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Journal articles on the topic 'Language testing techniques'
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1
Brown, James Dean, and Nic Underhill. "Testing Spoken Language: A Handbook of Oral Testing Techniques." TESOL Quarterly 23, no. 1 (March 1989): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587522.
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LoRe, Anthony G., and Nic Underhill. "Testing Spoken Language. A Handbook of Oral Testing Techniques." Hispania 71, no. 4 (December 1988): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343295.
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Caminero, Rosario, and Nic Underhill. "Testing Spoken Language: A Handbook of Oral Testing Techniques." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 3 (1988): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327517.
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Lutovac, Maja, and Dragan Bojic. "Techniques for automated testing of Lola industrial robot language Parser." Telfor Journal 6, no. 1 (2014): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/telfor1401069l.
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Pareek, Vishal. "Software Testing and Development Techniques using UML (Unified Modeling Language)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 4449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.4728.
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Clapham, Caroline. "ASSESSMENT AND TESTING." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 20 (January 2000): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500200093.
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In this brief article, I discuss the relationship between language testing and the other sub-disciplines of applied linguistics and also the relationship, as I see it, between testing and assessment. The article starts with a brief exploration of the term ‘applied linguistics’ and then goes on to discuss the role of language testing within this discipline, the relationship between testing and teaching, and the relationship between testing and assessment. The second part of the article mentions some areas of current concern to testers and discusses in more detail recent advances in the areas of performance testing, alternative assessment, and computer assessment. One of my aims in this article is to argue that the skills involved in language testing are necessary not only for those constructing all kinds of language proficiency assessments, but also for those other applied linguists who use tests or other elicitation techniques to help them gather language data for research.
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D’amour Nisa, Putu Prinda. "APPLICATION OF CHINESE LANGUAGE MODULE FOR IMPROVING LANGUAGE SPEAKING SKILLS." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 18, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.182.01.
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ABSTRACT
This research called classroom action research (CAR) which combined with Chinese teaching material products. The researcher tried to use a Chinese module that was made by himself to improve the ability of students' speaking skills by collaborating with the application of the think pair share technique. Pretest Testing, Cycle 1 Test and Cycle 2 Test use the same test questions by testing 30 vocabulary words which is spoken verbally by each student. In the pre-test 21 students (95%) were ranked D and only 1 student (5%) was ranked C. The percentage of each indirect cycle increased until the final result of cycle 2 was 27% of students still ranked D, 50% of students rated C and 23% of students are rated B. This result is quite satisfying for researchers because Mandarin language skills are quite difficult lessons for beginners especially those who have very little study time but are required to master a lot of pronunciation and vocabulary.
Keywords: modules, chinese language, think pair share techniques, speaking skills
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Clark, John L. D., and Ray T. Clifford. "The FSI/ILR/ACTFL Proficiency Scales and Testing Techniques." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 10, no. 2 (June 1988): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100007270.
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The major purposes of this article are to briefly describe the rationale and history of development of the “proficiency-based” testing movement in the United States, its current status, and areas in which additional research and development work are recommended to enhance both the psychometric validity and practical value of this approach.
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Wang, Zhe, and Yan Jun Guo. "Research on Automatic Test Techniques of CTCS-2 Level Train Control Center." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.841.
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To address the problem of low efficiency of manual testing of CTCS-2 train control center, an automated testing of train control center script technology was proposed in this paper. This method makes full use of the characteristics of Lua programming language which is simple and efficient and can be embedded in C or C++, The control scripts based on Lua language are used to control the automatic test behavior and the data scripts are used to store data of testing case. By this way, the testing logic separates with the testing data and independent of the automated testing engine, by which greatly improve the scalability and flexibility of the testing platform. Through the use of automated testing of train control center of HengYang-LiuZhou passenger dedicated railway, it proves that this technology can be a good service to automated testing of train control center.
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El-Zawawy, Mohamed A. "Testing Automation of Context-Oriented Programs Using Separation Logic." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/930186.
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A new approach for programming that enables switching among contexts of commands during program execution is context-oriented programming (COP). This technique is more structured and modular than object-oriented and aspect-oriented programming and hence more flexible. For context-oriented programming, as implemented in COP languages such as ContextJ*and ContextL, this paper introduces accurate operational semantics. The language model of this paper uses Java concepts and is equipped with layer techniques for activation/deactivation of layer contexts. This paper also presents a logical system for COP programs. This logic is necessary for the automation of testing, developing, and validating of partial correctness specifications for COP programs and is an extension of separation logic. A mathematical soundness proof for the logical system against the proposed operational semantics is presented in the paper.
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Lipski, John M. "Field-Testing Code-Switching Constraints: A Report on a Strategic Languages Project." Languages 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4010007.
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The present article provides an overview of ongoing field-based research that deploys a variety of interactive experimental procedures in three strategically chosen bilingual contact environments, whose language dyads facilitate a partial separation of morphosyntactic factors in order to test the extent to which proposed grammatical constraints on intra-sentential code-switching are independent of language-specific factors. For purposes of illustration, the possibility of language switches between subject pronouns and verbs is compared for the three bilingual groups. The first scenario includes Ecuadoran Quichua and Media Lengua (entirely Quichua syntax and system morphology, all lexical roots replaced by Spanish items; both are null-subject languages). The second juxtaposes Spanish and the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero; the languages share highly cognate lexicons but differ substantially in grammatical structures (including null subjects in Spanish, only overt subjects in Palenquero). Spanish and Portuguese in north-eastern Argentina along the Brazilian border form the third focus: lexically and grammatically highly cognate languages that are nonetheless kept distinct by speakers (both null-subject languages, albeit with different usage patterns). Results from the three communities reveal a residual resistance against pronoun + verb switches irrespective of the subject-verb configuration, thereby motivating the application of similar techniques to other proposed grammatical constraints.
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Jain, Manish, and Dinesh Gopalani. "Aspect-Oriented Approach for Testing Software Applications and Automatic Aspect Creation." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 29, no. 10 (October 2019): 1379–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194019500438.
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The existing techniques for software testing can be used to perform only a particular type of testing, and moreover proficiency is required to write the automation test scripts using these techniques. This paper proposes a novel software testing approach using Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) that alone suffices for carrying out most of the types of software testing and thus obliterates the need of using distinctive tools for different types of testing. Nevertheless, AOP is a new programming paradigm and not all testers have the proficiency of working with it. Hence, a domain-specific language named Testing Aspect Generator Language (TAGL) was developed which has got a very low learning curve. Using TAGL, testers can write the testing code in the form of natural language-like statements. Further, the lexical analyzer and parser, written using lex and yacc, convert the TAGL statements into actual testing code in the form of AOP. The proposed approach was applied for the testing of widely used open source projects and remarkable bugs were detected into them. A detailed comparison as to how our approach is effective than the conventional testing techniques is provided.
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KHWAJA, AMIR A., and JOSEPH E. URBAN. "A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME SPECIFICATION TECHNIQUES." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, no. 06 (December 2006): 987–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006003063.
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Real-time and embedded software systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in everyday life. Well-defined and robust methods and methodologies are needed to support development and maintenance of such large and complex systems. Specification of a system is a critical phase of the development life cycle and has a major impact on the quality of a system. Formal specification languages and techniques are needed to be able to comprehensively and correctly define and prototype large and complex systems. The quality of a specification directly depends upon the capability of the language or technique used to express the specification. There is a need to determine language appropriateness for real-time systems. This paper establishes a real-time specification technique evaluation framework based on the features of real-time systems. The features are presented and the paper summarizes the result in terms of major features and their sub-features in a tabular form. This detailed list of features should serve not only to compare the techniques using a common framework, but also to determine the extent of real-time support that these techniques provide for specification. Application of the framework is demonstrated by testing a set of specification techniques for the specification of a real-time embedded cell phone software system.
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Baranovskaya, Tatiana, and Valentina Shaforostova. "Assessment and Evaluation Techniques." Journal of Language and Education 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2017-3-2-30-38.
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Assessment and evaluation have always been important; they are linked to language teaching methodology, program outcomes, language teacher competencies, language standards and second language acquisition training. They can serve many different policies and can come in different forms. Assessment and evaluation have always been seen as the responsibility of the specialists, but they have rarely been included as a component in English language teacher (ELT) training. However, the ELT field has been experiencing a major shift in assessment and evaluation with effects on teachers, and learners around the world. It has also been influenced by a major questioning of traditional forms of testing and the underlying psychometric principles of measurement in ELT. Recent studies reveal that the reconceptualization of English language assessment and evaluation provides systematic information about student learning in relation to their performance and contributes to better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. In many ways ELT has lagged behind the rest of education in the exploration of new theories and assessment and evaluation tools, including self-assessment. This research gap was generated partly because of the lack of integration with mainstream educational theory and practice in many areas of ELT, and partly because of powerful positions of traditional English language tests. The attempt to bridge this gap has lead to the research carried out. The aim of this article is to elaborate different assessment techniques that may better address student learning needs, improve student learning and engage students in self-assessment, including the sequence of steps that could lead to self-assessment. The study shows that the techniques implemented to develop self-assessment enable students to perform well.
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Çetin Köroğlu, Zeynep. "Interventionist Dynamic Assessment’s Effects on Speaking Skills Testing: Case of Elt Teacher Candidates." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.3p.23.
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EFL learners’ oral proficiency plays an important role in the representation of their productive skills. Especially, English language learners’ speaking skills are considered as main reflection of their proficiency in foreign languages. Speaking in L2 is accepted as a vital competence for language teachers as well, who are going to teach the target language in the future. The related literature puts an emphasis on the assessment of speaking skills utilizing various techniques. However, the number of research studies, examining how dynamic assessment (DA), especially the interventionist model of dynamic assessment, can be utilized as a technique in the assessment of L2 speaking performance, is relatively limited. Thus, the main aims of the current research study are both to investigate the efficacy of the interventionist model of DA in the assessment of student teachers’ speaking skills performance and to figure out their attitudes towards dynamic assessment. The participants of the current research were 29 student teachers, enrolled in the English Language Teaching Department of a state university in Turkey. To collect the quantitative data questionnaire survey was adopted and utilized as a checklist due to the number of the participants. On the other hand, to collect the qualitative data, a written structured interview was administered to the participants. The data were analyzed with the SPSS package and through the content analysis method. The findings of the current research revealed that participants were satisfied with the interventionist model and developed positive attitudes towards this assessment type. The participants stated that the interventionist dynamic assessment provided an authentic, creative and relaxing atmosphere, which decreased the level of their speaking anxiety. It can be asserted that DA can be administered to test foreign language speaking performance in language classrooms. Additionally, it was concluded that the interventionist model sustained and boosted the student teachers’ oral skills achievement.
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Zhao, S., M. Arnold, S. Ma, R. L. Abel, J. P. Cobb, U. Hansen, and O. Boughton. "Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone." Bone & Joint Research 7, no. 8 (August 2018): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.78.bjr-2018-0025.r1.
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Objectives The ability to determine human bone stiffness is of clinical relevance in many fields, including bone quality assessment and orthopaedic prosthesis design. Stiffness can be measured using compression testing, an experimental technique commonly used to test bone specimens in vitro. This systematic review aims to determine how best to perform compression testing of human bone. Methods A keyword search of all English language articles up until December 2017 of compression testing of bone was undertaken in Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies using bulk tissue, animal tissue, whole bone, or testing techniques other than compression testing were excluded. Results A total of 4712 abstracts were retrieved, with 177 papers included in the analysis; 20 studies directly analyzed the compression testing technique to improve the accuracy of testing. Several influencing factors should be considered when testing bone samples in compression. These include the method of data analysis, specimen storage, specimen preparation, testing configuration, and loading protocol. Conclusion Compression testing is a widely used technique for measuring the stiffness of bone but there is a great deal of inter-study variation in experimental techniques across the literature. Based on best evidence from the literature, suggestions for bone compression testing are made in this review, although further studies are needed to establish standardized bone testing techniques in order to increase the comparability and reliability of bone stiffness studies. Cite this article: S. Zhao, M. Arnold, S. Ma, R. L. Abel, J. P. Cobb, U. Hansen, O. Boughton. Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:524–538. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.78.BJR-2018-0025.R1.
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Lantolf, James P. "Testing Spoken Language: A Handbook of Oral Testing Techniques. Nic Underhill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. vii + 117. $8.95." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 10, no. 2 (June 1988): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100007361.
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Madeja, Matej, and Jaroslav Porubän. "Unit Under Test Identification Using Natural Language Processing Techniques." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0150.
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AbstractUnit under test identification (UUT) is often difficult due to test smells, such as testing multiple UUTs in one test. Because the tests best reflect the current product specification they can be used to comprehend parts of the production code and the relationships between them. Because there is a similar vocabulary between the test and UUT, five NLP techniques were used on the source code of 5 popular Github projects in this paper. The collected results were compared with the manually identified UUTs. The tf-idf model achieved the best accuracy of 22% for a right UUT and 57% with a tolerance up to fifth place of manual identification. These results were obtained after preprocessing input documents with java keywords removal and word split. The tf-idf model achieved the best model training time and the index search takes within 1s per request, so it could be used in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) as a support tool in the future. At the same time, it has been found that, for document preprocessing, word splitting improves accuracy best and removing java keywords has just a small improvement for tf-idf model results. Removing comments only slightly worsens the accuracy of Natural Language Processing (NLP) models. The best speed provided the word splitting with average 0.3s preprocessing time per all documents in a project.
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Tolston, Michael T., Victor Finomore, and Gregory J. Funke. "Analyzing Semantic Structure: Testing Simple Metrics from Conceptual Recurrence Analysis using Language Models." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601785.
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Team communication analyses can provide insight into critical team processes. However, such methods often rely on time-consuming subjective rater evaluations, or on techniques that need extensive preparation and yield results that may be difficult to interpret. As part of an effort to identify reliable automated techniques that can be used on small datasets, this research explores the use Conceptual Recurrence Analysis (CRA) to detect changes in conceptual structure in simulated data. We discuss several metrics that quantify conceptual alignment and test the sensitivity of these metrics to changes in relational structure among groups of words generated from language models. We show that CRA summary statistics are sensitive to changes in relational structure among terms and other manipulations in ways consistent with expectations, and give insight into the changing structure of word distributions as constraints are relaxed. We conclude that CRA presents a sensitive and customizable framework for evaluating linguistic exchanges.
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Polshina, Yu, and E. Bondareva. "INTERGRATION OF LANGUAGE TESTING AND ASSESSMENT TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN." Focus on Language Education and Research 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35213/2686-7516-2019-1-1-9-15.
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Today language studies are one of the most popular international practices, both for everyday purposes and academic reasons. That is why development and implementation of reliable tools and methods for testing and assessment of language proficiency have become an important goal for instructors and linguists across the globe. To promote a universal understanding of the concepts in this area of knowledge there should exist a comprehensive terminology system of testing and assessment. Borrowing of terms from a more developed terminology system has become a common practice, but whether it always brings satisfactory results remains to be seen. This research paper aims at describing the techniques of integrating English language testing and assessment terms into Russian. In order to establish those techniques we conducted the comparative analysis of the most frequently used English terms on language testing and assessment based on their appearance in specialized texts on the subject and their Russian equivalents. The analysis procedure involved examining the phonetic and orthographic form, definitions and contextual usage of both the original terms and their equivalent borrowed into Russian language. Based on that, we can point out the most productive ways of transferring these terms into Russian, in particular, using calques, half-calques and transformational translation. Those methods prove to be effective in terms of securing the transparency of the meaning and providing a universal understanding of the concepts behind the terms which is necessary for successful communication of the experts in the field on international level and development of valid testing instruments. Nevertheless, integration of some terms is less successful due to the significant discrepancies in meaning between the original and borrowed terms leading to misunderstanding and potentially faulty testing and assessment practices. Therefore, the subject matter of borrowing terms in the abovementioned area shall be addressed in a more thorough fashion, and there should be more studies conducted on this issue.
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Dr. Ajay Roy, Srinivas Perala,. "A Review on Test Automation for Test Cases Generation using NLP Techniques." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 1488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2687.
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In the process of product development, stakeholders and top management summarize the concept and document the requirements in natural language. These ideas and descriptions documented as software requirements by the technical department. Developers develop software following this software requirement document. For testing this developed software, they derive test cases from natural language requirements and then do the testing process to find the bugs. This process involves understanding requirements and derives test cases that are used to understand by developers and testers. Due to increasing the advanced features, deriving the test cases is monotonous and takes more time. This research article shows a method to automate this process which is deriving test cases from requirements using NLP algorithms. This approach useful to reduce the time and cost of software development.
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Mueller-Lyaskovets, Tetyana, and Olena Horner. "Integrating Formative Assessment with Foreign Language (English) Process Writing Instruction: Lessons from Two College Writing and Reading Classes in Germany." Journal of Academic Writing 11, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/joaw.v11i1.499.
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Timed single-draft essays as summative assessment tasks have been argued to be inadequate for both teaching and assessing writing in the context of process writing. This is because single draft essays assess product rather than process. To address this concern, the authors developed, implemented, and evaluated two FL (foreign language) English writing courses that integrate various formative assessment activities for teaching writing. The course-embedded evaluation methodology included three techniques: pre-testing, collecting teacher-student conference reports, and administering a student opinion survey at the end of the semester. Pre-testing and collecting conference reports were both used as techniques for simultaneous teaching and inquiry into this teaching. The student opinion survey evaluated the course design grounded in the new teaching methodology. The findings of the study indicate that consistent use of formative assessment in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing class increases student confidence and motivation to develop their writing skills. Results demonstrate that academic (C1 level) and college (B2 level) writing courses that integrate formative assessment into teaching process writing can be a valuable addition to an array of FL (English) language courses offered by the departments of foreign languages at European universities.
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Calude, Andreea S., Sally Harper, Steven Miller, and Hemi Whaanga. "Detecting language change." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 109–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.00003.cal.
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Abstract The borrowing of words from one language into another is most likely as ancient as language itself. While ample linguistic attention has focused on various linguistic contact scenarios in which words from one language enter productive use into another, their aim has been largely restricted to documenting the words which are borrowed, their frequency, and other situation-specific information. In this paper, we propose new methods for studying loanwords, namely a combination of statistical testing techniques which can be used together to increase knowledge in this area. We illustrate these tools with a case-study of loanwords from an indigenous language (Māori) into a world dominant language (New Zealand English). Using a topic-constrained newspaper corpus in conjunction with quantitative methods, we explore the use of loanwords diachronically and analyse variation in loanword use across newspapers and across writers.
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Zhang, Tianning, Xingqi Wang, Dan Wei, and Jinglong Fang. "Test Case Prioritization Technique Based on Error Probability and Severity of UML Models." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 28, no. 06 (June 2018): 831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194018500249.
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Test case prioritization is one of the most useful activities in testing. Most existing test case prioritization techniques are based on code coverage, which requires access to source code. However, code-based testing comes late in the software development life cycle, when errors are detected, the cost of testing is very high. Therefore, in this paper, we provide a test case prioritization technique based on Unified Modeling Language (UML) model, built before coding, to detect errors as earlier as possible and reduce the cost of modification. The technique consists of the following main parts: (1) using C&K metrics to estimate the error probability of class; (2) using dependences, obtained from the model slicing, to estimate error severity; (3) generating test case priority from error probability and severity, then prioritizing the test case. With our technique, test engineers need the UML model only and the test cases can be prioritized automatically. To evaluate our technique, we applied our technique to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) flight control system and performed test case prioritization. The results show that the error can be detected effectively and stability can be increased significantly as compared to the current code-based techniques.
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A. Nwafor, Chidinma, and Ikechukwu E. Onyenwe. "An Automated Multiple-Choice Question Generation using Natural Language Processing Techniques." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 10, no. 02 (April 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2021.10201.
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Automatic multiple-choice question generation (MCQG) is a useful yet challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is the task of automatic generation of correct and relevant questions from textual data. Despite its usefulness, manually creating sizeable, meaningful and relevant questions is a time-consuming and challenging task for teachers. In this paper, we present an NLP-based system for automatic MCQG for Computer-Based Testing Examination (CBTE).We used NLP technique to extract keywords that are important words in a given lesson material. To validate that the system is not perverse, five lesson materials were used to check the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. The manually extracted keywords by the teacher were compared to the auto-generated keywords and the result shows that the system was capable of extracting keywords from lesson materials in setting examinable questions. This outcome is presented in a user-friendly interface for easy accessibility.
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Alishahi, Afra, Grzegorz Chrupała, and Tal Linzen. "Analyzing and interpreting neural networks for NLP: A report on the first BlackboxNLP workshop." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 4 (July 2019): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132491900024x.
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AbstractThe Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) 2018 workshop BlackboxNLP was dedicated to resources and techniques specifically developed for analyzing and understanding the inner-workings and representations acquired by neural models of language. Approaches included: systematic manipulation of input to neural networks and investigating the impact on their performance, testing whether interpretable knowledge can be decoded from intermediate representations acquired by neural networks, proposing modifications to neural network architectures to make their knowledge state or generated output more explainable, and examining the performance of networks on simplified or formal languages. Here we review a number of representative studies in each category.
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Morrison, Melanie A., Fred Tam, Marco M. Garavaglia, Laleh Golestanirad, Gregory M. T. Hare, Michael D. Cusimano, Tom A. Schweizer, Sunit Das, and Simon J. Graham. "A novel tablet computer platform for advanced language mapping during awake craniotomy procedures." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 4 (April 2016): 938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.4.jns15312.
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A computerized platform has been developed to enhance behavioral testing during intraoperative language mapping in awake craniotomy procedures. The system is uniquely compatible with the environmental demands of both the operating room and preoperative functional MRI (fMRI), thus providing standardized testing toward improving spatial agreement between the 2 brain mapping techniques. Details of the platform architecture, its advantages over traditional testing methods, and its use for language mapping are described. Four illustrative cases demonstrate the efficacy of using the testing platform to administer sophisticated language paradigms, and the spatial agreement between intraoperative mapping and preoperative fMRI results. The testing platform substantially improved the ability of the surgeon to detect and characterize language deficits. Use of a written word generation task to assess language production helped confirm areas of speech apraxia and speech arrest that were inadequately characterized or missed with the use of traditional paradigms, respectively. Preoperative fMRI of the analogous writing task was also assistive, displaying excellent spatial agreement with intraoperative mapping in all 4 cases. Sole use of traditional testing paradigms can be limiting during awake craniotomy procedures. Comprehensive assessment of language function will require additional use of more sophisticated and ecologically valid testing paradigms. The platform presented here provides a means to do so.
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Abdellah, Antar. "Translation pedagogy the missing component in Translation studies in the Arab world." International Journal of research in Educational Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.29009/ijres.4.1.2.
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This article discusses the pedagogical role of translation and its relationship with methods of teaching foreign languages. Translation in education has a long history in foreign language pedagogy. Translation was the only method -along with grammar- that was employed in foreign language classrooms. This long-established relation between language pedagogy and translation was then attacked after the 18th century and translation was accused of hindering good language use. It was claimed to impede the process of understanding and linguistic thinking. However, translation regained its status within language teaching methods recently through the approaches of cognitive psychology and the universal grammar. The article also reviews the evaluative role of translation as a testing technique for measuring translation skills and assessing proficiency in foreign languages. Translation is also a school subject that needs special to be taught through special teaching techniques. In order to so, translation skills are deconstructed to sub-skills on the kernel levels. The article also reviews the different approaches to designing translation curricula. It is concluded that the educational role of translation should appear clearly in the contemporary endeavors to establish Translation Studies as an independent and differentiated discipline that should be hosted in an independent university department separate from departments of foreign languages. The study program for this department should thus include important aspects of translation pedagogy and field-oriented training.
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Krajka, Jarosław. "L1 Use in Language Tests – Investigating Cross-Cultural Dimensions of Language Assessment." Journal of Intercultural Management 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2019-0011.
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Abstract Objective: Assessment is a crucial part of language teaching, with great effect on learners’ motivation, willingness to study and learning success. Since language assessment is rooted in local policies and cultures of learning, it seems pertinent to look at how opinions on assessment can differ depending on the country of teacher training. The purpose of the paper is to compare Polish and Turkish teacher trainees’ on L1 use and translation in testing. Methodology: The methodology applied in the paper is a qualitative action research study, where the groups of teacher trainees from Poland and Turkey participating in a telecollaborative project were prompted for reflection on different aspects of cultural appropriacy of language assessment. The data were collected via private diaries and public discussion forums. The corpus of student reflections was subject to qualitative analysis for key concepts, recurrent themes, similarities and differences across the two countries involved in analysis. Findings: The effect of the local setting in which language instruction is to take place on assessment beliefs and strategies is stronger than that of teacher training. The language testing procedures of the Communicative Approach vary in the two countries under consideration (Poland and Turkey) due to a differing role and status of English in the country, cultural orientations of the society, preferred learning styles and habits, country openness to the Western culture and values as well as societal expectations towards the language teacher. Despite much standardization in language teacher education, significant variation in the shape of language teaching methodology can be attributed to the effect of cultural differences. Value Added: Telecollaboration in teacher training is promoted as an instructional technique enabling expansion of teacher trainees’ intercultural competence, intercultural communication skills, awareness of the effect of cultural differences on preferred ways of learning and teaching. The cultural appropriacy of language assessment can be achieved through filtering testing methods and techniques to adapt them to the cultural, political and social reality of target users. Recommendations: The telecollaborative exchange as described in the present paper proves to be an effective vehicle to achieve the purpose of increasing internalization of teacher education and creating better skilled professionals. Since language teaching has become a largely multicultural and multilingual experience, it is necessary to increase teacher trainees’ awareness of cultural appropriacy of its different aspects, including assessment, throughout the teacher training programme.
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Kim, Hyeonji, Byeong-Hoon So, Wook-Shin Han, and Hongrae Lee. "Natural language to SQL." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 13, no. 10 (June 2020): 1737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3401960.3401970.
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Translating natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) has received extensive attention lately, especially with the recent success of deep learning technologies. However, despite the large number of studies, we do not have a thorough understanding of how good existing techniques really are and how much is applicable to real-world situations. A key difficulty is that different studies are based on different datasets, which often have their own limitations and assumptions that are implicitly hidden in the context or datasets. Moreover, a couple of evaluation metrics are commonly employed but they are rather simplistic and do not properly depict the accuracy of results, as will be shown in our experiments. To provide a holistic view of NL2SQL technologies and access current advancements, we perform extensive experiments under our unified framework using eleven of recent techniques over 10+ benchmarks including a new benchmark (WTQ) and TPC-H. We provide a comprehensive survey of recent NL2SQL methods, introducing a taxonomy of them. We reveal major assumptions of the methods and classify translation errors through extensive experiments. We also provide a practical tool for validation by using existing, mature database technologies such as query rewrite and database testing. We then suggest future research directions so that the translation can be used in practice.
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Turnbull, William. "An appraisal of pragmatic elicitation techniques for the social psychological study of talk." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.11.1.03tur.
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The focus of the paper is the appropriateness of pragmatic elicitation techniques for generating talk to be used in analyses of talk and social structure. In the best pragmatic elicitation techniques (i) data are generated in situations in which researchers can manipulate variables in the testing of hypotheses, and (ii) speakers can talk freely and spontaneously without awareness that their talk is the object of study. This claim was tested in an examination of the hypothesis that more facework will occur in refusals to a High versus Low status requester. Requester status was manipulated in Oral and Written Discourse Completion, Role Play, and an Experimental elicitation technique. Support for the hypothesis was found only in the Role Play and Experimental conditions. Next, refusals generated in the above four elicitation conditions were compared to Naturally-occurring refusals. At the levels of the acts by which refusals are accomplished and the internal structure of the head act, Oral and Written DC produced anomalous and non-representative refusals. Role Play and the Experimental technique produced refusals that were very similar to Natural refusals, though Role Play refusals tended to be somewhat repetitive and long-winded. It is concluded that an Experimental technique is the preferred pragmatic elicitation technique.
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Milin, Petar, Dagmar Divjak, Strahinja Dimitrijević, and R. Harald Baayen. "Towards cognitively plausible data science in language research." Cognitive Linguistics 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0055.
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AbstractOver the past 10 years, Cognitive Linguistics has taken a quantitative turn. Yet, concerns have been raised that this preoccupation with quantification and modelling may not bring us any closer to understanding how language works. We show that this objection is unfounded, especially if we rely on modelling techniques based on biologically and psychologically plausible learning algorithms. These make it possible to take a quantitative approach, while generating and testing specific hypotheses that will advance our understanding of how knowledge of language emerges from exposure to usage.
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Tonacci, Alessandro, and Lucia Billeci. "Olfactory Testing in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Literature Review." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 33, no. 6 (May 9, 2018): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317518775037.
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous disorder featuring language impairment, personality changes, and executive defects, often due to the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Both FTD and FTLD are often associated with olfactory impairment, early biomarker for neurodegeneration, which can be evaluated with different techniques, among which low-cost olfactory tests are widely used. Therefore, we conducted a review of the literature focusing on papers published between January 1, 2007, and June 12, 2017, investigating the usefulness of olfactory testing in FTD/FTLD. A general decrease in the olfactory identification ability was seen in most of the articles and, taken together with a preserved odor discrimination, reveals a higher order impairment, possibly linked to cognitive decrease or language impairments, and not to a specific deficit of the olfactory system. This evidence could represent a useful add-on to the current literature, increasing the diagnostic value of olfactory assessment, particularly in cases where differential diagnosis is difficult.
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Et. al., Gizachew Belayneh Gebre. "Artificial Neural Network Based Amharic Language Speaker Recognition." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 5105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2043.
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In this artificial intelligence time, speaker recognition is the most useful biometric recognition technique. Security is a big issue that needs careful attention because of every activities have been becoming automated and internet based. For security purpose, unique features of authorized user are highly needed. Voice is one of the wonderful unique biometric features. So, developing speaker recognition based on scientific research is the most concerned issue. Nowadays, criminal activities are increasing day to day in different clever way. So, every country should have strengthen forensic investigation using such technologies. The study was done by inspiration of contextualizing this concept for our country. In this study, text-independent Amharic language speaker recognition model was developed using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients to extract features from preprocessed speech signals and Artificial Neural Network to model the feature vector obtained from the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and to classify objects while testing. The researcher used 20 sampled speeches of 10 each speaker (total of 200 speech samples) for training and testing separately. By setting the number of hidden neurons to 15, 20, and 25, three different models have been developed and evaluated for accuracy. The fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive environment MATLAB is used to conduct the overall study implementations. At the end, very promising findings have been obtained. The study achieved better performance than other related researches which used Vector Quantization and Gaussian Mixture Model modelling techniques. Implementable result could obtain for the future by increasing number of speakers and speech samples and including the four Amharic accents.
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Judd, T. "Informal Neuropsychological Evaluation of English Learning Aptitude in Linguistically, Educationally, and Epidemiologically Diverse Populations." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.68.
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Abstract Immigration generates the need to acquire mastery of the English language for education, employment, citizenship, and other needs. Many immigrants bring with them unrecognized neuropsychological disabilities that hinder such learning. Neuropsychologists may be asked to evaluate such clients with respect to: Disability exemptions from mandatory language instructionInstructional strategies, compensations, and accommodationsStrategies, compensations, and accommodations to facilitate optimal communication and learning in the workplace, court, health care, and other settings. Immigrants often do not have remote medical or educational records documenting historical cognitive difficulties. Many speak languages for which pertinent language ability testing is not available. Furthermore, developmental language learning disorders often have distinctive presentations in different writing systems. When documented history and formal evaluation of native language abilities are not available, informal evaluations become the next best alternative. This poster will present a suite of techniques that can facilitate this process, including: Researching the linguistics and writing system of the native languageQuestions regarding personal history that can give indications of developmental disabilities, even in the uneducatedTechniques for testing and interpreting native language literacyTechniques for evaluating English knowledge and capacityTechniques for evaluating English phonemic aptitudeTechniques for evaluating English phonemic learning aptitudeTechniques for evaluating potential for using translation technologies The poster will also outline compensations and accommodations for learning and communication that neuropsychologists can recommend for such populations.
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Bernstein, Jared, and Isabella Barbier. "Design and development parameters for a rapid automatic screening test for prospective simultaneous interpreters." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.5.2.09ber.
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It would be convenient if a candidate interested in a career in simultaneous interpreting could take a test that would accurately indicate whether or not that person has the aptitude and skills required to start a course in simultaneous interpreting with a reasonable chance of success. This paper suggests that a reliable and efficient testing procedure valid for this use, taking less than an hour to administer and score, could be delivered on demand at a reasonable cost. The paper first proposes such a testing procedure, building on existing techniques in spoken language testing, then outlines the development steps and material needed to build, calibrate, and validate such a testing system. The development of this testing procedure would result in a completely automatic instrument for selecting candidates for admission to interpretation training programs. Other potential uses for the procedure would include both monitoring student progress during training and screening candidates for certification exams, although details of the item selection and scoring might differ across the three uses.
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Boulton, Alex. "Testing the limits of data-driven learning: language proficiency and training." ReCALL 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344009000068.
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AbstractThe potential for corpora in language learning has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years, including in the form of data-driven learning (DDL). Careful not to appear to over-promote the field, enthusiasts have urged caution in its application, in particular with regard to lower-level learners, and have argued that extensive learner-training in corpus techniques is an essential condition for DDL to be successful. Such limits seem eminently reasonable, but there is a notable dearth of empirical studies to support them. This paper describes a simple experiment to see how lower-level learners cope with corpus data with no prior training.The language focus here is on linking adverbials in English, which are renowned to be difficult to teach using traditional methods. The subjects are 132 first-year students at an engineering college in France of roughly intermediate and lower levels of English. They were divided into random groups to compare their ability to deal with the target items using traditional sources (extracts from a bilingual dictionary or a grammar/usage manual) or corpus data (short contexts or truncated concordances). Performance was tested prior to the experiment, subsequently to check ability to use the different information sources as a reference, and later to test recall.No evidence was found that traditional sources promote better recall, and corpus data seemed to be more effective for reference purposes. While the results of any single experiment must be treated with caution, these findings suggest the need for more empirical studies to complement the theoretical arguments and qualitative data which currently dominate the discussions of DDL.
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Kobiakova, N. L. "Improving Assessment of Foreign Language Proficiency in Internationally Majoring Students." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-262-267.
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The author considers the issues related to the development of the theoretical platform and the methodology for a model used to control and evaluate educational achievements at the Russian-based university-level foreign-language using such foreign practices as merit point system, testing technology and traditional controls. Having analyzed European practices of control and evaluation of students' foreign language proficiency, in particular, the experience of France, she advocates for the adoption by the national university system of the best available foreign methodology in the field. The article depicts the proprietary model for the comprehensive assessment of the educational outcomes of the internationally majoring students in the French language. The model, customized for Russian universities, is based on the professionally oriented competence-based practical course of the French language for internationally majoring students designed by the author. With the regard to that content and basing on DELF, DALF and TCF language tests and exercise systems for the French language studies by European and Russian practitioners, she advances her own testing, communication and translation exercises toolbox. That comprehensive evaluation model was successful tested at the MGIMO. In the course of that experiment, national testing techniques and the content of linguistic tests and didactic tools were streamlined with the European requirements.
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Akhmetova, A., J. Gamper, and L. Dalbergenova. "The problem of overcoming the language barrier when learning a foreign language in higher education institutions." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series 100, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ped4/104-114.
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This article is devoted to the study of the problem of overcoming language barriers that prevent students from successfully mastering a foreign language. The concept of «language barrier», its linguistic and psychological aspects are considered, and various approaches to its definition are analyzed. The article describes the main factors that affect the formation of the language barrier. Special attention is paid to the psychological aspects of the language barrier associated with internal fears, self-doubt, fear of making a mistake, which is one of the main causes of the language barrier. The paper explores possible ways to overcome language barriers when learning a foreign language, using modern methods and techniques in the classroom that contribute to the de-velopment of cognitive interest, activation of mental activity. The author highlights a personality-oriented ap-proach aimed at developing creative abilities and self-expression. The personality-oriented approach is the defining direction of research of methods of teaching a foreign language in this work. As an effective way to overcome the language barrier in teaching a foreign language, we propose a method of scenic interpretation of literary texts, which contributes to the activation of cognitive activity and the development of communica-tion skills. An experiment aimed at testing this method in 2nd-year students of Kokshetau state University is described. Sh. Ualikhanov, specialty: «Foreign language: two foreign languages», level A1, A2. The paper presents the results of an experiment that proves the effectiveness of using the method of scenic interpretation of literary texts in the study of a foreign language.
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Adánez, Alfredo Muñoz. "Does Quantity Generate Quality? Testing the Fundamental Principle of Brainstorming." Spanish Journal of Psychology 8, no. 2 (November 2005): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005096.
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The purpose of this work is to test the chief principle of brainstorming, formulated as “quantity generates quality.” The study is included within a broad program whose goal is to detect the strong and weak points of creative techniques. In a sample of 69 groups, containing between 3 and 8 members, the concurrence of two commonly accepted criteria was established as a quality rule: originality and utility or value. The results fully support the quantity-quality relation (r = .893): the more ideas produced to solve a problem, the better quality of the ideas. The importance of this finding, which supports Osborn's theory, is discussed, and the use of brainstorming is recommended to solve the many open problems faced by our society.
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Li, Wan, Bi Hua Zhou, Qi Zhang, Ya Peng Fu, and Tao Wang. "Research on Ontology Knowledge Based System of Meteorological and Hydrological Support." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1027.
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According to knowledge sharing&reusing problem and system extensibility&portability problem in meteorological and hydrological support, the knowledge concepts, attributes, instances, hierarchy and relationships were clarified; the ontological knowledge base was established by OWL ontology language and SWRL rule language. With the help of Racer, Protégé, Jess, and class positioning algorithm, class testing algorithm, rule testing algorithm, the meteorological and hydrological support prototype system was implemented by Eclipse, ProtegeInEclipse plug-in and Jena. The system includes the server, the client and the processing controller. It provides artificial intelligence techniques means for knowledge maintenance and usage in meteorological and hydrological field.
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Racine, Caroline A., Jing Li, Annette M. Molinaro, Nicholas Butowski, and Mitchel S. Berger. "Neurocognitive Function in Newly Diagnosed Low-grade Glioma Patients Undergoing Surgical Resection With Awake Mapping Techniques." Neurosurgery 77, no. 3 (April 29, 2015): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000000779.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-grade glioma (LGG) patients have increased life expectancy, so interest is high in the treatments that maximize cognition and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To examine presurgical baseline cognitive deficits in a case series of LGG patients and determine cognitive effects of surgical resection with awake mapping. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed neurological deficits, subjective concerns from patient or caregiver, and cognitive deficits at baseline and postsurgery for 22 patients with newly diagnosed LGG who underwent baseline neuropsychological evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging before awake surgical resection with mapping. Twelve of the 22 patients returned for postoperative evaluation approximately 7 months after surgery. RESULTS: At baseline, 92% of patients/caregivers reported changes in cognition or mood. Neurological examinations and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale scores were largely normal; however, on many tests of memory and language, nearly half of individuals showed deficits. After surgery, 45% had no deficits on neurological examination, whereas 55% had only transient or mild difficulties. Follow-up neuropsychological testing found most performances stable to improved, particularly in language, although some patients showed declines on memory tasks. CONCLUSION: Most LGG patients in this series presented with normal neurological examinations and cognitive screening, but showed subjective cognitive and mood concerns and cognitive decline on neuropsychological testing, suggesting the importance of comprehensive evaluation. After awake mapping, language tended to be preserved, but memory demonstrated decline in some patients. These results highlight the importance of establishing a cognitive baseline before surgical resection and further suggest that awake mapping techniques provide reasonable language outcomes in individuals with LGG in eloquent regions.
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Woods, Gail L. "Molecular Techniques in Mycobacterial Detection." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0122-mtimd.
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Abstract Objective.—To assess the clinical utility of the commercial nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests (ie, Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test, Gen-Probe, Inc and AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis Test, Roche Molecular Systems, Inc) for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Data Sources.—Review of the English-language literature. Conclusions.—The performance of both NAA tests is excellent (sensitivity, ≥95%; specificity, 100%) when testing respiratory specimens that are smear-positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Only the Gen-Probe assay is approved for testing respiratory specimens regardless of the AFB smear result. Data from 3 studies showed that the sensitivity of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test in smear-negative patients ranged from 83% to 85%, and that the specificity was 99%. Both NAA tests have been used to test nonrespiratory specimens; in some studies, the performance was comparable to the performance obtained for respiratory specimens, whereas in others, it was lower. The NAA tests also appear to be reliable tools for rapid detection of M tuberculosis complex in positive broth cultures of all specimen types (except blood). The impact of the NAA tests on patient outcome varies based on the result of the AFB smear. In smear-positive patients, public health and hospital infection-control resources are predominantly affected. The potential for influencing patient outcome is much greater when the AFB smear is negative. In smear-negative patients, the NAA test could provide more rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and subsequent initiation of therapy; eliminate the need for invasive diagnostic procedures, which are both costly and pose an added risk to the patient; and allow earlier discharge of hospitalized patients. Prospective studies concerning the cost-effectiveness of the NAA tests are needed.
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Wesche, Marjorie. "Nic Underhill. Testing Spoken Language: A Handbook of Oral Testing Techniques. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. Pp. vii + 117. US$24.95 (hardcover), $8.95 (paperback)." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 4 (December 1989): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100024440.
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Willmott, Cory Ann, Alexandra Taitt, Mary Ann Corbiere, and Alan Corbiere. "Toward Language in Action: Agency-Oriented Application of the GRASAC Database for Anishinaabe Language Revitalization." Museum Anthropology Review 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/mar.v10i2.19322.
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Under the direction of Ruth Phillips, GRASAC (Great Lakes Research Alliance for the Study of Aboriginal Arts and Culture) is a worldwide collaborative research consortium composed of indigenous community members, museum professionals, and academic researchers. This article discusses a project that explored the potential of GRASAC’s database to support language revitalization. The authors video recorded interviews with two beadworkers in the Anishinaabe language. Applying andragogy theory to the natural approach to language acquisition, the team processed the video into content rich video clips with a focus on the domain specific vocabulary of beadwork that is relevant to the heritage items in the GRASAC database. The team applied an agency-oriented approach to software development by systematically testing five use cases for uploading the language data into the GRASAC database. The collaborative process revealed unexpected results at the intersection of language and culture revitalization, and recommendations for applying new technologies to develop new techniques for promoting indigenous language acquisition.
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Nafiza, Imaz. "STRATEGI RETORIKA PEMBAWA ACARA DALAM MATA NAJWA DI TRANS7." Jurnal PENEROKA 1, no. 02 (July 1, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/peneroka.v1i02.989.
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This study aims to interpret the function of verbal and nonverbal rhetorical forms of presenters in Mata Najwa on Trans7 as a rhetorical strategy. The design and type of this research used descriptive qualitative. The research was conducted comprehensively which refers to the analysis of verbal and nonverbal rhetorical forms. Data collection techniques used recording techniques, listening techniques, and note-taking techniques. Meanwhile, the data analysis in this study was to classify the data and classify the data. To test the validity of the data, the researchers used several stages, namely credibility testing, transferability testing, depenability testing, and confirmability testing. The results of this study found that the use of verbal (diction and style) and nonverbal (body language) rhetoric from Najwa Shihab's speech contained many persuasive elements. From the persuasive element, it was used as a strategy for the presenter in Mata Najwa on Trans7.Based on the results and discussion of verbal and nonverbal rhetoric in the Mata Najwa program on Trans7, various verb elements were selected which functioned to expedite the process of the presenter's strategy in influencing listeners. Therefore, an art in communicating is absolutely necessary for a presenter in conveying messages through the rhetoric of verbal forms of speech and rhetoric of speech in nonverbal forms.
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Pratama, Jimmy Ary, and Fitroh Adhilla. "ANALISIS PENGARUH SENSUAL MARKETING TERHADAP MINAT BELI PADA PRODUK CLOTHING LINE “BERAK” DI INSTAGRAM." Jurnal Fokus Manajemen Bisnis 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/fokus.v6i2.1664.
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This research is to find out whether there is a significant influence between sensual marketing strategies that are triggered by a model, body language, and nature how to communicate with buying interest in "Shit" clothing line products in the media instagram, both partially and simultaneously. The population of this research is the students of private universities in the city Yogyakarta has never seen a display of defecated Instagram. Samples in research this amounted to 80 respondents where the determination using accidental techniques sampling and purposive sampling. Testing using statistical tests multiple linear regression analysis. Partially, the statistical test used is a test t and simultaneously using the F test. Data collection techniques with questionnaire distribution. As for testing the instrument uses test validity and reliability. From the analysis it can be concluded that partially sensual strategy marketing which consists of model, body language, and method variables communicating significantly. Whereas simultaneously the strategy sensual marketing also has a significant influence on buying interest.
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ALEXE, Raluca. "Aspects of integrating culture in the Spanish-as-a-Foreign-Language class." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies 13 (62), no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.1.1.
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While there has been growing awareness among teachers that language learning/teaching and culture learning/teaching should occur together, the techniques and classroom activities for integrating culture in the FL classroom are still a matter of research and further testing. The present work explores some aspects of teaching culture in the Spanish-as-aForeign-Language (SFL) classroom, which may very well constitute suggestions for anyone approaching this subject matter. It is basically an account of my experience with different groups of students from Transilvania University of Brașov. I shall discuss the overall efficiency of the different techniques, specific activities, and teaching materials employed with my groups of SFL students, also pointing out some of the differences in the approach and challenging aspects of teaching culture to SFL students from different curricular areas and students with different linguistic competence of Spanish.
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Mohammed, Rawia A., Nidaa F. Hassan, and Akbas E. Ali. "Arabic Speaker Identification System Using Multi Features." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 5A (May 25, 2020): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i5a.408.
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The performance regarding the Speaker Identification Systems (SIS) has enhanced because of the current developments in speech processing methods, however, an improvement is still required with regard to text-independent speaker identification in the Arabic language. In spite of tremendous progress in applied technology for SIS, it is limited to English and some other languages. This paper aims to design an efficient SIS (text-independent) for the Arabic language. The proposed system uses speech signal features for speaker identification purposes, and it includes two phases: The first phase is training, in this phase a corpus of reference database is built which will serve as a reference for comparing and identifying the speaker for the second phase. The second phase is testing, which searches the identification of the speaker. In this system, the features will be extracted according to: Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC), mathematical calculations of voice frequency and voice fundamental frequency. Machine learning classification techniques: K-nearest neighbors, Sequential Minimum Optimization and Logistic Model Tree are used in the classification process. The best classification technique is a K-nearest neighbors, where it gives higher precision 94.8%.
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Collins, William O. "A Review of Reprocessing Techniques of Flexible Nasopharyngoscopes." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 141, no. 3 (September 2009): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.05.027.
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To provide assistance to otolaryngologists to decide the best manner in which to reprocess flexible nasopharyngoscopes, a review of existing English language medical literature regarding the methods of flexible endoscope reprocessing was performed, including previously published guidelines from other medical disciplines. Multiple steps were confirmed to be critical to effectively reprocess flexible nasopharyngoscopes. High-level disinfection has been determined to be the minimum level of disinfection required for reprocessing of flexible nasopharyngoscopes. Several steps are important in all reprocessing techniques, including manual cleaning, leak testing, cleaning with an enzymatic agent, high-level disinfection, and drying with vertical storage. Three techniques are available to achieve high-level disinfection: manual disinfection with a liquid disinfectant/sterilant, use of an automated endoscope reprocessor, and use of a disposable sheath. Achieving high-level disinfection of flexible nasopharyngoscopes can be accomplished by a variety of methods. Strict adherence to recommended procedures is critical.