Relevant bibliographies by topics / Languages

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Languages'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Languages"

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Dymet, Marcin. "Digital Language Divide in the European High North: The Level of Online Presence of Minority Languages from Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, no. 1 (2019): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_010010012.

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One of the inequalities generated by the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the digital language divide, that is, differences in the online presence of languages and unequal access to information due to the lack of understanding of the available content. The digital language divide is particularly visible in the case of small languages with a low number of speakers. There is a large group of languages with non-existent or irrelevant online presence. This is often the case of the endangered minority languages. The number of language speakers or the level of knowledge of a given language is not sufficient to generate a vital online community. This article presents the current language situation in the European High North with a focus on minority languages: Sámi and Meänkieli languages in Sweden, Sámi and Kven languages in Norway, and Sámi languages in Finland. It also introduces the phenomenon of digital language divide. The article explores the current situation of the minority languages in the European High North in light of their online presence. It responds to the following questions: Is there online presence of the studied minority languages? Is there a need amongst the minorities’ members for more extensive presence? To conclude, the article discusses the possible effects of a language’s underrepresentation.
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Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.

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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.
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Weaire, Denis L. "Of Language and Languages." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036848.

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Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.

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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
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Haynes, K. "Milton's Languages, Milton's Language." Literary Imagination 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/2.1.93.

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Tonkin, Humphrey. "Language Planning and Planned Languages: How Can Planned Languages Inform Language Planning?" Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 2 (2015): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.2.1.

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Robnik-Šikonja, Marko, Kristjan Reba, and Igor Mozetič. "Cross-lingual transfer of sentiment classifiers." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2021.1.1-25.

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Word embeddings represent words in a numeric space so that semantic relations between words are represented as distances and directions in the vector space. Cross-lingual word embeddings transform vector spaces of different languages so that similar words are aligned. This is done by mapping one language’s vector space to the vector space of another language or by construction of a joint vector space for multiple languages. Cross-lingual embeddings can be used to transfer machine learning models between languages, thereby compensating for insufficient data in less-resourced languages. We use cross-lingual word embeddings to transfer machine learning prediction models for Twitter sentiment between 13 languages. We focus on two transfer mechanisms that recently show superior transfer performance. The first mechanism uses the trained models whose input is the joint numerical space for many languages as implemented in the LASER library. The second mechanism uses large pretrained multilingual BERT language models. Our experiments show that the transfer of models between similar languages is sensible, even with no target language data. The performance of cross-lingual models obtained with the multilingual BERT and LASER library is comparable, and the differences are language-dependent. The transfer with CroSloEngual BERT, pretrained on only three languages, is superior on these and some closely related languages.
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Garg, Rakesh, and Supriya Raheja. "Fuzzy Distance-Based Approach for the Assessment and Selection of Programming Languages." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.315761.

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The desire to develop software with more and more functionalities to make human work easier pushes the industry towards developing various programming languages. The existence of the various programming languages in today's scenario raises the need for their evaluation. The motive of this research is the development of a deterministic decision support framework to solve the object-oriented programming (OOP) language's selection problem. In the present study, OOP language's selection problem is modeled as a multi-criteria decision-making, and a novel fuzzy-distance based approach is anticipated to solve the same. To demonstrate the working of developed framework, a case study consisting of the selection of seven programming languages is presented. The results of this study depict that Python is the most preferred language compared to other object-oriented programming languages. Selection of OOP languages helps to select the most appropriate language, which provides better opportunities in the business domain and will result in high success for engineering students.
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Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Restu Dessy Maulida, and Erik Rusmana. "Figurative Language Analysis on Efek Rumah Kaca’s Song Lyrics at Sinestesia 2015 Album." Jomantara: Indonesian Journal of Art and Culture, Vol. 3 No. 1 January 2023 (January 31, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jijac.v3i1.7060.

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Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer is strengthened. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive is the method that used for this research. The result of this research is 4 type of figurative languages is found, which is 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Languages"

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Maciá, Fábrega Josep. "Natural language and formal languages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10348.

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Cook, Jonathan J. "Language interoperability and logic programming languages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/725.

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We discuss P#, our implementation of a tool which allows interoperation between a concurrent superset of the Prolog programming language and C#. This enables Prolog to be used as a native implementation language for Microsoft's .NET platform. P# compiles a linear logic extension of Prolog to C# source code. We can thus create C# objects from Prolog and use C#'s graphical, networking and other libraries. P# was developed from a modified port of the Prolog to Java translator, Prolog Cafe. We add language constructs on the Prolog side which allow concurrent Prolog code to be written. We add a primitive predicate which evaluates a Prolog structure on a newly forked thread. Communication between threads is based on the unification of variables contained in such a structure. It is also possible for threads to communicate through a globally accessible table. All of the new features are available to the programmer through new built-in Prolog predicates. We present three case studies. The first is an application which allows several users to modify a database. The users are able to disconnect from the database and to modify their own copies of the data before reconnecting. On reconnecting, conflicts must be resolved. The second is an object-oriented assistant, which allows the user to query the contents of a C# namespace or Java package. The third is a tool which allows a user to interact with a graphical display of the inheritance tree. Finally, we optimize P#'s runtime speed by translating some Prolog predicates into more idiomatic C# code than is produced by a naive port of Prolog Cafe. This is achieved by observing that semi-deterministic predicates (being those which always either fail or succeed with exactly one solution) that only call other semi-deterministic predicates enjoy relatively simple control flow. We make use of the fact that Prolog programs often contain predicates which operate as functions, and that such predicates are usually semi-deterministic.
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Connell, Professor T. J. "Languages (in particular Spanish) : language teaching and learning & languages for the professions." Thesis, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444221.

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Meyer, Hans Joachim. "A global language or a world of languages." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-201117.

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Chavula, Catherine. "Using language similarities in retrieval for resource scarce languages: a study of several southern Bantu languages." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33614.

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Most of the Web is published in languages that are not accessible to many potential users who are only able to read and understand their local languages. Many of these local languages are Resources Scarce Languages (RSLs) and lack the necessary resources, such as machine translation tools, to make available content more accessible. State of the art preprocessing tools and retrieval methods are tailored for Web dominant languages and, accordingly, documents written in RSLs are lowly ranked and difficult to access in search results, resulting in a struggling and frustrating search experience for speakers of RSLs. In this thesis, we propose the use of language similarities to match, re-rank and return search results written in closely related languages to improve the quality of search results and user experience. We also explore the use of shared morphological features to build multilingual stemming tools. Focusing on six Bantu languages spoken in Southeastern Africa, we first explore how users would interact with search results written in related languages. We conduct a user study, examining the usefulness and user preferences for ranking search results with different levels of intelligibility, and the types of emotions users experience when interacting with such results. Our results show that users can complete tasks using related language search results but, as intelligibility decreases, more users struggle to complete search tasks and, consequently, experience negative emotions. Concerning ranking, we find that users prefer that relevant documents be ranked higher, and that intelligibility be used as a secondary criterion. Additionally, we use a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach to investigate enhanced interface features that could assist users to effectively interact with such search results. Usability evaluation of our designed interface scored 86% using the System Usability Scale (SUS). We then investigate whether ranking models that integrate relevance and intelligibility features would improve retrieval effectiveness. We develop these features by drawing from traditional Information Retrieval (IR) models and linguistics studies, and employ Learning To Rank (LTR) and unsupervised methods. Our evaluation shows that models that use both relevance and intelligibility feature(s) have better performance when compared to models that use relevance features only. Finally, we propose and evaluate morphological processing approaches that include multilingual stemming, using rules derived from common morphological features across Bantu family of languages. Our evaluation of the proposed stemming approach shows that its performance is competitive on queries that use general terms. Overall, the thesis provides evidence that considering and matching search results written in closely related languages, as well as ranking and presenting them appropriately, improves the quality of retrieval and user experience for speakers of RSLs.
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Livingstone, Daniel Jack. "Computer models of the evolution of language and languages." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398331.

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Loza, Christian. "Cross Language Information Retrieval for Languages with Scarce Resources." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157/.

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Our generation has experienced one of the most dramatic changes in how society communicates. Today, we have online information on almost any imaginable topic. However, most of this information is available in only a few dozen languages. In this thesis, I explore the use of parallel texts to enable cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) for languages with scarce resources. To build the parallel text I use the Bible. I evaluate different variables and their impact on the resulting CLIR system, specifically: (1) the CLIR results when using different amounts of parallel text; (2) the role of paraphrasing on the quality of the CLIR output; (3) the impact on accuracy when translating the query versus translating the collection of documents; and finally (4) how the results are affected by the use of different dialects. The results show that all these variables have a direct impact on the quality of the CLIR system.
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Botha, Gerrti Reinier. "Text-based language identification for the South African languages." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-090942008-133715/.

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Loza, Christian E. Mihalcea Rada F. "Cross language information retrieval for languages with scarce resources." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12157.

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Diallo, Ibrahima. "Language Planning, Language-In-Education Policy, and Attitudes Towards Languages in Senegal." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366175.

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This thesis describes language policy practices in Senegal, identifies the languages used by Senegalese people in various social, public, and institutional settings, and details the attitudes of Senegalese people towards their own mother tongues, Wolof, French, and English and these speech communities. It examines also the importance, place, and future of local languages and European languages in Senegal and analyses the issue of language(s) of education in Senegal. To conduct this research, a variety of sampling techniques were used to collect data from a wide range of population-categories including respondents from the general population, public administration, students, and the business sector. Throughout the period of this study, Senegal was undergoing a phenomenal linguistic experience characterised by the sudden arrival and strengthening of English in the country, increasing interest by Senegalese people in local languages, and a gradual decline of the domains of French language use in the country. Against this linguistic backdrop, a number of major findings have resulted from the research including the finding that home languages (in particular, the mother tongues) are dominant in most family and social settings while French is dominant only in public settings. However, the data show that both mother tongues and Wolof are being used increasingly in public institutions; domains that hitherto belonged to French. The language use with people indicates a similar pattern, i.e. local languages are mostly used with close family members and with people in the extended family circle while French is dominant only with people in public institutions. The home languages (mother tongues and Wolof) and, to a lesser extent English, are more popular in public settings, thus reducing the hegemony of the use of French with people in public institutions. The study based on the data collected from the overall sample found also that the attitudes of the Senegalese people towards French, English, and their mother tongues are high and positive but the attitudes towards Wolof show both positive and negative ratings. The results show that, according to Senegalese people, the local languages are not given due importance in the education system. Similarly, they believe that English is not regarded as important in the education system either. Therefore, they request more importance to be given to both languages in the education system. As for French, it is considered very important in the education system and therefore, there were no particular requests to increase its relative importance in education. Further, French is believed to have negative influences in Senegal while this is not the case for English. Regarding the language(s) of instruction, local languages are described as the most appropriate languages for education. However, when languages are analysed in parallel, French maintains its leadership. In general, the Senegalese people have positive attitudes towards the speech communities. However, the attitudes towards the Wolof and French speech communities are both positive and negative. Similarly, the intensity of the desire to learn languages is generally positive but is characterised by the presence of a mix of positive and negative ratings for French and Wolof. However, a cross-sectional analysis shows quite interesting variations across the four population-categories mentioned earlier, mainly regarding language use, the issue of the language(s) of instruction in Senegal, the attitudes of Senegalese people towards languages and towards speech communities, and the intensity of their desire to learn languages - to name but a few areas of variation. The study has resulted in major findings regarding language use in Senegal. One of these is the loyalty of Senegal people towards their languages, that is, first, to their own mother tongue and then to Wolof - as a second language; second the Senegalese people remain attached to the French language, and finally they have a great admiration for English. According to the study, Senegalese people are attached to their language because of the more effective communication opportunities the local languages offer and also because of the positive benefits associated with (early) education in one's own mother tongue. In addition, the respondents believe that local languages help them assert their identity and maintain their cultures. The study found that Senegalese people are attached to the French language because it is an important national language (the official language of the country) and international language (for communication in the Francophone world). As for English, they admire the language because of its prestige and its status as a 'universal' language for communication and its dominance in science, technology, education, and business. The study concludes with a number of recommendations for the improvement of language planning and language-in-education policy in Senegal. The recommendations focus mainly on enhancing considerably the place and role of local languages in the education system, initiating systematic language policy prestige activities, and developing a rigorous policy that fosters positive attitudes towards local languages in general and the Wolof language and the Wolof speech community in particular. As regards the English language, the study recommends offering greater opportunities to learn the language by widespread reinforcement of its teaching in the education system.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Languages and Linguistics
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Books on the topic "Languages"

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Winter, Werner, ed. On Languages and Language. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110881318.

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Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden, eds. Language Change in Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.36.

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Wekker, Herman, ed. Creole Languages and Language Acquisition. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110811049.

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Siemund, Peter, and Noemi Kintana, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hsm.7.

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Callies, Marcus, and Stefanie Hehner. Pluricentric Languages and Language Education. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003248552.

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1965-, Siemund Peter, and Kintana Noemi, eds. Language contact and contact languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2008.

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Herman, Wekker, and Leiden Creole Workshop (1990 : University of Leiden), eds. Creole languages and language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.

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Canada, Statistics. Home language and knowledge of languages. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1995.

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FØnagy, Ivan. Languages within language: An evolutive approach. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2002.

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Aguilar-Mediavilla, Eva, Lucía Buil-Legaz, Raúl López-Penadés, Victor A. Sanchez-Azanza, and Daniel Adrover-Roig, eds. Atypical Language Development in Romance Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.223.

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Book chapters on the topic "Languages"

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Stawarska, Beata. "Language and Languages." In Saussure’s Linguistics, Structuralism, and Phenomenology, 87–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43097-9_10.

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Bugarski, Ranko. "Language and Languages." In History of Linguistics 1993, 321. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.78.39bug.

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Hildén, Raili, and Ritva Kantelinen. "Language Education - Foreign Languages." In Miracle of Education, 161–76. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-811-7_11.

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Mosses, Peter D. "Programming Language Description Languages." In Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions, 249–73. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-736-3_8.

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Shaul, David Leedom. "Languages and Language Loss." In Linguistic Ideologies of Native American Language Revitalization, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05293-9_1.

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Mughan, Terry. "Introduction: language and languages." In The Routledge Companion to Cross-Cultural Management, 79–84. London: Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203798706-11.

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Jones, Jill. "Towards language planning for sign languages." In Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger, 87–114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.42.05jon.

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Meduna, Alexander. "Languages." In Automata and Languages, 25–58. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0501-5_2.

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Fensel, Dieter. "Languages." In Ontologies, 11–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09083-1_3.

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Rüschoff, Bernd. "Languages." In Handbook on Information Technologies for Education and Training, 523–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07682-8_33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Languages"

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Farisiyah, Umi, and Zamzani Zamzani. "Languange Shift and Language Maintenance of Local Languages toward Indonesian." In International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.50.

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Rosenan, Boaz. "Designing language-oriented programming languages." In the ACM international conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1869542.1869576.

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Rosati, Domenic. "Learning to Pronounce as Measuring Cross-Lingual Joint Orthography-Phonology Complexity." In 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AIAPP 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.120908.

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Machine learning models allow us to compare languages by showing how hard a task in each language might be to learn and perform well on. Following this line of investigation, we explore what makes a language “hard to pronounce” by modelling the task of grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) transliteration. By training a character-level transformer model on this task across 22 languages and measuring the model’s proficiency against its grapheme and phoneme inventories, we show that certain characteristics emerge that separate easier and harder languages with respect to learning to pronounce. Namely the complexity of a language's pronunciation from its orthography is due to the expressive or simplicity of its grapheme-tophoneme mapping. Further discussion illustrates how future studies should consider relative data sparsity per language to design fairer cross-lingual comparison tasks.
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Douglass, James R., Nicholas Chen, and Ralph E. Johnson. "The language of languages research project." In the ACM international conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2048147.2048155.

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Antad, Sonali M., Siddhartha Chakrabarty, Sneha Bhat, Somrath Bisen, and Sneha Jain. "Sign Language Translation Across Multiple Languages." In 2024 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esic60604.2024.10481626.

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Yin, Kayo, and Malihe Alikhani. "Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processing (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/753.

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Signed languages are the primary means of communication for many deaf and hard of hearing individuals. Since signed languages exhibit all the fundamental linguistic properties of natural language, we believe that tools and theories of Natural Language Processing (NLP) are crucial towards its modeling. However, existing research in Sign Language Processing (SLP) seldom attempt to explore and leverage the linguistic organization of signed languages. This position paper calls on the NLP community to include signed languages as a research area with high social and scientific impact. We first discuss the linguistic properties of signed languages to consider during their modeling. Then, we review the limitations of current SLP models and identify the open challenges to extend NLP to signed languages. Finally, we urge (1) the adoption of an efficient tokenization method; (2) the development of linguistically-informed models; (3) the collection of real-world signed language data; (4) the inclusion of local signed language communities as an active and leading voice in research.
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Khalilova, H. "Comparison of Morphological Categories of a Noun in Slavic and Turkic Languages Using the Example of Russian and Azerbaijani Languages." In Actual issues of Slavic grammar and lexis. LCC MAKS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m4121.978-5-317-07174-5/235-243.

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This article examines the morphological categories of the noun of two typologically different languages – Russian and Azerbaijani. Thus, Russian is an inflectional language, while Azerbaijani is agglutinative. A comparative study of the grammatical categories of a noun in these two languages will help identify similarities and divergences in the languages under study, which is valuable when compiling manuals, reading comparative special courses, translation, and language teaching.
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Ming Lim, Tong, and Lee Sai Peck. "Extended Object Languages for The Extolware Persistent Framework." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2832.

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Users interact with a database system through a set of database languages and this makes designing database languages a very challenging task to a computer software engineer. A set of well-defined database languages must be easy to learn, easy to understand and powerful enough to capture semantic of a problem domain. This paper discusses design issues of a proposed database language, namely Extended Object Language or EOL for short, for an Extolware Persistent Object framework (Lim & Lee, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c) that provide wrapping services for relational database systems and multidimensional database systems (DataPro, 1996; IBM Corp., 2001; Informix Software Inc., 2001a, 2001b). This research examines SQL3 (Fortier, 1999) and ODL/OQL (Cattell & Barry, 1999) with an overview of their language constructs and operators that support object-oriented requirements as stated in Object Data Management Group (ODMG) object model. Next, a discussion on the Extended Object Language (EOL) and its language constructs are examined. This is followed by a close examination of new database operators and constructs introduced into EOL. A design overview and evaluation of these database languages are examined. A summary on these languages is presented at the end of the paper with conclusion and further research plans.
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Kunschak, Claudia, and Birgit Strotmann. "Unbounded Languages – Translanguaging as the New Language." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.4-7.

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With globalization, multilingualism has replaced monolingualism as the prevalent paradigm across the disciplines, from sociolinguistics to linguistic anthropology to applied linguistics to education, be it from the angle of superdiversity (Blommaert and Rampton 2011), metrolingualism (Pennycook and Otsuji 2015) or translanguaging (García and Wei 2014). We are witnessing an era where multilingualism from below, which has always existed, is increasingly supported by multilingualism from above in language policy and planning via plurilingual pluricultural competence (Council of Europe 2018), innovative language pedagogy such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) (Coyle, Hood and Marsh 2010), and creative use of English as a Lingua Franca (Seidlhofer and Widdowson 2009; Jenkins 2017). However, it is not just English that serves this purpose, but also French and Arabic in the Mediterranean region, and Spanish (Godenzzi 2006) or Chinese further afield (Li 2006). The study examines these new language constellations at the example of three multilingual degree programs at a small, private university in Spain with a strong international projection, a multilingual student population, and equally multilingual / multicultural faculty. Superimposed on the already multilingual and multivarietal structure of the Spanish peninsula, with its largest foreign cohort speaking Latin-American varieties, the languages and language combinations emerging from this study include students' home languages, languages of study, lingua francas, and creative language practices. It was the purpose of the study to identify affordances and challenges in developing translingual transcultural competence (Geisler et al. 2007), that is, the ability to operate between languages, reflect on the world and self through another language and culture, as well as develop critical language awareness and social sensitivity. Based on a survey conducted among students from fresher to graduating class, interviews and focus groups with students, teachers, and administrators, as well as a document analysis of study plans and language requirements, the study aims to document emerging language practices and translingual transcultural competence as well as the factors that support or hinder this development. While English and Spanish are clearly the dominant languages, third and fourth languages play a significant role among both students and faculty. It will be argued that translingual dispositions (Lee and Canagarajah 2019) are widely held, and that instead of cultivating a series of discrete linguistic stills, “translanguaging is the language of the future” as one of the subjects quipped.
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Lane, Paul, Ernesto Salazar, and Norling Solis. "THE LANGUAGE BATTLE: INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES VS. THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0760.

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Reports on the topic "Languages"

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Zahorian, Stephen A. Understanding Tonal Languages. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada584180.

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Flynn, M. J. Directly Executed Languages. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada157311.

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Phillips, A., and M. Davis. Tags for Identifying Languages. RFC Editor, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4646.

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Phillips, A., and M. Davis, eds. Tags for Identifying Languages. RFC Editor, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5646.

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Onyshkevych, Boyan, Mary E. Okurowski, and Lynn Carlson. Tasks, Domains, and Languages. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459848.

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Morrisett, Greg. Next Generation Systems Languages. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467170.

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Leung, Hing. Regular Languages and Finite Automata. Washington, DC: The MAA Mathematical Sciences Digital Library, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/loci003993.

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Baecker, Ronald, Aaron Marcus, Michael Arent, Tracy Tims, and Allen McIntosh. Visible Languages for Program Visualization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb101693.

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Fisher, David A., and David A. Mundie. Languages Beyond Ada and Lisp. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada240565.

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Busby, Lee E. Steering Languages and Future Science Codes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169820.

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