised or recognise themselves as “disabled”. I’ve also suggested that within this project other conceptions of what “disabled” might mean existed in the shadows of the social constructionist account to which it declared its allegiances. Given the critiques of the social model which have emerged within disability studies over the last fifteen years (e.g. Crowe; Shakespeare, Disability Rights), this need not be a damning observation. The manager of this arts project, along with writer Mike Oliver ("If I Had"), has suggested that the social model might be used strategically as a means of social transformation rather than a complete account of disabled peoples’ lives. However, my analysis here has suggested that we can not only imagine different ways that “disabled people” might be conceptualised in the future. Rather we can see significant consequences of the different ways that the label “disabled” is mobilised here and now. Its inclusion and exclusions, what it makes it easy to say or difficult to imagine needs careful thinking through. References Benjamin, Alison. “Going Undercover.” The Guardian, Society, April 2004: 8. Bookmark. Quentin Blake Award Project Report: Making Exclusion a Thing of the Past. The Roald Dahl Foundation, 2006. Breivik, Jan Kare. “Deaf Identities: Visible Culture, Hidden Dilemmas and Scattered Belonging.” In H.G. Sicakkan and Y.G. Lithman, eds. What Happens When a Society Is Diverse: Exploring Multidimensional Identities. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006. 75-104. Carvel, John. “Demonstrators Rattle Scope.” The Guardian, Society section, 6 Oct. 2004: 4. Conlon, Caroline, and Jemina Napier. “Developing Auslan Educational Resources: A Process of Effective Translation of Children’s Books.” Deaf Worlds 20.2. (2004): 141-161. Corker, Mairian. Deaf and Disabled or Deafness Disabled. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1998. Crow, Liz. “Including All of Our Lives: Renewing the Social Model of Disability.” In Jenny Morris, ed. Encounters with Strangers: Feminism and Disability. Women’s Press, 1996. 206-227. Davis, John, and Nick Watson. “Countering Stereotypes of Disability: Disabled Children and Resistance.” In Mairian Corker and Tom Shakespeare, eds. Disability/Postmodernity: Embodying Disability Theory. London: Continuum, 2002. 159-174. Duncan, Kath, Gerard Goggin, and Christopher Newell. “Don’t Talk about Me… like I’m Not Here: Disability in Australian National Cinema.” Metro Magazine 146-147 (2005): 152-159. Garland Thomson, Rosemarie. “The Politics of Staring: Visual Rhetorics of Disability in Popular Photography.” In Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Bruggemann, and Rosemarie Garland Thomson, eds. Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities. New York: MLAA, 2002. 56-75. Gauntlett, David. “Using Creative Visual Research Methods to Understand Media Audiences.” MedienPädagogik 4.1 (2005). Haller, Beth, Bruce Dorries, and Jessica Rahn. “Media Labeling versus the US Disability Community Identity: A Study of Shifting Cultural Language.” In Disability & Society 21.1 (2006): 61-75. Hevey, David. The Creatures Time Forgot: Photography and Disability Imagery. London: Routledge, 1992. Kleege, Georgia. “Disabled Students Come Out: Questions without Answers.” In Sharon Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggeman, and Rosemarie Garland Thomson, eds. Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2002. 308-316. Ladd, Paddy. Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Longmore, Paul. “Conspicuous Contribution and American Cultural Dilemma: Telethon Rituals of Cleansing and Renewal.” In David T. Mitchell and Sharon L. Snyder, eds. The Body and Physical Difference: Discourses of Disability. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1997. 134-158. Lowy, Adrienne. “Dyslexia: A Different Approach to Learning?” JMU Learning and Teaching Press 2.2 (2002). Matthews, Nicole. “Contesting Representations of Disabled Children in Picture Books: Visibility, the Body and the Social Model of Disability.” Children’s Geographies (forthcoming). Meekosha, Helen. “Drifting Down the Gulf Stream: Navigating the Cultures of Disability Studies.” Disability & Society 19.7 (2004): 720-733. O’Hara, Mary. “Closure Motion.” The Guardian, Society section, 30 March 2005: 10. Oliver, Mike. The politics of Disablement. London: Macmillan, 1990. ———. “If I Had a Hammer: The Social Model in Action.” In John Swain, Sally French, Colin Barnes, and Carol Thomas, eds. Disabling Barriers – Enabling Environments. London: Sage, 2002. 7-12. Olney, Marjorie F., and Karin F. Brockelman. "Out of the Disability Closet: Strategic Use of Perception Management by Select University Students with Disabilities." Disability & Society 18.1 (2003): 35-50. Parris, Matthew. “Choose Your Words Carefully If You Want to Be Misunderstood.” The Times 10 July 2004. Purves, Libby. “Handicap, What Handicap?” The Times 9 Aug. 2003. Ray, Jane. “An Illustrator’s View: Still Invisible.” In the Picture. < http://www.childreninthepicture.org.uk/au_illustrateview.htm >.Sandhal, Carrie. “Queering the Crip or Cripping the Queer: Intersections of Queer and Crip Identities in Solo Autobiographical Performance.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 9.1-2 (2003): 25-56. Saunders, Kathy. Happy Ever Afters: A Storybook Guide to Teaching Children about Disability. London: Trenton Books, 2000. Shakespeare, Tom. “Sweet Charity?” 2 May 2003. Ouch! < (http://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/features/charity.shtml >. Shakespeare, Tom. Disability Rights and Wrongs. London: Routledge, 2006.

About half way through Yann Arthus-Bertrand’s film Home (2009) the narrator describes the fall of the Rapa Nui, the indigenous people of the Easter Islands. The narrator posits that the Rapa Nui culture collapsed due to extensive environmental degradation brought about by large-scale deforestation. The Rapa Nui cut down their massive native forests to clear spaces for agriculture, to heat their dwellings, to build canoes and, most importantly, to move their enormous rock sculptures—the Moai. The disappearance of their forests led to island-wide soil erosion and the gradual disappearance of arable land. Caught in the vice of overpopulation but with rapidly dwindling basic resources and no trees to build canoes, they were trapped on the island and watched helplessly as their society fell into disarray. The sequence ends with the narrator’s biting remark: “The real mystery of the Easter Islands is not how its strange statues got there, we know now; it's why the Rapa Nui didn't react in time.” In their unrelenting desire for development, the Rapa Nui appear to have overlooked the role the environment plays in maintaining a society. The island’s Moai accompanying the sequence appear as memento mori, a lesson in the mortality of human cultures brought about by their own misguided and short-sighted practices. Arthus-Bertrand’s Home, a film composed almost entirely of aerial photographs, bears witness to present-day environmental degradation and climate change, constructing society as a fragile structure built upon and sustained by the environment. Home is a call to recognise how contemporary practices of post-industrial societies have come to shape the environment and how they may impact the habitability of Earth in the near future. Through reflexivity and a ritualised structure the text invites spectators to look at themselves in a new light and remake their self-image in the wake of global environmental risk by embracing new, alternative core practices based on balance and interconnectedness. Arthus-Bertrand frames climate change not as a burden, but as a moment of profound realisation of the potential for change and humans ability to create a desirable future through hope and our innate capacity for renewal. This article examines how Arthus-Bertrand’s ritualised construction of climate change aims to remake viewers’ perception of present-day environmental degradation and investigates Home’s place in contemporary climate change communication discourse. Climate change, in its capacity to affect us globally, is considered a world risk. The most recent peer-reviewed Synthesis Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases has increased markedly since human industrialisation in the 18th century. Moreover, human activities, such as fossil fuel burning and agricultural practices, are “very likely” responsible for the resulting increase in temperature rise (IPPC 37). The increased global temperatures and the subsequent changing weather patterns have a direct and profound impact on the physical and biological systems of our planet, including shrinking glaciers, melting permafrost, coastal erosion, and changes in species distribution and reproduction patterns (Rosenzweig et al. 353). Studies of global security assert that these physiological changes are expected to increase the likelihood of humanitarian disasters, food and water supply shortages, and competition for resources thus resulting in a destabilisation of global safety (Boston et al. 1–2). Human behaviour and dominant practices of modernity are now on a path to materially impact the future habitability of our home, Earth. In contemporary post-industrial societies, however, climate change remains an elusive, intangible threat. Here, the Arctic-bound species forced to adapt to milder climates or the inhabitants of low-lying Pacific islands seeking refuge in mainland cities are removed from the everyday experience of the controlled and regulated environments of homes, offices, and shopping malls. Diverse research into the mediated and mediatised nature of the environment suggests that rather than from first-hand experiences and observations, the majority of our knowledge concerning the environment now comes from its representation in the mass media (Hamilton 4; Stamm et al. 220; Cox 2). Consequently the threat of climate change is communicated and constructed through the news media, entertainment and lifestyle programming, and various documentaries and fiction films. It is therefore the construction (the representation of the risk in various discourses) that shapes people’s perception and experience of the phenomenon, and ultimately influences behaviour and instigates social response (Beck 213). By drawing on and negotiating society’s dominant discourses, environmental mediation defines spectators’ perceptions of the human-nature relationship and subsequently their roles and responsibilities in the face of environmental risks. Maxwell Boykoff asserts that contemporary modern society’s mediatised representations of environmental degradation and climate change depict the phenomena as external to society’s primary social and economic concerns (449). Julia Corbett argues that this is partly because environmental protection and sustainable behaviour are often at odds with the dominant social paradigms of consumerism, economic growth, and materialism (175). Similarly, Rowan Howard-Williams suggests that most media texts, especially news, do not emphasise the link between social practices, such as consumerist behaviour, and their environmental consequences because they contradict dominant social paradigms (41). The demands contemporary post-industrial societies make on the environment to sustain economic growth, consumer culture, and citizens’ comfortable lives in air-conditioned homes and offices are often left unarticulated. While the media coverage of environmental risks may indeed have contributed to “critical misperceptions, misleading debates, and divergent understandings” (Boykoff 450) climate change possesses innate characteristics that amplify its perception in present-day post-industrial societies as a distant and impersonal threat. Climate change is characterised by temporal and spatial de-localisation. The gradual increase in global temperature and its physical and biological consequences are much less prominent than seasonal changes and hence difficult to observe on human time-scales. Moreover, while research points to the increased probability of extreme climatic events such as droughts, wild fires, and changes in weather patterns (IPCC 48), they take place over a wide range of geographical locations and no single event can be ultimately said to be the result of climate change (Maibach and Roser-Renouf 145). In addition to these observational obstacles, political partisanship, vested interests in the current status quo, and general resistance to profound change all play a part in keeping us one step removed from the phenomenon of climate change. The distant and impersonal nature of climate change coupled with the “uncertainty over consequences, diverse and multiple engaged interests, conflicting knowledge claims, and high stakes” (Lorenzoni et al. 65) often result in repression, rejection, and denial, removing the individual’s responsibility to act. Research suggests that, due to its unique observational obstacles in contemporary post-industrial societies, climate change is considered a psychologically distant event (Pawlik 559), one that is not personally salient due to the “perceived distance and remoteness [...] from one’s everyday experience” (O’Neill and Nicholson-Cole 370). In an examination of the barriers to behaviour change in the face of psychologically distant events, Robert Gifford argues that changing individuals’ perceptions of the issue-domain is one of the challenges of countering environmental inertia—the lack of initiative for environmentally sustainable social action (5). To challenge the status quo a radically different construction of the environment and the human-nature relationship is required to transform our perception of global environmental risks and ultimately result in environmentally consequential social action. Yann Arthus-Bertrand’s Home is a ritualised construction of contemporary environmental degradation and climate change which takes spectators on a rite of passage to a newfound understanding of the human-nature relationship. Transformation through re-imagining individuals’ roles, responsibilities, and practices is an intrinsic quality of rituals. A ritual charts a subjects path from one state of consciousness to the next, resulting in a meaningful change of attitudes (Deflem 8). Through a lifelong study of African rituals British cultural ethnographer Victor Turner refined his concept of rituals in a modern social context. Turner observed that rituals conform to a three-phased processural form (The Ritual Process 13–14). First, in the separation stage, the subjects are selected and removed from their fixed position in the social structure. Second, they enter an in-between and ambiguous liminal stage, characterised by a “partial or complete separation of the subject from everyday existence” (Deflem 8). Finally, imbued with a new perspective of the outside world borne out of the experience of reflexivity, liminality, and a cathartic cleansing, subjects are reintegrated into the social reality in a new, stable state. The three distinct stages make the ritual an emotionally charged, highly personal experience that “demarcates the passage from one phase to another in the individual’s life-cycle” (Turner, “Symbols” 488) and actively shapes human attitudes and behaviour. Adhering to the three-staged processural form of the ritual, Arthus-Bertrand guides spectators towards a newfound understanding of their roles and responsibilities in creating a desirable future. In the first stage—the separation—aerial photography of Home alienates viewers from their anthropocentric perspectives of the outside world. This establishes Earth as a body, and unearths spectators’ guilt and shame in relation to contemporary world risks. Aerial photography strips landscapes of their conventional qualities of horizon, scale, and human reference. As fine art photographer Emmet Gowin observes, “when one really sees an awesome, vast place, our sense of wholeness is reorganised [...] and the body seems always to diminish” (qtd. in Reynolds 4). Confronted with a seemingly infinite sublime landscape from above, the spectator’s “body diminishes” as they witness Earth’s body gradually taking shape. Home’s rushing rivers of Indonesia are akin to blood flowing through the veins and the Siberian permafrost seems like the texture of skin in extreme close-up. Arthus-Bertrand establishes a geocentric embodiment to force spectators to perceive and experience the environmental degradation brought about by the dominant social practices of contemporary post-industrial modernity. The film-maker visualises the maltreatment of the environment through suggested abuse of the Earth’s body. Images of industrial agricultural practices in the United States appear to leave scratches and scars on the landscape, and as a ship crosses the Arctic ice sheets of the Northwest Passage the boat glides like the surgeon’s knife cutting through the uppermost layer of the skin. But the deep blue water that’s revealed in the wake of the craft suggests a flesh and body now devoid of life, a suffering Earth in the wake of global climatic change. Arthus-Bertrand’s images become the sublime evidence of human intervention in the environment and the reflection of present-day industrialisation materially altering the face of Earth. The film-maker exploits spectators’ geocentric perspective and sensibility to prompt reflexivity, provide revelations about the self, and unearth the forgotten shame and guilt in having inadvertently caused excessive environmental degradation. Following the sequences establishing Earth as the body of the text Arthus-Bertrand returns spectators to their everyday “natural” environment—the city. Having witnessed and endured the pain and suffering of Earth, spectators now gaze at the skyscrapers standing bold and tall in the cityscape with disillusionment. The pinnacles of modern urban development become symbols of arrogance and exploitation: structures forced upon the landscape. Moreover, the images of contemporary cityscapes in Home serve as triggers for ritual reflexivity, allowing the spectator to “perceive the self [...] as a distanced ‘other’ and hence achieve a partial ‘self-transcendence’” (Beck, Comments 491). Arthus-Bertrand’s aerial photographs of Los Angeles, New York, and Tokyo fold these distinct urban environments into one uniform fusion of glass, metal, and concrete devoid of life. The uniformity of these cultural landscapes prompts spectators to add the missing element: the human. Suddenly, the homes and offices of desolate cityscapes are populated by none other than us, looking at ourselves from a unique vantage point. The geocentric sensibility the film-maker invoked with the images of the suffering Earth now prompt a revelation about the self as spectators see their everyday urban environments in a new light. Their homes and offices become blemishes on the face of the Earth: its inhabitants, including the spectators themselves, complicit in the excessive mistreatment of the planet. The second stage of the ritual allows Arthus-Bertrand to challenge dominant social paradigms of present day post-industrial societies and introduce new, alternative moral directives to govern our habits and attitudes. Following the separation, ritual subjects enter an in-between, threshold stage, one unencumbered by the spatial, temporal, and social boundaries of everyday existence. Turner posits that a subjects passage through this liminal stage is necessary to attain psychic maturation and successful transition to a new, stable state at the end of the ritual (The Ritual Process 97). While this “betwixt and between” (Turner, The Ritual Process 95) state may be a fleeting moment of transition, it makes for a “lived experience [that] transforms human beings cognitively, emotionally, and morally.” (Horvath et al. 3) Through a change of perceptions liminality paves the way toward meaningful social action. Home places spectators in a state of liminality to contrast geocentric and anthropocentric views. Arthus-Bertrand contrasts natural and human-made environments in terms of diversity. The narrator’s description of the “miracle of life” is followed by images of trees seemingly defying gravity, snow-covered summits among mountain ranges, and a whale in the ocean. Grandeur and variety appear to be inherent qualities of biodiversity on Earth, qualities contrasted with images of the endless, uniform rectangular greenhouses of Almeria, Spain. This contrast emphasises the loss of variety in human achievements and the monotony mass-production brings to the landscape. With the image of a fire burning atop a factory chimney, Arthus-Bertrand critiques the change of pace and distortion of time inherent in anthropocentric views, and specifically in contemporary modernity. Here, the flames appear to instantly eat away at resources that have taken millions of years to form, bringing anthropocentric and geocentric temporality into sharp contrast. A sequence showing a night time metropolis underscores this distinction. The glittering cityscape is lit by hundreds of lights in skyscrapers in an effort, it appears, to mimic and surpass daylight and thus upturn the natural rhythm of life. As the narrator remarks, in our present-day environments, “days are now the pale reflections of nights.” Arthus-Bertrand also uses ritual liminality to mark the present as a transitory, threshold moment in human civilisation. The film-maker contrasts the spectre of our past with possible visions of the future to mark the moment of now as a time when humanity is on the threshold of two distinct states of mind. The narrator’s descriptions of contemporary post-industrial society’s reliance on non-renewable resources and lack of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices condemn the past and warn viewers of the consequences of continuing such practices into the future. Exploring the liminal present Arthus-Bertrand proposes distinctive futurescapes for humankind. On the one hand, the narrator’s description of California’s “concentration camp style cattle farming” suggests that humankind will live in a future that feeds from the past, falling back on frames of horrors and past mistakes. On the other hand, the example of Costa Rica, a nation that abolished its military and dedicated the budget to environmental conservation, is recognition of our ability to re-imagine our future in the face of global risk. Home introduces myths to imbue liminality with the alternative dominant social paradigm of ecology. By calling upon deep-seated structures myths “touch the heart of society’s emotional, spiritual and intellectual consciousness” (Killingsworth and Palmer 176) and help us understand and come to terms with complex social, economic, and scientific phenomena. With the capacity to “pattern thought, beliefs and practices,” (Maier 166) myths are ideal tools in communicating ritual liminality and challenging contemporary post-industrial society’s dominant social paradigms. The opening sequence of Home, where the crescent Earth is slowly revealed in the darkness of space, is an allusion to creation: the genesis myth. Accompanied only by a gentle hum our home emerges in brilliant blue, white, and green-brown encompassing most of the screen. It is as if darkness and chaos disintegrated and order, life, and the elements were created right before our eyes. Akin to the Earthrise image taken by the astronauts of Apollo 8, Home’s opening sequence underscores the notion that our home is a unique spot in the blackness of space and is defined and circumscribed by the elements. With the opening sequence Arthus-Bertrand wishes to impart the message of interdependence and reliance on elements—core concepts of ecology. Balance, another key theme in ecology, is introduced with an allusion to the Icarus myth in a sequence depicting Dubai. The story of Icarus’s fall from the sky after flying too close to the sun is a symbolic retelling of hubris—a violent pride and arrogance punishable by nemesis—destruction, which ultimately restores balance by forcing the individual back within the limits transgressed (Littleton 712). In Arthus-Bertrand’s portrayal of Dubai, the camera slowly tilts upwards on the Burj Khalifa tower, the tallest human-made structure ever built. The construction works on the tower explicitly frame humans against the bright blue sky in their attempt to reach ever further, transgressing their limitations much like the ill-fated Icarus. Arthus-Bertrand warns that contemporary modernity does not strive for balance or moderation, and with climate change we may have brought our nemesis upon ourselves. By suggesting new dominant paradigms and providing a critique of current maxims, Home’s retelling of myths ultimately sees spectators through to the final stage of the ritual. The last phase in the rite of passage “celebrates and commemorates transcendent powers,” (Deflem 8) marking subjects’ rebirth to a new status and distinctive perception of the outside world. It is at this stage that Arthus-Bertrand resolves the emotional distress uncovered in the separation phase. The film-maker uses humanity’s innate capacity for creation and renewal as a cathartic cleansing aimed at reconciling spectators’ guilt and shame in having inadvertently exacerbated global environmental degradation. Arthus-Bertrand identifies renewable resources as the key to redeeming technology, human intervention in the landscape, and finally humanity itself. Until now, the film-maker pictured modernity and technology, evidenced in his portrayal of Dubai, as synonymous with excess and disrespect for the interconnectedness and balance of elements on Earth. The final sequence shows a very different face of technology. Here, we see a mechanical sea-snake generating electricity by riding the waves off the coast of Scotland and solar panels turning towards the sun in the Sahara desert. Technology’s redemption is evidenced in its ability to imitate nature—a move towards geocentric consciousness (a lesson learned from the ritual’s liminal stage). Moreover, these human-made structures, unlike the skyscrapers earlier in the film, appear a lot less invasive in the landscape and speak of moderation and union with nature. With the above examples Arthus-Bertrand suggests that humanity can shed the greed that drove it to dig deeper and deeper into the Earth to acquire non-renewable resources such as oil and coal, what the narrator describes as “treasures buried deep.” The incorporation of principles of ecology, such as balance and interconnectedness, into humanity’s behaviour ushers in reconciliation and ritual cleansing in Home. Following the description of the move toward renewable resources, the narrator reveals that “worldwide four children out of five attend school, never has learning been given to so many human beings” marking education, innovation, and creativity as the true inexhaustible resources on Earth. Lastly, the description of Antarctica in Home is the essence of Arthus-Bertrand’s argument for our innate capacity to create, not simply exploit and destroy. Here, the narrator describes the continent as possessing “immense natural resources that no country can claim for itself, a natural reserve devoted to peace and science, a treaty signed by 49 nations has made it a treasure shared by all humanity.” Innovation appears to fuel humankind’s transcendence to a state where it is capable of compassion, unification, sharing, and finally creating treasures. With these examples Arthus-Bertrand suggests that humanity has an innate capacity for creative energy that awaits authentic expression and can turn humankind from destroyer to creator. In recent years various risk communication texts have explicitly addressed climate change, endeavouring to instigate environmentally consequential social action. Home breaks discursive ground among them through its ritualistic construction which seeks to transform spectators’ perception, and in turn roles and responsibilities, in the face of global environmental risks. Unlike recent climate change media texts such as An Inconvenient Truth (2006), The 11th Hour (2007), The Age of Stupid (2009), Carbon Nation (2010) and Earth: The Operator’s Manual (2011), Home eludes simple genre classification. On the threshold of photography and film, documentary and fiction, Arthus-Bertrand’s work is best classified as an advocacy film promoting public debate and engagement with a universal concern—the state of the environment. The film’s website, available in multiple languages, contains educational material, resources to organise public screenings, and a link to GoodPlanet.info: a website dedicated to environmentalism, including legal tools and initiatives to take action. The film-maker’s approach to using Home as a basis for education and raising awareness corresponds to Antonio Lopez’s critique of contemporary mass-media communications of global risks. Lopez rebukes traditional forms of mediatised communication that place emphasis on the imparting of knowledge and instead calls for a participatory, discussion-driven, organic media approach, akin to a communion or a ritual (106). Moreover, while texts often place a great emphasis on the messenger, for instance Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth, Leonardo DiCaprio in The 11th Hour, or geologist Dr. Richard Alley in Earth: The Operator’s Manual, Home’s messenger remains unseen—the narrator is only identified at the very end of the film among the credits. The film-maker’s decision to forego a central human character helps dissociate the message from the personality of the messenger which aids in establishing and maintaining the geocentric sensibility of the text. Finally, the ritual’s invocation and cathartic cleansing of emotional distress enables Home to at once acknowledge our environmentally destructive past habits and point to a hopeful, environmentally sustainable future. While The Age of Stupid mostly focuses on humanity’s present and past failures to respond to an imminent environmental catastrophe, Carbon Nation, with the tagline “A climate change solutions movie that doesn’t even care if you believe in climate change,” only explores the potential future business opportunities in turning towards renewable resources and environmentally sustainable practices. The three-phased processural form of the ritual allows for a balance of backward and forward-looking, establishing the possibility of change and renewal in the face of world risk. The ritual is a transformative experience. As Turner states, rituals “interrupt the flow of social life and force a group to take cognizance of its behaviour in relation to its own values, and even question at times the value of those values” (“Dramatic Ritual” 82). Home, a ritualised media text, is an invitation to look at our world, its dominant social paradigms, and the key element within that world—ourselves—with new eyes. It makes explicit contemporary post-industrial society’s dependence on the environment, highlights our impact on Earth, and reveals our complicity in bringing about a contemporary world risk. The ritual structure and the self-reflexivity allow Arthus-Bertrand to transform climate change into a personally salient issue. This bestows upon the spectator the responsibility to act and to reconcile the spectre of the past with the vision of the future.Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Dr. Angi Buettner whose support, guidance, and supervision has been invaluable in preparing this article. References Beck, Brenda E. “Comments on the Distancing of Emotion in Ritual by Thomas J. Scheff.” Current Anthropology 18.3 (1977): 490. Beck, Ulrich. “Risk Society Revisited: Theory, Politics and Research Programmes.” The Risk Society and Beyond: Critical Issues for Social Theory. Ed. Barbara Adam, Ulrich Beck, and Joost Van Loon. London: Sage, 2005. 211–28. Boston, Jonathan., Philip Nel, and Marjolein Righarts. “Introduction.” Climate Change and Security: Planning for the Future. Wellington: Victoria U of Wellington Institute of Policy Studies, 2009. Boykoff, Maxwell T. “We Speak for the Trees: Media Reporting on the Environment.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34 (2009): 431–57. Corbett, Julia B. Communicating Nature: How we Create and Understand Environmental Messages. Washington, DC: Island P, 2006. Cox, Robert. Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere. London: Sage, 2010. Deflem, Mathieu. “Ritual, Anti-Structure and Religion: A Discussion of Victor Turner’s Processural Symbolic Analysis.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30.1 (1991): 1–25. Gifford, Robert. “Psychology’s Essential Role in Alleviating the Impacts of Climate Change.” Canadian Psychology 49.4 (2008): 273–80. Hamilton, Maxwell John. “Introduction.” Media and the Environment. Eds. Craig L. LaMay, Everette E. Dennis. Washington: Island P, 1991. 3–16. Horvath, Agnes., Bjørn Thomassen, and Harald Wydra. “Introduction: Liminality and Cultures of Change.” International Political Anthropology 2.1 (2009): 3–4. Howard-Williams, Rowan. “Consumers, Crazies and Killer Whales: The Environment on New Zealand Television.” International Communications Gazette 73.1–2 (2011): 27–43. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change Synthesis Report. (2007). 23 March 2012 ‹http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf› Killingsworth, M. J., and Jacqueliene S. Palmer. “Silent Spring and Science Fiction: An Essay in the History and Rhetoric of Narrative.” And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. Ed. Craig Waddell. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 2000. 174–204. Littleton, C. Scott. Gods, Goddesses and Mythology. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2005. Lorenzoni, Irene, Mavis Jones, and John R. Turnpenny. “Climate Change, Human Genetics, and Post-normality in the UK.” Futures 39.1 (2007): 65–82. Lopez, Antonio. “Defusing the Cannon/Canon: An Organic Media Approach to Environmental Communication.” Environmental Communication 4.1 (2010): 99–108. Maier, Daniela Carmen. “Communicating Business Greening and Greenwashing in Global Media: A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of CNN's Greenwashing Video.” International Communications Gazette 73.1–2 (2011): 165–77. Milfront, Taciano L. “Global Warming, Climate Change and Human Psychology.” Psychological Approaches to Sustainability: Current Trends in Theory, Research and Practice. Eds. Victor Corral-Verdugo, Cirilo H. Garcia-Cadena and Martha Frias-Armenta. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010. 20–42. O’Neill, Saffron, and Sophie Nicholson-Cole. “Fear Won’t Do It: Promoting Positive Engagement with Climate Change through Visual and Iconic Representations.” Science Communication 30.3 (2009): 355–79. Pawlik, Kurt. “The Psychology of Global Environmental Change: Some Basic Data and an Agenda for Cooperative International Research.” International Journal of Psychology 26.5 (1991): 547–63. Reynolds, Jock., ed. Emmet Gowin: Changing the Earth: Aerial Photographs. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2002. Rosenzweig, Cynthia, David Karoly, Marta Vicarelli, Peter Neofotis, Qigang Wu, Gino Casassa, Annette Menzel, Terry L. Root, Nicole Estrella, Bernard Seguin, Piotr Tryjanowski, Chunzhen Liu, Samuel Rawlins, and Anton Imeson. “Attributing Physical and Biological Impacts to Anthropogenic Climate Change.” Nature 453.7193 (2008): 353–58. Roser-Renouf, Connie, and Edward W. Maibach. “Communicating Climate Change.” Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology Communication. Ed. Susanna Hornig Priest. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. 2010. 141–47. Stamm, Keith R., Fiona Clark, and Paula R. Eblacas. “Mass Communication and the Public Understanding of Environmental Problems: The Case of Global Warming.” Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 219–37. Turner, Victor. “Dramatic Ritual – Ritual Drama: Performative and Reflexive Anthropology.” The Kenyon Review, New Series 1.3 (1979): 80–93. —-. “Symbols in African Ritual.” Perspectives in Cultural Anthropology. Ed. Herbert A. Applebaum. Albany: State U of New York P, 1987. 488–501. —-. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2008.