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Journal articles on the topic 'Language use in the L2 classroom'
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1
Zulfikar, Zulfikar. "RETHINKING THE USE OF L1 IN L2 CLASSROOM." Englisia Journal 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v6i1.2514.
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Using mother tongue (L1) in a foreign language (L2) classrooms is inevitable. Despite the debate over the adequacy of using L1 in the teaching of L2, this paper argues using L1 in the classroom does not hinder learning, and that L1 has a facilitating role to play in the classroom and can help L2 learning and acquisition. This paper shows that L1 is an inseparable part of language teaching, and it has several functions for both the students and teachers in English language learning and teaching. Therefore, those who believe L1 has a minimal role to play in the teaching of a foreign language are invited to think again of its role and contributions it makes to the fields of language learning and teaching.
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Abid, Abid. "Examining Indonesian EFL Teacher Educators’ Views on Utilising L1 in L2 Classrooms." Lingua Cultura 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v14i2.6703.
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The research observed the role of the first language (L1) use in the second language (L2) classrooms in various Englishlanguage teaching (ELT) contexts. Among the many roles that L1 use played in L2 classrooms, which had been recognized, some drawbacks interfered due to unbalanced uses of both L1 and L2. To complement insightful findings presented in the existing literature on this L1 use topic, the research aims to explore L1 uses in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) L2 classrooms in a teacher training program in Indonesia. Applying a qualitative research approach, the research collected data from three English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher educators teaching an English speaking subject in an Indonesian university using a semi-structured interview protocol and a classroom observation fieldnote. Results show that all the participants share the same views on L1 in their L2 classrooms that its use is tolerated and mainly related to cognitive and pedagogical aspects. The research suggests that formal training seeking to arouse awareness on the role that L1 can play in L2 classroom is of necessity in the context of the EFL teacher training program in order to foster learners’ optimal L2 output.
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Almoayidi, Khedir A. "The Effectiveness of Using L1 in Second Language Classrooms: A Controversial Issue." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0804.02.
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This paper aims to uncover the hidden debate about the efficacy and inefficacy of using mother tongue in second language classroom. Teaching English as a second language is not an easy task to be undertaken. There are many approaches that postulate the optimal strategy for better teaching. As such, numerous researchers in the fields of language teaching and learning hold a belief that the use of L1 in L2 classrooms helps to facilitate learning. However, a significant number of researchers contend that the use of L1 in L2 classroom hinders learning and deprives learners from the exposure to the second language. As such, this paper tries to shed light on both views and to give evidence that using L1 in L2 classroom has a negative impact on L2 learners.
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Thoai, Ton Nu Linh. "Observing EFL teachers' use of formulaic language in class." Indonesian JELT: Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching 15, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/ijelt.v15i1.1410.
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Mastering formulaic language is said to be crucially important in second language (L2) learning as it showcases the L2 user’s different levels of competency: linguistic, psycholinguistic, and communicative. Frequent use of these formulaic sequences also makes an L2 speaker sound more native–like. In a language teaching and learning context where English is a foreign language (EFL), the language teacher is the one major resource of spoken language exposure. Therefore, the quality of teacher’s instructions in an EFL classroom clearly has effects on the learner’s language learning process. Mercer (2001) puts it, “[a]ll […] aspects of teacher’s responsibility are reflected in their use of language as the principal tool of their responsibilities” (p. 243). A great deal of research has been devoted to L2 learners and the acquisition of formulaic language, and classroom interaction, but very little attention has been paid to teachers’ use of formulaic sequences in their classrooms. This paper presents a descriptive study with analytical discussion of extracts from four video–recorded lessons conducted by school teachers in different South–east Asian countries. This small-scale study attempts to explore to what extent non–native EFL teachers are familiar with and use formulaic language during class time.
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Wilden, Eva, and Raphaela Porsch. "Teachers’ self‐reported L1 and L2 use and self‐assessed L2 proficiency in primary EFL education." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 631–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.3.9.
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This study investigates teachers’ first language (L1, German) and second language (L2, English) use in the primary English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom in two federal German states. It particularly focuses on the question of whether a more frequent, (self-reported) use of the L2 is positively correlated to teachers’ professional qualification as well as (self-assessed) L2 proficiency. To this end, data was collected in 2017 through an online survey among German primary teachers teaching EFL in year 4 (N = 844). L2 use was assessed through a 4-point Likert scale comprising 16 items on various classroom situations. L1 use was surveyed with an open question on situations of L1 use in the L2 classroom. Moreover, teachers self-assessed their L2 proficiency with a 4-point Likert scale and adapted CEFR descriptors for speaking. Findings indicate that teachers claim to use the L2 more in L2-related situations and the L1 more in classroom management situations. The study shows that teachers with a higher formal qualification tend to assess their L2 proficiency higher and claim to use the L2 more often in the primary EFL classroom. In contrast, teachers with a lower formal qualification tend to assess their L2 proficiency lower and claim to use the L1 more frequently in the L2 classroom.
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Alrabah, Sulaiman, Shu-hua Wu, Abdullah M. Alotaibi, and Hussein A. Aldaihani. "English Teachers' Use of Learners' L1 (Arabic) in College Classrooms in Kuwait." English Language Teaching 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n1p1.
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<p>This study investigated English teachers' use of learners' L1 (Arabic) in college classrooms in Kuwait. The purpose of the study was three-fold: (1) to describe the functions for which L1 was employed by the teachers, (2) to explore the affective, sociolinguistic, and psycholinguistic factors that may have led teachers to use L1 in L2 teaching, and (3) to measure the teachers’ attitudes toward using L1 in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). 60 EFL teachers at the Language Center in a college in Kuwait agreed to participate in the study. Data collection methods included recorded interviews and a grounded survey that was derived from the data of the interviews. Data analysis methods utilized Ethnograph 6.0, a software program, in order to search for common patterns of L1 use in the teachers’ interviews. Analysis of the survey utilized the Microsoft Excel Software Program to generate the means, percentages, and standard deviations for each of the survey items. The survey results indicated that the teachers used L1 in L2 classrooms as a teaching tool and for classroom management. The participating teachers also indicated that affective, sociolinguistic, and psycholinguistic factors have contributed to their L1 use in L2 teaching. However, the results also showed that the participating teachers exhibited mostly negative attitudes toward L1 use in L2 teaching. This contradiction between classroom practice and attitudes entailed implications for language teacher education programs to better equip EFL bound graduates with appropriate teaching strategies and classroom techniques to use L1 in appropriate ways in the EFL classroom.</p>
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Szabo, Michelle. "I Meant to Say That: How Adult Language Learners Construct Positive Identities Through Nonstandard Language Use." TESL Canada Journal 24, no. 1 (October 1, 2006): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v24i1.26.
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The aim of this article is to raise awareness in L2 education about the relationship between second-language learners' linguistic choices in the L2 and their identities. The author reviews empirical research and language-learning narratives that show that L2 learners may purposely use nonstandard L2 forms. Using a poststructuralist framework to conceptualize identity, the author argues that these second-language learners use nonstandard language in the L2 in order to create positive identities, and in some cases to resist social inequalities, in the L2 community. The implications of this research for second-language teachers are discussed and suggestions for classroom practice are offered.
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Munezane, Yoko. "Motivation, ideal self and willingness to communicate as the predictors of observed L2 use in the classroom." EUROSLA Yearbook 16 (August 10, 2016): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.16.04mun.
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Willingness to Communicate (WTC), the most immediate antecedent of actual communication behavior in an L2, is widely believed to facilitate the acquisition of the target language. Higher WTC is generally associated with higher L2 use (MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei & Noels 1998), though it has not been empirically tested. This article reports on an attempt to fill this gap by investigating to what degree learners’ self-reported L2 WTC predicts actual L2 use in the classroom. A group of 372 Japanese university EFL learners majoring in science and human arts subjects participated in the study. Students’ oral performance data were collected three times during the group discussions in one academic semester. The number of words each student produced during each discussion was counted. The results of structural equation modelling analyses suggested that self-reported L2 WTC predicted actual L2 use in the classroom. Second, gender differences in L2 use in the language classroom has not been empirically explored in the quantitative studies, therefore, whether L2 WTC would predict observed L2 use equally among males and females, and whether males and females produce equal amount of L2 in the classroom will be explored. Implications of the research findings will be discussed.
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Tsagari, Dina, and Christina Nicole Giannikas. "Re-evaluating the use of the L1 in the L2 classroom: students vs. teachers." Applied Linguistics Review 11, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 151–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0104.
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AbstractThe present paper examines the effects of the monolingual and the bilingual approach in the second language (L2) classroom. The outcomes of two Likert type questionnaires and classroom observations have been employed to explore teachers’ and learners’ opinions and actions in order to evaluate how the use of the native language (L1) and the L2 is used by both learners and practitioners. Data analysis shows that there is a place for both languages and, when used in a balanced manner, they can comprise a positive cognitive effect due to the fact that the language learner actively draws in interlanguage development. The present study offers clear direction for further research as there is an evident lack of knowledge of principles of L1 use in similar EFL contexts.
10
Bourgoin, Renée, and Josée Le Bouthillier. "Task-Based Language Learning and Beginning Language Learners: Examining Classroom-Based Small Group Learning in Grade 1 French Immersion." Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 24, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 70–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2021.31378.
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Elementary French immersion (FI) language arts teachers often organize instruction around small learning groups. Students rotate through learning stations/centres and work independently with their peers on L2 literacy skills. This study examined how principles of task-based language teaching (TBLT) can be used and/or adapted to further support beginning L2 learners working independently at various literacy stations. This classroom-based study employed a pragmatic ‘research design’ methodology. Researchers worked alongside Grade 1 FI teachers (n=3) in the development and classroom implementation of language/literacy tasks designed around TBLT principles for use in literacy centres. Data collected included classroom observations in two Grade 1 FI classrooms, samples of students’ work, teacher interviews, and task-based lesson plans. Findings suggest that integrating/adapting TBLT principles to small group independent learning stations was particularly impactful in supporting young beginning language learners with extended language output, peer interaction, learner autonomy, emerging spontaneous language use, and student engagement. Additional instructional focus on corrective feedback, oral communication skills, and focus on form and function were also reported.
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Amriana, A. "An investigation into teacher’s L1 and L2 use in Indonesian EFL classroom." International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI) 1, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v1i2.17.
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Teacher’s L1/L2 use in Indonesian EFL classroom has been the object of debate among practitioners of a second language and foreign language teaching. Despite the considerable amount of the research that has been conducted on the phenomenon, the focus has often been the advantages and disadvantages. This study reports on a study that investigated subject teacher’s language use on Indonesian EFL classroom. It reports research conducted in a private secondary school in Makassar. An Ethnography research has been employed to collect data on how the teacher perceives the L1/L2 use and the extent to which the approaches they adopt impact on students’ achievement. The research result demonstrates that the more active the teacher in promoting L2 learning, the more he is aware of the teaching practices used in the classroom. Also, the research result also reveals that the more he improves the quality of his teaching approach, the better language learning his students acquire.
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Lyster, Roy. "RECASTS, REPETITION, AND AMBIGUITY IN L2 CLASSROOM DISCOURSE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 1 (March 1998): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226319800103x.
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This study examines aspects of communicative classroom discourse that may affect the potential of recasts to be noticed as negative evidence by young second language learners. The database comprises transcripts of over 18 hours of interaction recorded during 27 lessons in 4 immersion classrooms at the primary level. The 377 recasts in the database have been classified according to their pragmatic functions in classroom discourse and then compared to the teachers' even more frequent use of noncorrective repetition. Findings reveal that recasts and noncorrective repetition fulfill identical functions distributed in equal proportions and, furthermore, that teachers frequently use positive feedback to express approval of the content of learners' messages, irrespective of well-formedness, to accompany, also in equal proportions, recasts, noncorrective repetition, and even topic-continuation moves following errors. The findings suggest that, from the perspective of both learners and teachers, the corrective reformulations entailed in recasts may easily be overridden by their functional properties in meaning-oriented classrooms.
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León-Garzón, Rosmery, and Harold Castañeda-Peña. "Exploring Social Skills and Character Education of Students Through Storytelling in L2." GiST Education and Learning Research Journal, no. 17 (December 17, 2018): 128–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26817/16925777.440.
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Little is known about character education and social skills within a transformative curriculum framework in the L2 classroom. This action research study stems from identifying peer rejection in 7th grade English language classrooms as a social issue hampering English language practices for some students. Four L2 storytelling workshops were designed and implemented adapting social and linguistic contents. Data comprising students’ reactions to the content of the adapted short stories were collected using classroom interaction transcriptions, students’ artifacts, field notes, semi-structured interviews with students, and the evaluation of the storytelling workshops made by the students. Data analysis demonstrates that students could learn to live in a community creating healthy L2 learning environments when there is a sense of awareness about accepting differences whilst practicing the use of the English language.
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Marsella, Elisabeth. "Exploring Teachers’ Use of First Language (L1) in EFL Classroom." TEKNOSASTIK 18, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v18i1.483.
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Teachers are always seen as the role model of the classroom. Students tend to imitate what the teachers speak and do, including in English classroom. It has been popular that in English classroom teachers impose the students to use English (L2) only. However, the practice showed that teachers still use L1 in their teaching. Regarding that fact, this study aims to investigate how teachers use first language (L1) in English classroom. The study involves experienced teachers from two private schools in Bekasi, a junior high school and a senior high school. Observations, video and audio recording, and interview were conducted to collect the data. From the data, it is obtained the teacher talk (TT) where the teachers mostly used English. Although the teachers used English and encouraged students to use English, it turned out that in some situation L1 is unavoidable. The teachers used L1 during the class learning. This teachers’ L1 was then analyzed from the perspective of initiation, response, feedback (IRF) exchange. The result shows that teachers performed typical acts and functions in the class interaction. Moreover, teachers’ L1 was not necessarily showing incompetence or reluctance to use L2. Rather, L1 use performed functions in the classroom that it helped teachers build students’ knowledge and manage the class more efficiently.
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Fenyi, Kojo, Enoch Mensah Awukuvi, John Andoh, and Francis K. Pere. "Language Policy vrs Language Reality in the Ghanaian Classroom: A Study of Colleges of Education." EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation 1, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.eduline391.
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This descriptive qualitative study attempted to understand, explore and report the occasions and reasons for which a tutor or a student would use the native language in the second language classroom in a national language policy context, like Ghana, where such practice is disallowed. To use the L1 in the L2 classroom or not has been an ongoing debate in Applied Linguistics and Teaching English as Second/Foreign Language (TESL/TESOL, TEFL), in that, while a group insists on a strict monolingual English-only ESL classroom, another group thinks a reasonable quantity of L1 and appropriate use of same in the ESL classroom could actually facilitate the teaching and learning of English. Data collection instruments were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Participants were 13 language tutors and 53 second-year language specialism students, all from four Colleges of Education, and selected through purposive sampling. Results revealed that L1 is used as functional strategy in the L2 classroom, and serves various reasons; empathy, classroom management, identity, lack of comprehension, nurturing bilingualism. It is recommended, therefore, that, the national language policy of Ghana which limits the language of classroom instruction to English be made lax enough to allow for some appreciable amount of the L1 to aid ‘understanding’, which is the bedrock of education.
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Hudson, Jolanta. "Using Wikis for Collaborative Writing in the ELT Classroom." International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education 2, no. 2 (September 26, 2018): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.22906.
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<p>This study examines the use of an educational wiki to develop the second language (L2) writing skills of English language students who are placed on a two-week online course to develop skills in English for work-related purposes. It discusses the use of wikis for learning L2, focusing on learning writing through collaborative tasks. The discussion analyses views and theories on the use of wikis for developing writing skills and the issues associated with the use of wikis for collaborative tasks. The research engages L2 students and a teacher in a task using Wikispaces, an educational type of wikis. The data is collected via a questionnaire, interviews and the teacher’s diary. The study suggests wikis might usefully assist students with their L2 writing and that students are likely to value the opportunity to work collaboratively on a writing task or certain type of task. However, not all students would be expected to feel comfortable with the wiki technology and its features. As wikis are still increasingly popular in language classrooms, a more in-depth study that would take a closer look at the usefulness of wikis for such classroom tasks might bring new insights and interesting results to the discussion on wikis in the English language classroom (ELT). It is suggested, therefore, that future research with a larger and more diverse audience and with a more specific focus might provide better information in this regard.</p>
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Wach, Aleksandra, and Fuensanta Monroy. "Beliefs about L1 use in teaching English: A comparative study of Polish and Spanish teacher-trainees." Language Teaching Research 24, no. 6 (February 22, 2019): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168819830422.
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The study investigated the beliefs expressed by a sample of 206 Polish and Spanish teacher-trainees about the use of learners’ native language (L1) in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). Quantitative and qualitative data from a questionnaire revealed considerable differences between the two nationality groups in their beliefs about both medium-oriented and framework-oriented functions of the L1 in an L2 classroom. Moreover, significant differences were found in the participants’ accounts of their prior EFL learning experience in terms of the L1–L2 proportion in teachers’ classroom language use. A possible interpretation of these findings relates trainees’ beliefs to the L2 educational cultures prevalent in different countries, pointing to a contextually-mediated complexity of teacher-trainees’ belief systems. The study adds to the existing research on the issues underlying L1 use in L2 teaching that are currently under debate by offering a cross-national comparison of teacher-trainees’ beliefs about the place of the L1 in L2 instruction.
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McLean, Terrence. "Giving Students a Fighting Chance: Pragmatics in the Language Classroom." TESL Canada Journal 21, no. 2 (June 12, 2004): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v21i2.175.
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In order to give language learners a fighting chance outside the classroom, teachers must provide them with consciousness-raising opportunities for developing pragmatic awareness. By attending to pragmatic factors in second-language (L2) situations, students will be better able to make informed decisions in negotiating effective communication., This article examines the potential use of the pragmatic discourse completion task (DCT) as a springboard for discussion in the L2 classroom. A description of a DCT used in a study involving advanced L2 learners at the University of Alberta (Ranta, 2002) is provided. The author also provides suggestions for developing students' pragmatic awareness.
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TSVETKOVA, Maria. "DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 18, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v18i1.21.
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e present article outlines a sociocultural perspective on L2 classroom evaluation. It explores a way of operationalizing the abstract constructs that inform the Vygotskian theoretical framework and examines factors involved in the continuing interplay between social and individual functioning. The main argument of this paper is that combining traditional, psychometric approaches to language ability evaluation and dynamic assessment performs a twofold function. It allows for reconceptualizing the individual student's role in the process of foreign language (FL) performance and significantly enhances subsequent achievement. The cross-cutting theme of the present paper is that eliciting FL use mainly by static testing instruments and conventional procedures implies constructing a depersonalized, ‘averaged’ image of the L2 learner. Such quantification presupposes a unitary and self-contained language learner detached from the context of FL use.In developing these themes, I explore the relation between identity reconstruction and increase in L2 grades. The subjects of the study consist of 50 students – 25 participate in the experimental and 25 subjects are included in the control group. The results of the conducted quasi-experimental study this paper reports on provide evidence that empowering students to act as autonomous individuals in the classroom relates positively to increased FL achievement as registered in the results of formal summative measurement.
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Al-Ta’ani, Mohammed Hamid. "The Use of Arabic (L1) in the EFL Classrooms: How Do Umm Al-Quwain Teachers and Students Perceive It?" International Journal of Contemporary Education 2, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v2i2.4229.
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The role of students’ native language (L1) in the second language (L2) classrooms has been a debatable issue for a long time in the field of English Language teaching as a foreign language (EFL). The present study which took place in the United Arab Emirate (UAE), more specifically, at Umm Al-Quwain Educational Zone,(UAQ) aimed at investigating both students’ and teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards the use of (L1) in the EFL classrooms. To achieve this, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Thus, it surveyed one hundred fifty (150) secondary students and fifty (50) teachers of English and observed three (3) EFL classes. The data were collected through two questionnaires and classroom observations. The classroom observations were intended to reflect the quantity of (L1) use in the (L2) classrooms. The data collected through the questionnaires were analyzed with the aid of frequency and percentage, those collected through the open-ended question of the questionnaires and the classroom observations were sorted and summarized.The findings obtained from classroom observations indicated that the respondents support the well-planned use of Arabic (L1) in certain situations in the EFL classrooms. The questionnaire results revealed that (72%) of the students and (54%) of the teachers felt that Arabic (L1) should be used in their EFL classrooms. The findings also showed that (71% ) of the students and (56%) of the teachers thought that cultural, religious, traditional and political concepts and ideas should be taught by referring to the students’ native language (L1).What is more, almost all the respondents objected to using the (L1) excessively and untimely in (EFL ) classes. The quantitative data on the percentage of (L1) in EFL classes showed that most of the respondents preferred only 10 % use of mother tongue (L1) in a 50- minute class. No teachers and students answered higher than 20% and 40% respectively. In view of these findings, teachers as well as text writers and curricula planners and designers should take the learners’ native language (L1) as a teaching / learning tool.
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Barbee, Matthew. "Drama in the L2 Classroom: A Defense and Practicum." JALT PIE SIG: Mask and Gavel 5, no. 1 (November 2016): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.pie5.1-1.
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A case is made for the use and practice of drama and dramatic activities in order to engage students in the second language (L2) classroom. This article also attempts to clarify terms such as drama, theatre, and dramatic activities within a second language classroom context. In order to make the case for drama in the L2 classroom, well-established trends in contemporary pedagogy are presented. Coupled with Maley & Duff’s benefits of drama in the L2 classroom, the overall intent of this article is to empower L2 instructors and give them the theoretical and practical tools to brave potentially hostile educational environments that may not be open to dramatic activities in the classroom. In short, while teachers may instinctively know the value and benefits of drama to their language learners, they may at times need to convince administrators, fellow teachers, and even themselves of the benefits.
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Mohamed Adnan, Mohamad Azrien, Shukeri Mohamad, and Arifin Mamat. "Why teachers use Bahasa in the Arabic language classroom?" IIUM Journal of Educational Studies 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v2i1.26.
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The use of the target language has long been considered an important principle of second language (L2) instruction. Previous research has attempted to quantify the amount of the first language (L1) used in the classroom and has explored the purposes or functions of teachers’ ‘lapses’ into their students’ L1. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the attitudes towards using L1 in Arabic classes among teachers of secondary school in Malaysia which consists of students speaking Bahasa as their L1. Data was collected based on the interviews of the teachers that teach Arabic language in a school. The respondents of this study were two experienced teachers. The findings indicated that L1is still used by the teachers to explain difficult concepts of grammar so that students easily understand linguistics terms, and also to translate new words to ensure that students understand unfamiliar words.
Abstrak
Penggunaan bahasa sasaran telah lama dianggap prinsip pengajaran bahasa kedua (L2) yang penting. Kajian terdahulu telah berusaha untuk mengukur kuantiti Bahasa pertama (L1) yang digunakan dalam bilik darjah dan mencari tujuan atau fungsi guru-guru ‘tanpa sedar’ menggunakan bahasa pertama (L1) pelajar. Tujuan kajian kualitatif ini adalah untuk meneroka sikap guru sekolah menengah di Malaysia terhadap penggunaan L1 dalam kelas Bahasa Arab iaitu pelajar bertutur dalam Bahasa Malaysia sebagai L1. Data telah diperolehi melalui temubual dengan guru-guru yang mengajar Bahasa Arab di sebuah sekolah. Responden kajian ini adalah dua orang guru yang berpengalaman. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa L1 masih digunakan oleh para guru bagi menjelaskan konsep nahu yang sulit supaya pelajar mudah memahami istilah linguistic dan juga bagi menterjemah istilah-istilah baharu bagi memastikan pelajar memahaminya.
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Lightbown, Patsy M., and Nina Spada. "Teaching and learning L2 in the classroom: It's about time." Language Teaching 53, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444819000454.
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AbstractOne of the challenges facing second and foreign language (L2) teachers and learners in primary and secondary school settings is the limited amount of time available. There is disagreement about how to meet this challenge. In this paper we argue against two ‘common sense’ recommendations for increasing instructional time – start as early as possible and use only the L2 (avoiding the use of the first language (L1)) in the classroom. We propose two better ways to increase the instructional time: provide periods of intensive instruction later in the curriculum and integrate the teaching of language and content. Studies in schools settings around the world have failed to find long-term advantages for an early start or exclusive use of the L2 in the classroom. Nevertheless, many language educators and policy makers continue to adopt these practices, basing their choice on their own intuitions and public opinion rather than on evidence from research.
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Peeters, Bert. "Making Proper Use of Stereotypes in the L2 French Classroom." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (2020): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-1-84-104.
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The stereotypes envisaged in this paper serve as a starting point for a research protocol aimed at corroborating the reality, in French languaculture, of the cultural value of stance-taking. The protocol adopted here is part of a research paradigm called applied ethnolinguistics, elaborated for use with and by foreign language students whose linguistic competence is sufficiently advanced to enable them to use their language resources to discover, through essentially (but not uniquely) linguistic means, the cultural values typically associated with the languaculture they study. Since the posited values are hypothetical, corroboration will be required. A specific protocol (the one illustrated here) has been set aside for this purpose. The cultural value of stance-taking will be presented in the form of a pedagogical script expressed in minimal French, a descriptive tool based on the French version of the natural semantic metalanguage. Precautions are taken to ensure that end-users of such scenarios are aware that they are dealing with generalisations (which are unavoidable as languacultures are never homogeneous).
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Murray, Denise E. "TECHNOLOGIES FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LITERACY." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 25 (March 2005): 188–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190505000103.
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Information and communication technology (ICT) has been used in language classrooms for more than two decades. Over this time, classroom use has moved from drill, text manipulation, and word processing to more interactive and communicative applications such as e-mail, chat, and web-based programs, requiring learners to acquire computer literacies. This chapter will begin by discussing both the parameters of ICT and the scope of literacies. It is then organized around discussion of the two types of literacies at the intersection of ICT and L2 learning: how new technologies facilitate acquisition of L2 literacies and what L2 literacies are needed for learners to participate in an increasingly digital world. Although research has mostly been limited to small-scale context-dependent case studies of individual classrooms, it has identified a number of issues that need to be considered as teachers (and learners) use ICT for language learning. Although ICT provides a natural context for learner autonomy, that autonomy needs to be developed systematically. In addition, ICT provides a context for learner identity formation through hybrid uses of language(s), in ways unexpected by teachers and learners. These new ways of using language may empower and motivate learners. Similarly, whereas ICT provides opportunities for collaboration and interaction, they are not automatic, and instruction needs to be skillfully scaffolded for learners to benefit from such opportunities.
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Harmanto, Margaretha Dharmayanti. "Teacher Talk: The Use of L1 vs. L2 in the Classroom." Academic Journal Perspective : Education, Language, and Literature 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v6i2.1561.
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Teacher talk is one of the aspects in second language acquisition in which the teacher talk functioned as the input for the learners. Besides providing input for the learners, teacher talk provides interaction in the classroom. The teacher talk in this study aims to discover the overall approach of the English lecturers to use Bahasa Indonesia (L1) and English (L2) in the classroom. The data of the study was gathered from the questionnaires and interview. The participants of the research were the lecturers of Language Training Center, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The result findings show that the use of L2 is still dominant for each category in the discourse assessed through the questionnaires.
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Edstrom, Anne. "L1 Use in the L2 Classroom: One Teacher's Self-Evaluation." Canadian Modern Language Review 63, no. 2 (December 2006): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.63.2.275.
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S. Almohaimeed, Maram, and Huda M. Almurshed. "Foreign Language Learners’ Attitudes and Perceptions of L1 Use in L2 Classroom." Arab World English Journal 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.32.
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Moutinho, Ricardo. "The dynamic layering of relational pairs in L2 classrooms." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 29, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 571–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17047.mou.
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Abstract The focus of this paper will be placed upon the methods people use to interact in second language learning settings, discussing interactional aspects of language use in the ongoing production of classroom events. The extracts selected for analysis were drawn from Portuguese language lessons (for beginner and advanced students) in a Chinese university. The results show how L2 classroom participants secure joint orientation and mutual understanding of the categorial pairs (such as ‘teacher-student’ and ‘native-non-native’) being invoked in the sequential organization of the utterances. In other words, when classroom members show orientation to a categorial pair, their subsequent moves will exhibit predicates (actions) of that pair, which will be available to the analyst as phenomena to be explored. This suggests that the sequential elements of the interaction and the membership categorization work carried out by the participants require attention for praxiological enquiries.
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Kwon, Monica Heejung, Shelley Staples, and R. Scott Partridge. "Source work in the first-year L2 writing classroom: Undergraduate L2 writers' use of reporting verbs." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 34 (July 2018): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.04.001.
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Nikula, Tarja, Christiane Dalton-Puffer, and Ana Llinares García. "CLIL classroom discourse." Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2013): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jicb.1.1.04nik.
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Under the label of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) the teaching of curriculum subjects through the medium of a foreign language has become a widely accepted feature in mainstream education systems in Europe and other parts of the world. After contextualizing its subject matter in CLIL research as a whole, this article focuses on research into classroom discourse. In order to unravel the complexities involved, three different takes on CLIL classroom discourse are discussed as an evidence-base for (a) language learning, (b) language use and social-interactional aspects of L2-interaction, and (c) processes of knowledge construction in and through a second or foreign language. The article concludes with an outline of requirements for further research in the area.
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Yi, Du. "L1 Use and L2 Vocabulary Retention: Help or Hindrance?" Studies in English Language Teaching 9, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): p47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v9n3p47.
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Although exclusive use of the second language has long been considered as an important principle of second language teaching and the learners’ first language has been suggested to have very limited role to play, recent studies have shown a different view that the L1 should be used as a tool to facilitate learners’ second language learning. The present study investigated L1 use in the area of English vocabulary teaching by examining nine Chinese EFL learners who were at different proficiency levels. The findings showed that the use of Mandarin Chinese led to better immediate and lasting retention of the vocabulary they have learnt and that it benefited both lower-proficiency and higher-proficiency learners. The study also offers some implications for Chinese EFL teachers and suggests that the implementation of the English-only policy in the EFL classroom should be reexamined.
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Masoumi Mayni, Setareh, and Shamala Paramasivam. "Use of L1 in the Iranian EFL Classroom." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i2.3581.
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By reviewing the literature on the development of English language teaching methods in the last three decades, it is obvious that the idea of using the first language (L1) in the second language (L2) classroom has always been controversial. The history of language pedagogy and the role of the first language in foreign language learning generate debates in English as a foreign language. The teaching of English as a foreign language is growing every day in Iran, and as a result, the need for informing the best policy is getting more urgent. The principal intent of the current study, that investigates the use of L1 in the English classroom, is to determine teachers, students and policymakers’ beliefs and attitudes towards the use of L1 in L2 classroom. The L1, in this case, is Farsi language and all the participants are native speakers of Farsi. One hundred and fifty students of the English Language Department at the elementary level at Tehran Institute of Technology are the participants of the study. They are all female and in their late teens or early twenties. The students and the teachers were surveyed by questionnaires and the researcher observed 10 classes and interviewed 3 teachers and 3 policymakers. The information gathered from the questionnaire was submitted to SPSS for analyzing the data, and the information gathered from the interview. Class observation check-list was used to triangulate the findings of the questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that teachers and students have different attitudes towards using L1 in the EFL classes. While students have a positive attitude, teachers have a negative attitude. The main reason mentioned by students for not being against the limited use of Farsi in their English class is that they believe using Farsi even in a limited sense can help them to understand difficult concepts. However, teachers believe in an English-only policy to be more exposed to the English language. Another finding of this study is that the functions of using Farsi by students or teachers in EFL classroom are: for explaining difficult parts, for managing the classroom, for explaining exam instructions, for explaining the two language differences, for checking comprehension, for seeking help from others, for joking with others, for making students relaxed and for presenting the meaning of new words. Given these findings, to match the student’s and teachers’/policymakers’ ideas about using L1 at the elementary level, an EFL teaching methodology that considers the use of Farsi, even in a limited way, is suggested.
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Wedin, Åsa, and Annika Shaswar. "Whole class interaction in the adult L2-classroom." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 13, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201903251959.
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This article focuses on verbal interaction in whole class teaching in second language education for adults in Sweden. The article draws on theories treating language as multiple resources that are situated and embedded in material life, and including complex and diverse linguistic, semiotic, physical material and social resources. The material for the article was created in a project based in linguistic ethnography in the form of an action research project, including two municipal Swedish for Immigrants (SFI) schools. The interaction patterns that occurred challenged students’ language proficiency in ways that stimulated meaning negotiation through what we call extended interactions. This stresses the social aspect of interaction, which in these cases included the whole, or nearly the whole, class, students and the teacher. However, in whole class teaching, the space for each interlocutor is limited, and as our experience from other classrooms suggests that group tasks are not frequent in SFI classrooms, there seem to be reasons for the development of teaching practices that include more frequent use of interaction in small groups that offer students more space for interaction. We also see a need for developing more culture-sensitive pedagogies and making more space for the multilingual negotiation of meaning.
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Wode, Henning. "INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199002053.
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This paper is based on ongoing research on a recent low-dose, late partial English immersion (IM) program in Germany. The evaluation compares English language outcomes of IM groups, groups from non-IM schools, and non-IM groups from the same school as the IM groups, at various points of their development. This paper focuses on whether English vocabulary learning occurs incidentally while students are learning history or geography, or both, taught in English and whether there is evidence to suggest that the learning abilities activated in the IM classroom are the same as those found in traditional foreign language teaching and in naturalistic (untutored) L2 acquisition. The data derive from a communicative group test. It is shown that some of the lexical items cannot have come from the textbook or from other kinds of teaching materials used during regular foreign language instruction in the program. This leaves the teacher's oral use of English as the most likely source. Several implications for L2 acquisition theory and teaching practice are discussed.
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Ahsan, Muhammad, Muhammad Asif, and Zahoor Hussain. "L1 Use in English Courses 'a Facilitating Tool or a Language Barrier' in L2 Teaching/Learning at Graduation Level." Global Language Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-i).08.
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The purpose of the current study was to explore either L1 use in L2 courses teaching/learning is a facilitating tool or a language barrier. This research design was qualitative in nature. The outcomes of the present study directed that the teachers and learners of both genders disclosed exceedingly positive views and perceptions regarding the use of L1 in L2 classroom. The majority of the respondents preferred using L1 in certain situations for specific reasons such as while learning about grammar and its usage in the L2 classroom, discussing course policies, attendance, and other administrative information, explaining some difficult concepts, to give directions about exams and in introducing the aim of the lesson, to discuss tests, quizzes, and other assignments appropriately. Similarly, they were highly motivated to use L1 while teaching and comprehending summaries and short questions, letter writing and paraphrasing the text of L2 courses. However, most of the learners and their teachers revealed a lot of mutual understanding on various points and situations.
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Saputra, Wongso Adi, and Haryanto Atmowardoyo. "TRANSLANGUAGING IN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY CLASSROOM CONTEXT: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY IN SOUTH SULAWESI." ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v2i1.1254.
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In teaching and learning process of the L2, the use of L1 in mediating the learning is needed to be considered. Therefore, this article aimed at finding out the support of the translanguaging on TEFL since translanguaging is the way of functioning L1 in teaching L2. The qualitative method was done in this research. The subjects were two English lecturers of Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in English Teaching and Training Department. The data were collected through interviewing and observing those two lecturers in the classroom teaching and learning process. Then, in addition to the data, those lecturers’ students were interviewed in order to dig their perception of the used of translanguaging in the L2 acquiring process. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. In the research findings there were five types of translanguaging as the way of the L1 and the L2 interacted each other in the classroom that used by the lecturers in teaching and learning process. Besides, there were ten functions of translanguaging as the action toward the L1 and the L2 in the classroom. Furthermore, translanguaging gives the support on TEFL in the classroom context. Key words: Translanguaging, First Language (L1), Second Language (L2).
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Alobaid, Mohammad. "Revisiting Comprehensible Input, Output Hypothesis and the Use of the L1 in the L2 Classroom." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i6.12381.
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The present study investigates three approaches to teaching introduced into practice via the research domain of applied linguistics: Comprehensible Input Hypothesis, Comprehensible Output Hypothesis, and the use of L1 in the L2 classroom. The paper provides a literature review and relies on personal reflection, detailing the author’s experiences as both a second language learner and a teacher in a higher education setting. The evidence presented herein supports the key proposition of Comprehensible Input theory, which is that comprehensible input is essential for language acquisition. However, it also suggests that input used as a strategy in isolation is not practical for informing the process of language acquisition, and so must complemented by Comprehensible Output. Finally, the findings relating to L1 use, support Macaro’s (2005) recommendation regarding the use of the L1 as a facilitator to increase L2 input to optimal levels in the L2 classroom. The study recommends future empirical research; i.e. studies concentrating on the interlanguage of learners, and the application of Macaro’s (2005) strategies in context through different learning tasks and activities.
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Uneke Enyi, Amaechi, and Chiekpezie Edwin Orji. "Interlanguage Pragmatics, Communicative Competence, Nigeria’s L2 Classrooms." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.4p.19.
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In Nigeria, much attention has been given to the teaching and learning of grammatical forms and sound sequences with emphasis on their accuracy and correctness (linguistic competence). This has reflected in the selection of course syllabi, curriculum, instructional materials and methods in our classrooms. A lot studies have been carried out by scholars on the non-native speakers’ use and acquisition of linguistic action patterns in a second language. Though such studies, dubbed interlanguage pragmatics, have all been carried out in Europe and America with focus on speakers of English as a Foreign language (EFL). This area of enquiry has not been adequately explored in Africa in general or Nigerian L2 learners of English as the focus. Thus, little or seldom attention has been given to pragmatics and appropriateness in language use (Communicative competence). This study is therefore, a consciousness - raising effort to highlight the relevance and advantages of teaching pragmatics and the development of pragmatics awareness in our classrooms. This is against the backdrop of the fact that the linguistic competence of most learners of English as a second language is not usually at par with their pragmatic competence. This study foregrounds the need for L2 learners of English to develop a concomitant degree of pragmatic awareness in the use of the language. They must learn how to combine form, meaning, force and context. They need, for example, to learn how to say what they want to say with the required formality or politeness, directness or indirectness, e t c, as required by a given situation or sometimes, to even keep quiet and still communicate intention. The study, domesticating the findings of some current researches in instructed pragmatics, discussed and suggested some classroom activities that could be adopted as part of the methods of teaching pragmatics, and by so doing, highlighted the enormous advantages and usefulness of teaching pragmatics and acquiring pragmatic competence in Nigeria’s L2 classrooms.
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Rehner, Katherine, Ivan Lasan, Anne Popovich, and Zehra Palta. "The Impact of CEFR-Related Professional Learning on Second-Language Teachers’ Classroom Practice: The Case of French in Canada." Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 24, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2021.28992.
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This study explores the impact of professional learning about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) on second language (L2) teachers’ classroom practice. Ninety self-selected French as a second language (FSL) teachers across Canada responded to an online survey about their planning, teaching, and assessment/evaluation practices before versus after their professional learning. The results revealed that the impact of such professional learning is wide-reaching and remarkably consistent across all three areas of practice. The teachers reported that their professional learning spurred them to start presenting language through speech acts and based on students’ needs, to emphasize not only linguistic but sociolinguistic and pragmatic competence as well, and to focus more intently on students’ ability to communicate in the L2. The teachers also reported that they increased the use of authentic materials and developed communicative and action-oriented tasks that simulate real-life situations. The findings suggest that CEFR-related professional learning may be used successfully to inspire L2 teachers to implement CEFR-informed classroom practices.
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Aubrey, Scott. "Inter-cultural contact and flow in a task-based Japanese EFL classroom." Language Teaching Research 21, no. 6 (December 25, 2016): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362168816683563.
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Flow represents a state of complete involvement and heightened intensity that leads to improved performance on a task (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, 1990). The notion of flow has the potential to provide worthwhile insights into the area of task engagement, yet the construct has received relatively little empirical attention by second language acquisition (SLA) researchers. This article uses flow theory to investigate the relationship between flow and engagement in second language (L2) use for inter-cultural and intra-cultural task-based interactions in a Japanese classroom for English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. The study employed a quasi-experimental design in which learners in the inter-cultural group ( n = 18) and the intra-cultural group ( n = 18) completed five dialogic, oral tasks. Tasks were then repeated, during which time the intra-cultural group continued to perform the tasks with Japanese peers, while the inter-cultural group performed the tasks with international interlocutors ( n = 18). Analysis of flow questionnaires and task transcripts showed that inter-cultural contact had a significant positive effect on flow and one aspect of engagement in L2 use (turn-taking). In terms of the relationship between flow and engagement in L2 use, inter-cultural task interactions had a significant positive correlation between flow and turns. The findings are discussed in terms of two pedagogical implications: the provision of inter-cultural contact in language classrooms and the flow-enhancing potential of task design features.
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Ubaid, Ubaid Ullah, Soubakeavathi Rethinasamy, and Joseph Ramanair. "Development and Validation of Willingness to Communicate, Language Use, and Motivation Questionnaires." Issues in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.2763.2021.
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The main goal of modern second language (L2) pedagogy is to engender appropriate communication skills among its learners. Hence, willingness to communicate (WTC) in L2 emerged as an important variable in recent years. Several factors have been found to influence students’ L2 WTC directly or indirectly. For this purpose, many scales and questionnaires have been developed so far to examine the factors influencing WTC among L2 students. However, a comprehensive questionnaire on WTC inside ESL classroom is still lacking. Likewise, WTC in relation to language use and motivational orientations in a single study has yet to be investigated. Thus, this study was aimed to develop and validate questionnaires on WTC, language use and motivational orientations. For this purpose, a five-phase model was used. After an extensive literature review, questionnaires on WTC, language use and motivational orientations were framed. Operational definitions of the three constructs were established and the items of the questionnaires were finalised. Two experts in the field of applied linguistics determined the content validity of the questionnaires. At the end, the questionnaires were piloted on 50 undergraduates and 10 ESL teachers. The results revealed that all the instruments were valid and highly reliable.
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Kalsoom, Ammara, Niaz Hussain Soomro, and Zahid Hussain Pathan. "How Social Support and Foreign Language Anxiety Impact Willingness to Communicate in English in an EFL Classroom." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p80.
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This study investigates the impact of social support and foreign language anxiety (FLA) on learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in English (L2) inside the classroom in an EFL context of Pakistan. The study administered adapted questionnaires on willingness to communicate (WTC), social support and foreign language anxiety (FLA) to 200 undergraduates of University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. To analyse the data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in the SPSS. The findings on the social support revealed that father’s support, teachers’ support, best friends’ support, and other friends’ support exerted impact on learners’ L2 WTC. Additionally, anxiety also negatively and significantly predicted L2 WTC with a medium effect size (f2 = .26). These findings signify that provision of social support and means to minimize L2 anxiety can help L2 learners enhance their volitional readiness for L2 communication. The findings of this study have implications for EFL classroom participation in the target language and offer an insight for the policy and planning for the use of English language in an EFL context.
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Syed, Hassan, Farhan Bhutto, and Tanweer Syed. "Investigating Sociocognitive Functions of Mother Tongue in a Postgraduate EFL Classroom in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iii).22.
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Recent studies, however, have shown that MT serves a symbolic tool and can be way more effective in L2 learning than the exclusive use of TL. While many studies have examined the extent and functions of MT, only a few have explored the sociocognitive functions using Vygotsky's sociocultural (SCT) framework. The present study, therefore, adopted SCT to examine the amount and sociocognitive functions of MT. Classroom observations and stimulated recalls interviews were used to collect data from MBA students (n=6). Results showed that, learners MT use made up only 14% of the total amount of speech in L2 classroom. Most importantly, MT performed important functions, such as scaffolding, intersubjectivity and cognitive regulation. MT facilitated vocabulary learning in L2 through scaffolded help; created intersubjectivity by increasing motivation, reducing anxiety, and helped internalize L2 through cognitive self-regulation. A number of implications for classroom pedagogy and language policy have also been discussed.
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Saleem, Muhammad Asif, and Mamuna Ghani. "The Role of Motivational Teaching Strategies Used by English Language Teachers in Urdu Medium Secondary Schools in Pakistan." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 2 (March 2, 2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n2p343.
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A number of strategies are used by English language teachers to get the desired outcomes from the language learners. The strategies prove useful when implemented in accordance with the level of the students and the environment of the L2 classroom. The prime focus of the teachers is to keep the learners motivated in learning English language. This particular research is conducted with the objectives and reasons for which the English teachers in Urdu medium secondary schools and students make use of motivational teaching strategies in their L2 classroom and similarly to indicate the situations where these strategies would be more helpful and crucial. Interview questions were distributed among English teachers and the students of matriculation. They were asked to read the questions and spell comprehensive answers. A comparison is made between the results obtained by the answers of Urdu medium secondary schools’ teachers and students. The data were collected and interpreted qualitatively that reflected the views of teachers and students of Urdu medium schools about the use of motivational teaching practices in ELT classroom in relation to students’ proficiency of L2 learning.
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Dmitrieva, Olga, Allard Jongman, and Joan A. Sereno. "The Effect of Instructed Second Language Learning on the Acoustic Properties of First Language Speech." Languages 5, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040044.
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This paper reports on a comprehensive phonetic study of American classroom learners of Russian, investigating the influence of the second language (L2) on the first language (L1). Russian and English productions of 20 learners were compared to 18 English monolingual controls focusing on the acoustics of word-initial and word-final voicing. The results demonstrate that learners’ Russian was acoustically different from their English, with shorter voice onset times (VOTs) in [−voice] stops, longer prevoicing in [+voice] stops, more [−voice] stops with short lag VOTs and more [+voice] stops with prevoicing, indicating a degree of successful L2 pronunciation learning. Crucially, learners also demonstrated an L1 phonetic change compared to monolingual English speakers. Specifically, the VOT of learners’ initial English voiceless stops was shortened, indicating assimilation with Russian, while the frequency of prevoicing in learners’ English was decreased, indicating dissimilation with Russian. Word-final, the duration of preceding vowels, stop closures, frication, and voicing during consonantal constriction all demonstrated drift towards Russian norms of word-final voicing neutralization. The study confirms that L2-driven phonetic changes in L1 are possible even in L1-immersed classroom language learners, challenging the role of reduced L1 use and highlighting the plasticity of the L1 phonetic system.
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Trahey, Martha, and Lydia White. "Positive Evidence and Preemption in the Second Language Classroom." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 2 (June 1993): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011955.
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In this paper we show that supplying positive evidence in the second language (L2) classroom does not necessarily trigger the appropriate L2 value of a parameter of Universal Grammar. The parameter we investigate is the verb movement parameter of Pollock (1989), which accounts for the fact that English and French adverbs differ as to where they occur in relation to the verb: In French the verb raises past the adverb, allowing the order SVAO but not SAV, whereas in English the verb does not raise, allowing SAV but not SVAO. Fifty-four francophone children (aged 11) in intensive English-as-a-second-language programs in Quebec, Canada, were exposed to a 2-week input flood of specially prepared materials containing English adverbs used naturalistically. No form-focused instruction or negative evidence on adverb placement was provided. Subjects were pretested immediately prior to the input flood, posttested immediately afterward, and again 3 weeks later, on four different tasks. On all tasks there is a change between pretest and posttest behavior, namely, a dramatic increase in use of the English SAV order but little or no decline in incorrect usage of SVAO. Results are also compared to groups reported in White (1991a, 1991b); the subjects in the present study differ from both groups in the previous studies. The results of the present study suggest that positive evidence does not serve to preempt the first language parameter setting in this case; acquiring the correct English SAV order did not lead to loss of incorrect SVAO. Implications of this result for theories of preemption and parameter setting in L2 acquisition are discussed.
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Yang, Ruowei, and Xing Zhang. "Sorry Used by L2 Adult Learner: Managing Learning Opportunity and Interpersonal Relationship in Classroom Interaction." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p48.
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This study investigates functions of sorry in L2 Chinese classroom interactions through the conversation analysis approach with an aim to investigate the relationship between sorry and L2 learning and possible functions of sorry in managing interpersonal relationships in classroom interactions. Through analysis of 36 hours’ video-recorded classroom interaction, this research shows that the non-apologetic sorry could be employed by adult learners to obtain various learning opportunities, such as active participation, production of appropriate responses, active use of target language, and attempts to solve problems that are not designed in the teaching agenda. Moreover, sorry could be used as a strategy for constructing polite co-operation and to mitigate possible offenses against tutors during classroom interactions, as well as to manage interpersonal relationships based upon the theoretical framework of politeness. Findings from this study can also help us understand how sorry serves pragmatic purposes for L2 classroom interaction and provide us with pedagogical implications for L2 learning and teaching. Future studies need to examine sorry as used by L2 learners in conversational turns other than the same turn, as well as at different positions of a turn, to provide evidence for its functions in classroom interaction.
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Latif, Haval Abdulaziz. "Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Using First Language in English Classrooms: A Case Study of Kurdish Intermediate Teachers." Journal of University of Human Development 7, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v7n3y2021.pp115-126.
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This study aims to shed light on the teachers’ attitudes and insights towards using first language (L1) in intermediate English (L2) classrooms. It looks into the justifications and perceptions that teachers have regarding the use of Kurdish in English classrooms. More specifically, this study tries to find the major challenges that teachers face if the use of Kurdish language is ignored at intermediate schools. The analysis of this paper was based on a case study which was conducted on (10) intermediate English language teachers from (7) public and private schools in Sulaymaniyah. Qualitative methodology was applied by interviewing the participants virtually and asking the same open-ended questions. The results revealed that the majority of the teachers support the bilingual approach and the use of Kurdish language in intermediate English classrooms. Furthermore, the results showed that the teachers, to some extent, support the use of the Kurdish language to serve certain pedagogical functions, such as decreasing classroom anxiety, increasing students’ participation, explaining difficult idiomatic expressions, giving test instructions, and facilitating classroom management. The findings of this study will help the intermediate English language teachers and learners to overcome the challenges they may face and, ultimately, improve the teaching and learning process.
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Bush, Jerome C. "The Impact of Classroom Games on the Acquisition of Second Language Grammar." Language in Focus 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lifijsal-2015-0007.
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Abstract While games are a common classroom activity, not much empirical evidence supports the use of games in L2 grammar classrooms for late teens and adults. This intervention study focused on 34 Turkish learners of English as a second language. The intervention group was exposed to three class period of games, while the comparison group had three class periods of traditional instruction (e.g. worksheets and whiteboard explanations). A pre-test, a post-test, and a delayed post-test were given. T-tests were performed on the scores from each test and a mixed (with-subject and between group) ANOVA was conducted. Additionally a survey was conducted to determine the experience of the students. Results of the statistical analyses were not significant, but the students reported being motivated by the games. It is recommended that teachers use games in their grammar classrooms about once a week.