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Academic literature on the topic 'Languages in contact Case studies'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Andrason, Alexander, and Juan-Pablo Vita. "Contact Languages of the Ancient Near East – Three more Case Studies (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian)." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 293–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902004.

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This article describes and analyzes three situations of linguistic contact in the Ancient Near East, taking as its staring point three theoretical studies on contact languages which have been developed recently: the framework of mixed languages (Bakker and Matras, 2013; Meakins, 2013), the theory of written language contact (Johanson, 2013) and the approach to contact among genetically related languages (Epps, Huehnergard and Pat-El, 2013a). The authors argue that the contact systems selected for this article (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian), although distinct from the grammatical and sociolinguistic perspective, can all be viewed as expressions of the same dynamic phenomena, where each variety of mixing corresponds to a different stage of a universal continuum of languages in the situation of merger. Consequently, they can be located along the universal cline of mixing: Ugaritic-Hurrian matches the initial stage of intermingling, Hurro-Akkadian reflects gradually more intense blending, and Canaano-Akkadian corresponds to the phase of a profound fusion of the two source codes. By examining and comparing the three cases of mixing, the authors introduce new insights to the general discussion on mixed languages, written language contact and relevance of genetic relation in language intermingling, thus corroborating and/or refining certain hypotheses and propositions that have previously been formulated within the latest theoretical studies.
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Donohue, Mark. "Studying Contact without Detailed Studies of the Languages Involved: A Non-Philological Approach to Language Contact." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3324.

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<p>Studies of contact have revealed that all kinds of language material can, in the right circumstances, be borrowed from one language to another. Detecting, describing, and analyzing such situations typically involve the detailed study of at least two languages. An alternative involves detecting contact situations through database analysis. This cannot supplant the detailed work that requires detailed descriptive work in particular fields, but can allow us to examine large enough samples of languages that we can start to better understand, through calibration against known histories and other non-linguistic data types, likelihoods of different ‘social contact’ scenarios resulting in different kinds of linguistic traces, and also allow for the more targeted investigation of specific areas and language-to-language interactions. I shall describe the method, and illustrate its application in a number of case studies in regions for which we have good samples of language data.</p>
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Bancu, Ariana. "Two case studies on structural variation in multilingual settings." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4760.

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In this article, I report on two analyses of variation in Transylvanian Saxon (TrSax), an endangered Germanic language in contact with German and Romanian, used in settings predictive of structural influences among languages. My goals are to document the structural properties of the target variables and to evaluate if processes of language contact have an effect on synchronic variation in TrSax. I identified two areas of TrSax that display variation at the morphosyntactic level, and in each case one of the variants has a corresponding structure in German, while the other variant has a corresponding structure in Romanian. To tease apart contact-induced variation from internally motivated variation, I compare data from multilingual speakers with different linguistic profiles and assess the effect of sociolinguistic factors on variation through mixed effects analyses. Variation that patterns similarly across these two groups can provide a clearer account of the structure of TrSax, while differences between the groups can shed light on trajectories of change in TrSax. Furthermore, results of this study have implications for borrowing hierarchies in language contact.
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Tenser, Anton. "Semantic Map Borrowing – Case Representation in Northeastern Romani Dialects." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 211–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902001.

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Recent studies in contact linguistics have emphasized the aspect of language-internal grammaticalization that is triggered by accommodation to an external (contact-language) model (e.g. Heine and Kuteva, 2005). This is based on the notion that speakers make use of the available resources in order to match them to those of the target language. A problematic issue is contact-induced change in the domain of case representation. Synthetic case markers are usually thought of as fully grammaticalized morphemes. If contact-induced grammaticalization is, as Heine and Kuteva suggest, much like monolingual grammaticalization, unidirectional, how do we treat instances of rearrangement of the semantic meaning and scope of case markers? I will discuss this problem by examining a sample of Romani dialects, belonging to the so-called Northeastern dialect group (see Matras, 2002). Relying on specific constructions, like Subject of Negative Existence, External Possession, Privative, Partitive etc., I will compare and contrast the Northeastern dialects with their respective contact languages (Russian and Polish). Using semantic maps, I will demonstrate how the Romani dialects in question restructure their case representation system to accommodate to the systems of the model languages, and will discuss what it is exactly that gets equated when two languages come into contact.
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Igartua, Iván. "Loss of grammatical gender and language contact." Diachronica 36, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 181–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17004.iga.

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Abstract Despite its alleged relative stability, grammatical gender has nevertheless been completely lost in a number of languages. Through the analysis of three case studies (Afrikaans, Ossetic, and Cappadocian Greek) and a brief survey of similar developments in other languages, this article investigates the link between the loss of gender and language contact, which appears to be a key factor in the decline of gender systems. Drawing on recent research within the framework of sociolinguistic typology, I focus on the specific influence that a particular type of language contact (namely, non-native or imperfect learning) usually exerts on the grammar of the languages being acquired. I also discuss the diachronic asymmetry between the loss and the development of gender in language contact settings: while gender loss seems to be contact-related in quite a number of cases, replication or borrowing of gender turns out to be a rather restricted or even rare phenomenon.
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Ranacher, Peter, Nico Neureiter, Rik van Gijn, Barbara Sonnenhauser, Anastasia Escher, Robert Weibel, Pieter Muysken, and Balthasar Bickel. "Contact-tracing in cultural evolution: a Bayesian mixture model to detect geographic areas of language contact." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 181 (August 2021): 20201031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.1031.

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When speakers of different languages interact, they are likely to influence each other: contact leaves traces in the linguistic record, which in turn can reveal geographical areas of past human interaction and migration. However, other factors may contribute to similarities between languages. Inheritance from a shared ancestral language and universal preference for a linguistic property may both overshadow contact signals. How can we find geographical contact areas in language data, while accounting for the confounding effects of inheritance and universal preference? We present sBayes , an algorithm for Bayesian clustering in the presence of confounding effects. The algorithm learns which similarities are better explained by confounders, and which are due to contact effects. Contact areas are free to take any shape or size, but an explicit geographical prior ensures their spatial coherence. We test sBayes on simulated data and apply it in two case studies to reveal language contact in South America and the Balkans. Our results are supported by findings from previous studies. While we focus on detecting language contact, the method can also be used to uncover other traces of shared history in cultural evolution, and more generally, to reveal latent spatial clusters in the presence of confounders.
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Berngardt, Anetta V. "Problem fields of contact linguistics terms." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 29 (2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2022-2-29-151-158.

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Bilingualism as a multidimensional problem is studied in many sciences. Bilingual research in linguistics is primarily about studying the specifics of languages functioning in close contact. The terminological apparatus of this field is ex-tensive, but it has a number of imperfections. Despite the long history of bilingual studies, there is no clear definition of each term used here. This article analyzes the basic terms of bilingual studies, their definitions, and approaches to their use. Key terms in bilingual studies include bilingualism, interference, transference, code-switching, borrowing, and several others. The terms «interference» and « transference» raise the majority of questions, which is primarily due to the differences in Russian and foreign linguistic traditions. At the same time, the formation of a linguistic personality is influenced not only by the level of language proficiency, but also by the cultural and social environment. The terms «linguistic biography» and «semilingualism» were introduced to describe the totality of factors influencing the linguistic personality of a bilingual. The terms «code-switching» and «borrowing as a form of language interaction» are also problematic in contact lin-guistics, but many linguists refer to them as special cases of lexical interference. After analyzing bilingual terminology, the author concludes that mutual interaction of languages in speech contact is not static; therefore, it cannot be placed in the existing conventional frameworks and schemes. This is why terminol-ogy disputes are inevitable, and the basic terms of contact linguistics constitute a special study case.
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Hantgan, Abbie, and Johann‐Mattis List. "Bangime: secret language, language isolate, or language island? A computer‐assisted case study." Papers in Historical Phonology 7 (September 7, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/pihph.7.2022.7328.

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We report the results of a qualitative and quantitative lexical comparison between Bangime and neighboring languages. Our results indicate that the status of the language as an isolate remains viable, and that Bangime speakers have had different levels of language contact with other Malian populations at various points throughout their history. Bangime speakers, the Bangande, claim Dogon ancestry. The Bangande portray this connection to Dogon through the fact that the language has both recent borrowings from neighboring Dogon varieties and more rooted vocabulary from Dogon languages spoken to the east from whence the Bangande claim to have come. Evidence of multilayered long‐term contact is clear: lexical items have even permeated even core vocabulary. However, strikingly, the Bangande are seemingly unaware that their language is not intelligible with any Dogon variety. We hope that our fiindings will influence future studies on the reconstruction of the Dogon languages and other neighboring language varieties to shed light on the mysterious history of Bangime and its speakers.
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Bentz, Christian, and Bodo Winter. "Languages with More Second Language Learners Tend to Lose Nominal Case." Language Dynamics and Change 3, no. 1 (2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-13030105.

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In this paper, we provide quantitative evidence showing that languages spoken by many second language speakers tend to have relatively small nominal case systems or no nominal case at all. In our sample, all languages with more than 50% second language speakers had no nominal case. The negative association between the number of second language speakers and nominal case complexity generalizes to different language areas and families. As there are many studies attesting to the difficulty of acquiring morphological case in second language acquisition, this result supports the idea that languages adapt to the cognitive constraints of their speakers, as well as to the sociolinguistic niches of their speaking communities. We discuss our results with respect to sociolinguistic typology and the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis, as well as with respect to qualitative data from historical linguistics. All in all, multiple lines of evidence converge on the idea that morphosyntactic complexity is reduced by a high degree of language contact involving adult learners.
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Belyaev, Oleg. "Evolution of Case in Ossetic." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 287–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190269.

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AbstractOssetic sets itself apart from the other New Iranian languages by having a relatively elaborate system of nine cases. Since most of them are relatively late innovations, and only four cases (Nom., Gen, Abl., and Iness.) can be traced back to Proto-Iranian, many scholars tend to ascribe the development of the case system to Caucasian influence. The exact nature of this influence, however, has never been demonstrated. The aim of this paper is, first, to not only reconstruct the etymologies of Ossetic cases, but also to provide a chronology of how the case system developed. The second aim pursued here is to give a systematic comparison of the case system of Ossetic with those of the neighbouring languages and to determine if there is any external influence on the case system and, if so, what languages this influence came from. I conclude that Ossetic developed from a case system identical to those of Khotanese and Sogdian towards the present state under the influence of contact with Georgian and, later, with Turkic and Vaynakh languages. In the process of the discussion, I also argue that two new cases, the Directive and Regressive, are undergoing grammaticalisation in contemporary Ossetic.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Briggs, Jessica G. "A study of the relationships between informal second language contact, vocabulary-related strategic behaviour and vocabulary gain in a study abroad context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7dc69d9-09e5-4fab-b8fc-fe4682eecdfb.

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This thesis reports on a longitudinal, mixed-methods study of the relationships between informal (i.e. out-of-class) second language (L2) contact, vocabulary-related strategic behaviour and vocabulary gain in a study abroad context. The study addressed three main gaps in knowledge that arose from analysis of the literature: (1) the evidence of informal L2 contact was largely unreliable, ungeneralisable, or both; (2) the evidence of vocabulary-related strategic behaviour in informal L2 contact was neither context nor task specific; and (3) there was no evidence of the interplay between informal L2 contact, vocabulary-related strategic behaviour and vocabulary gain in a study abroad context. The sample (n=241) were adults undertaking a study abroad experience (SAE) in England, who comprised a range of nationalities and first language backgrounds and for whom the majority of the SAE was spent outside of the classroom. A vocabulary test was administered at the beginning and end of the SAE. A questionnaire was administered during the SAE to determine the most highly identified with informal L2 contact scenarios and out-of-class vocabulary-related strategies. Subsequently, an innovative research tool comprising computer-based simulations of the most identified with scenarios was developed and used as the stimulus in semi-structured interviews to capture task and/or context-specific vocabulary-related strategic behaviour. Analysis grouped participants by length of stay and location. The most highly identified with informal L2 contact scenarios involved participants seeking information from external sources, such as interlocutors, posters or websites. The vocabulary-related strategies most highly identified with by the sample pertained to the use of a newly encountered lexical item; that is, they were strategies in which the learner used or prepared to use a lexical item that they had decided to engage with strategically. The strategic behaviour manifested in response to the simulation tool (the 'OWLS') provided strong evidence in support of the fundamental considerations of task, context and intention in strategy-based research. Regression analysis revealed that informal L2 contact scenarios that were less strategically prohibitive and strategies that were less context-dependent were predictors of vocabulary gain. The pedagogical implications of these findings are far- reaching in terms of preparing L2 learners for informal contact on a SAE and guiding their manipulation of that contact for maximum linguistic gain.
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Åberg, Johanna. "Contact-induced change and variation in Middle English morphology : A case study on get." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-191164.

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The present study explores the role of interlingual identification in contact between speakers of Old Norse and Old English. The study focuses on the word get as it occurred throughout a selection of texts in the Middle English period. The Old English and Old Norse words for get were cognate, which meant that some phonological and morphological characteristics of the word were similar when the contact between the two speaker communities occurred. A Construction Morphology framework is applied where inflecting features of words are treated as constructions. Interlingually identifiable constructions in Old English and Old Norse are identified by comparing forms, such as vowel alternations or affixes, with the function (i.e., meaning) which they denote. The Middle English dialectal forms were furthermore compared synchronically, and a sociohistorical perspective was considered to establish whether the areas where the Vikings settled and that came under Scandinavian rule in the Danelaw displayed more advanced leveling and/or conformation with the Old Norse system of conjugation. Additionally, the present study sought to explore cognitive processes involved in letting specific forms remain in a contact situation. It was concluded that there were two interlingually identifiable constructions: the past tense vowel alternation from  in the present tense, to  in the 1st preterite, and the past participle -en suffix. These constructions had survived in all the Middle English dialects, and they are furthermore what is left in the contemporary modern paradigm of get. Moreover, it is plausible that these constructions survived the morphological leveling because interlingual identification allowed the same form to trigger the same intended cognitive representation in both speaker groups in the contact situation. The results concludingly suggest that morphological constructions that were not interlingually identifiable were discarded in the morphological leveling that resulted from contact between speakers of Old English and Old Norse.
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Moon, Do-Sik. "Impact of contract learning on learning to write in an EAP class : case studies of four international graduate students' experience /." Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1481657971&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=36305&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Vinall, Kimberly Sue. "The Tensions of Globalization in the Contact Zone| The Case of Two Intermediate University-level Spanish Language and Culture Classrooms on the U.S./Mexico Border." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10086145.

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This dissertation centrally explores understandings of foreign/second language and culture learning and its potential to prepare learners to participate in a globalized world. More specifically, this study explores the potential of a dynamic or complexity orientation to understand how beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions towards language and culture learning are constructed and negotiated in the relationship between learners and instructors, as complex social beings, and the learning site, as “contestatory discursive site” (Mckay & Wong, 1996).

The site of this ethnographic study can be understood as interconnected contact zones. These contact zones are two Spanish language and Latino cultures classrooms situated at a university in San Diego on the border between the United States and Mexico. Primary participants include two third-semester university level Spanish instructors, Yesenia and Vicente, and their respective students.

I collected data in two learning spaces: the language learning classrooms and the sites where students from Yesenia’s class completed community-service learning (CSL) projects; all of these latter CSL sites involved the students’ engagement with local immigrant populations. In both spaces, I employed qualitative methodology with an ethnographic focus, which involved participant observation, extensive field notes, audio- and video-recordings of classes, and collecting class-related textual artifacts and pedagogical materials. I applied discourse analysis to explore classroom interactions, teaching materials, and interviews with a focal group of students from each class, the instructors, the department chair, and personnel related to the CSL program, including staff, site coordinators, community leaders, and community participants.

My analysis suggests that the two language and culture classrooms not only reflect the larger tensions of globalization, but also produce new tensions. The instructors and the learners have differing perceptions of language and culture and the importance of their learning. These understandings are constructed in relationship to their positionings within the classroom, the university, the community, and the local context. The two instructors struggle with their conflicted positioning within the power structure of the university and in the broader relationship between the United States and Latin America, particularly as they are both Mexican immigrants. They also grapple with the instrumental approach that is imposed through the textbook in which learners accumulate grammatical forms and vocabulary while culture is consumed through superficial representations of “Otherness”, presented as imagined tourists visits and the accumulation of geographical and historical information.

In the first classroom, Yesenia accepts the instrumental approach, encouraging the accumulation of largely decontextualized language forms, and she participates in the construction of what I call a tourist gaze on Latin America, believing that it will facilitate learners’ appreciation of her cultural heritage. In the second classroom, Vicente rejects the instrumental approach: he wants to facilitate language and culture learning through critically understanding, reflecting on, and proposing alternatives to the social, economic, and political realities of the contact zone. In both classrooms, however, learners resent these pedagogical choices, their resistance revealing tensions in their own understandings and goals. Learners express a desire to develop cultural awareness so that they can care about the realities of Latin America yet doing so uncomfortably implicates them in larger global relationships in which they must confront their privileged positionings. This process was particularly evident in their CSL experiences in which “putting a face on it” reproduced problematic binaries, such as that of “us” and “them” and “server” and “served”, and in the process reinforced larger power structures and reproduced privilege. Even though the learners want to engage in more than superficial communication they also recognize the limited role of their language and culture learning in their current lives, namely to successfully complete the language requirement, to engage in tourism, and to compete in the global marketplace.

The findings of this study suggest ever increasing tensions between understandings of learning language and culture in the classroom in contrast to the potentiality of this learning as applied outside of the classroom. In both classrooms, the learners and the instructors demonstrate an awareness of the conflicting attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions that they bring to the classroom and how these interact with the teaching materials as well as the local context, yet they do not engage in critical reflection on these understandings. Doing so would require engaging with the central question of power, and how their language and culture learning experiences (re)produce social structures both in and outside of the classroom. In this regard, one of the central limitations of the dynamic or complexity orientation (Wesely, 2012) that I have employed is that it does not centrally interrogate this question of power.

This study points to the need for future research in field of second language acquisition. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Uys, Dawid. "The functions of teachers' code switching in multilingual and multicultural high school classrooms in the Siyanda District of the Northern Cape Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4361.

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Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Code switching is a widely observed phenomenon in multilingual and multicultural communities. This study focuses on code switching by teachers in multilingual and multicultural high school classrooms in a particular district in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The aims of this study were to establish whether teachers in the classrooms concerned do code switch and, if so, what the functions thereof are. With these aims in mind, data were collected from four high schools in the Siyanda District, during 13 lessons in total. These lessons were on the subjects Economic Management Sciences, Business Studies and Accounting. The participants in the study were 296 learners in Grades 8 to 12 and eight teachers. Data were collected by means of researcher observations and audio recordings of lessons. These recordings were orthographically transcribed and then analysed in terms of the functions of code switching in educational settings as identified from the existing literature on this topic as well as in terms of the Markedness Model of Myers-Scotton (1993). The answer to the first research question 1, namely whether teachers made use of code switching during classroom interactions was, perhaps unsurprisingly, “yes”. In terms of the second question, namely to which end teachers code switch, it was found that the teachers used code switching mainly for academic purposes (such as explaining and clarifying subject content) but also frequently for social reasons (maintaining social relationships with learners and also for being humorous) as well as for classroom management purposes (such as reprimanding learners). The teachers in this data set never used code switching solely for the purpose of asserting identity. It appears then that the teachers in this study used code switching for the same reasons as those mentioned in other studies on code switching in the educational setting. The study further indicated that code switching by the teachers was mainly an unmarked choice itself, although at times the sequential switch was triggered by a change in addressee. In very few instances was the code switching a marked choice; when it was, the message was the medium (see Myers-Scotton 1993: 138), code switching functioned as a means of increasing the social distance between the teacher and the learners or, in one instance, of demonstrating affection. Teachers code switched regardless of the language policy of their particular school, i.e. code switching occurred even in classrooms in which English is officially the sole medium of instruction. As code switching was largely used in order to support learning, it can be seen as good educational practice. One of the recommendations of this study is therefore that particular modes of code switching should be encouraged in the classrooms, especially where the medium of instruction is the home language of very few of the learners in that school.
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Meakins, Felicity. "Case-marking in contact : the development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol, and Australian mixed language /." Connect to thesis, 2007. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003898.

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Dastoor, Tehnaz Jehangir. "Regionalism in India: Two Case Studies." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625532.

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Vilakati, Annah Phindile. "Language purism and prescriptivism in an African context : a case study of a siSwati radio programme 'Nasi-ke siSwati'." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10815.

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Bibliography: leaves 85-91.
The study aims at assessing purists' and prescriptivists' concerns about language as reported in Western and non-Western settings, as to find out whether they share the same views about language correctness. The data base is a series of a siSwati radio programme, called Nasi-ke siSwati 'Here is (genuine) siSwati' hosted by Jim Gama, known as 'Mbhokane'. I try to assess his attitudes to what he considers 'inferior' use of the language, with the aim of understanding what issues are at stake when African prescriptivists make their pronouncements.
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Zografos, Christos. "Environmental governance and languages of valuation: two European case studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/316215.

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El análisis de políticas ambientales mediante el uso de homo economicus ha sido criticado por no tomar en cuenta la multiplicidad de valores ambientales y bases éticas en las cuales se basa la motivación humana. Esta limitación es importante, dado que puede resultar en excluir algunas preferencias ambientales y así generar políticas ambientales inefectivas y de poca legitimidad. Esta tesis considera las implicaciones de la racionalidad comunicativa para formar y analizar políticas ambientales, dado que esa pretende ser no solo un modelo alternativo a homo economicus sino también un modelo capaz de integrar múltiples lenguajes de valoración en la governanza ambiental. La tesis primero examina temas conceptuales y teóricos relacionados al uso de racionalidad comunicativa como modelo analítico y luego considera de forma empírica, implicaciones de usar este modelo para analizar la governanza ambiental por medio de dos estudios de caso. El primero, emplea la metodología Q para analizar discursos de ‘ruralidad’ que son la base de percepciones sobre el papel de empresas sociales operando en áreas rurales de Escocia. El segundo, analiza la formación política de disputas sobe el valor paisajístico que fomentan conflictos ambientales sobre parques eólicos en Cataluña rural. La tesis concluye que la racionalidad comunicativa es un concepto útil para analizar y mejorar la governanza ambiental, aunque con sus limitaciones. En términos normativos, el concepto permite conectar con el paradigma de democracia deliberativa que ofrece un marco potente para entender y evaluar aspectos relacionados a la legitimidad de governanza ambiental, particularmente en términos de justicia social y ambiental. Analíticamente, la acción comunicativa permite conceptualizar conflictos ambientales como retos de governanza y no meramente como fallos de politica ambiental, lo cual ayuda entender políticas ambientales que promueven tomas de decisiones participativa en la emergente sociedad de redes. Una limitación básica es que conceptualizando las acciones de agentes como acciones basadas en la racionalidad comunicativa, la investigación científica puede acabar ignorando contextos de poder que rodean la governanza ambiental. La tesis sugiere que el campo de economía ecológica adopte como un principio normativo la creación de esferas públicas de deliberación sobre decisiones ambientales y que enfoque al estudio del potencial deliberativo de configuraciones actuales de toma de decisión participativa. Esto ayudaría mejorar su capacidad de efectuar cambio y comprobaría si dichos procesos se transformen en mecanismos de legitimación de políticas que promueven desigualdades en el uso y reparto de recursos ambientales y desigualdades de poder. Tal visión investigadora podría también avanzar el estudio de poder que esta relativamente atrasado en economía ecológica, por medio de mejorar vínculos entre esta disciplina y la ecología política.
The application of the homo economicus model of human action for analysing environmental policy has been consistently criticised for ignoring the multiplicity of environmental values and ethical bases that underlie human motivation, which may result in undesirable crowding out and voice silencing effects that generate ineffective and legitimacy-deficient environmental policies. This thesis considers policy implications of communicative rationality as an alternative model of human action capable to integrate multiple environmental languages of valuation in environmental governance. The thesis first examines conceptual and theoretical issues relating to the adoption of communicative rationality as an analytical model and then moves on to empirically explore implications of employing that model for analysing environmental governance by means of two case studies. The first employs Q methodology to analyse ‘rurality’ discourses underlying stakeholder perceptions regarding the role of a sustainability institution (social enterprise in rural Scotland), while the second analyses the politics of landscape value that underlie environmental conflict in a case of wind farm siting conflict in rural Catalonia. Communicative rationality is found useful for analysing and indeed improving environmental governance, albeit with limitations. Normatively speaking, the concept allows connecting with the paradigm of deliberative democracy that offers an elaborated framework for understanding and assessing legitimacy aspects of environmental governance, particularly in terms of social and environmental justice. Positively speaking, communicative action allows conceptualising environmental conflicts as governance challenges and not merely as cases of government policy failure, which proves useful for analysing emerging policy arrangements promoting participatory decision-making in the network society. A main limitation is that by conceptualising stakeholder action embedded on communicative rationality research may develop a soft spot by ignoring the practical context of power that surrounds environmental governance. It is suggested that ecological economics adopts the creation of public spheres for deliberation of sustainability matters as a distinct policy objective and the study of the deliberative potential of actual participatory decision-making arrangements. This will help improve their capacity to effect change and test the danger of them becoming legitimising mechanisms for policies that promote existing resource inequities and power relations. Such a research outlook could also advance the relatively undeveloped study of power in ecological economics by furthering links with political ecology.
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Abe, Megumi. "L2 writers' perspectives on writing in the L2 context : six case studies of Japanese Students /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371043978.

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Books on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Ágnes, Csató Éva, Isaksson Bo, and Jahani Carina, eds. Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic, and Turkic. London: Routledge, 2004.

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Aspects of co- and subordination: Case studies from African, Slavonic, and Turkic languages. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 2010.

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Smadar, Donitsa-Schmidt, ed. Jews vs. Arabs: Language, attitudes and stereotypes. Tel Aviv: Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, 1998.

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Silva, Sidney de Souza. Línguas em contato: Cenários de bilinguismo no Brasil. Campinas, SP: Pontes, 2011.

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Norberg, Madlena. Sprachwechselprozess in der Niederlausitz: Soziolinguistische Fallstudie der deutsch-sorbischen Gemeinde Drachhausen/Hochoza. Uppsala: M. Nordberg, 1996.

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Aikio, Marjut. Saamelaiset kielenvaihdon kierteessä: Kielisosiologinen tutkimus viiden saamelaiskylän kielenvaihdosta 1910-1980. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1988.

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Finger, Zuzana. Die slowakisch-ungarische Kommunikationsgemeinschaft: Eine Fallstudie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000.

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Asencio, Pilar. La oración de relativo en lenguas de contacto: El cocoliche. [Montevideo]: Universidad de la República, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Instituto de Lingüística, Departamento de Sico-Sociolingüística, Departamento de Publicaciones, 1995.

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Wolfgang, Wölck, and De Houwer Annick, eds. Recent studies in contact linguistics. Bonn: Dümmler, 1997.

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From code-switching to borrowing: Foreign and diglossic mixing in Moroccan Arabic. London: Kegan Paul International, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Golluscio, Lucía A., and Hebe González. "Contact, attrition and shift in two Chaco languages: The cases of Tapiete and Vilela." In Typological Studies in Language, 195–242. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.78.08gol.

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Kegl, Judy. "The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies." In The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies, 489–511. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444305982.ch20.

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Noonan, Michael. "Contact-induced change: The case of the Tamangic languages." In Language Contact and Contact Languages, 81–106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.7.06noo.

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Steiner, Erich. "Empirical studies of translations as a mode of language contact - "explicitness" of lexicogrammatical encoding as a relevant dimension." In Language Contact and Contact Languages, 317–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.7.18ste.

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Gershwin, Laurel J. "Case 25: Contact Dermatitis." In Case Studies in Veterinary Immunology, 119–22. New York, NY : Garland Science, [2017]: Garland Science, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315165462-25.

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Manfredi, Stefano, Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle, and Mauro Tosco. "Language contact, borrowing and codeswitching." In Corpus-based Studies of Lesser-described Languages, 283–308. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.68.09man.

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Arkadiev, Peter. "Borrowed preverbs and the limits of contact-induced change in aspectual systems." In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 1–21. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-698-9.03.

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I survey cases of contact-induced influence of Slavic and Baltic systems of prefixal perfectivization on Yiddish, Romani, Livonian and Istroromanian. I show that, although both matter and pattern borrowing of entire systems of Slavic or Baltic verbal prefixes is attested, grammatical aspectual categories similar to those of the donor languages do not arise in the contact languages, or develop in a way distinct from the donor languages (as in Istroromanian). This indicates that abstract grammatical oppositions such as “Slavic-style” aspect are immune to direct transfer in language contact.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "Pidgins/Creoles and Contact Languages: An Overview." In The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies, 263–86. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444305982.ch11.

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Ellsäßer, Sophie. "Content, form and realizations of Upper German case marking." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 135–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.207.05ell.

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Reich, Danya, Corinna Eleni Psomadakis, and Bobby Buka. "Allergic Contact Dermatitis." In Top 50 Dermatology Case Studies for Primary Care, 309–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18627-6_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Dwivedi, Vimal. "Case Studies of Contractual (Legal) Automation Using Smart Contracts." In Construction Blockchain Conference 2021. Design Computation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47330/cbc.2021.eocj4680.

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Smart contracts are a key component of today’s blockchains. They are critical in controlling decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO). However, smart contracts are not yet legally binding nor enforceable; this makes it difficult for businesses to adopt the DAO paradigm. Therefore, this study reviews existing Smart Contract Languages (SCL) and identifies properties that are critical to any future SCL for drafting legally binding contracts. This is achieved by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of white- and grey literature published between 2015 and 2019. Using the SLR methodology, 45 Selected and 28 Supporting Studies detailing 45 state-of-the-art SCLs are selected. Finally, 10 SCL properties that enable legally compliant DAOs are discovered, and specifications for developing SCLs are explored.
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Keränen, Susanna. "Content Management - Concept and Indexing Term Equivalence in a Multilingual Thesaurus." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2511.

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Languages and the thinking they reflect stem mainly from cultural needs for expression. A controlled vocabulary, thesaurus, can be seen as a cultural product. The focus of this study is the translatability of British-English social science indexing terms into Finnish language and culture on a conceptual, term and indexing term level. The emphasis is on Finnish language and human factors. The study is quantitative-qualitative and the perspectives are both linguistic and sociological - a combination through which a broader understanding of the phenomena is being aimed at in the general frame of information science. The study uses multiple cases aiming at theoretical replication. It is thus an empirical case study and the goal is to illustrate a new theory of “pragmatic indexing (term) equivalence”. Several data collection and analysis methods will be used in order to construct a theory by triangulation of evidence. The aim of this research is a doctoral thesis in information studies.
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Maximova, Olga, and Tatiana Maykova. "SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS’ FIRST FOREIGN LANGUAGE ON LEXICAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/21.

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"Globalization and intercultural communication are stepping up the demands for modern specialists’ linguistic competencies. To provide successful professional communication, competitiveness and mobility, the graduates of higher education are to master two or more foreign languages. In this regard, it seems important to study the features of multilingual education, identify the difficulties that arise in multilingual teaching and outline the ways to overcome them. Although, there is a number of studies devoted to the impact of the native language on foreign language acquisition, the issue of learners’ first and second foreign language interaction seems to be inadequately treated and there is a lack of research on factors that increase learners’ second foreign language proficiency in three-language contact (i.e., their native, first and second foreign language). In particular, little attention is paid to cross-linguistic skills transfer or to lexical interference patterns that arise among students mastering their second foreign language. This paper is devoted to lexical interference that occurs when English for Special Purposes (ESP) is taught as the second foreign language to university students studying French or Spanish as their first foreign language. The purpose of the work is to identify which language(-s) are the source of interference through analyzing students’ errors. The hypotheses of the study are as follows: in case of receptive activity (reading) the language which is closely related to the target language will serve as the source of positive transfer. In productive activity (writing and speaking) lexical interference will arise and play a significant role. The source of interference will be learners’ first foreign language. To test the hypotheses, a pilot study was conducted, during which typical lexical errors of Russian-speaking students studying ESP as their second foreign language and French or Spanish as their first foreign language were identified. The control group were students with native Russian language and English as their first foreign language. The research methodology included questionnaires, testing and interviews. The research participants were RUDN University students. The results of the study confirm the presence of positive transfer and lexical interference in ESP terminology acquisition, the source of which is learners’ first foreign language. Learners’ typical mistakes are associated with the use of articles, prepositions, adjective order, fully and partially assimilated cognates, depend on their language experience and are due to their first foreign language interference"
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Schneiderova, Anna. "CLIL (CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING): CASE OF LEGAL STUDIES." In 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0935.

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Bianchi, A., M. D'Enza, M. Matera, and A. Betta. "Designing usable visual languages: the case of immune system studies." In Proceedings 1999 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vl.1999.795911.

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Nefedov, Andrey. "A Polysynthetic Language in Contact: The Case of Ket." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.5-2.

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Ket is one of the most enigmatic polysynthetic languages in North Asia. The majority of structural features complicating a clear-cut typological analysis of Ket are due to the long-term contact with the languages of a radically different type that resulted in a peculiar process of structural mimicry (or ‘typological accommodation’ in Vajda’s (2017) terms). The mimicry is most evident in the verbal morphology, which is traditionally regarded as almost exclusively prefixing. While this is true for the oldest layer of verbs with the main lexical root in the final position, Ket’s most productive patterns of verb formation clearly imitate suffixal agglutination typical of the surrounding languages by placing the main lexical root in the initial position with the rest of morphemes following it. This presentation aims to demonstrate that this phenomenon is also attested at the syntactic level. Prototypical polysynthetic languages are largely devoid of overt subordination (cf. Baker 1996). Ket, however, signals adverbial subordination by using postposed relational morphemes attached to fully finite verbs. This pattern is common to adverbial clauses in the neighboring languages, the difference being that they attach relational morphemes to non-finite forms only. This functional-structural parallel is likewise attested in relative clauses. The surrounding languages share a common relativization pattern involving preposed participial relative clauses with a ‘gapped’ relativized noun phrase (Pakendorf 2012). This resembles the major relativization pattern in Ket, in which, however, preposed relative clauses are fully finite. Formation of adverbial and relative clauses in Ket clearly mimics that of the surrounding languages and does not conform to the expected ‘polysynthetic’ pattern. At the same time, Ket resists accommodating a participle-like morphology, which can be connected with the general tendency among polysynthetic languages not to have truly non-finite forms (cf. Nichols 1992).
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Lengagne, Sebastien, Paul Mathieu, Abderrahmane Kheddar, and Eiichi Yoshida. "Generation of dynamic multi-contact motions: 2D case studies." In 2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichr.2010.5686836.

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SANGHEUM, Yeon. "UNDERSTANDING OF UZBEK AND KOREAN AUXILIARY VERBS." In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-28.

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Uzbek and Korean are characterized by agglutination. When comparing and contrasting the two languages, we can find quite a few similarities in the conjugation of verbs, especially auxiliary verbs, where the characteristics of the agglutinating language are most prominent. In the use of auxiliary verbs, the two languages ​​are similar in semantically as well as in simple structural aspects, and there are many cases where the same meaning is expressed using the auxiliary verb. On the other hand, there are differences as well, but there is still a lack of comparative studies between the two languages ​​on the corresponding grammar item. In addition, errors in the most common and widely used Google translator can also be found. Although there were no major problems in conveying simple meanings, sentence construction using auxiliary verbs was not performed properly. By briefly introducing these problems, it was found that the necessity for contrast study and corpus construction between the two languages was required.
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Hamad, Pakhshan. "12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics." In 12th International Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics. Salahaddin University-Erbil, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/vesal12.04.

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The present study attempts to find out the distinctiveness of juncture(pauses within words, phrases and sentences) in English and central Kurdish. Juncture is the relationship between one sound and the sounds that immediately precede and follow it. It is a morphophonemic phenomenon with double signification , a suprasegmental phoneme which changes the meaning and is important for phonological descriptions of languages. The aim of this study is to see how juncture affects the meaning of words , phrases and sentences. Slow or rapid speech can also determine the use of juncture which marks the break between sounds and the phonological boundary of words, phrases or sentences. However, the ambiguity of meaning resulting from the placement of juncture can be solved by context. Stress placement on certain words also affects the use of juncture and leads to a change in meaning. In this study, English and Central Kurdish junctures were identified within words, phrases and sentences. Based on the data collected and presented, it was found out that juncture in English is distinctive at all levels , namely , simple words, phrases and sentences .In Central Kurdish, however, juncture is distinctive in compound words and sentences. As for the sentence level, because Kurdish is an agglutinative language, there are cases where the pause or juncture is closely related to the morphological structure of the words and the personal clitics and prefixes added to the end. As for the implications of the results in the field of practice , teachers must take these into consideration while teaching stress , intonation and other aspects of connected speech.
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Zhang, Yunfei. "Research on the External Communication of Grand Canal Culture in the Context of “the Belt and Road Initiative”: The Case of Zaozhuang Section." In 2020 International Conference on Language, Communication and Culture Studies (ICLCCS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210313.031.

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Reports on the topic "Languages in contact Case studies"

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Robertson, William G. In Contact! Case Studies from the Long War. Volume I. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada462790.

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ANDRADE, RAUL RIBEIRO, Edla Vitória Santos Pereira, Igor Hudson Albuquerque e. Aguiar, Olavo Barbosa de Oliveira Neto, FABIANO TIMBÓ BARBOSA, OÃO GUSTAVO ROCHA PEIXOTO SANTOS, and CÉLIO FERNANDO SOUSA. Effectiveness of Early Tracheostomy compared with Late Tracheostomy Or Prolonged Orotracheal Intubation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Protocol of Umbrella Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0096.

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Review question / Objective: What is the effectiveness of Early Tracheostomy compared with Late Tracheostomy Or Prolonged Orotracheal Intubation in Traumatic Brain Injury? Eligibility criteria: The inclusion criteria are (P) studies with patients above 18 years old, male or female, who had a severe traumatic brain injury and who need advanced airway support; (I) patient undergoing early tracheostomy (less than 10 days of orotraqueal intubation); (C) patient undergoing late tracheostomy (after 10 days of orotraqueal intubation) or undergoing prolonged intubation; (O) With data about mortality, time on ICU stay, on Hospital stay and time free of mechanical ventilation, complications related a health care services (pneumonia, septicemia, candidemia, Pressure ulcers, thromboembolic events and time using antibiotics), Quality of life (scores about neurological functions); e (S) Systematic reviews. No language restrictions. The exclusion criteria are data about mortality without data about time and follow up (In Hospital or after discharge?). We will contact the authors of studies without data enough to make a decision or without full text available, If we do not have answers we will exclude the study.
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BAGIYAN, A., and A. VARTANOV. SYSTEMS ACQUISITION IN MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION: THE CASE OF AXIOLOGICALLY CHARGED LEXIS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-3-48-61.

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The process of mastering, systematizing and automatizing systems language skills occupies a key place in the theory and practice of teaching foreign languages and cultures. Following the main trends of modern applied linguistics in the field of multilingual research, we hypothesize the advisability of using the lexical approach in mastering the entire complex of systems skills (grammar, vocabulary, phonology, functions, discourse) in students receiving multilingual education at higher educational institutions. In order to theoretically substantiate the hypothesis, the authors carry out structural, semantic, and phonological analysis of the main lexical units (collocations). After this, linguodidactic analysis of students’ hypothetical problems and, as a result, problems related to the teaching of relevant linguistic and axiological features is carried out. At the final stage of the paper, a list of possible outcomes from the indicated linguistic and methodological problematic situations is given. This article is the first in the cycle of linguodidactic studies of the features of learning and teaching systems language skills in a multilingual educational space.
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Li, Jian, Peijing Li, and Jingwen Hu. Digital human modeling in automotive engineering applications: a systematic review and bibliometric mapping. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0094.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the state of the art of digital human models (DHMs) applied in the field of transportation and automotive engineering, to better inform the development of new models for such use cases. To this end, the proposed systematic review will address the following questions: What is the general trend of research in this field? Which specific use cases, methodologies, and human models are being more widely studied or utilized than others? How can we describe such study characteristics in a structured and quantitative manner? Eligibility criteria: Eligible publications included in the review are screened according to the following criteria: (a) The publication must be a full-text article published in an academic journal or in the proceedings of an academic conference, (b) The publication must be final and the article must be in press, (c) The language of the publication must be English, (d) The publication must apply digital human models in a transportation or automotive engineering context, (e) No particular restrictions are placed on the country and/or region of origin of the publication.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.

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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0001.

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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.

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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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Owens, Janine, G. Hussein Rassool, Josh Bernstein, Sara Latif, and Basil H. Aboul-Enein. Interventions using the Qur'an to protect and promote mental health: A systematic scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0065.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of the study is to to identify interventions using the Qur'an to support mental health in Muslims. The question is How do interventions use the Qur'an to reduce psychological distress and promote mental health and wellbeing in Muslims? Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria: Evidence up to 31/03/22; Intervention studies; RCTs, quasi-experimental, longitudinal, cross-sectional and qualitative studies in English, French, or Arabic; Adults ≥18 years, Pregnant females attaining marriageable age ≥14; Studies focusing on the Qur’an, hadith and/or surah as a primary mental health intervention or Studies focusing on the Qur’an, hadith and/or surah as an additional form of therapy for mental health interventions. Exclusion criteria: Commentaries, narratives, editorial communications, opinion pieces, conference papers, government reports, guidance documents, book reviews, theses and dissertations, systematic, scoping, rapid and literature reviews, case studies; evidence in languages other than English, French or Arabic; Other types of studies focusing on children or adolescents; Studies excluding interventions using the Qur’an, hadith or surah or failing to differentiate between these areas and other interventions; Studies mentioning Qur’an, hadith or surah as an afterthought in the discussion.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.

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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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Vecherin, Sergey, Derek Chang, Emily Wells, Benjamin Trump, Aaron Meyer, Jacob Desmond, Kyle Dunn, Maxim Kitsak, and Igor Linkov. Assessment of the COVID-19 infection risk at a workplace through stochastic microexposure modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43740.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on economy. Decisions regarding the reopening of businesses should account for infection risks. This paper describes a novel model for COVID-19 infection risks and policy evaluations. The model combines the best principles of the agent-based, microexposure, and probabilistic modeling approaches. It takes into account specifics of a workplace, mask efficiency, and daily routines of employees, but does not require specific interagent rules for simulations. Likewise, it does not require knowledge of microscopic disease related parameters. Instead, the risk of infection is aggregated into the probability of infection, which depends on the duration and distance of every contact. The probability of infection at the end of a workday is found using rigorous probabilistic rules. Unlike previous models, this approach requires only a few reference data points for calibration, which are more easily collected via empirical studies. The application of the model is demonstrated for a typical office environment and for a real-world case. The proposed model allows for effective risk assessment and policy evaluation when there are large uncertainties about the disease, making it particularly suitable for COVID-19 risk assessments.
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