Journal articles on the topic 'Languages in contact Case studies'
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1
Andrason, Alexander, and Juan-Pablo Vita. "Contact Languages of the Ancient Near East – Three more Case Studies (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian)." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 293–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902004.
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This article describes and analyzes three situations of linguistic contact in the Ancient Near East, taking as its staring point three theoretical studies on contact languages which have been developed recently: the framework of mixed languages (Bakker and Matras, 2013; Meakins, 2013), the theory of written language contact (Johanson, 2013) and the approach to contact among genetically related languages (Epps, Huehnergard and Pat-El, 2013a). The authors argue that the contact systems selected for this article (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian), although distinct from the grammatical and sociolinguistic perspective, can all be viewed as expressions of the same dynamic phenomena, where each variety of mixing corresponds to a different stage of a universal continuum of languages in the situation of merger. Consequently, they can be located along the universal cline of mixing: Ugaritic-Hurrian matches the initial stage of intermingling, Hurro-Akkadian reflects gradually more intense blending, and Canaano-Akkadian corresponds to the phase of a profound fusion of the two source codes. By examining and comparing the three cases of mixing, the authors introduce new insights to the general discussion on mixed languages, written language contact and relevance of genetic relation in language intermingling, thus corroborating and/or refining certain hypotheses and propositions that have previously been formulated within the latest theoretical studies.
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Donohue, Mark. "Studying Contact without Detailed Studies of the Languages Involved: A Non-Philological Approach to Language Contact." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3324.
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<p>Studies of contact have revealed that all kinds of language material can, in the right circumstances, be borrowed from one language to another. Detecting, describing, and analyzing such situations typically involve the detailed study of at least two languages. An alternative involves detecting contact situations through database analysis. This cannot supplant the detailed work that requires detailed descriptive work in particular fields, but can allow us to examine large enough samples of languages that we can start to better understand, through calibration against known histories and other non-linguistic data types, likelihoods of different ‘social contact’ scenarios resulting in different kinds of linguistic traces, and also allow for the more targeted investigation of specific areas and language-to-language interactions. I shall describe the method, and illustrate its application in a number of case studies in regions for which we have good samples of language data.</p>
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Bancu, Ariana. "Two case studies on structural variation in multilingual settings." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4760.
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In this article, I report on two analyses of variation in Transylvanian Saxon (TrSax), an endangered Germanic language in contact with German and Romanian, used in settings predictive of structural influences among languages. My goals are to document the structural properties of the target variables and to evaluate if processes of language contact have an effect on synchronic variation in TrSax. I identified two areas of TrSax that display variation at the morphosyntactic level, and in each case one of the variants has a corresponding structure in German, while the other variant has a corresponding structure in Romanian. To tease apart contact-induced variation from internally motivated variation, I compare data from multilingual speakers with different linguistic profiles and assess the effect of sociolinguistic factors on variation through mixed effects analyses. Variation that patterns similarly across these two groups can provide a clearer account of the structure of TrSax, while differences between the groups can shed light on trajectories of change in TrSax. Furthermore, results of this study have implications for borrowing hierarchies in language contact.
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Tenser, Anton. "Semantic Map Borrowing – Case Representation in Northeastern Romani Dialects." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 211–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902001.
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Recent studies in contact linguistics have emphasized the aspect of language-internal grammaticalization that is triggered by accommodation to an external (contact-language) model (e.g. Heine and Kuteva, 2005). This is based on the notion that speakers make use of the available resources in order to match them to those of the target language. A problematic issue is contact-induced change in the domain of case representation. Synthetic case markers are usually thought of as fully grammaticalized morphemes. If contact-induced grammaticalization is, as Heine and Kuteva suggest, much like monolingual grammaticalization, unidirectional, how do we treat instances of rearrangement of the semantic meaning and scope of case markers? I will discuss this problem by examining a sample of Romani dialects, belonging to the so-called Northeastern dialect group (see Matras, 2002). Relying on specific constructions, like Subject of Negative Existence, External Possession, Privative, Partitive etc., I will compare and contrast the Northeastern dialects with their respective contact languages (Russian and Polish). Using semantic maps, I will demonstrate how the Romani dialects in question restructure their case representation system to accommodate to the systems of the model languages, and will discuss what it is exactly that gets equated when two languages come into contact.
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Igartua, Iván. "Loss of grammatical gender and language contact." Diachronica 36, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 181–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17004.iga.
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Abstract Despite its alleged relative stability, grammatical gender has nevertheless been completely lost in a number of languages. Through the analysis of three case studies (Afrikaans, Ossetic, and Cappadocian Greek) and a brief survey of similar developments in other languages, this article investigates the link between the loss of gender and language contact, which appears to be a key factor in the decline of gender systems. Drawing on recent research within the framework of sociolinguistic typology, I focus on the specific influence that a particular type of language contact (namely, non-native or imperfect learning) usually exerts on the grammar of the languages being acquired. I also discuss the diachronic asymmetry between the loss and the development of gender in language contact settings: while gender loss seems to be contact-related in quite a number of cases, replication or borrowing of gender turns out to be a rather restricted or even rare phenomenon.
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Ranacher, Peter, Nico Neureiter, Rik van Gijn, Barbara Sonnenhauser, Anastasia Escher, Robert Weibel, Pieter Muysken, and Balthasar Bickel. "Contact-tracing in cultural evolution: a Bayesian mixture model to detect geographic areas of language contact." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 181 (August 2021): 20201031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.1031.
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When speakers of different languages interact, they are likely to influence each other: contact leaves traces in the linguistic record, which in turn can reveal geographical areas of past human interaction and migration. However, other factors may contribute to similarities between languages. Inheritance from a shared ancestral language and universal preference for a linguistic property may both overshadow contact signals. How can we find geographical contact areas in language data, while accounting for the confounding effects of inheritance and universal preference? We present sBayes , an algorithm for Bayesian clustering in the presence of confounding effects. The algorithm learns which similarities are better explained by confounders, and which are due to contact effects. Contact areas are free to take any shape or size, but an explicit geographical prior ensures their spatial coherence. We test sBayes on simulated data and apply it in two case studies to reveal language contact in South America and the Balkans. Our results are supported by findings from previous studies. While we focus on detecting language contact, the method can also be used to uncover other traces of shared history in cultural evolution, and more generally, to reveal latent spatial clusters in the presence of confounders.
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Berngardt, Anetta V. "Problem fields of contact linguistics terms." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 29 (2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-2-29-151-158.
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Bilingualism as a multidimensional problem is studied in many sciences. Bilingual research in linguistics is primarily about studying the specifics of languages functioning in close contact. The terminological apparatus of this field is ex-tensive, but it has a number of imperfections. Despite the long history of bilingual studies, there is no clear definition of each term used here. This article analyzes the basic terms of bilingual studies, their definitions, and approaches to their use. Key terms in bilingual studies include bilingualism, interference, transference, code-switching, borrowing, and several others. The terms «interference» and « transference» raise the majority of questions, which is primarily due to the differences in Russian and foreign linguistic traditions. At the same time, the formation of a linguistic personality is influenced not only by the level of language proficiency, but also by the cultural and social environment. The terms «linguistic biography» and «semilingualism» were introduced to describe the totality of factors influencing the linguistic personality of a bilingual. The terms «code-switching» and «borrowing as a form of language interaction» are also problematic in contact lin-guistics, but many linguists refer to them as special cases of lexical interference. After analyzing bilingual terminology, the author concludes that mutual interaction of languages in speech contact is not static; therefore, it cannot be placed in the existing conventional frameworks and schemes. This is why terminol-ogy disputes are inevitable, and the basic terms of contact linguistics constitute a special study case.
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Hantgan, Abbie, and Johann‐Mattis List. "Bangime: secret language, language isolate, or language island? A computer‐assisted case study." Papers in Historical Phonology 7 (September 7, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.7.2022.7328.
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We report the results of a qualitative and quantitative lexical comparison between Bangime and neighboring languages. Our results indicate that the status of the language as an isolate remains viable, and that Bangime speakers have had different levels of language contact with other Malian populations at various points throughout their history. Bangime speakers, the Bangande, claim Dogon ancestry. The Bangande portray this connection to Dogon through the fact that the language has both recent borrowings from neighboring Dogon varieties and more rooted vocabulary from Dogon languages spoken to the east from whence the Bangande claim to have come. Evidence of multilayered long‐term contact is clear: lexical items have even permeated even core vocabulary. However, strikingly, the Bangande are seemingly unaware that their language is not intelligible with any Dogon variety. We hope that our fiindings will influence future studies on the reconstruction of the Dogon languages and other neighboring language varieties to shed light on the mysterious history of Bangime and its speakers.
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Bentz, Christian, and Bodo Winter. "Languages with More Second Language Learners Tend to Lose Nominal Case." Language Dynamics and Change 3, no. 1 (2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-13030105.
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In this paper, we provide quantitative evidence showing that languages spoken by many second language speakers tend to have relatively small nominal case systems or no nominal case at all. In our sample, all languages with more than 50% second language speakers had no nominal case. The negative association between the number of second language speakers and nominal case complexity generalizes to different language areas and families. As there are many studies attesting to the difficulty of acquiring morphological case in second language acquisition, this result supports the idea that languages adapt to the cognitive constraints of their speakers, as well as to the sociolinguistic niches of their speaking communities. We discuss our results with respect to sociolinguistic typology and the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis, as well as with respect to qualitative data from historical linguistics. All in all, multiple lines of evidence converge on the idea that morphosyntactic complexity is reduced by a high degree of language contact involving adult learners.
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Belyaev, Oleg. "Evolution of Case in Ossetic." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 287–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190269.
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AbstractOssetic sets itself apart from the other New Iranian languages by having a relatively elaborate system of nine cases. Since most of them are relatively late innovations, and only four cases (Nom., Gen, Abl., and Iness.) can be traced back to Proto-Iranian, many scholars tend to ascribe the development of the case system to Caucasian influence. The exact nature of this influence, however, has never been demonstrated. The aim of this paper is, first, to not only reconstruct the etymologies of Ossetic cases, but also to provide a chronology of how the case system developed. The second aim pursued here is to give a systematic comparison of the case system of Ossetic with those of the neighbouring languages and to determine if there is any external influence on the case system and, if so, what languages this influence came from. I conclude that Ossetic developed from a case system identical to those of Khotanese and Sogdian towards the present state under the influence of contact with Georgian and, later, with Turkic and Vaynakh languages. In the process of the discussion, I also argue that two new cases, the Directive and Regressive, are undergoing grammaticalisation in contemporary Ossetic.
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Delgado Luchner, Carmen. "Contact zones of the aid chain." Translation and Interpreting in Non-Governmental Organisations 7, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.00003.del.
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Abstract Switzerland is a multilingual country with four official languages. As such, NGOs and other organizations based in Switzerland tend to have a comparatively high awareness of multilingualism. Based on in-depth interviews with representatives of two Swiss development NGOs, Caritas Switzerland and the Fédération genevoise de coopération, this paper aims to explore how Swiss development NGOs work multilingually at home and abroad. By zooming in on the language practices that are used in the different contact zones along the aid chain we aim to provide a more nuanced picture of multilingualism in development projects. The two case studies show that professional translation is merely one of several strategies used to overcome language barriers in the aid chain. Others include ad hoc language mediation practices, reliance on bilingual staff and the use of a lingua franca.
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Schokkin, Dineke. "Contact-Induced Change in an Oceanic Language: The Paluai – Tok Pisin Case." Journal of Language Contact 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01001005.
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Many studies have focused on substrate influence on the creole languages of Melanesia – Tok Pisin, Solomons Pijin and Bislama. The same cannot be said with regard to influence in the opposite direction: contact-induced change occurring in local vernaculars due to pressure from the creole. This paper presents a case study of several instances of structural borrowing and semantic category change in Paluai, an Oceanic language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is shown that a number of functional elements originating from Tok Pisin are now firmly embedded in Paluai grammar: two verbs, gat and inap, and a conjunction, taim. Moreover, semantic categories are undergoing change and possibly attrition due to many-to-one correspondences. This suggests that it is important to view language contact situations as dynamic and involving two-way processes of change.
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Simon, Ellen. "Laryngeal stop systems in contact." Diachronica 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.2.03sim.
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This article examines the linguistic forces at work in present-day second language and bilingual acquisition of laryngeal contrasts, and to what extent these can give us insight into the origin of laryngeal systems of Germanic voicing languages like Dutch, with its contrast between prevoiced and unaspirated stops. The results of present-day child and adult second language acquisition studies reveal that both imposition and borrowing may occur when the laryngeal systems of a voicing and an aspirating language come into contact with each other. A scenario is explored in which socially dominant Germanic-speaking people came into contact with a Romance-speaking population, and borrowed the Romance stop system.
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Pagel, Steve. "Beyond the Category." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 146–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801007.
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This article draws attention to three general problems in existing theories and models of contact-induced language change: the problem of autonomous types of change, that of autonomous contact languages, and that of the metaphors used in contact linguistic terminology. Parting from a discussion of these problems and two case studies of contact varieties that heavily challenge existing models of contact-induced change (Chamorro and Zamboangueño-Chabacano), I provide a new and comprehensive model based on the conception of contact-induced change as a continuous space, in which interrelated and interconnected parameters dominate over autonomous types. This model is embedded in an ecological conception of language and language contact, as expressed in Ludwig, Mühlhäusler and Pagel (in press). The relevance of the early years of contact, as seen from the perspective of the presented model, is addressed in the last section and offers one possible prospect to future discussion and research.
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Knowles, Mark. "LANGUAGE CONTACT, LANGUAGE CONFLICT.Martin Pütz (Ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1994. Pp. xv + 254. $59.00 cloth." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19, no. 1 (March 1997): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263197281076.
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Language Contact, Language Conflict treats the increasingly common phenomenon of language contact and the subsequent cultural influences that contact can entail. The collection of papers is the result of a symposium held in Duisburg in March 1992 and is divided into two sections: (a) theoretical linguistic issues and (b) case studies from throughout the world. In the foreword, Hymes admits his skepticism toward the search for universals in linguistics, cognition, and human nature when “so much of anger as of joy is in the details” and, therefore, to preserve humanity, “the complex, emergent configurations of particular languages and ways of life are what need to be understood and shared” (foreword, no page number).
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Malamatidou, Sofia. "Understanding translation as a site of language contact." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 28, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.28.3.03mal.
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Abstract This paper begins by acknowledging translation as an important site of language contact and its primary aim is to reinterpret a theoretical framework from the field of language contact, namely Johanson’s Code-Copying Framework (1993, 1999, 2002a), with translation in mind. The framework is then systematically applied to empirical data and a corpus-based study is conducted, using the translation of popular science articles from English into Greek as a case in point, and in particular examining any change in the frequency of passive voice reporting verbs. The discussion and corpus analysis suggest that the Code-Copying Framework offers a new vantage point for understanding translation as facilitating linguistic development in the target language, and that translation studies can benefit from adopting it as a descriptive mechanism when comparing instances of contact through translation across languages.
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Keen, Ian. "The language of possession: Three case studies." Language in Society 42, no. 2 (April 2013): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404513000043.
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AbstractAnthropologists often construe “property” in terms of rights, obligations, and interests, or use “property” in a largely undefined way. The use of the language of rights as a metalanguage is questionable for it is culturally specific, having developed in the Early Modern period in Europe in the context of the spread of market relations and the growth of contract law. One might ask, how are “rights” expressed and constituted in the indigenous languages? The article examines the role of language in the constitution of possession relations with reference to three case studies: ownership of land by Kaiadilt people of Bentinck Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, possession more generally among Navajo of the southwest United States, and family/household “property” of the Southern Song dynasty of China. It focuses on the constitution of possessors, possessions and connections between them, and the expression of norms entailed by relations between possessor and possessum. (Property, possession, rights, Kayardild language, Navajo language, Southern Song dynasty, metalanguage)*
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Klamer, Marian, and George Saad. "Reduplication in Abui: A case of pattern extension." Morphology 30, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 311–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-020-09369-z.
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Abstract This paper studies the effect of ongoing contact on the Abui reduplication system. Abui, a Papuan indigenous minority language of eastern Indonesia, has been in contact with the regional lingua franca, Alor Malay (Austronesian), for around 50–60 years. Throughout this period, contact with Alor Malay has affected different age groups in different ways across various levels of grammar. Here we compare Abui reduplication across four age groups: (pre)adolescents, young adults, adults, and elders, and show how the function and distribution of reduplication in the Abui spoken by younger speakers is affected by a combination of morphological PAT borrowing and lexical borrowing from Alor Malay. The changing patterns are first applied to the domain in which the two languages overlap: existing Abui verb reduplications become more Alor Malay-like with respect to their function, form, and productivity. The borrowing of an additional function of reduplication is analyzed as a type of complexification in Abui, while at the same time, Abui reduplication itself is demonstrated to also show simplification in terms of form. We argue that this change is induced by decades of stable bilingualism, and is further enhanced by the fact that reduplication is a universal morphological operation and can emerge spontaneously in language contact situations. Thus, the emerging trends reported here are explained by both borrowing from Alor Malay as well as incomplete acquisition of Abui.
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Owusu, Edward, Asuamah Adade-Yeboah, Kweku Rockson, Solomon Ali Dansieh, and Samuel Kyei Adoma. "Language Use in the Multilingual Classroom Settings of West Africa: A Review of Selected Literature." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p399.
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Linguistically, most Africans are multilingual entities. Extremely, the seventeen (17) West African states display this feature. Thus, in a typical L2 classroom in Africa, the learner is likely to come into contact with several languages. These languages are mostly the official languages(s), the second or third language(s), the international language, and the indigenous languages spoken by both the learners and the teachers. Sometimes, the official language(s) is/are selected indigenous languages (for example, Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa, in the case of Nigeria). In some cases, the second language is the international language used for official engagements and international discourse. In Western Africa, Ghana is one such country that uses English as both the official and international language. When learners from diverse sociocultural backgrounds are exposed to several languages in a particular classroom setting, a lot of processes emerge. One of such processes is nativisation or indigenisation or localisation of the formal classroom language. This is the process where language learners use the formal classroom language in a manner that suits their communicative needs. This paper is a review of selected empirical studies on the use of language in the multilingual classrooms of selected African countries. The cases and papers were purposively sampled from five West African states of Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, and Nigeria. This paper argues that language contact processes such as localisation, pidginization, and creolization are not aberrant forms per se; and since they serve the informal linguistic needs of multilingual second language learners, they should be given a place in language use.
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Rasekh-Mahand, Mohammad, and Raheleh Izadifar. "Turkic Instrumental Case Marker in Tātic Language Group." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5062.
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This paper studies the morphological influence of language contact between Turkic and Tātic language group in Northwest Iran. The postposition under study is the Turkic –inan and how it has entered the morphological system of some Tāti dialects of Iran. In particular, it is shown which Tāti dialects are influenced in this regard and why. The data for this study were collected from interviews with native Tāti and Turkic speakers in Iran and also from descriptive grammars and Tāti-Farsi dictionaries. We have used Narrog's (2010) instrumental semantic map to see which semantic functions are fulfilled with the instrumental-related postposition or case marker in both Tāti and Turkic dialects of Iran and whether they are the same or different in these languages.
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Piątkowska, Katarzyna. "Satellite-framed or verb-framed? Towards a typology of motion events in English as a lingua franca." Socjolingwistyka 35 (2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17651/socjoling.35.2.
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The present paper analyzes English as a lingua franca (ELF) from the perspective of Talmy’s (2000b) typology, which divides languages into S- and V-types. S-languages express the path of motion in a verb particle and the manner of motion in a verb, while V-languages encode the path in a verb and manner in an adverbial. Talmy’s (2000b) typology has been felicitously applied in research on standard languages. However, studies on dialects (Berthele 2004) have shown that a division into S- and V-categories may not be sufficient in the case of contact languages. To test this hypothesis, we apply Talmy’s (2000b) typological distinction to English as a lingua franca. Based on the results of a qualitative pilot study among Polish users of English, we demonstrate that although Polish and English are both classified as S-languages according to Talmy’s (2000b) typology, ELF – a contact language between them – reveals characteristics not yet classified as belonging to either S- or V-types. We thus conclude that Talmy’s (2000b, 2017) dichotomous distinction is in need of further refinements to be applicable in the context of ELF.
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Plag, Ingo. "Creolization and admixture." Creoles and Typology 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2011): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.1.04pla.
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Proponents of a ‘feature pool’ approach to creolization (e.g. Mufwene 2001, Aboh & Ansaldo 2006) have claimed that the emergence of the new grammar is driven by the syntax-discourse prominence, markedness, and frequency of available features, with typological similarity or dissimilarity of the languages involved playing a crucial role in the competition and selection process. This paper takes a closer look at the predictions of a feature pool-based approach to creolization and tests whether these predictions are borne out by the facts. Three case studies from the Surinamese creoles and Sri Lanka Malay show that the feature pool approach suffers from a number of conceptual, theoretical, and empirical problems. The typology alone of the languages involved in the contact is not a good predictor for the outcome of language contact. The feature pool approach neglects processing constraints: one can only select from what one can process. ‘Creolization’, as in the case of the emergence of the Surinamese Creoles, is not ‘exceptional’, but happens in contact situations in which second language acquisition plays a significant role. The processing restrictions inherent in second language acquisition play an important role in shaping the structural outcome. ’Admixture’, as in the case of Sri Lanka Malay, is not ‘exceptional’ either, but happens in different situations and shows different processes at work. And these processes allow structural outcomes that are very different from those found under the conditions of second language acquisition.
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Perez, Danae, and Lena Zipp. "On the relevance of voice quality in contact varieties." Language Ecology 3, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.18010.per.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the role of voice quality variation in the system of a contact language, Afro-Yungueño Spanish, a restructured variety of Spanish spoken in the Bolivian Yungas valleys. Based on case studies of naturally occurring conversation between multiple speakers, we show that certain non-modal phonation types, in this case falsetto and breathy voice, are used to index expressiveness, intensification, or emphasis. We argue that these practices have discursive meaning that could otherwise also be encoded by means of grammatical and lexical resources, and that they are an integral part of the linguistic system of this variety. We claim that these practices may have resulted from the specific socio-historical context in which this variety evolved. This suggests that voice quality and ecological factors should not be underestimated in order to reach a more complete picture of how meaning is conveyed in apparently simplified contact languages.
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Bunis, David M. "Lexical Elements of Slavic Origin in Judezmo on South Slavic Territory, 16–19th Centuries: Uriel Weinreich and the History of Contact Linguistics." Journal of Jewish Languages 5, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 217–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-05021121.
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Abstract From the 19th–20th-century beginnings of modern linguistics, scholars reported on various results of interactions between diverse language speakers; but it was only with Uriel Weinreich’s Languages in Contact (1953) that a solid theoretical basis for the systematic study of contact linguistics was elaborated. The present article studies lexical influences from South Slavic on Judezmo (Ladino/Judeo-Spanish) resulting from contact during the 16th–19th centuries between speakers of these two languages in the regions that, between 1918 and 1992, were known jointly as Yugoslavia. During the Ottoman and then Austro-Hungarian periods, borrowings in local Judezmo from South Slavic were relatively few compared with Turkisms. But from the nineteenth century, when the South Slavs gained political independence, Serbo-Croatian exerted an ever-increasing influence on Judezmo in this region. The case of Judezmo there differs considerably from Yiddish in Slavic Eastern Europe throughout the same period, as described by Uriel Weinreich and others.
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Ghimenton, Anna. "Quantitative Approaches to Italian / Dialect Family Interactions: Considerations of Methodology and Language Transmission in a Contact Situation." Journal of Language Contact 6, no. 1 (2013): 106–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-006001010.
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We present a case study of a child’s language development by analyzing production in both input and output. Our corpus comprises 35-hour tapings (90 000 tokens) of dyadic and multiparty interactions between Francesco, his parents and his extended family members who are from Veneto (Italy), while Francesco was 17-30 months old. In this region, two genetically related languages – Veneto dialect and Italian are spoken along a continuum and there are numerous zones of overlapping, blurring the borders of the languages in contact. We draw from a psycholinguistic approach to study the child’s development and from a sociolinguistic approach to include the observed contact phenomena in our research design. The aim of this study is two-fold. Firstly, we aim to understand how Francesco acquires his language(s) from a variable environment. Secondly, we aim to present a new methodological approach to quantitative studies conducted in contact situations. We discuss how the interplay of similarities (given the presence of cognates) and contrasts (the juxtaposition of Italian and Veneto in utterances) in the input may contribute to the maintenance of multilingualism in the younger generations’ repertoires.
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Madariaga, Nerea, and Olga Romanova. "Simplifying grammatical gender in inflectional languages: Odessa Russian and beyond." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 244–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0011.
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Summary This work aims to contribute to the analysis of the morphosyntactic processes of gender assignment and gender agreement in inflectional languages, through the study of gender variation in Russian. We will focus on the data of a special contact variety, Odessa Russian (OdR), and compare it to standard, dialectal, child Russian, as well as other contact varieties of Russian. OdR is a linguistic variety slightly decomplexified by non-native acquisition, which arises from a special language contact situation; it originated as a lingua franca, and was passed on later to successive generations of speakers as a native variety. Some of the most striking features of OdR are its divergences in gender assignment and agreement with respect to Standard Russian. The specific processes analysed in this paper are classified in three groups: (i) loss of a gender value (neuter gender), by virtue if a strategy of gender (re)assignment; (ii) transfer or ‘migration’ of gender according to the phonological shape of the words involved (masculine into feminine and feminine into masculine); interestingly, formal rules in this group of processes can sometimes prevail over semantic rules (i. e. over natural gender); and (iii) disruptions of gender agreement (associated with disruption of grammatical case), which can be interpreted as the simplification of the corresponding syntactic tree by eliminating uninterpretable gender features in the language. We will show that these processes go beyond mere substrata effects, and proceed according to more general processes that partially take place also in other (contact and non-contact) varieties of Russian. More specifically: (i) occasional changes in the assignment and agreement of gender are reminiscent of dialectal Russian, but are more widespread in OdR (closer to child language) than in those varieties; (ii) even if gender in OdR was not lost as a grammatical category, some productions point to a partial loss of gender features, reminding us of pidgins and heritage languages.
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Trudgill, Peter. "Dialect Mixture versus Monogenesis in Colonial Varieties: The Inevitability of Canadian English?" Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004102.
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AbstractSimilarities between varieties of the same languages can be explained in terms of shared retentions or innovations. Conversely, differences can be explained in terms of new vocabulary items, divergent changes, language contact, and dialect contact. The latter has been challenged by proponents of monogenetic theories. Evidence for and against monogenetic hypotheses are considered on the basis of two case studies. First, I demonstrate that the dialect enclave of Lunenberg County, Nova Scotia, is a mixed colonial dialect. Second, I argue that the phenomenon of Canadian Raising is the result of dialect mixture. The Canadian English data provide evidence for a connection between dialect contact, mixture, and genesis. The data support the idea that there is a deterministic outcome in situations where the target language is not spoken by a prior-existing population, which in turn accounts for why widely separated varieties of English are similar.
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Munirah, Y. "Preserving Ethnic Identity through Native Language and Religion: A Case Study of the Malay-Muslims in Southern Thailand." global journal al thaqafah 8, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072018-5.
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The Malay language as an ethnic minority language for the Malay-Muslims in southern Thailand appears to have a religious meaning besides its cultural and ethnic significance indications. In a context of language contact like the one in Thailand, minority languages of ethnic groups are prone to change, attrition, and loss. The studies reviewed provide rich data illustrating an interdependent relationship between language and identity. The maintenance of an ethnic minority language plays a vital role in the maintenance of ethnicity, cultural identification, and religious conventions for many communities and vice versa. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to discuss how Malay as a native language and Islam as a religion are two main factors to preserve and sustain the Malay ethnic identity among the Malay Muslims of southern Thailand. It is important to examine the experiences, thoughts, and feelings of Malay Muslims about their native language and to observe whether Malay and Thai have different functions and context status from each other in their lives.
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Peterson, David. "The Languages of the Invaders of 711, Invasion and Language Contact in Eighth–Century Northwestern Iberia*." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.46.
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SummaryA number of disparate onomastic phenomena occurring in northwestern Iberia have long puzzled scholars: the abundance of Arabic personal names in early medieval Christian communities, often fossilised as place–names; the extraordinarily profuse Romance toponym Quintana; and a surprisingly high number of hypothetical Amazigh (i.e. Berber) demonyms. In this paper we argue that these seemingly disparate onomastic phenomena can all be explained if it is accepted that following the Islamic invasion of Iberia in 711, the Amazigh settlers of the Northwest were at least partially latinophone. The internal history of the Maghreb suggests this would have been the case at least in the sense of Latin as a lingua franca, a situation which the speed and superficiality of the Islamic conquest of said region would have been unlikely to have altered significantly. In this context, all of the puzzling onomastic elements encountered in the Northwest fall into place as the result of the conquest and settlement of a Romance– speaking region by Romance–speaking incomers bearing Arabic personal names but retaining their indigenous tribal affiliations and logically choosing to interact with the autochthonous population in the lan-guage they all shared.
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Adamou, Evangelia, and Xingjia Rachel Shen. "Beyond Language Shift: Spatial Cognition among the Ixcatecs in Mexico." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 1-2 (February 8, 2017): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342193.
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Recently there has been a renewed interest surrounding the role that language plays in the shaping of cognition based on the study of spatial relations with a particular attention to Mesoamerican languages. Since Brown and Levinson (1993), several studies have shown that speakers of Mesoamerican languages largely prefer non-egocentric strategies in the solution of nonverbal tasks and that this preference strongly aligns to the spatial expressions found in these languages. Moreover, it has been argued that contact with Spanish increases the use of egocentric responses. This paper engages in this discussion with new evidence from a Mexican community which has shifted from a Mesoamerican language, Ixcatec, to Spanish during the twentieth century. It presents three studies consisting of nonverbal, memorization tasks, conducted with a total of 52 monolingual Spanish speakers from the community of Santa María Ixcatlán. According to the neo-Whorfian approach, the residents of Santa María Ixcatlán should strongly favour the Spanish-related egocentric responses. Against this assumption, however, our study shows that the geocentric responses are predominant among the Ixcatecs. This result clearly indicates that frames of reference are culturally-defined and do not disappear in case of language shift but persist in cognitive representations among the members of a stable, rural community.
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Ibhawaegbele, Faith O., and J. N. Edokpayi. "Situational Variables in Chimamanda Adichie's and Chinua Achebe's." Matatu 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001012.
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The use of the English language for literary creation has been the bane of Nigerian literature. Nigeria has a very complex linguistic system; as a result, its citizens communicate either in their indigenous languages or in English, depending on the situation in which they find themselves. The use of English in Nigerian literature in general and prose fiction in particular is influenced by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In their attempt to offer solutions to the problems of language in literary expression, Nigerian novelists adapt English to varying linguistic and socio-cultural contexts. This has resulted in experimentation and the employment of various creative-stylistic strategies and devices in prose fiction. Our focus in this essay is on the conditioning influences of situational variables on the language and styles of Nigerian novelists, with Chimamanda Adichie and Chinua Achebe as a case study. We shall examine and explicate how situational variables influence and impose constraints on the language and styles of novelists, and how they adapt English, which is in contact with the various indigenous languages, to the varying local Nigerian situations and experiences.
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Konior, Daria V. "Patterns and Mechanisms of Lexical Changes in the Languages of Symbiotic Communities: Kinship Terminology in Karashevo (Banat, Romania)." Slovene 9, no. 1 (2020): 381–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.14.
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This article deals with the ethnolinguistic situation in one of the most archaic areas of language and cultural contact between South Slavic and Eastern Romance populations — the Karashevo microregion in Banat, Romania. For the first time, the lexical-semantic group of kinship terms in the Krashovani dialects from the Slavic-speaking village of Carașova and the Romanian-speaking village of Iabalcea is being analysed in a comparative perspective as two separate linguistic codes which “serve” the same local culture. The main goal of the research was to investigate patterns of borrowing mechanisms which could link lexical (sub)systems of spiritual cultureunder the conditions of intimate language contact in symbiotic communities. It will be shown that, in such situations, the equivalent translation becomes relevant as a specific strategy of linguistic code interrelationships. Even though kinship terminology in closely contacting dialectshas the potential to help linguists trace back the socio-historical conditions and outcomes of language contact (such as marriage patterns), linguistic methods have their limitations in the case of poorly documented vernaculars. These limitations could be overcome by compiling more data on “isocontacting” communities and, possibly, by analysing this data using quantitative tools.
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Worthington, Martin. "Dialect admixture of Babylonian and Assyrian inSAAVIII, X, XII, XVII and XVIII." Iraq 68 (2006): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001169.
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Studies of language contact in Mesopotamia have tended to concern themselves principally with lexical borrowing and structural influence, and to focus on the interaction of Akkadian with Sumerian and (in later times) Aramaic. This paper attempts to innovate on the field in two respects. First, studies of language contact in Mesopotamia largely neglect the sociolinguistic aspects of the phenomenon, which have been problematized with rewarding results in a large and ever-growing body of sociolinguistic literature. A masterly study by Adams has recently shown that sociolinguistic methods can successfully be applied to corpus languages, in his case Latin. Sociolinguistic aspects of language contact are the primary focus of this paper. Second, instead of the interaction between Akkadian and another language (Sumerian, Aramaic), we shall be concerned with that between dialects of Akkadian itself, which can be distinguished through phonology, morphology and, to a lesser extent, lexicon: Neo-Assyrian and two dialects of Babylonian. The Babylonian dialects, respectively vernacular Neo-Babylonian and so-called “Standard Babylonian” (GermanJungbabylonisch), appear in different epistolary contexts. As the language of scholarship andbelles lettres, Standard Babylonian occurs in learned citations, and was used to elevate one's language. We will encounter it frequently in letters written to the king by Neo-Assyrian scholars. Vernacular Neo-Babylonian was the base dialect of numerous letters by and to Babylonians. Characteristically Neo- (as opposed to Standard) Babylonian forms are usually not found in Assyrian letters.
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Zlotnik, Anastasiia, and Zoya Getman. "Interlingual Interference of Unrelated Languages: Spanish and English." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 39 (2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2021.39.11.
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The article is devoted to the description of interlingual interference in Spanishspeaking countries on the example of the phenomenon of “Spanglish”. The article outlines the content of language interference and bilingualism. The definition of the term “language interference” is given. The concept of Spanglish is specified and the main characteristics of the studied phenomenon are presented. The causes, content, and consequences of the formation of the “Spanglish” phenomenon are singled out. The main models of functioning of the phenomenon on the material of dialogic speech of Spanish and English-speaking students, Internet resources, literary and film works are revealed. The geographical areas most prone to the formation, spread and popularization of the phenomenon of “Spanglish” are outlined. In the end of the research we came to the conclusion that because translation is an integral part of intercultural communication, interference in this case is the result of bilingualism (or multilingualism) of the translator with a subsequent impact on the translation process – often negative. The problem of interference is considered in the framework of language contacts, when a person who speaks two languages violates the rules of correlation of these languages. Languages interact with each other, resulting not only in the borrowing of language units, but also the convergence of languages as a whole. We figured out that the main reason and condition for the manifestation of interference is bilingualism/multilingualism and linguistic contact. The place of manifestation of interference is the bilingual himself or the person who performs the translation, when he tries to compensate some linguistic units with units from another language, which can involuntarily lead to literalism, accent and distortion of the meaning of the original text. We found out what are the methods of overcoming unwanted interference, as well as what a teacher can do at school or university to prevent the introduction of signs of speech interference in students’ speech.
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Yelizaryeva, M. A., and I. V. Alexandrova. "Comparative Approach in Teaching German as the Second and Czech as the First Foreign Language: the Case of Prepositional Government of Verbs." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-1-25-130-139.
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The article focuses on the comparative approach in teaching German as the second foreign language simultaneously with Czech as the first foreign language at the Russian State University for the Humanities. The bachelor program “Slavistics and Central European studies: languages, culture and literature of the Czech Republic and Austria” at the RSUH has some unique features: from the first year of this program students learn simultaneously two foreign languages: Czech as the first foreign language and German as the second one, therefore, they often make mistakes in German due to the influence of their mother tongue, Russian, as well as English, learned at school, and Czech. If the teacher of German has a good command of the Czech language, he or she can use some similarities between German and Czech that have appeared due to their long-term language contact and convergent evolution. The prepositional government of some Czech and German verbs is one of these similarities that distinguish them from the Russian language. And many mistakes are made by students in their target languages due to the verbal government of Russian. But with that said this language transfer could be avoided or reduced if we show that plenty of German and Czech verbs have analogous verb government. In order to check this statement, we have made a set of exercises (substitution drill and translation “Czech – German”, “German – Czech”, “Russian – Czech, German”), which contained four couples of German and Czech verbs with prepositional government. The testing of these exercises on seven second-year-students of the RSUH has shown that such exercises could help students to focus on Czech-German grammatical similarities and reduce the influence of the Russian language.
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KORN, AGNES, and MARYAM NOURZAEI. "“Those were the hungry years”: A glimpse of Coastal Afro-Balochi." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28, no. 4 (September 5, 2018): 661–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000238.
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AbstractThe aim of the present paper is to describe the morphosyntactic properties of Iranian Coastal Balochi as spoken by the Afro-Balochi community. The Afro-Baloch have completely switched to Balochi and there are no traces of African languages in their speech. However, in comparison with other Balochi dialects of Iran on the one hand, and with Coastal Balochi dialects of Pakistan on other, Afro-Balochi shows archaic characteristics, particularly in its case system, in the demonstrative pronouns and in the alignment features. This might be due to the persisting social segregation of the Afro-Baloch and their limited access to education and media, resulting in reduced contact with the languages and dialects outside of their community.
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ELSIG, MARTIN. "Benchmark varieties and the individual speaker: Indispensable touchstones in studies on language contact." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2011): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000228.
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The authors of ‘Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence’, Poplack, Zentz & Dion (2011, this issue), henceforth cited as PZD, make a strong case for showing that, in spite of surface similarities, preposition stranding in Canadian French relative clauses cannot be qualified as a case of grammatical convergence due to language contact with English, but that it rather turns out to be a result of analogical extension of a native French strategy, preposition orphaning, to a new context. The application of a particularly sound and accountable methodology, the comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack & Meechan, 1998; Tagliamonte, 2002), allows them to invalidate the hypothesis of a causal relationship between contact and the phenomenon under study.
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Muysken, Pieter. "Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes." International Journal of Bilingualism 16, no. 1 (May 10, 2011): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006911403211.
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Fuller, Janet M. "When cultural maintenance means linguistic convergence: Pennsylvania German evidence for the Matrix Language Turnover hypothesis." Language in Society 25, no. 4 (December 1996): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020790.
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ABSTRACTResearch on languages in contact has shown evidence of structural convergence, as well as internally motivated language change; one language which has been frequently studied in this light is Pennsylvania German (PG). Myers-Scotton 1993 posits that convergence involves a change in the selection of the language which sets the morpho-syntactic frame involved in language production. This is called a turnover in the Matrix Language (ML). Data from PG collected in the 1940s, as compared with data collected in the late 1970s and 1980s, indicate that an ML turnover is underway in the sectarian communities; the language can be characterized as having a composite ML. The primary features of convergence in these data are English lexical-conceptual structures in the tense system, English morphological realization patterns in verb phrases, and the increased syntactization of word order in PG. There is only weak evidence for the introduction of English system morphemes at this stage. The loss of case-marking does not conform to English patterns; this indicates that much of the influence of language contact occurs at the lexical-conceptual level. (Pennsylvania German, convergence, Matrix Language Frame Model, code-switching, borrowing, language contact)
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Siegel, Jeff. "Transfer Constraints and Substrate Influence in Melanesian Pidgin." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, no. 1 (August 6, 1999): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.1.02sie.
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This study examines research on transfer in second language acquisition (SLA) in order to identify situational and linguistic factors which may constrain the influence of substrate languages on the developing grammar of a pidgin or creole. A distinction is made between the earlier transfer of L1 features by individuals attempting to use the superstrate language as an L2 for wider communication, and the later retention of a subset of these features by the community during a process of leveling which occurs during stabilization. The study outlines various transfer constraints and reinforcement principles proposed in both the second language acquisition and pidgin/creole studies literature. These are evaluated using Melanesian Pidgin and its Central-Eastern Oceanic (CEO) substrate languages as a test case. Of the potential constraints on transfer proposed in the SLA literature, the need for partial or specious congruence between superstrate and substrate structures appears to account best for the particular CEO features that were transferred. Perceptual salience accounts for the kinds of forms from English that were reanalyzed to fit CEO patterns. With regard to the retention of particular transferred features, the most significant reinforcement principle appears to be frequency in the contact environment.
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Gulyás, Adrienn. "How Do New Languages Arise? A Comparison of Romanization and Gallicization." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.3.
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SummaryThis paper compares the romanization of Gaul in the 1st century BC and the gallicization of the island of Martinique during 17th-century French colonial expansion, using criteria set out by Muf- wene's Founder Principle. The Founder Principle determines key ecological factors in the formation of creole vernaculars, such as the founding populations and their proportion to the whole, language varieties spoken, and the nature and evolution of the interactions of the founding populations (also referred to as “colonization styles”). Based on the comparison, it will be claimed that new languages arise when a language undergoes vehicularization and subsequently shifts from one speech community to another. In other words, linguistic genesis would be a complicated case of language contact, where not only one, but sev- eral dialects of both superstrate and substrate varieties are involved, in a historical context where the identity function of language, or the norm, is overriden by the need to communicate. Research also indicates that language varieties spoken at the time of the shift did not pertain to normative usage, but to popular varieties, dialects, or both, since the emerging vernaculars - in Gaul, as well as in Martinique - preserved some of their phonological and lexical particularities.
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Lucas, Christopher. "Contact-induced grammatical change." Diachronica 29, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.3.01luc.
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Language contact plays a key part among the factors leading to change in grammars, and yet the study of syntactic change, especially in the generative or innatist tradition, has tended to neglect the role of contact in this process. At the same time, work on contact-induced change remains largely descriptive, with theoretical discussion restricted mostly to the putative limits on borrowing. This article aims at moving beyond these restrictions by outlining a psycholinguistically-based account of some of the ways in which contact leads to change. This account takes Van Coetsem’s (1988, 2000) distinction between recipient-language and source-language agentivity as its starting point, building on this insight in the light of work on language acquisition and first language attrition, and showing how these principles can be integrated into a unified acquisitionist model of syntactic change in general. The model is then applied to case studies of contact-induced syntactic change in Yiddish and Berber.
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Cooper, Julien Charles. "Beja and Cushitic Languages in Middle Egyptian Texts. The Etymologies of Queen Aashayet and Her Retainers." Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies, no. 29 (2021): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37011/lingaeg.29.02.
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The presence of names and words from the Beja language in Egyptian texts is well-documented from a number of studies, which have demonstrated contact between Beja speakers and Egyptians since before the Middle Kingdom (c. 2050 BCE). This would mean that Beja and Egyptian have a shared history of over 3,000 years until the termination of Coptic as a spoken tongue. But this supposition of a monolithic Beja language as the correlate of the historical ‘Medjay’ is partly an oversimplification of our linguistic evidence. This study aims to assess and problematize some of our suppositions on the nature of Beja and Cushitic materials in Middle Egyptian records by using case studies of personal names on the sarcophagus of the ‘royal-wife’ and ‘priestess of Hathor’ Aashayet.
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Kelly, Mary Kate. "POLITICAL DOMINATION AND LINGUISTIC PREFERENCES IN ANCIENT MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING: A CASE STUDY OF PIEDRAS NEGRAS AND YAXCHILAN." Contributions in New World Archaeology 13 (December 31, 2019): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/cnwa.13.04.
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Long prior to the arrival of the Spanish to the New World, ancient Maya history relates tales of contact and conquest among the inhabitants of the Maya region. Composed of a set of related but distinct cultures who spoke a spectrum of Mayan languages, the prestige language used in the written tradition was broadly homogeneous. Prior studies have suggested that regional language varieties influenced scribal preferences in a handful of linguistic features that appear in the texts. New linguistic data from Late Classic (AD 650–830) monuments reveal a more nuanced story — a tale in which political domination impacted the elite written language. This paper looks at a case study of monuments from Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras whose authors employed specific linguistic traits. I argue these were enforced at the level of the scribal school, and these same traits are reflected in the scribal preferences of the sites subordinate to each. Scribal schools, as they can be identified by paleographic, iconographic, and now linguistic styles, are themselves manifestations of the contemporaneous political dynamic. While conquest in the Classic era took a very different form than later colonization by Europeans, it nonetheless left a significant mark on Maya peoples’ history.
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Blaxter, Tam T., and Peter Trudgill. "On case loss and svarabhakti vowels: the sociolinguistic typology and geolinguistics of simplification in North Germanic." Journal of Linguistic Geography 7, no. 01 (April 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2019.3.
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AbstractWork in sociolinguistic typology and creole studies has established the theory that intensive language contact involving second language acquisition by adults tends to lead to grammatical simplification. This theory is built on many anecdotal case studies, including developments in the history of Continental North Germanic associated with contact with Middle Low German. In this paper, we assess the theory by examining two changes in the history of Norwegian: the loss of coda /Cr/ clusters and the loss of prepositional genitives. If the theory is correct, these changes should have been innovated in centers of contact with Middle Low German. We find that both changes in fact spread into southeastern Norwegian from Swedish. Since contact with Low German also took place in Sweden and Denmark, this is consistent with the theory. It opens questions for future research about the role of dialect contact in simplificatory change in North Germanic.
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Rosaline Mnguhenen Sokpo, Ph.D., Sarah Terwase Shittu, Ph.D, Titus Terver Udu, Ph.D, and Joseph I. Orban, Ph.D. "LEXICAL BORROWING AND LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: A CASE OF THE TIV LANGUAGE." Ahyu: A Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (May 2, 2020): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56666/ahyu.v1i3.8.
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Language gives identity to a people and makes them a speech community, thereby defining their culture. It is their means of initiating and propagating development; it therefore means that without language that is peculiar to a people, it becomes difficult for them to forge ahead with the development of their society. However, because language communities co-exist and their strengths and numbers are not equal, some languages that are stronger than others begin to dominate them when they come into contact or co-exist. This dominance could gradually lead to language endangerment and possibly extinction of the weaker language. This is the case betweenthe Hausa language and the Tiv language in the middle belt region of Nigeria, where Tiv language speakers tend to borrow lexical items from the Hausa language. The current study involved oral interviews with adult native speakers of the Tiv language, as well as reviewed reports, journal articles and books written on the subject matter under study. The study explored the extent of lexical borrowing by the Tiv language from the Hausa language and discovered that the Tiv language has borrowed lexical items significantly from the Hausa language. The borrowing is based on the fact that the Tiv language has no lexical equivalents of the borrowed words in its lexicon, or that the speakers of Tiv language have over time adopted such Hausa words because of their knowledge of Hausa language. The danger here is that borrowed lexical items from Hausa have come to replace some Tiv words, making them to gradually go extinct, thereby endangering the Tiv language. The study concludes that the trend of Hausa words gradually replacing Tiv words is worrisome, and calls for intensified studies to ensure that the Tiv language is protected from domination by the Hausa language, to prevent extinction of the language in the future.
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Poudel, Tikaram. "Book Review: The Politics of Language Contact in the Himalaya." Journal of Education and Research 10, no. 2 (November 6, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jer.v10i2.32724.
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The arguments of The Politics of Language Contact in the Himalaya are grounded in the multidisciplinary nature of area studies i.e., linguistics, political science, anthropology and geography. Focusing on the area study of the trans-border region of the Himalaya, the contributors enrich their arguments through specific case studies of their respective areas. For all the contributors, the issues of language contact are central and all of them provide contextual analyses of this issue. The contributors raise placing their issues in the emerging discourse of language contact making the collection accessible not only to linguists but also to scholars interested in anthropology, sociolinguistics, political science and Asian studies.
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Ernštreits, Valts, and Gunta Kļava. "Grammatical changes caused by contact between Livonian and Latvian." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.05.
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The article provides insight into the process of various grammatical changes in Livonian and Latvian that have taken place as a result of prolonged contact between the languages. Livonian is strongly influenced by Latvian at different levels due to the close contact between the speakers of two languages; it is necessary to note that speakers of Livonian were bilinguals for a long time. It is clear that Livonian has affected Latvian in a similar way. The process of mutual borrowings can be observed most clearly in the vocabulary, especially in dialects; however, there are changes that have occurred in the phonetics and grammar as well. Different changes can be found as a result of mutual influence. The paper presents case studies illustrating the changes of the case system in Livonian – the disappearance of exterior locative cases and the formation of dative, the merging of the translative and the comitative and the formation of the instrumental, the development of prefixes from inherited words, composition of negation, as well as semantic changes in the Latvian locative, formation of Latvian compounds using the Livonian pattern, formation of perfective verb forms using the construction ‘motion verb + adverb’ instead of Latvian prefix verbs. Although the grammatical structure of a language is considered to be relatively resistant to change, grammatical changes may occur in languages that are not related but are located in close proximity to one another for a long time. The results of Livonian and Latvian contact demonstrate that clearly.Kokkuvõte. Valts Ernštreits ja Gunta Kļava: Liivi ja läti keele kontaktide poolt põhjustatud grammatilised muutused. Artikkel annab ülevaate mitmesugustest grammatilistest muutustest, mis on toimunud liivi ja läti keeles pikaajaliste kontaktide tulemusel. Läti keel on tugevalt mõjutanud liivi keelt erinevatel keeletasanditel, kuna liivlased on olnud läti-liivi kakskeelsed juba pikka aega. Samuti on liivi keel mõjutanud läti keelt. Vastastikust laenamist on kõige selgemalt näha sõnavaras, eriti murretes. Siiski ka häälikusüsteemis ja grammatikas on kontaktide mõjul leidnud aset muutusi. Artiklis esitatakse uurimistulemusi konkreetsete käändesüsteemi muutuste kohta liivi keeles, nagu seda on väliskohakäänete kadu ja daativi moodustumine, translatiivi ja komitatiivi kokkusulamine ja selle tulemusel instrumentaali teke. Vaadeldakse ka prefiksite kujunemist, eitusstruktuure, läti keele lokatiivi tähenduslikku muutumist ja läti liitsõnade moodustamist liivi malli järgi ning perfektiivseid verbikonstruktsioone. Ehkki keele grammatilist struktuuri peetakse suhteliselt püsivaks kontaktsituatsiooniski, võivad muutused ilmneda ka mittesugulaskeeltes, kui neid on pikka aega räägitud ühes keeleareaalis. Liivi ja läti keele kontaktide tulemused näitavad seda selgelt.Märksõnad: liivi keel, läti keel, keelekontaktid, grammatilised muutusedKubbõvõttõks. Valt Ernštreit, Gunta Kļava: Līvõ ja leț kīel kontaktiš suggõnd gramatīk mõitõkst. Kēra nīžõb iļ setmiņsuglizt mõitõkst līvõ ja leț kīel gramatīks, mis alīzõks āt pitkāāigalizt kontaktõd līvõ ja leț kīel vaisõ. Leț kīelõn um vȯnd sūr mȯj līvõ kīelõn setmiņ kīelarāl, sīestõ līvlizt jõvā pitkõ aigõ ātõ vȯnnõd kōdkēļizt ja kȭlbatõnd nei līvõ, ku ka leț kīeldõ. Seļļi īž um ka līvõ kīel mȯj lețkīels. Amā jemīņ um täpīņtõd sõnāvīļa, īžkist kīelmūrdiš, bet kontaktõd āt jettõn eņtš tīedõzt ka īeld sistēms ja gramatīks. Kēras um vaņtõltõd nõtkõmd sistēm mõitimi līvõ kīels, nägțõbõks ulzizt kūožnõtkõmd kaddimi ja datīv suggimi, translatīv ja komitatīv kubbõ sullimi ja obbimi instrumentāl suggimi. Um vaņtõltõd ka prefiksõd suggimi, negātsij struktūrd, leț kīel lokatīv tǟntõkst mõitimi, leț ītsõnād lūomi līvõ sistēm pierrõ, ja perfektīvizt tīemizsõnād konstruktsijd. Laz kil mõtlõbõd, ku gramatīk struktūr um dižānist pīldzi ka kīelkontaktiš, mõitõkst võibõd sugggõ ka nēši kēļši, mis äb ūotõ sugūd, až ne ātõ pitkõ aigā kȭlbatõd sīes īž kīel areāls. Līvõ ja leț kīel kontaktõd nägțõbõd sīe sieldistiz.
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Kim, N. D., and S. A. Khashimova. "TO THE ISSUE OF DEVELOPMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES IN UZBEKISTAN (THE CASE OF THE FACULTY OF SINOLOGY OF TASHKENT STATE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-3-551-560.
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This article provides an overview of the activities of the Faculty of Sinology and teaching strategies in the areas of “Philology and language teaching (Oriental languages)”. The provision of modern technical means, a language laboratory, a special audience and technical means for simultaneous translation, interactive subjects for teaching the Oriental language, in particular, the Chinese language, new textbooks, teaching aids makes it possible to improve the quality and level of teaching. Recently, the dynamic interaction of Uzbekistan with other countries, cooperation in various sectors of the economy require the training of highly qualified personnel. These professionals must be competitive. The training of good specialists depends on innovative approaches, especially in the higher education system. Dramatic changes help introduce advanced technologies in teaching the Chinese language. Strengthening the Uzbek-Chinese relations requires systematic support of knowledge and research in various fields. It is necessary to conduct seminars and trainings to improve the qualifications of journalists in China. In addition, it is necessary to monitor materials about China in the media of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Strengthening contacts of the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies with the State Committee for Communications, Information and Telecommunication Technologies, the Press and Information Agency, and the National Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Uzbekistan can play a big positive role in this. The role of cooperation with Chinese publications and media organizations is important.
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Meyer, Robin. "The Relevance of Typology for Pattern Replication." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 569–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01203002.
Full textAbstract:
Structuralists and generativists have insisted for a long time that the elements and structures one language could borrow from another are constrained by typological compatibility, naturalness, and other factors (cf. Thomason and Kaufman 1988: 13–34). Such constraints are still thought to apply to structural interference, or pattern replication in the terms of Matras and Sakel (2007), and the often concomitant contact-induced grammaticalisation of non-native structures. This paper suggests that a priori there are no typological constraints against pattern replication in general. It is proposed that typological differences between model and replica pattern are only of relevance during the grammaticalisation and maintenance of such patterns in the replica language; in other words, typological constraints do not apply at the stage of pattern replication. It will be argued that typology, in the form of system pressure, interacts with pattern frequency and socio-historical factors, which together determine retention, adaptation, or loss of a replicated pattern. This argument is illustrated on the basis of three short studies of partial alignment change in Old Aramaic, Classical Armenian, and North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic, all of which have been in contact with Iranian languages for extended periods. In each case, Iranian ergative alignment patterns have been replicated, adapted, grammaticalised to varying degrees, and finally ousted in favour of nominative-accusative alignment. The loss of the replica pattern in each case is shown to be dependent on both typology, extent of bilingualism, and pattern frequency.