Journal articles on the topic 'Languages, Modern Computer assisted instruction'

With the rapid development of computer technology, the computer has rapidly entered our daily life. People begin to use the computer for scientific research, production, entertainment, and information consulting and other activities widely, which brings about the Computer Aided Designing, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided Instruction in order to improve the efficiency and quality of life. Using computer technology in language testing has become the trend of language testing both at home and abroad. Communicative language teaching becomes the guiding ideology and theoretical basis of modern language testing. The reliability and validity in computerized language assessments have become the two important criteria of evaluation of test quality. Computer Assisted English test with its unique advantages has opened up a new heaven and earth for English test.

Now that the revolution in information technology no longer has a cachet of novelty and even the august Modern LanguageAssociation has acknowledged its presence, there is hope that computer-assisted instruction will in the immediate future assume itsdeserved role in foreign language instruction. One can also hope that CALICO may become the clearing house that has been so sorelylacking for the many experiments in the field over the last score of years.

Online language learning (OLL) can take place in Web-facilitated, hybrid, or fully virtual classes. These formats are beginning to attract serious attention from the language profession and, in particular, the field of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). This article traces recent studies of online learning and then focuses in on its application to language learning through tutorial CALL, social computing, and games for language learning. I strive to show that tutorial CALL and computer-mediated communication can complement each other in the service of modern language instruction, along with the inclusion of language games. Although assessment studies of OLL remain sparse, the evidence is steadily mounting that shows that these new formats can provide learning environments conducive to successful second language development when properly integrated into the curriculum.

Technology's role and use as a tool for teaching the English language is growing as educators recognize its ability to create both independent and collaborative learning environments in which students can learn English with ease. In our country, various approaches and methods are used to teach English and develop English language skills. However, the majority of them are traditional, less interesting, ineffective, and less motivating. As a result, it is necessary to employ modern approaches and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools to improve understanding and acquisition of fundamental skills, i.e. Students' LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing) of the English language at the school level. ICT has a lot to offer both teachers and students in terms of expanding their vocabulary and improving their English language skills. Nowadays, ICT tools and approaches are widely used due to their convenience, omnipresence, effectiveness, and low cost. CAL (Computer Assisted Learning), CALA (Computer Assisted Language Assessment), CALI (Computer Assisted Language Instruction), CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning), Blogs, Wiki, e-mail facility, Digital libraries, multimedia, mobile learning, MOOCs, Virtual classrooms, and so on are some of these approaches, facilities, and tools. These facilities have paved the way for individualized learning and given learners the freedom to learn whenever and wherever they want, according to their needs and convenience. Technology has become a tool for making learners innovative as well as a source of motivation for learners to learn. To compete with these native English speakers.

Based on the demand of modern teaching, this paper researches the application of and problems faced by Mongolian information processing and computer multimedia technology in computer-assisted instruction. It also sets the teaching software content and learning goal and further designs the teaching software according to the English learning features and characteristics of choosing the medium of information of Mongolian college students. This software is suitable for use in learning and teaching bilingualism second language to Mongolian students, and teachers and can realize the independent code of bilingual characters, Mongolian input and output, Mongolian character handling and bilingual inter-translation functions. Manufacture and development of bilingual teaching software facilitates the enthusiasm of Mongolian college students to learn English, improve the language learning environment and plays a positive facilitation role in multilanguage integration and cultural development of the Mongolian area.

The world has entered the era of globalization, where the role of language especially English and the role of technology especially Instructional Computer Technology (ICT) are very dominant. These two elements are evolving so intense and must be consumed in all areas of modern education. So required proper interaction system to unify the two components, which is the actualization of language and the computer sophistication. In this case the most suitable and comprehensive approach is Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) as a systemic interaction in teaching English process

Computer-assisted instruction has many widely-recognized benefits, such as reduced learning time, higher final exam scores, improved attitude, and better individualization. Detriments have been an inadequate theoretical focus, poorly conceived and reported studies, high cost, and machine-dependent, inflexible authoring languages. The microcomputer has mitigated some of these problems, and recent Macintosh authoring languages have been flexible and powerful enough to prompt much recent courseware development. A survey of the major authoring languages is presented, with an overview of projects currently in work.

This article systematically investigates, defines, and organizes variables related to production of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) courseware for the U.S. Army Logistics Management Systems Activity (ALMSA), St. Louis. Initial decisions regarding selection of analysis and design methodology, hardware, software and authoring languages were strongly influenced by availability within the ALMSA user community. Subsequent refinements may be required, but prototype boundaries have now been delineated for this prototype effort.

The computer technology has been widely applied in the English teaching and has become a strong support for the modern English teaching. As for the English writing, multi-media based on the computer technology make the class atmosphere active, arouse the students’ interest and in the meanwhile improve the efficiency of English writing. However, there exist some potential drawbacks in the computer-assisted English writing instruction.

Computer-assisted instruction is a new type of educational model that integrates with modern technology and pedagogy. This paper, aiming at application of this model, devises a constructivism-based platform on the premise of investigations on the constructivism theory and the integrableware idea, using comparative analysis, case analysis, for example, the Computer Graphics, and literature investigation, etc. It is proved after each module is designed and implemented on the platform that this instruction platform is more effective in the application. It has filled in the gap of current computer-assisted instruction system in poor universality, etc., better serves the computer-assisted instruction, thus greatly propell the development of current education causes.

The global process of transition to the information society, as well as economic, political and social changes that accompany it, accelerate the reform of the Ukrainian education system. First of all, it concerns providing access to education and training for all people who have the necessary skills and knowledge. The effective solution of these problems is facilitated by distance and blended learning, carried out on the basis of modern pedagogical, information and telecommunication technologies. In the article the ways of organizing blended teaching/learning of foreign languages in Ukrainian higher education institutions (HEI) are analyzed; types of software used for creating educational materials by means of innovative computer technologies to organize blended language learning are revealed; the prospects of using electronic materials of known platforms of online courses for teaching languages as supplements to distance courses compiled by the lecturers of the Department of Foreign Languages at Lviv Polytechnic National University on the basis of Lviv Polytechnic virtual learning environment (VLE) are considered. Materials of research are as follows: dissertations, scientific papers, materials of Ukrainian and international scientific and practical conferences, published by lecturers of foreign languages at Ukrainian higher education institutions, as well as web pages of these institutions and software for compiling educational materials. On the basis of the analyzed materials, partially presented in the article, it was revealed that for organization of blended learning the lecturers of Foreign Language Departments at HEI, in addition to traditional educational materials for full-time study (manuals, dictionaries, audio and video recordings, etc.), actively use: electronic materials compiled by means of different types of tools in open access; portal materials for language learning; distance courses or their elements compiled by means of the VLE of their educational institutions; educational materials of the platforms of mass open online courses (MOOC). Lecturers of the Department of Foreign Languages at Lviv Polytechnic National University have used MOOC for their students teaching since January 2019. English language practical classes, held at Lviv Polytechic for the first year students, demonstrated that the students using successfully the materials of distance course, compiled by the lecturers of the Department of Foreign Languages for their students, can improve better their knowledge of the language than the rest students. The further researches will be concerned to description of the techniques for organization of foreign languages blended learning by incorporating the materials of the MOOC platforms in the course of classes with full-time and part-time students.

The aim of this paper is to describe the process of solfège learning when assisted by computers. The research was conducted in the Länsi-Uusimaa Music Institute in Finland. The study focused on pupils’ attitudes, opinions, motivation, and learning-outcomes using computer-based music learning. We also examined how Solfeggio 1, the new electronic ear-training material, works. Jukka Louhivuori (1990) has examined the didactical questions of computer-assisted music education. He emphasized that learning music with a computer does not mean the replacement of “real” music. The notions of learning and teaching can change in quality, mainly in the area of “learning-by-doing” and “discovery learning” in the computer-assisted music classroom. It was found that computer-assisted music learning is more agreeable and effective than traditional music learning. Although results showed that we need a well-functioning, modern environment and a well-educated “researcher-teacher,” well-motivated pupils are the most important aspects.

Nowadays foreign language is not just a part of nation's culture, it is also the guarantee of student’s successful career in the future. The achievement of high level proficiency of foreign language is not possible without fundamental language training in higher education institution. Most of them in our country provide students with at least two or even three foreign languages. In the context of higher school reforming, important changes in the educational technologies of foreign language teaching are envisaged. Modern language education is also gradually being modernized, introducing a modular rating system for teaching foreign languages. Interdisciplinary integration, democratization and economization of education determine the manifestation of innovative components in the teaching of the foreign languages. All this requires the formulation of the new claims for teaching and a foreign language teacher in the Free Economic Zone. At the current stage of society development, the purpose of foreign language teaching in higher education institutions is students' mastering of communicative competencies that will allow them to implement their knowledge, skills and abilities to solve specific communicative tasks in real life situations. The introduction of the new effective methods of foreign language teaching in the process of preparing students of humanities and technical specialties has become not only desirable but also necessary. Innovative orientation requires teachers to master and apply the pedagogical innovations, as well as stimulate the search for new forms and methods of educational process organization. High-quality language training of students is impossible without the use of modern educational technologies. The most effective are the professionally-oriented foreign language learning, the project work in teaching, the application of information and telecommunication technologies, the work with educational computer programs in foreign languages (multimedia system), the distance technologies in foreign language learning, the use of Internet resources, the foreign language teaching in the computer environment (forums, blogs, e-mail, etc.). Nowadays, the methodology of the use of computer programs is being developed actively getting more used. Computer programs offer ample opportunities to improve the process of foreign language learning, increasing its efficiency. The computer program provides the perception of information through auditory and visual channels, so it also allows you to organize teaching and control the foreign language acquisition in different modes of independent search and at different levels of complexity. Foreign language teaching means are important to ensure the full and effective organization of students' learning in the classroom to master foreign language activities.

The problem of Native American language loss can be addressed through the use of computer-assisted technology to teach indigenous languages to Native American learners. Hypermedia technology may provide a mechanism for the development of curriculum materials which reflect appropriate instructional techniques. Whole language methods advocated in second language instruction incorporate observational learning strategies—strategies which are inherent in many Native American homes, but often ignored in school. Hypermedia holds promise as an effective development tool for the creation of Native American language instruction.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) adalah media bantu pembelajaran yang menempatkan komputer sebagai piranti sistem pembelajaran individual, di mana siswa dapat berinteraksi langsung dengan sistem komputer yang sengaja dirancang atau dimanfaatkan oleh guru. Pada taman kanak-kanak di masa modern ini sebagian besar pembelajaran dan pelatihan bahasa Inggris dimulai dengan memperkenalkan lingkungan sekitar termasuk benda-benda di dalam rumah. Menyikapi perkembangan pembelajaran anak usia dini, perlu adanya suatu aplikasi pendidikan yang didesain untuk guru sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan anak usia 5 sampai dengan 6 tahun untuk menunjang pembelajaran bertemakan rumah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan aplikasi komputer yang memanfaatkan konsep CAI dengan model tutorial dan instructional games untuk mengenalkan nama benda-benda pada interior rumah dengan dua bahasa yaitu bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia. Metodologi penelitian yang dipakai mengacu pada pendekatan model ADDIE. Pengujian aplikasi menggunakan uji validasi yaitu ahli akademisi (PAUD), ahli CAI dan ahli multimedia. Hasil yang didapat dari validasi aplikasi menggunakan skala pengukuran Guttman ini mendapatkan nilai 95% untuk sisi akademisi PAUD, nilai 91,665% untuk sisi CAI, dan nilai 75% untuk sisi multimedia, rata-rata nilai persentase akhir dari aplikasi ini adalah 87,223%, sehingga aplikasi CAI crafting interior rumah bagi anak usia dini dirasa telah layak dalam memenuhi target pembelajaran.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) adalah media bantu pembelajaran yang menempatkan komputer sebagai piranti sistem pembelajaran individual, di mana siswa dapat berinteraksi langsung dengan sistem komputer yang sengaja dirancang atau dimanfaatkan oleh guru. Pada taman kanak-kanak di masa modern ini sebagian besar pembelajaran dan pelatihan bahasa Inggris dimulai dengan memperkenalkan lingkungan sekitar termasuk benda-benda di dalam rumah. Menyikapi perkembangan pembelajaran anak usia dini, perlu adanya suatu aplikasi pendidikan yang didesain untuk guru sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan anak usia 5 sampai dengan 6 tahun untuk menunjang pembelajaran bertemakan rumah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan aplikasi komputer yang memanfaatkan konsep CAI dengan model tutorial dan instructional games untuk mengenalkan nama benda-benda pada interior rumah dengan dua bahasa yaitu bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia. Metodologi penelitian yang dipakai mengacu pada pendekatan model ADDIE. Pengujian aplikasi menggunakan uji validasi yaitu ahli akademisi (PAUD), ahli CAI dan ahli multimedia. Hasil yang didapat dari validasi aplikasi menggunakan skala pengukuran Guttman ini mendapatkan nilai 95% untuk sisi akademisi PAUD, nilai 91,665% untuk sisi CAI, dan nilai 75% untuk sisi multimedia, rata-rata nilai persentase akhir dari aplikasi ini adalah 87,223%, sehingga aplikasi CAI crafting interior rumah bagi anak usia dini dirasa telah layak dalam memenuhi target pembelajaran.

Summary Objectives: In this paper we discuss solutions to the problem that medical teachers and students do not use modern computer-assisted instruction systems in medical education as much as expected by their developers. Methods: As an example for a modern problem-based CAI system we introduce the CAMPUS shell system for case-based training in medicine. Results: CAMPUS has received several awards and positive evaluation results. Nevertheless, the usage of such systems in courses and for self-study could be increased. Conclusions: Curricular integration of CAI as well as further improvements on existing CAI systems to increase the usage in medical education is essential.

A fundamental concern of agricultural education is innovation within the teaching process. In dealing with high technology, increasing subject complexity, and rising costs, educators (including plant managers and training personnel) must look to alternative methods of training and teaching. Educational multimedia software can effectively present a new dimension to traditional computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by adding sound, animation, high-resolution graphics, and live-action video. Multimedia software is not difficult to program; however, the ease of programming depends on the authoring language or languages that are used. A traditional language such as C++ can take extended periods of time to program, possibly hours per minute of program. A program developed specifically for multimedia development can facilitate the interactions between sound, videos, and animation more readily, and reduce the programming time required significantly. The use and development of multimedia software using Toolbook (Asymetrix Corp.) will be presented with copies of the developed software available.

The Covid-19 pandemic has led millions of students worldwide to intensify their use of digital education. This massive change is not reflected by the scant scientific research on the effectiveness of methods relying on digital learning compared to other innovative and more popular methods involving face-to-face interactions. Here, we tested the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in Science and Technology compared to inquiry-based learning (IBL), another modern method which, however, requires students to interact with each other in the classroom. Our research also considered socio-cognitive factors–working memory (WM), socioeconomic status (SES), and academic self-concept (ASC)–known to predict academic performance but usually ignored in research on IBL and CAI. Five hundred and nine middle-school students, a fairly high sample size compared with relevant studies, received either IBL or CAI for a period varying from four to ten weeks prior to the Covid-19 events. After controlling for students’ prior knowledge and socio-cognitive factors, multilevel modelling showed that CAI was more effective than IBL. Although CAI-related benefits were stable across students’ SES and ASC, they were particularly pronounced for those with higher WM capacity. While indicating the need to adapt CAI for students with poorer WM, these findings further justify the use of CAI both in normal times (without excluding other methods) and during pandemic episodes.

A study was carried out with 33 teachers of Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) to obtain information on the interaction of classroom professionals with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and digital technologies in Second Language (L2) education. MFL teachers were recruited through Facebook groups in the UK. Research subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire with CALL-specific statements. Significantly, participants recognised a gap in practice versus the expectation of CALL in the MFL classroom. Overall, participants were shown to be interested adopted and daily users of CALL who appreciated its ease and importance for teaching and learning in L2 pedagogy.

With the development of network education, the importance of the research network teaching system is more and more prominent. The network teaching system an autonomous, distributed teaching environment based on Web by using the network as the carrier of information, construct. Along with the network popularization, the network teaching based on Web will become one of the most important teaching modes of education in the future. Computer assisted instruction (CAI for short) is one of the most advanced means of modern education technology. This paper mainly discusses the application of computer network technology in auxiliary mechanical design course teaching. The advanced network technology in computer aided instruction is introduced in the auxiliary mechanical design course teaching, which is one of the most significant reform teaching systems facing in the 21st century.

As a supplement to traditional teaching methods, computer-assisted teaching methods can reflect modern educational concepts, such as creating student-led, teacher-led environments. The goal of college English education is to enable them to communicate effectively in English in their future academic, work, and social interactions, while also developing students’ self-learning skills. Chinese society improves overall cultural competence and adapts to the needs of international communication. Self-directed learning is not static and will increase or decrease with time, discipline, and conditions and is an evolving process. Understanding learning, taking responsibility for one’s own learning, and learning how to learn are all beneficial. Students abound in school life and even throughout their lives. In this paper, we try to propose a computer-based method for constructing an independent English learning model based on a practical study of computer network technology for the development of self-learning ability of non-English majors in a university. This paper uses comparative analysis techniques to compare traditional paper-and-pencil examinations and computer-based online evaluations and analyzes the effects of each. The survey showed that 81% of the students preferred the computer-based assessment. Therefore, the focus of this research is to strengthen the oral English training in college and create an authentic English learning environment for students to really feel the standard English pronunciation, intonation, and knowledge of grammar, listening, reading, writing, and translation.

During reading, readers never fixate on all words in the text; shorter words sometimes gain zero fixation and skipped by the reader. Relying on E-Z Reader Model, this research hypothesized that a similar skipping effect also exists for a second language. The current study examined word skipping rates in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) with 75 EFL learners by using eye tracking methodology. The results showed that word skipping was affected by EFL reading proficiency significantly and articles (a, an, the) were skipped more than content words. Furthermore, more skilled learners were observed to have less fixation count and skipped more words during reading while less skilled learners employed more fixations and skipped less words. Eye tracking as a novel method to observe learner development and progress in EFL reading was also discussed. References Altarriba, J., Kroll, J. F., Sholl, A.. & Rayner, K. (1996). 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Modern teaching has undergone academic reform through information technology. Given the specificity of art design, this field requires the use of multimedia resources and the popularization of teaching courseware. However, the development of teaching courseware remain problematic. The academic research results in this field are still rooted on theories and lack practical significance. This study adopts the perspective of visual communication design technology and combines it with computer-assisted instruction technology to discuss art courseware design making. The teaching courseware is designed with art design history as an example. The experimental tests reveal the effectiveness of the method. Unlike those in a traditional classroom, the learning effects of the proposed method are greatly optimized and promoted. Hence, this method has high application value.

The Text Analysis Program (TAP) was designed by a team from the Department of European Studies and Modern Languages and the Computer Services Department of the University of Ulster with a view to enhancing language learning techniques for third level language students. Work on the program was funded jointly by the CTI and the University of Ulster. A Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) program was also developed as part of the same project. The program came into service in the academic year 1989-90 when it was tested on three groups of students. Some minor modifications were made before it was reused in 1990-91 and 1991-92 with the group of students who seemed to us most likely to benefit from its use. It is now undergoing further adjustment in the light of the second and third year's experience and is set to become a permanent feature of second year teaching on the BA (Hons) International Business Communication course (IBC). The present paper seeks to evaluate the program under two headings: ease of use and effectiveness as a means of enhancing linguistic awareness and language learning techniques.

One of the advantages of multimedia-assisted instruction is that it makes students more interested in sustainable learning and assists them to access information and learn more effectively. This research sought to explore the asymmetric effects of the development of sustainable multimedia-assisted instruction (MAI) on student reading practice in areas such as the implementation of learner autonomy and the improvement of reading ability, primarily based on multimedia technology-assisted instruction. This experiment was conducted in a junior high school in China. Eighty-six students from two parallel grade two classes were selected as research participants. Class One was set as the experimental class (EC) and Class Two was symmetrically designed as the control class (CC). The research results indicate that MAI encouraged students in the EC to adopt reading strategies more frequently and helped them to improve their level of learner autonomy, from a low level to an intermediate level, for the use of an asymmetrical technology, in comparison with the control class. Furthermore, the EC’s reading ability was significantly enhanced. Additionally, there is a discussion of pedagogical implications and constructive suggestions considered to be beneficial for sustainable learning skills, teaching and for further research on the symmetrical application of technology in education. Finally, one of the most significant findings from this study is the effectiveness of combining modern sustainable technology and advanced educational concepts with symmetry in promoting learner autonomy within a sustainable learning model.

Despite its importance, there are still many problems encountered in the learning of the topic of reflection in school. One of the solutions for these problems is the implementation of learning approaches that fit the modern curricula and the development of good quality instructional materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the quality of investigative instructional material with computer assisted instruction for the topic of reflection in Grade VII. The result of the analysis suggested that the investigative instructional material for the topic of reflection in Grade 7 is of good quality because it fulfills the following criteria: (1) the teacher was capable to manage the lesson well, (2) the students were actively involved during the lesson, (3) the students gave positive response to the instructional material, (4) the achievement test is valid, reliable, and sensitive; and (5) the validator claimed that the developed instructional material is valid.

Abstract This study investigates the influence of L1 frequency on the acquisition of L2 idioms with an experiment employing structured input instruction based on the input processing model. Intermediate L2 Korean learners completed a pretest, computer-assisted instructional treatment session, and posttest. The tests included production, interpretation, and meaning tasks, which manipulated amount of context and idiom type (i.e., Shared L1-L2 idioms, which have linguistic representations in both languages and are subgrouped by high or low L1 frequency, and L2 Only idioms, which have no L1 equivalent). The results show that high L1 frequency had a consistently facilitatory effect on the learning of equivalent L2 idioms, but that context had the strongest effect on the learning of L2 idioms that have no counterpart in the L1.

With the rapid advancement of information technology, the Internet and the web have become the central technology tools for information sharing in education and teaching. Modern education combines teaching with information technology and gives full play to the role of information technology in education and teaching. To improve the resource sharing and scheduling level a web-based college English-assisted teaching system is presented in this study. Using the JavaScript object notation syntax (JSON) as the data communication format between the intelligent terminal and the server, the system is implemented using a web server and mobile Android terminal, and a web-based data integration module is designed. Statistical data mining and fuzzy feature detection are employed to implement the decision-making scheduling and self-adaptive optimization of English teaching resources in a web aided English teaching system. The fusion particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to integrate English teaching resources and implement adaptive scheduling. To verify the application performance of the designed system, a simulation experiment is designed. The experimental results show that the proposed English-assisted instruction system has good convergence and high accuracy of learning information, optimal allocation, and scheduling.

We all know that the interest is the best teacher. And it is also well known that higher mathematics is difficult to study curriculum. It is important to arouse the interest of higher mathematics. Computer assisted instruction (CAI) has an importance on modern teaching methods and it is also an effective one. In this article we consider the interactive activities between the computer and teaching activities. On the one hand is the theoretical link between the teaching and the computer, i.e., we want to let students know the application of the theoretical knowledge. On the other hand is the computer's application on teaching, i.e., we want to use the CAI to arouse the students interest of learning of higher mathematics. After the discussion we draw the conclusion that the CAI has an effective aid on higher mathematics teaching. And we also consider some questions of CAI.

<p>The need for teaching foreign languages has led to the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field named CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning) in the 1980s. In the 1990s teaching the Modern Greek language as a second or foreign language (L2) has followed the wide-spread use of Information and Communication Technologies. CALL courseware started to play a significant role in the Modern Greek teaching university environment of the last decade, and especially in the effectiveness of learning processes and the increasing interest of the learners. The effectiveness of this software in the learning environment is difficult to measure because there are concerns about the technical support and the training of the language instructors in computer use and the CALL courseware implementation. Nevertheless the progress of the learners can be estimated although it is difficult to conclude if this progress is due to a good teaching method or a good CALL courseware or is a measure of both.</p>

Japanese is among the international languages in extreme demand in the modern education system. There is a technological revolution in language learning, with blended learning (BL) in the classroom and online resources offering the possibility of autonomous learning education. The advancement of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and the development of the Internet, predominantly the Web, has transformed the way students get curriculum materials in online environments. Teaching Japanese languages has experienced crucial changes with multimedia technologies aimed at simulating a native-speaking environment in audition and oral communication. Evaluating student readiness for online learning is the beginning point for online course design using the multimedia network. Hence, this paper proposes the Multimedia Network-assisted Online Japanese Language Teaching Method (MN-OJLTM) to enhance student engagement in the online learning environment. This study identifies probabilities for better incorporation of technology and Japanese language learning and learners’ interest and desires via tactical education of Japanese online courses. This paper examines the role and influence of an intelligent learning environment of ICT multimedia in Japanese education. Experimental outcomes show that the suggested MN-OJLTM method enhances the accuracy of usage and Japanese language students’ fluency and expression in writing and speaking. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed MN-OJLTM method improves student learning ability ratio by 98.4%, language fluency level by 96.2%, performance ratio by 97.5%, student engagement ratio by 95.6%, and efficiency ratio by 97.9% compared to other popular methods.

The research explores the effectiveness of using computer-assisted language learning (CALL) approach for the development of non-reciprocal listening skills in the context of studying Russian as a foreign language (RFL). Despite the fact that the influence of CALL on the development of listening skills has been well studied based on a case study of teaching other languages (especially English), a similar study in the context of teaching the Russian language is performed for the first time. The RFL students (N=68) and teachers (N=7) of the Preparatory Department in Russian took part in the intervention study. The students were divided into experimental and control groups. The research was conducted based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. The researchers focused the attention on two kinds of listening: listening for general information and selective listening. As the listening competence, and especially academic listening proficiency, is critically important for the students of the preparatory department, he researchers’ target was to research ways of improving listening abilities with different approaches of using CALL. The testing and assessment materials were developed and the statistics was collected for each kind of listening. In addition, the students of the experimental group were surveyed to identify their experiences from using CALL in the classroom. The research findings allowed concluding about the effectiveness of CALL application for developing listening for the detail skills, whereas in the general listening no significant effect was found. In addition, the study revealed specific complexities in the application of CALL in teaching listening in Russian.Keywords: computer-assisted language learning, web-based instruction, listening comprehension, blended learning, Russian as a foreign language

This paper examines staff reaction towards the use of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and Communications and Information Technology (C&IT) in language learning and teaching. It considers the attitudes of colleagues in three different universities, two in the UK and one in Canada. Our findings suggest that staff in these three locations are not resistant to the use of computer technology in learning and teaching but rather that any hesitations they have are due to a range of different factors of a practical kind, ranging from time pressures to course relevance. We found that staff in one institution are clearly more enthusiastic about using CALL and C&IT than colleagues in the other two, but that they were also widely welcomed in the latter. One of the main reasons for this has been the creation of common learning environments on the Web. In addition, findings show that staff already convinced of the benefits that CALL and C&IT bring to the teaching and learning experience (radicals) have a role in encouraging their less enthusiastic colleagues to begin using this form of technology. However, we found that the majority of colleagues are not radicals, but pragmatists, and are willing to make use of CALL and C&IT provided that the benefits are clearly guaranteed. There remains a small minority of conservatives. No suggestions are made as to how to deal with them.

Using their cross-disciplinary review of Ideas that Work in College Teaching, the authors explore the pedagogical commonalities of fifteen higher education instructors from SUNY Potsdam (State University of New York at Potsdam) in an attempt to reveal the secrets of teaching success across thirteen academic disciplines—math, computer science, geology, modern languages, political science, philosophy, history, biology, psychology, sociology, physics, and art. While the specific instructional disciplines varied considerably in the content that was both studied and presented, the authors found that the principles of effective teaching were quite similar across each of these disciplines. The insights shared by these fifteen accomplished instructors provide pedagogical wisdom that all teachers can learn from regardless of context or developmental age and stage of student capability and competence. Common goals and principles associated with effective teaching in higher education are highlighted using specific examples from individual authors where appropriate. A new model of instruction is then introduced: Attention, Interact, Apply, Invite – Fact, Think, Feel, Do (AIAI-FTFD), as a potential start-to-finish approach to effective teaching in higher education. Implications for use of the model in both national and international higher education contexts are discussed.

The available means of ordering and sorting in some important sections of discrete mathematics and computer science are studied, namely: in the set theory, classical mathematical logic, proof theory, graph theory, POST method, system of algorithmic algebras, algorithmic languages of object-oriented and assembly programming. The Cartesian product of sets, ordered pairs and ordered n-s, the description by means of set theory of an ordered pair, which are performed by Wiener, Hausdorff and Kuratowski, are presented. The requirements as for the relations that order sets are described. The importance of ordering in classical mathematical logic and proof theory is illustrated by the examples of calculations of the truth values of logical formulas and formal derivation of a formula on the basis of inference rules and substitution rules. Ordering in graph theory is shown by the example of a block diagram of the Euclidean algorithm, designed to find the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers. The ordering and sorting of both the instructions formed by two, three and four ordered fields and the existing ordering of instructions in the program of Post method are described. It is shown that the program is formed by the numbered instructions with unique instruction numbers and the presence of the single instruction with number 1. The means of the system of algorithmic algebras, which are used to perform the ordering and sorting in the algorithm theory, are illustrated. The operations of the system of algorithmic algebras are presented, which include Boolean algebra operations generalized to the three-digit alphabet and operator operations of operator algebra. The properties of the composition operation are described, which is intended to describe the orderings of the operators of the operator algebra in the system of algorithmic algebras. The orderings executed by means of algorithmic programming languages are demonstrated by the hypothetical application of the modern object-oriented programming language C#. The program must contain only one method Main () from which the program execution begins. The ARM microprocessor assembly program must have only one ENTRY directive from which the program execution begins.

With the emergence of the knowledge economy, computing, media, and networking technologies have developed rapidly. With the development of reforms in China’s education system, the use of computer-assisted instruction has become an essential part of modern teaching methods. Under such circumstances, computer-assisted teaching methodologies have been gradually introduced in physical education teaching. Compared with other disciplines, physical education has many limitations, such as the size of the venue, the type of equipment, environmental conditions, and climate factors, which will affect the teaching. This brings about the difference between theoretical teaching and practical impact. Due to the differences in physical education teaching, it is indispensable to improve the quality of physical education teaching through the use of rich media teaching system, and the rich network teaching system can perfectly replace the shortcomings of traditional physical education teaching. This paper investigates the design and development of a tennis network rich media teaching system based on 5G Internet of Things and resource-based algorithm by using literature method, survey method, interview method, statistical method, learning laboratory method, and other methods. Based on the tennis cyber media learning system, this study provided recommendations and guidelines for the expansion of the cyber media learning system to other sports programs and explored the future prospects of the cyber media learning system in teaching. The results show that 93.3% of all students are very interested in this learning method, 96.7% of students deepen their memory of tennis technical movements, and the satisfaction rate is 86.7%.

We live in a modern and technological society run by intelligent and human-like machines and systems. This is due to the advancements in the field of artificial intelligence. The machines are directly or indirectly used in different sectors like healthcare, automatic vehicles, and complex decision-making and at the same used in educational institutes. The usage of AI-based systems and the Internet has brought numerous educational innovations for both teachers and students. With the online learning platforms grounded on AI techniques, 5G has revolutionized the teaching and learning methods by smooth and faster access to educational content. Students of foreign languages, especially English learners, can now use chatbots and intelligent tutoring systems to learn and practice their speaking and listening skills offline and online. With Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), the English learning process can now be interactive and productive. The students can now improve their language skills by conversing with AI-based agents instead of native speakers to avoid any fear and anxiety. The intelligent platforms can understand the consuming power of the student and hence can create and give content according to their level to create an individualized learning environment. With the help of digital assistants, people can also find it very easy and productive to improve English proficiency. To accomplish the goal of English teaching very easily and ideally, the teachers should use AI-based techniques in the classrooms. With the help of intelligent assistants for the daily workload of a teacher, we will be able to concentrate fully on the language learning and skills of the students. The current study has presented a detailed overview of 5G and AI’s role in research and transformation of English situational teaching in higher studies. The search results are compiled and presented with different details of the area.

AbstractThis study addresses the challenges faced by Modern Foreign Language teacher trainees when asked to investigate the potential of a Personal Digital Assistant to support them both in their learning and in their teaching during their training year. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) such as the Windows Pocket PCs used in this study have previously been found supportive by trainees in other professions with a large information content. Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) was chosen as the subject for this investigation as a particularly wide range of potential opportunities specific to MFL was foreseen. These opportunities ranged from supporting student teachers' learning by enabling access to email and other internet resources wherever they were based to enabling ‘on the spot’ audio or video recordingto support their teaching. For this investigation, seven student teachers from an MFL initial teacher training programme were loaned PDAs for the duration of their course. This paper reports on interviews conducted at the end of the training year with six of the student teachers in order to elicit their views on the PDAs they were loaned. They were all experienced information technology users and willing to explore the devices but there had always seemed to be a preferred alternative technology available either at home or in the classroom. Their reports shed much light on the current climate in schools and subject culture pressures as interpreted by student teachers in MFL departments but told us only a little about the functionality of a PDA and how it can support mobile assisted language learning. The socio-cultural context within the MFL departments where the trainees were placed meant that they did not feel comfortable about exploring the PDA functionality. They were not yet confident in their pedagogical identities and mostly felt they could not disrupt the established practice with the novel technology. However, when the devices were used, applications that appeared most effective in supporting learning to teach MFL with PDAs were those that enabled the capture of on-the-spot events and reflections. This could be either through the inbuilt recording functions, especially video, or by making notes using either the on-screen keyboard or by handwriting recognition.

Clear translation remains a major challenge to better communication and understanding of the international academic literature, despite advances in Machine Translation (MT). Automatic translation systems which captured the detail and the sense of any manuscript in any language for a reader from any other linguistic background would find global applications.In this article, we discuss the current opportunities and constraints to the wider use of machine translation and computer-assisted human translation (CAT). At the present stage of technology development, these instruments offer a number of advantages to specialists working with scientific texts. These include the facility to skim and scan large amounts of information in foreign languages, and to act as digital dictionaries, thesauri and encyclopedias. Word-to-word and phrase-to-phrase translation between many languages and scripts is now well advanced.The availability of modern machine translation has therefore changed the work of specialist scientific translators, placing greater emphasis on more advanced text and sense editing skills. However, machine translation is still challenged by the nuances of language and culture from one society to another, particularly in the freestyle literature of the arts and humanities. Scientific papers are generally much more structured, but the quality of machine translation still largely depends on the quality of the source text. This varies considerably between different scientific disciplines and from one author to another.The most advanced translation systems are making steady progress. It is timely to revisit traditional training programmes in the field of written translation to focus on the development of higher-level research competencies, such as terminology search, and so to make best use of evolving machine translation technologies.More widely, we consider that there is a challenge across the higher education systems in all countries to develop a simple, clear and consistent “international” writing style to assist fast, reliable and low-cost machine translation and hence to advance mutual understanding across the global scientific literature.

The article observes modern trends in the development of foreign language education in a nonlinguistic university, using as an example the English Department for Science Students, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Nonlinguistic university graduates need a fairly high level of foreign language communicative competence to be competitive in the modern labor market, which determines an everincreasing attention to teaching LSP (Language for Specifc Purposes). In 2001, the English Department for Science Students participated in the Russian-British project RESPONSE (Russian Education Support Project on Specialist English) aiming at a largescale study of the current state of teaching English for specifc purposes in Russian universities. Its fndings provide the baseline that serves a useful starting point for evaluation and monitoring the changes that have occurred in this area over the past twenty years. The main trend is the change of teaching methods and approaches: from the grammar-translation method inherited from the Soviet higher school to computer assisted language learning (CALL), communicative and competence approaches today. Active integration of information and communication technologies in the educational process makes it possible to form and develop the university's electronic information and educational environment. The MSU educational platform “University without borders” is based on Moodle LMS and used for distance teaching and learning. It ofers online educational materials, electronic textbooks and courses, for both degree programmes and supplementary education. The main digital tools that lecturers use to teach and supervise students' self-study are listed. The paper considers such areas of the work of the English Department for Science Students as development and application of interactive teaching methods and technologies; implementation of alternative forms of control, e. g. performing the fnal bachelor ESP assessment in the format of B2 CEFR exams or conducting an interfaculty scientifc student conference in English at the master's level; designing a professional development course in academic English for earth and life scientists; establishing an electronic library; compiling specialized corpora of medical and biological scientifc texts; promotion of multilingualism and multiculturalism.

Computer-aided sports systems are an important area of current research. To be specific, it can combine computer vision, computer graphics, and motion capture technologies with the characteristics of sports, and design and develop assisted systems according to user needs. As a result, it is of great practical importance and application to improve the entertainment and science of sports learning, to stimulate public participation in sports, and to learn sports skills. Table tennis has a very great popular base in China and has a wide range of audiences. However, for beginners or amateurs of table tennis, it is difficult to learn table tennis skills by relying on books, videos, etc., due to the lack of professional technical guidance, which makes it relatively difficult for them to continuously improve their skills. Sometimes they tend to form wrong technical habits, which are not easy to detect and correct in time, and can lead to sports injuries over time. Therefore, the lack of professional instruction has hindered the development of table tennis in public fitness to a certain extent. On the other hand, in a table tennis course, the learning of table tennis techniques is mostly dependent on the teacher’s explanation. Students are bored with the repetitive and boring teaching because they need to repeat the exercises several times. The formation of correct table tennis movements requires repeated instruction from the instructor to address problems with the student’s movements. However, due to limited teaching resources, it is difficult for teachers to accommodate different students during the teaching process. In addition, with a limited team of instructors, the level of proficiency varies, making it difficult for them to make an objective assessment. As a result, with the rapid development and application of modern science and technology in the field of sports, there is an urgent need to explore intelligent sports technology instructional support systems to improve the shortcomings of the traditional teaching model. Motion recognition technology, as an essential branch of multimodal interaction technology, has been developing rapidly in recent years. This research focus on designing and implementing a system for recognizing human motion based on skeletal point pose information by combining inertial sensors. This system can collect data from sensors located at the main skeletal points of the human body and transmits them to the host computer through multi-Bluetooth pairing transmission. After that, support vector machines are applied to classify human movements and to recognize general human movements. This system has significant advantages for human movement recognition and classification due to the distinctive technical characteristics of table tennis. The recognition and classification of both players in the video can play an important role in the technical analysis and tactical arrangement of the players. As a result, the table tennis motion correction system based on human motion feature recognition has crucial research significance and application value.

Here is the first issue of the new journal, Acta Linguistica Asiatica, published by the Department of Asian and African Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Its appearance is approximately timed to commemorate the 15 years since the establishment of the Department on October 1st, 1995. In step with the developments in media and new modes of dissemination of the results of scholarly research, it is introduced as an on-line electronic publication.In the past 15 years, Asian Studies which were initially represented by Chinese and Japanese Studies, seem to have established a firm foothold in Slovenia. In addition to the existing Chinese Studies and Japanese Studies, the University of Ljubljana introduced in December 2010 new academic areas of Turkish Studies, Iranian Studies, Indian Studies and Korean Studies, thus giving green light to the establishment of systematic research of Asian issues within a wider framework.In the meantime, the body of researchers specializing in Asian languages has also grown, including teachers, visiting professors, researchers and graduate students who cover a wide spectrum of research fields.Also, the recent reform of higher education along the Bologna guidelines, although criticized, has happily brought into existence the interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Humanities and Social Sciences and within its fold, the joint Doctoral program in Linguistics.The Journal Acta Linguistica Asiatica is thus emerging in a period of lively ferment, where unifying the field of discourse within language studies and at the same time opening it more widely to research in humanities and social sciences will undoubtedly have a long term impact on Asian language research at the University of Ljubljana.Serving as a focal point of research on Asian languages in Slovenia, Acta Linguistica Asiatica will at the same time strive to promote cooperation in the field of Asian language research internationally in Europe, Asia and beyond. Acta Linguistica Asiatica will, following Roman Jakobson’s saying, “Linguista sum, linguistici nihil a me alienum puto”, cover all the subject areas and theoretical approaches pertaining to theoretical and applied research on Asian languages. An international editorial board takes care of the research quality of the journal.The contents of the first issue reflect this orientation and openness. Three papers deal with various aspects of the role played by language in the process of modernization during and after Meiji Japan, i.e., The Relation Between the View on the Language and Educational Ideology in the Early Meiji Period in Japan Through the Discourse of Regionalism by Ichimiya Yufuko, Towards Theoretical Approach to the Understanding of Language Ideologies in Post-Meiji Japan by Luka Culiberg, and Images of Pre-WW II: National Language Policies as Reflected in the Field of “National Language Studies” Itself by Andrej Bekeš.Another focus of interest is philological, represented by two papers. One is Morphology and Syntax in Holes and Scratches: The Latest Stage of Kugyol Research, an interesting research on kugyol, a system devised to facilitate reading Chinese Buddhist texts in Korean, by Lee Yong. The other,The Typology of Āmreḍita Compounds in the Ṛgveda by Tamara Ditrich, investigates āmreḍita compounds in the Ṛgveda, a type of coordinative nominal constructions, closely related to dvandva compounds.Finally, this issue is concluded with the article Collocational Relations in Japanese Language Textbooks and Computer-assisted Language Learning Resources, by Irena Srdanović and deals with the teaching of collocations in modern Japanese, based on corpora. Andrej Bekeš University of Ljubljana and University of Tsukuba April 23, 2011

To improve online learning pedagogy within the field of paralegal education, this study investigated how paralegal students and paralegal instructors perceived the effectiveness of synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. This study intended to inform paralegal instructors and course developers how to better design, deliver, and evaluate effective online course instruction in the field of paralegal studies.Survey results were analyzed using independent samples t-test and correlational analysis, and indicated that overall, paralegal students and paralegal instructors positively perceived synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. Paralegal instructors reported statistically significant higher perceptions than paralegal students: (1) of instructional design and course content in synchronous online paralegal courses; and (2) of technical assistance, communication, and course content in asynchronous online paralegal courses. Instructors also reported higher perceptions of the effectiveness of universal design, online instructional design, and course content in synchronous online paralegal courses than in asynchronous online paralegal courses. Paralegal students reported higher perceptions of asynchronous online paralegal course effectiveness regarding universal design than paralegal instructors. No statistically significant differences existed between paralegal students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of synchronous and asynchronous online paralegal courses. A strong, negative relationship existed between paralegal students’ age and their perceptions of effective synchronous paralegal courses, which were statistically and practically significant. Lastly, this study provided practical applicability and opportunities for future research. Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2008). 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We’ll have trouble now!The Archaeological Society of Jutland was founded on Sunday, 11 March 1951. As with most projects with which P.V Glob was involved, this did not pass off without drama. Museum people and amateur archaeologists in large numbers appeared at the Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, which had placed rooms at our disposal. The notable dentist Holger Friis, the uncrowned king of Hjørring, was present, as was Dr Balslev from Aidt, Mr and Mrs Overgaard from Holstebro Museum, and the temperamental leader of Aalborg Historical Museum, Peter Riismøller, with a number of his disciples. The staff of the newly-founded Prehistoric Museum functioned as the hosts, except that one of them was missing: the instigator of the whole enterprise, Mr Glob. As the time for the meeting approached, a cold sweat broke out on the foreheads of the people present. Finally, just one minute before the meeting was to start, he arrived and mounted the platform. Everything then went as expected. An executive committee was elected after some discussion, laws were passed, and then suddenly Glob vanished again, only to materialise later in the museum, where he confided to us that his family, which included four children, had been enlarged by a daughter.That’s how the society was founded, and there is not much to add about this. However, a few words concerning the background of the society and its place in a larger context may be appropriate. A small piece of museum history is about to be unfolded.The story begins at the National Museum in the years immediately after World War II, at a time when the German occupation and its incidents were still terribly fresh in everyone’s memory. Therkel Mathiassen was managing what was then called the First Department, which covered the prehistoric periods.Although not sparkling with humour, he was a reliable and benevolent person. Number two in the order of precedence was Hans Christian Broholm, a more colourful personality – awesome as he walked down the corridors, with his massive proportions and a voice that sounded like thunder when nothing seemed to be going his way, as quite often seemed to be the case. Glob, a relatively new museum keeper, was also quite loud at times – his hot-blooded artist’s nature manifested itself in peculiar ways, but his straight forward appearance made him popular with both the older and the younger generations. His somewhat younger colleague C.J. Becker was a scholar to his fingertips, and he sometimes acted as a welcome counterbalance to Glob. At the bottom of the hierarchy was the student group, to which I belonged. The older students handled various tasks, including periodic excavations. This was paid work, and although the salary was by no means princely, it did keep us alive. Student grants were non-existent at the time. Four of us made up a team: Olfert Voss, Mogens Ørsnes, Georg Kunwald and myself. Like young people in general, we were highly discontented with the way our profession was being run by its ”ruling” members, and we were full of ideas for improvement, some of which have later been – or are being – introduced.At the top of our wish list was a central register, of which Voss was the strongest advocate. During the well over one hundred years that archaeology had existed as a professional discipline, the number of artefacts had grown to enormous amounts. The picture was even worse if the collections of the provincial museums were taken into consideration. We imagined how it all could be registered in a card index and categorised according to groups to facilitate access to references in any particular situation. Electronic data processing was still unheard of in those days, but since the introduction of computers, such a comprehensive record has become more feasible.We were also sceptical of the excavation techniques used at the time – they were basically adequate, but they badly needed tightening up. As I mentioned before, we were often working in the field, and not just doing minor jobs but also more important tasks, so we had every opportunity to try out our ideas. Kunwald was the driving force in this respect, working with details, using sections – then a novelty – and proceeding as he did with a thoroughness that even his fellow students found a bit exaggerated at times, although we agreed with his principles. Therkel Mathiassen moaned that we youngsters were too expensive, but he put up with our excesses and so must have found us somewhat valuable. Very valuable indeed to everyon e was Ejnar Dyggve’s excavation of the Jelling mounds in the early 1940s. From a Danish point of view, it was way ahead of its time.Therkel Mathiassen justly complained about the economic situation of the National Museum. Following the German occupation, the country was impoverished and very little money was available for archaeological research: the total sum available for the year 1949 was 20,000 DKK, which corresponded to the annual income of a wealthy man, and was of course absolutely inadequate. Of course our small debating society wanted this sum to be increased, and for once we didn’t leave it at the theoretical level.Voss was lucky enough to know a member of the Folketing (parliament), and a party leader at that. He was brought into the picture, and between us we came up with a plan. An article was written – ”Preserve your heritage” (a quotation from Johannes V. Jensen’s Denmark Song) – which was sent to the newspaper Information. It was published, and with a little help on our part the rest of the media, including radio, picked up the story.We informed our superiors only at the last minute, when everything was arranged. They were taken by surprise but played their parts well, as expected, and everything went according to plan. The result was a considerable increase in excavation funds the following year.It should be added that our reform plans included the conduct of exhibitions. We found the traditional way of presenting the artefacts lined up in rows and series dull and outdated. However, we were not able to experiment within this field.Our visions expressed the natural collision with the established ways that comes with every new generation – almost as a law of nature, but most strongly when the time is ripe. And this was just after the war, when communication with foreign colleagues, having been discontinued for some years, was slowly picking up again. The Archaeological Society of Jutland was also a part of all this, so let us turn to what Hans Christian Andersen somewhat provocatively calls the ”main country”.Until 1949, only the University of Copenhagen provided a degree in prehistoric archaeology. However, in this year, the University of Aarhus founded a chair of archaeology, mainly at the instigation of the Lord Mayor, Svend Unmack Larsen, who was very in terested in archaeology. Glob applied for the position and obtained it, which encompassed responsibility for the old Aarhus Museum or, as it was to be renamed, the Prehistoric Museum (now Moesgaard Museum).These were landmark events to Glob – and to me, as it turned out. We had been working together for a number of years on the excavation of Galgebakken (”Callows Hill”) near Slots Bjergby, Glob as the excavation leader, and I as his assistant. He now offered me the job of museum curator at his new institution. This was somewhat surprising as I had not yet finished my education. The idea was that I was to finish my studies in remote Jutland – a plan that had to be given up rather quickly, though, for reasons which I will describe in the following. At the same time, Gunner Lange-Kornbak – also hand-picked from the National Museum – took up his office as a conservation officer.The three of us made up the permanent museum staff, quickly supplemented by Geoffrey Bibby, who turned out to be an invaluable colleague. He was English and had been stationed in the Faeroe Islands during the war, where he learned to speak Danish. After 1945 he worked for some years for an oil company in the Gulf of Persia, but after marrying Vibeke, he settled in her home town of Aarhus. As his academic background had involved prehistoric cultures he wanted to collaborate with the museum, which Glob readily permitted.This small initial flock governed by Glob was not permitted to indulge inidleness. Glob was a dynamic character, full of good and not so good ideas, but also possessing a good grasp of what was actually practicable. The boring but necessary daily work on the home front was not very interesting to him, so he willingly handed it over to others. He hardly noticed the lack of administrative machinery, a prerequisite for any scholarly museum. It was not easy to follow him on his flights of fancy and still build up the necessary support base. However, the fact that he in no way spared himself had an appeasing effect.Provincial museums at that time were of a mixed nature. A few had trained management, and the rest were run by interested locals. This was often excellently done, as in Esbjerg, where the master joiner Niels Thomsen and a staff of volunteers carried out excavations that were as good as professional investigations, and published them in well-written articles. Regrettably, there were also examples of the opposite. A museum curator in Jutland informed me that his predecessor had been an eager excavator but very rarely left any written documentation of his actions. The excavated items were left without labels in the museum store, often wrapped in newspapers. However, these gave a clue as to the time of unearthing, and with a bit of luck a look in the newspaper archive would then reveal where the excavation had taken place. Although somewhat exceptional, this is not the only such case.The Museum of Aarhus definitely belonged among the better ones in this respect. Founded in 1861, it was at first located at the then town hall, together with the local art collection. The rooms here soon became too cramped, and both collections were moved to a new building in the ”Mølleparken” park. There were skilful people here working as managers and assistants, such as Vilhelm Boye, who had received his archaeological training at the National Museum, and later the partners A. Reeh, a barrister, and G.V. Smith, a captain, who shared the honour of a number of skilfully performed excavations. Glob’s predecessor as curator was the librarian Ejler Haugsted, also a competent man of fine achievements. We did not, thus, take over a museum on its last legs. On the other hand, it did not meet the requirements of a modern scholarly museum. We were given the task of turning it into such a museum, as implied by the name change.The goal was to create a museum similar to the National Museum, but without the faults and shortcomings that that museum had developed over a period of time. In this respect our nightly conversations during our years in Copenhagen turned out to be useful, as our talk had focused on these imperfections and how to eradicate them.We now had the opportunity to put our theories into practice. We may not have succeeded in doing so, but two areas were essentially improved:The numerous independent numbering systems, which were familiar to us from the National Museum, were permeating archaeological excavation s not only in the field but also during later work at the museum. As far as possible this was boiled down to a single system, and a new type of report was born. (In this context, a ”report” is the paper following a field investigation, comprising drawings, photos etc. and describing the progress of the work and the observations made.) The instructions then followed by the National Museum staff regarding the conduct of excavations and report writing went back to a 19th-century protocol by the employee G.V. Blom. Although clear and rational – and a vast improvement at the time – this had become outdated. For instance, the excavation of a burial mound now involved not only the middle of the mound, containing the central grave and its surrounding artefacts, but the complete structure. A large number of details that no one had previously paid attention to thus had to be included in the report. It had become a comprehensive and time-consuming work to sum up the desultory notebook records in a clear and understandable description.The instructions resulting from the new approach determined a special records system that made it possible to transcribe the notebook almost directly into a report following the excavation. The transcription thus contained all the relevant information concerning the in vestigation, and included both relics and soil layers, the excavation method and practical matters, although in a random order. The report proper could then bereduced to a short account containing references to the numbers in the transcribed notebook, which gave more detailed information.As can be imagined, the work of reform was not a continuous process. On the contrary, it had to be done in our spare hours, which were few and far between with an employer like Glob. The assignments crowded in, and the large Jutland map that we had purchased was as studded with pins as a hedge hog’s spines. Each pin represented an inuninent survey, and many of these grew into small or large excavations. Glob himself had his lecture duties to perform, and although he by no means exaggerated his concern for the students, he rarely made it further than to the surveys. Bibby and I had to deal with the hard fieldwork. And the society, once it was established, did not make our lives any easier. Kuml demanded articles written at lightning speed. A perusal of my then diary has given me a vivid recollection of this hectic period, in which I had to make use of the evening and night hours, when the museum was quiet and I had a chance to collect my thoughts. Sometimes our faithful supporter, the Lord Mayor, popped in after an evening meeting. He was extremely interested in our problems, which were then solved according to our abilities over a cup of instant coffee.A large archaeological association already existed in Denmark. How ever, Glob found it necessary to establish another one which would be less oppressed by tradition. Det kongelige nordiske Oldsskriftselskab had been funded in 1825 and was still influenced by different peculiarities from back then. Membership was not open to everyone, as applications were subject to recommendation from two existing members and approval by a vote at one of the monthly lecture meetings. Most candidates were of course accepted, but unpopular persons were sometimes rejected. In addition, only men were admitted – women were banned – but after the war a proposal was brought forward to change this absurdity. It was rejected at first, so there was a considerable excitement at the January meeting in 1951, when the proposal was once again placed on the agenda. The poor lecturer (myself) did his best, although he was aware of the fact that just this once it was the present and not the past which was the focus of attention. The result of the voting was not very courteous as there were still many opponents, but the ladies were allowed in, even if they didn’t get the warmest welcome.In Glob’s society there were no such restrictions – everyone was welcome regardless of sex or age. If there was a model for the society, it was the younger and more progressive Norwegian Archaeological Society rather than the Danish one. The main purpose of both societies was to produce an annual publication, and from the start Glob’s Kuml had a closer resemblance to the Norwegian Viking than to the Danish Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. The name of the publication caused careful consideration. For a long time I kept a slip of paper with different proposals, one of which was Kuml, which won after having been approved by the linguist Peter Skautrup.The name alone, however, was not enough, so now the task became to find so mething to fill Kuml with. To this end the finds came in handy, and as for those, Glob must have allied him self with the higher powers, since fortune smiled at him to a considerable extent. Just after entering upon his duties in Aarhus, an archaeological sensation landed at his feet. This happened in May 1950 when I was still living in the capital. A few of us had planned a trip to Aarhus, partly to look at the relics of th e past, and partly to visit our friend, the professor. He greeted us warmly and told us the exciting news that ten iron swords had been found during drainage work in the valley of lllerup Aadal north of the nearby town of Skanderborg. We took the news calmly as Glob rarely understated his affairs, but our scepticism was misplaced. When we visited the meadow the following day and carefully examined the dug-up soil, another sword appeared, as well as several spear and lance heads, and other iron artefacts. What the drainage trench diggers had found was nothing less than a place of sacrifice for war booty, like the four large finds from the 1800s. When I took up my post in Aarhus in September of that year I was granted responsibility for the lllerup excavation, which I worked on during the autumn and the following six summers. Some of my best memories are associated with this job – an interesting and happy time, with cheerful comradeship with a mixed bunch of helpers, who were mainly archaeology students. When we finished in 1956, it was not because the site had been fully investigated, but because the new owner of the bog plot had an aversion to archaeologists and their activities. Nineteen years later, in 1975, the work was resumed, this time under the leadership of Jørgen Ilkjær, and a large amount of weaponry was uncovered. The report from the find is presently being published.At short intervals, the year 1952 brought two finds of great importance: in Februar y the huge vessel from Braa near Horsens, and in April the Grauballe Man. The large Celtic bronze bowl with the bulls’ heads was found disassembled, buried in a hill and covered by a couple of large stones. Thanks to the finder, the farmer Søren Paaske, work was stopped early enough to leave areas untouched for the subsequent examination.The saga of the Grauballe Man, or the part of it that we know, began as a rumour on the 26th of April: a skeleton had been found in a bog near Silkeborg. On the following day, which happened to be a Sunday, Glob went off to have a look at the find. I had other business, but I arrived at the museum in the evening with an acquaintance. In my diary I wrote: ”When we came in we had a slight shock. On the floor was a peat block with a corpse – a proper, well-preserved bog body. Glob brought it. ”We’ll be in trouble now.” And so we were, and Glob was in high spirits. The find created a sensation, which was also thanks to the quick presentation that we mounted. I had purchased a tape recorder, which cost me a packet – not a small handy one like the ones you get nowadays, but a large monstrosity with a steel tape (it was, after all, early days for this device) – and assisted by several experts, we taped a number of short lectures for the benefit of the visitors. People flocked in; the queue meandered from the exhibition room, through the museum halls, and a long way down the street. It took a long wait to get there, but the visitors seemed to enjoy the experience. The bog man lay in his hastily – procured exhibition case, which people circled around while the talking machine repeatedly expressed its words of wisdom – unfortunately with quite a few interruptions as the tape broke and had to be assembled by hand. Luckily, the tape recorders now often used for exhibitions are more dependable than mine.When the waves had died down and the exhibition ended, the experts examined the bog man. He was x-rayed at several points, cut open, given a tooth inspection, even had his fingerprints taken. During the autopsy there was a small mishap, which we kept to ourselves. However, after almost fifty years I must be able to reveal it: Among the organs removed for investigation was the liver, which was supposedly suitable for a C-14 dating – which at the time was a new dating method, introduced to Denmark after the war. The liver was sent to the laboratory in Copenhagen, and from here we received a telephone call a few days later. What had been sent in for examination was not the liver, but the stomach. The unfortunate (and in all other respects highly competent) Aarhus doctor who had performed the dissection was cal1ed in again. During another visit to the bogman’s inner parts he brought out what he believed to be the real liver. None of us were capable of deciding th is question. It was sent to Copenhagen at great speed, and a while later the dating arrived: Roman Iron Age. This result was later revised as the dating method was improved. The Grauballe Man is now thought to have lived before the birth of Christ.The preservation of the Grauballe Man was to be conservation officer Kornbak’s masterpiece. There were no earlier cases available for reference, so he invented a new method, which was very successful. In the first volumes of Kuml, society members read about the exiting history of the bog body and of the glimpses of prehistoric sacrificial customs that this find gave. They also read about the Bahrain expeditions, which Glob initiated and which became the apple of his eye. Bibby played a central role in this, as it was he who – at an evening gathering at Glob’s and Harriet’s home in Risskov – described his stay on the Persian Gulf island and the numerous burial mounds there. Glob made a quick decision (one of his special abilities was to see possibilities that noone else did, and to carry them out successfully to everyone’s surprise) and in December 1952 he and Bibby left for the Gulf, unaware of the fact that they were thereby beginning a series of expeditions which would continue for decades. Again it was Glob’s special genius that was the decisive factor. He very quickly got on friendly terms with the rulers of the small sheikhdoms and interested them in their past. As everyone knows, oil is flowing plentifully in those parts. The rulers were thus financially powerful and some of this wealth was quickly diverted to the expeditions, which probably would not have survived for so long without this assistance. To those of us who took part in them from time to time, the Gulf expeditions were an unforgettable experience, not just because of the interesting work, but even more because of the contact with the local population, which gave us an insight into local manners and customs that helped to explain parts of our own country’s past which might otherwise be difficult to understand. For Glob and the rest of us did not just get close to the elite: in spite of language problems, our Arab workers became our good friends. Things livened up when we occasionally turned up in their palm huts.Still, co-operating with Glob was not always an easy task – the sparks sometimes flew. His talent of initiating things is of course undisputed, as are the lasting results. He was, however, most attractive when he was in luck. Attention normally focused on this magnificent person whose anecdotes were not taken too seriously, but if something went wrong or failed to work out, he could be grossly unreasonable and a little too willing to abdicate responsibility, even when it was in fact his. This might lead to violent arguments, but peace was always restored. In 1954, another museum curator was attached to the museum: Poul Kjærum, who was immediately given the important task of investigating the dolmen settlement near Tustrup on Northern Djursland. This gave important results, such as the discovery of a cult house, which was a new and hitherto unknown Stone Age feature.A task which had long been on our mind s was finally carried out in 1955: constructing a new display of the museum collections. The old exhibitio n type consisted of numerous artefacts lined up in cases, accompaied ony by a brief note of the place where it was found and the type – which was the standard then. This type of exhibition did not give much idea of life in prehistoric times.We wanted to allow the finds to speak for themselves via the way that they were arranged, and with the aid of models, photos and drawings. We couldn’t do without texts, but these could be short, as people would understand more by just looking at the exhibits. Glob was in the Gulf at the time, so Kjærum and I performed the task with little money but with competent practical help from conservator Kornbak. We shared the work, but in fairness I must add that my part, which included the new lllerup find, was more suitable for an untraditional display. In order to illustrate the confusion of the sacrificial site, the numerous bent swords and other weapons were scattered a.long the back wall of the exhibition hall, above a bog land scape painted by Emil Gregersen. A peat column with inlaid slides illustrated the gradual change from prehistoric lake to bog, while a free-standing exhibition case held a horse’s skeleton with a broken skull, accompanied by sacrificial offerings. A model of the Nydam boat with all its oars sticking out hung from the ceiling, as did the fine copy of the Gundestrup vessel, as the Braa vessel had not yet been preserved. The rich pictorial decoration of the vessel’s inner plates was exhibited in its own case underneath. This was an exhibition form that differed considerably from all other Danish exhibitions of the time, and it quickly set a fashion. We awaited Glob’s homecoming with anticipation – if it wasn’t his exhibition it was still made in his spirit. We hoped that he would be surprised – and he was.The museum was thus taking shape. Its few employees included Jytte Ræbild, who held a key position as a secretary, and a growing number of archaeology students who took part in the work in various ways during these first years. Later, the number of employees grew to include the aforementioned excavation pioneer Georg Kunwald, and Hellmuth Andersen and Hans Jørgen Madsen, whose research into the past of Aarhus, and later into Danevirke is known to many, and also the ethnographer Klaus Ferdinand. And now Moesgaard appeared on the horizon. It was of course Glob’s idea to move everything to a manor near Aarhus – he had been fantasising about this from his first Aarhus days, and no one had raised any objections. Now there was a chance of fulfilling the dream, although the actual realisation was still a difficult task.During all this, the Jutland Archaeological Society thrived and attracted more members than expected. Local branches were founded in several towns, summer trips were arranged and a ”Worsaae Medal” was occasionally donated to persons who had deserved it from an archaeological perspective. Kuml came out regularly with contributions from museum people and the like-minded. The publication had a form that appealed to an inner circle of people interested in archaeology. This was the intention, and this is how it should be. But in my opinion this was not quite enough. We also needed a publication that would cater to a wider public and that followed the same basic ideas as the new exhibition.I imagined a booklet, which – without over-popularsing – would address not only the professional and amateur archaeologist but also anyone else interested in the past. The result was Skalk, which (being a branch of the society) published its fir t issue in the spring of 1957. It was a somewhat daring venture, as the financial base was weak and I had no knowledge of how to run a magazine. However, both finances and experience grew with the number of subscribers – and faster than expected, too. Skalk must have met an unsatisfied need, and this we exploited to the best of our ability with various cheap advertisements. The original idea was to deal only with prehistoric and medieval archaeology, but the historians also wanted to contribute, and not just the digging kind. They were given permission, and so the topic of the magazine ended up being Denmark’s past from the time of its first inhabitant s until the times remembered by the oldest of us – with the odd sideways leap to other subjects. It would be impossible to claim that Skalk was at the top of Glob’s wish list, but he liked it and supported the idea in every way. The keeper of national antiquities, Johannes Brøndsted, did the same, and no doubt his unreserved approval of the magazine contributed to its quick growth. Not all authors found it easy to give up technical language and express themselves in everyday Danish, but the new style was quickly accepted. Ofcourse the obligations of the magazine work were also sometimes annoying. One example from the diary: ”S. had promised to write an article, but it was overdue. We agreed to a final deadline and when that was overdue I phoned again and was told that the author had gone to Switzerland. My hair turned grey overnight.” These things happened, but in this particular case there was a happy ending. Another academic promised me three pages about an excavation, but delivered ten. As it happened, I only shortened his production by a third.The 1960s brought great changes. After careful consideration, Glob left us to become the keeper of national antiquities. One important reason for his hesitation was of course Moesgaard, which he missed out on – the transfer was almost settled. This was a great loss to the Aarhus museum and perhaps to Glob, too, as life granted him much greater opportunities for development.” I am not the type to regret things,” he later stated, and hopefully this was true. And I had to choose between the museum and Skalk – the work with the magazine had become too timeconsuming for the two jobs to be combined. Skalk won, and I can truthfully say that I have never looked back. The magazine grew quickly, and happy years followed. My resignation from the museum also meant that Skalk was disengaged from the Jutland Archaeological Society, but a close connection remained with both the museum and the society.What has been described here all happened when the museum world was at the parting of the ways. It was a time of innovation, and it is my opinion that we at the Prehistoric Museum contributed to that change in various ways.The new Museum Act of 1958 gave impetus to the study of the past. The number of archaeology students in creased tremendously, and new techniques brought new possibilities that the discussion club of the 1940s had not even dreamt of, but which have helped to make some of the visions from back then come true. Public in terest in archaeology and history is still avid, although to my regret, the ahistorical 1960s and 1970s did put a damper on it.Glob is greatly missed; not many of his kind are born nowadays. He had, so to say, great virtues and great fault s, but could we have done without either? It is due to him that we have the Jutland Archaeological Society, which has no w existed for half a century. Congr tulat ion s to the Society, from your offspring Skalk.Harald AndersenSkalk MagazineTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

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In the future today children today tend to be interested in playing the game from the study, because the development of the game world is now more rapidly and attractive compared to developments in the world of education, this is what makes children more interested in playing games than on learning. in addition, the old learning methods of reading and exercise, most of the children in modern times are now less interested and tend to be lazy to learn such a way. require a way for children to play and indirectly while learning. Computer-based teaching tool is expected to help overcome this problem. in addition, teaching tool like this can also ease the burden on teachers, so that the learning process can run well and the materials being taught can be understood by students. through learning how to use a computer, a lesson can be delivered in an interactive form and can illustrate a concept through animation, sound and attractive demonstration. this application allows students to learn without a time limit. The purpose of the research to make reading tutorial how to quickly and counting in child-based multimedia using macromedia flash 8.0. teaching tool that utilizes computers to deliver the materials to be taught so-called computer assisted instruction (cai). computer assisted instruction is a computer-based teaching aids with an interactive program. by using this device, the learning process becomes more active. this device can be used as a primary tool or a teaching tool. Based on the results of this study concluded that the tutorial how to quickly learn and numeracy can add to the spirit of learning students, this is because students are actively involved and participate in learning using this tutorial, so that learning becomes fun, the students begin to mention the numbers and letters with its own language, though still with the help of a teacher.Key words : Tutorial, Multimedia, Macromedia Flash

This article uses artificial energy to analyze literature reading and cases in English teaching of vocational skills training analyzes the current situation of artificial intelligence technology and colleges and universities and proposes the application of artificial intelligence technology to vocational skills training. To improve the quality of teaching in English teaching, we researched on English teaching in artificial intelligence from a theoretical perspective. Through literature research, we find the matching point between constructivism theory and artificial intelligence-assisted teaching, and through the second language acquisition theory and communicative teaching method to summarize the language acquisition process assisted by artificial intelligence. Based on the constructivist teaching theory, with the help of the 4 C/ID model idea, combined with the characteristics and functions of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence, and traditional teaching activities are organically combined to design a teaching design model of artificial intelligence assisted English teaching. It designed an integrated management system for English teaching resource information based on artificial intelligence. The hardware design of the system is realized relying on the design of the English teaching resource storage module and system server design. Based on the design of the system operating environment and database design, the software design of the system is realized. The results show that the proposed integrating management system of English teaching resource information is more suitable for sharing English teaching resource information than the conventional integrated management system of English teaching resource information. The combination of artificial intelligence and English teaching will surely bring breakthroughs in the development of high-intelligence teaching. The potential of artificial intelligence in the field of education is unlimited. As with the impact of computer technology on education reform, we have reason to believe that AI-assisted instruction will become an important direction of modern educational technology.

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