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Journal articles on the topic 'Language synchrone'
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Krevs Birk, Uršula. "Synchrone Betrachtung mehrsprachiger geografischer Namen des Sprachenpaares Deutsch-Slowenisch anhand digitaler Texte und Diskurse." Linguistica 61, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.61.1.113-136.
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Im Beitrag wird das Vorkommen ausgewählter zweisprachiger deutsch-slowenischer Toponymika in digitalen Texten und Diskursen aufgegriffen, um die aktuelle Medialisierung historisch gewachsener deutsch-slowenischer toponymischer Zweisprachigkeit exemplarisch zu erfassen. Da bei der Einteilung der Namenpaare für dieselbe geografische Gegebenheit vordergründig der geschlossene Sprachraum entscheidend ist, folgen die exemplarischen Darstellungen den einzelnen Namenpaartypen und deren sozio- und diskursivlinguistischen Charakteristika. Für Namenpaare, die im zusammenhängenden deutschen Sprachraum (sln. Dunaj – dt. Wien), im slowenischen Sprachraum (sln. Ljubljana – dt. Laibach), in deutsch-slowenischen gemischtsprachigen Gebieten, die insular (sln. Stare Žage – dt. Altsag in der Gottschee) oder in Sprachkontaktregionen (sln. Železna Kapla – dt. Bad Eisenkappel in Kärnten, auch in der Steiermark) vorkommen, werden jeweils zwei digitale, online zugängliche Texte präsentiert, die diese Namenpaare im digitalen Format distribuieren und aus synchroner Sicht zur diskursiven Dynamik der slowenischen und deutschen zweisprachigen Toponymik beitragen.
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Götz, Ursula. "Cordula Maiwald, Das temporale System des Mittelbairischen. Synchrone Variation und diachroner Wandel." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (PBB) 127, no. 1 (June 2005): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl.2005.82.
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Becker, Carsten, and Oliver Schallert. "Charters as a Source for Studying Areal Variation in MHG Scribal Dialects: State of the Art and Future Perspectives Urkunden als Quelle (schreib-)sprachlandschaftlicher Variation: Bestandsaufnahmen und Perspektiven." Zeitschrift fuer deutsches Altertum und Literatur 151, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/zfda-2022-0005.
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We use the 'Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden' (CAO) "Corpus of Old German Original Charters" to obtain detailed information on areal variation in Middle High German. As a synchronous snapshot, our findings can be compared with grammatical descriptions and other datasets, thus allowing us to trace the diffusion of linguistic innovations more precisely. Wir nutzen das 'Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden' (CAO), um hochauflösende Informationen über (schreib-)sprachlandschaftliche Variation im Mittelhochdeutschen zu gewinnen. Als synchrone Momentaufnahme können unsere Befunde in Beziehung zu grammatischen Beschreibungen und anderen Datenserien gesetzt werden und erlauben so, die Diffusion von sprachlichen Neuerungen genauer nachzuvollziehen.
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Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. "Agnes Jäger: Vergleichskonstruktionen im Deutschen. Diachroner Wandel und synchrone Variation, Berlin u. Boston: de Gruyter 2018, XIII, 568 S. (Linguistische Arbeiten 569)." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 142, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2020-0016.
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Thurmair, Maria. "Tanja Autenrieth, Heterosemie und Grammatikalisierung bei Modalpartikeln. Eine synchrone und diachrone Studie anhand von »eben«, »halt«, »e(cher)t«, »einfach«, »schlicht« und »glatt«." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (PBB) 128, no. 2 (September 2006): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl.2006.306.
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Rodríguez Fernández-Peña, Alfonso Carlos. "The aesthetics of isochrony and literal synchrony in voice-over translation." Tradumàtica: tecnologies de la traducció, no. 20 (December 15, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/tradumatica.301.
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Voice-over translation is characterised by some technical synchronic features (isochrony, literal synchrony, action synchrony, kinetic synchrony, content synchrony and character synchrony). From these, isochrony and literal synchrony contribute to the illusion of authenticity and realism with what is called sound bites (a time span in the target version in which we only hear the original voice, and which can occur at the beginning and/or at the end of the speaker’s intervention). In our study, after analysing a corpus made up of different voiced-over programmes using speech analysis software and a spreadsheet, we have seen that the average duration of sound bites differs from that stated by the scholarly tradition both in terms of seconds and number of words. In addition, we also analysed samples that show no literal synchrony to see how and whether the rendition success of those parts could be affected. The results confirm that sound bites and literal synchrony are aesthetic enhancers which provide voice-over with an authenticity feel that makes it, for some scholars, the most faithful and reliable audiovisual translation mode.
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R.M., Sytniak. "CONFLICT OF SYNCHRONY AND DIACHRONY IN RESEARCH ON LEXICAL SEMANTICS (LINGVO-HISTORIOGRAPHIC ASPECT)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 87 (September 29, 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-87-11.
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The purpose of the article is to highlight the views of linguists of the second half of the XX – early XXI century on the importance of synchronic and diachronic studies of lexical meaning and identify the tendency of modern linguists to consider synchrony and diachrony as components of one whole. With the help of synchronic-diachronic study of language, studies of lexical semantics are presented in an extremely wide range of works, which receive new opportunities to explain semantic processes and highlight similar dominant features in both structurally related and unrelated languages. The scientific interest of linguists can be directed both to the study of a particular morpheme and to the derivation of universal laws for the development of the lexical meaning of the world’s languages. The vast majority of studies, however, have a more or less clear distribution on the principle of synchrony and diachrony. The article highlights the current perception of diachronic research as one that consists of a number of studies of synchronous sections in the history of lexical meaning, and as a result is considered as one holistic effective study. In accordance with the purpose of the article, a general scientific method is used – an actualist method, which is based on the principle of historicism and allows modern knowledge to trace the development of certain linguistic concepts in the past and predict some trends in future theories. The methodological basis of the actualist method is the principles of historicism, causality, systematics and the principle of general connection of phenomena. As the result of the research it was established that the linguists of our time accept the idea of not confrontation, but of fruitful joint work of synchronic and diachronic research of lexical meaning, unity of synchronic description and historical reconstruction. The author concludes that from the point of view of modern linguistics, the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony is quite conditional. Synchronous research is not opposed, but, on the contrary, is an important component of diachronic research, because diachronic analysis without synchronic one does not exist. The tacit ban on the use of language history data in synchronic analysis has been overcome.Key words: synchrony, diachrony, dichotomy, non-linguistic concept, interdependence, flexible way of thinking, scientific subjectivism. Метою статті є висвітлення поглядів мовознавців другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ століття на важливість синхронічних та діахронічних досліджень лексичного значення та виявлення тенденції лінгвістів сучасності розглядати синхронію та діахронію як складники одного цілого. За допомогою синхронно-діахронного вивчення мови дослідження лексичної семантики представлені надзвичайно широким діапазоном праць, що отримують нові можливості пояснення семантичних процесів та виокремлення схожих домінантних рис як у споріднених, так і у неспоріднених мовах світу. Науковий інтерес мовознавців може бути спрямований як на дослідження окремої морфеми, так і на виведення універсальних законів розви-тку лексичного значення мов світу. Більшість досліджень усе ж мають більш-менш чіткий розподіл за принципом синхронії та діахронії. У статті висвітлюється сучасне сприйняття діахронного дослідження як такого, що складається із певної кількості досліджень синхронних зрізів в історії лексичного значення, і як результат – розглядається одним цілісним ефективним дослідженням. Відповідно до мети у статті використано загальнонауковий метод – актуалістичний, який бере за основу принцип історизму і дає змогу за допомогою сучасних знань простежити розвиток певних лінгвістичних концепцій у минуло-му та передбачити деякі тенденції майбутнього розвитку відповідних теорій. Методологічну основу актуалістичного методустановлять принципи історизму, причиновості, системності та принцип загального зв’язку явищ. У результаті дослідження встановлено прийняття лінгвістами сучасності ідеї не протистояння, а плідної сумісної праці синхронного та діахронного дослідження лексичного значення, єдність синхронного опису та історичної реконструкції. Автор доходить висновку, що з погляду сучасного мовознавства дихотомія синхронії та діахронії носить досить умовний характер. Синхронне дослідження не протиставляється, а навпаки, є важливою складовою частиною діахронного дослідження, тому що діахронний аналіз без синхронного не існує. Припинено мовчазну заборону на використання даних історії мови у разі синхронного аналізу. Ключові слова: синхронія, діахронія, дихотомія, нелінгвістична концепція, взаємозумовленість, мінливий образ мислення, науковий суб’єктивізм.
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SHYAMASUNDAR, R. K., and S. RAMESH. "LANGUAGES FOR REACTIVE SPECIFICATIONS: SYNCHRONY VS ASYNCHRONY." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 11, no. 02 (June 2000): 283–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012905410000017x.
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Asynchronous and Synchronous languages have been in use for the specification of reactive systems. One of the main distinguishing features of these two classes lies in the way nondeterminism is used for the specification of programs. From this viewpoint, we analyze CSP (a typical asynchronous language) and ESTEREL (a synchronous language). The synchronous language Esterel is based on the notions of determinism, input nondeterminacy and parallelism whereas CSP is built on the notions of nondeterminism, concurrency and distribution. The main objectives of the study are to assess: • The role of nondeterminism in the specification of the behaviour and realization of programs: A clear distinction between local and global nondeterminism enables us to distinguish between implementational nondeterminism and environmental/input nondeterminism. The results in this direction would enable one to achieve observable determinism where the implementational choices can be hidden and thus, analyze the program behaviour with reference to the real environmental nondeterminism in the specification. This leads to a proper refinement of specifications and aids in deriving distributed implementations of finite state transition systems that are not necessarily deterministic. • The implementability of asynchronous languages through synchronous languages. The implementability of asynchronous languages in synchronous languages not only provides a realistic implementation but also provides higher level abstractions (such as multi-process interactions) for reactive specifications using features such as broadcast, interrupts, exception handling mechanisms etc.
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Canals, Laia, Gisela Granena, Yucel Yilmaz, and Aleksandra Malicka. "Second Language Learners’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Delayed Immediate Corrective Feedback in an Asynchronous Online Setting An Exploratory Study." TESL Canada Journal 37, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 181–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v37i2.1336.
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Online language courses that rely on asynchronous teacher-learner communication face a practical problem when it comes to the provision of immediate corrective feedback by the teacher in oral interaction tasks. In this learning context, learners can still communicate synchronously and record their interaction without the teacher being present, but feedback by the teacher will be delayed in time. Research indicates that the effectiveness of feedback decreases as the time between the error and the correction increases and that immediate feedback is more effective (Arroyo & Yilmaz, 2018; Shintani & Aubrey, 2016). In this exploratory study conducted at an online university, we implemented a novel type of feedback we referred to as delayed immediate corrective feedback (DICF) and analyzed second language learners’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding its effectiveness and usefulness. Our goal was to assess the feasibility of implementing this type of feedback in our context and, ultimately, in other contexts where communication between teachers and learners takes place asynchronously. DICF was provided by teachers orally via screencast video. Learners and teachers’ perceptions were collected via two separate questionnaires. The results showed that teachers and learners responded positively to DICF and several potential benefits were identified.
Les cours de langue en ligne qui s’appuient sur la communication asynchrone enseignant-apprenant rencontrent un problème pratique quand vient le temps de fournir de la rétroaction corrective immédiate par l’enseignant lors des tâches d’interaction orale. Dans ce contexte d’apprentissage, les apprenants peuvent toujours communiquer de manière synchrone et enregistrer leur interaction sans que l’enseignant soit présent, mais la rétroaction de l’enseignant sera décalée dans le temps. La recherche indique que l’efficacité de la rétroaction diminue au fur et à mesure que le temps entre l’erreur et la correction augmente, et que la rétroaction immédiate est plus efficace (Arroyo & Yilmaz, 2018; Shintani & Aubrey, 2016). Dans cette étude exploratoire menée auprès d’une université en ligne, nous avons mis en place une nouvelle forme de rétroaction, que nous avons appelée rétroaction corrective immédiate retardée (RCIR), et nous avons analysé les perceptions des apprenants de langue seconde et des enseignants quant à son utilité et à son efficacité. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la faisabilité de mettre en place ce type de rétroaction dans notre contexte, et par extension, dans d’autres contextes où la communication entre apprenants et enseignants se passe de manière asynchrone. La RCIR a été fournie oralement par des enseignants à l’aide de vidéos d’écrans. Les perceptions des apprenants et des enseignants ont été recueillies dans deux questionnaires distincts. Les résultats ont montré qu’apprenants et enseignants ont réagi à la RCIR de manière positive et plusieurs avantages potentiels ont été identifiés.
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Krasnoukhova, Olga, and Johan van der Auwera. "Standard negation in Awa Pit: From synchrony to diachrony." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 439–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0017.
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Abstract This study deals with clausal negation in Awa Pit, a Barbacoan language spoken in South America. By bringing together the data on negation from different varieties of the language, we present an analysis of synchronic patterns of negation marking. Based on the variation we suggest a number of innovations in the negation system, for which we put forward diachronic scenarios. Some innovations are likely to be contact-induced, whereas others are products of language-internal diachronic processes. The latter involve mechanisms associated with a classical ‘Jespersen Cycle’. However, Awa Pit offers us very non-classical Jespersen’s Cycles – at best. The case of Awa Pit is instructive as some of the scenarios that we suggest are likely to be relevant for other languages or languages families.
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Harris, Alice C. "History in Support of Synchrony." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 30, no. 1 (June 25, 2004): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v30i1.942.
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In a recent paper I argued that diachronic linguistics can explain certain typological phenomena that are otherwise problematic; in the present paper I want to discuss two other ways the study of historical data can contribute to synchronic linguistics. In §1 I argue that consideration of a prior stage of a language offers the kind of insight also provided by the examination of closely related languages. In §2 I show that diachronic data offer a way of testing hypotheses and claims.
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Vocroix, Londre. "Morphology in micro linguistics and macro linguistics." Macrolinguistics and Microlinguistics 2, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/mami.v2n1.11.
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This study aims to examine the morphological aspects and their application in micro linguistics and micro linguistics. Linguistics in terms of study can be divided into two types, namely micro linguistics and macro linguistics. Micro linguistics is understood as linguistics which has a narrower nature of the study. That is, it is internal, only sees language as language. Macro linguistics is broad, the nature of the study is external. Linguistics studies language activities in other fields, such as economics and history. Language is used as a tool to see language from the point of view from outside the language. Language can be seen descriptively, historically comparative, contrastive, synchronic, and diachronic. Descriptive linguistics looks at living languages as they are. Comparative linguistics compares two or more languages at different periods. Contrastive linguistics compares the languages of a particular period or contemporaries. This study looks for similarities and differences in the fields of structure: phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Synchronic linguistics questions the language of a particular mass. In this study, we do not compare with other languages and other periods. Thus, this linguistic study is horizontal.
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Wu, Tong. "Prenominal relative clauses in Ethiopian languages: From inside and from outside." Studies in African Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 213–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v41i2.107277.
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The main objective of this data-oriented study is to give a synchronic typological overview of Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses, both from the inside and from the outside. By “inside”, I mean to compare prenominal relative clauses in the Ethiopian area in order to show how they are different from and/or similar to each other. By “outside”, I extend the comparison to beyond Ethiopian languages and include other African languages with or without prenominal relative clauses and languages from elsewhere with prenominal relative clauses. These comparisons will show to what extent Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses are typologically marked or ordinary. However, the inside comparison will be given more attention. Furthermore, synchronic comparison naturally leads us to questions concerning language evolution and language contact. These questions have always been in the center of studies of the Ethiopian Language Area and will be discussed here.
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Grossman, Eitan, Anton Antonov, and Guillaume Jacques. "A cross-linguistic rarity in synchrony and diachrony." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 71, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 513–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2018-0020.
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Abstract This article shows that a hitherto unattested construction type – namely, adverbial subordinator prefixes – is in fact attested in several languages. While Dryer’s 659-language convenience sample does not turn up any clear example of such a construction, we argue that this is in part due to arbitrary coding choices that a priori exclude potential constructions of this type. In order to document the existence of adverbial subordinator prefixes, we present a number of languages with different genealogical and areal affiliations, each of which shows solid synchronic evidence for what appears to be a universally dispreferred feature. Furthermore, we identify some diachronic pathways through which adverbial subordinator prefixes grammaticalize.
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Filichkina, T. P. "Synchronism and diachronism of antique origin idioms in the English language media discourse." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2022-2-31-53-62.
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The article examines the semantics of idioms of antique origin in media discourse from the standpoint of synchrony and diachrony. The study of media discourse as a phenomenon of language and as an extralinguistic entity enables us to consider it using methods of cognitive and discourse analyses. Phraseological units as inherent elements of mediatexts have a powerful connotative (evaluative) potential at the synchronic level that is identified by referring to the source of the expression at the diachronic level. Cognitive analysis determines the evaluative potential in the semantics of idioms associated with subjective modalities. Axiological modality represents rational (positive or negative) evaluation of real situations. Emotive modality embraces the whole range of emotions (condemnation, approval, admiration, disapproval). Deontic modality relates to the system of norms that regulate the behavior of people in the society. Being originally precedent phenomena, phraseological units of antique origin store in their semantics a considerable volume of information about the events of past epochs, about the value system of the ancient world. The study of idioms of antique origin as a synchronous unit does not give a complete idea of its modern meaning. The combination of cognitive analysis method that examines the synchronic semantics of the phraseological unit from the position of diachronic approach, and discourse analysis method, which takes into account the extralinguistic situation, can determine the actual sense and connotative potential of the idiom of antique origin in the mediatext.
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Peresada, Yelyzaveta. "Проблема конкуренції латиниці й кирилиці в українській лінгвокультурі." Slavica Wratislaviensia 178 (December 30, 2023): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.178.12.
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The rivalry between two graphic systems, the Cyrillic alphabet and the Ukrainian Latin alphabet, can be traced throughout the history of the functioning of the Ukrainian language. During the 19th–21st centuries, Ukrainian linguists were continuosly analyzing the question issue of rivalry between Cyrillic and Latin alphabets in the Ukrainian linguoculture. The problem of the functioning of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet in the modern Ukrainian linguistic space during the globalization of English has been reemerged and continues to stir up the scientists. It expands the problematics of Ukrainian linguographic theory and reorients it toward a goal of the de-specifying information on this subject in the both diachronic and synchronic aspects of diachrony and synchrony.
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Ziegler, Nicole, Kara Moranski, George Smith, and Huy Phung. "Metacognitive Instruction and Interactional Feedback in a Computer-Mediated Environment." TESL Canada Journal 37, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v37i2.1337.
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Multiple theoretical frameworks support the notion of interactional feedback as facilitative of second language (L2) development. However, research demonstrates that learners often avoid providing feedback during peer collaborative work, thus failing to take advantage of key opportunities for language learning and development. Recent studies have examined how metacognitive instruction (MI) may be used to explicitly train learners in the provision of interactional feedback, with results showing increased instances of feedback (Fujii et al., 2016) and improved L2 outcomes (e.g., Sato & Loewen, 2018; Sippel, 2019). Building on this work, this exploratory study investigated the effects of MI on intermediate L2 English learners’ (n = 26) provision of interactional features in synchronous computer-mediated communication. Using a pretest-treatment-posttest design, all learners completed three decision-consensus tasks, with learners in the treatment group receiving direct instruction on the benefits of interaction via an instructional video, a practice task, and subsequent whole-class debriefing. The control group completed the tasks without MI. Results demonstrate that learners’ provision of interactional feedback and language-related episodes increased following MI, with qualitative measures indicating learners had positive perceptions of the training and improved awareness of the potential benefits of interactional feedback in computer-mediated communication.
De multiples approches théoriques soutiennent la notion de rétroaction interactionnelle comme facilitateur du développement d’une langue seconde (L2). Cependant, les recherches démontrent que les apprenants évitent souvent de présenter une rétroaction pendant le travail collaboratif entre pairs, ne profitan ainsi pas des principales possibilités d’apprentissage et de développement des langues. Des études récentes ont examiné comment l’enseignement métacognitif (EM) peut être utilisé pour former explicitement les apprenants à la rétroaction interactionnelle, les résultats montrant une augmentation des cas de rétroaction (Fujii et al., 2016) et une amélioration des résultats en L2 (par exemple, Sato & Loewen, 2018; Sippel, 2019). S’appuyant sur ces travaux, cette étude exploratoire a examiné les effets de l’EM sur l’offre de fonctions interactionnelles dans la communication synchrone par ordinateur aux apprenants d’anglais de niveau intermédiaire L2 (n = 26). En utilisant un modèle de pré-traitement-post-test, tous les apprenants ont accompli trois tâches de consensus décisionnel, les apprenants du groupe de traitement recevant des consignes directes sur les avantages de l’interaction via une vidéo pédagogique, une tâche de pratique et un compte rendu ultérieur pour toute la classe. Le groupe de contrôle a effectué les tâches sans EM. Les résultats montrent que l’apport d’une rétroaction interactionnelle et d’épisodes liés à la langue par les apprenants a augmenté après l’EM, avec des mesures qualitatives indiquant que les apprenants avaient des perceptions positives de la formation et une meilleure sensibilisation aux avantages potentiels de la rétroaction interactionnelle dans la communication par ordinateur.
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Cristofaro, Sonia. "Cognitive explanations, distributional evidence, and diachrony." Theory and data in cognitive linguistics 36, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.3.07cri.
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Cognitively oriented approaches to the study of language standardly use synchronic distributional evidence to make assumptions both about the psychological mechanisms that lead speakers to create particular constructions, and about the components of a speaker’s mental representation of their language. Yet, as synchronic distributional patterns are a result of specific diachronic processes, any assumption about the psychological mechanisms or types of mental representation underlying particular patterns should take into account the diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns. Based on evidence from different languages and language families, the paper discusses several diachronic processes pertaining to the development of various types of alignment systems and prototype effects in dependent clauses. It is shown that these processes provide no evidence for a number of assumptions about psychological mechanisms and a speaker’s mental representation that have been made on synchronic grounds in order to account for the relevant distributional patterns. It follows that this type of assumptions cannot be inferred directly from synchronic distributional patterns, and should be investigated independently of these patterns.
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Urban, Matthias. "Quechuan terms for internal organs of the torso." Studies in Language 42, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.16081.urb.
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Abstract This article discusses the terminology for the major internal organs of the torso across the Quechuan language family. From both semasiological and onomasiological points of view, differences in the synchronic organization of the semantic field across individual Quechua varieties as well as the diachronic developments that brought them about are described. Particular attention is also paid to semantic reconstruction within the field at the proto-Quechua level, and, with recourse to recent efforts at internal reconstruction, also beyond. Another recurrent theme is the interrelation between lexical data and the conceptions of anatomy and bodily functions encountered in quechua-speaking communities. A major conclusion is that an engagement with such perspectives allows for a considerably richer understanding of lexical organization in synchrony and diachrony than linguistic data alone could provide.
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Ivanov, Eugene E., Olga V. Lomakina, and Julia A. Petrushevskaya. "The National Specificity of the Proverbial Fund: Basic Concepts and Procedure for Determining." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 996–1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-4-996-1035.
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The article presents an attempt to define the basic concepts and proposes a methodology for identifying the national specificity of the proverbial fund of a given language in the synchronic plan. In modern linguistics, more and more attention is paid to the study of interlingual specificity / generality of proverbs, both in the theoretical (typological, language and cultural), and in the applied (linguodidactic, lexicographic) terms. However, in linguistics there is no special methodological apparatus for establishing and describing the national specificity of proverbs. The aim of the research is to develop and test the basic concepts and methodology for identifying the national specificity of the proverbial fund of the language in the synchronic plan. Research methods - interlingual comparison, structural and semantic modeling, ethnolinguistic analysis, language and cultural description. The research material was over 1,500 of the most actively used Belarusian proverbs (from its paremiological minimum, the main paremiological fund, the corpus of literary texts), as well as proverbs of the Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Romanic, Finno-Ugrian languages (more than 220,000 proverbs from the most authoritative paremiographic sources in 34 modern European languages). As a result of the study, it was found that for the differentiation of common with other languages and specific units of the proverbial fund of the language, the synchronic analysis based on the structural and semantic modeling of proverbs is the most objective. The linguistic content of the concepts national specificity of a proverbial fund, unique, international, universal proverb, national specificity of a proverb, national and language specificity, national and cultural marking of a proverb has been determined and verified. The methodology for describing the national specificity of a proverbial fund has been developed and tested. It includes the principles and methods of selecting the most representative units for analysis, the determination of the interlingual specificity / generality of proverbs, the ascertainment of their national and language, national and cultural specificity, the identification of the degree and nature of the national marking of the exact language proverbs. It is proved that the national specificity of the proverbial fund is qualitatively and quantitatively determined not by proverbs that are unique against the background of other languages, but by the national and language and / or national and cultural marking common (international and universal) proverbs of other languages.
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Comrie, Bernard. "The afterlife of the antipassive." Jezikoslovlje 22, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/jez.2021.7.
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Three examples are presented of reanalyses of antipassives as or in the direction of ordinary transitive constructions, from Tsez, Chukchi, and Mayan languages. In all cases, an antipassive construction remains in the language or language family concerned, thus presenting empirical evidence of reanalysis to parallel earlier hypothesized reconstructions of antipassives to explain synchronic idiosyncrasies
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Avram, Andrei A. "Magnus Huber, Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African context: A sociohistorical and structural analysis. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999. Pp. xviii, 318. Hb." Language in Society 32, no. 2 (February 25, 2003): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404503222065.
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This book, it must be said from the outset, is a remarkable addition to the literature on pidgin and creole languages. It is particularly important because it investigates the diachrony and synchrony of an English-lexicon contact language on which very little has been previously published, and whose very existence has been called into question by some.
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Olko, Justyna. "Unbalanced Language Contact and the Struggle for Survival: Bridging Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives on Nahuatl." European Review 26, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000382.
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Looking at the Spanish impact on Nahuatl both in its full historical trajectory and modern synchronic dimension, I focus on the differentiation between ‘balanced’, long-term language contact and ‘unbalanced’ contact leading to rapid language shift in contemporary indigenous communities. I discuss the connection between accelerated contact-induced language change and language endangerment and shift, highlighting and assessing the mutually interdependent extra- and inter-linguistic variables that influence and shape both processes. Of special importance is the synchronic variation linked to speakers’ proficiency that influences language transmission in the diachronic perspective. On the basis of extensive fieldwork and linguistic documentation I identify several types of Nahuatl speakers as agents of this accelerated language change which leads to individual attrition and shift at the community level. This kind of multidisciplinary approach, taking into account both historical and modern data, can also potentially be useful for other minority languages in the scenario of long-term contact with a dominant language.
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L'nyavskiy, Svetlana. "Odesa in Diachronic and Synchronic Studies of Urban Linguistic Landscapes of Ukraine Conducted between 2015 and 2019." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 9, no. 2 (October 26, 2022): 93–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus599.
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Diachronic and synchronic studies of linguistic landscapes of central streets and markets were conducted in five cities in Ukraine with different language use preferences in 2015 and 2017–19. The relationship between a monolingual state language policy and the reality of language use in public spaces was investigated. This study focuses on the dynamics of the linguistic landscape of Odesa, a Russian-speaking city with a weak historical connection to the state of Ukraine, and compares them with the linguistic landscapes of central Kyiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Lviv. Linguistic landscape data are complemented with semi-structured interviews investigating de jure policies, de facto practices, and beliefs of individuals who make their language choices in public signage, often contesting the official language policy regulations. Linguistic data can deliver messages about power, values, and the salience of languages used in public places. This mixed-methods research is grounded in a critical ethnographic approach to the study of language policy, politics, and planning. The linguistic landscape in Odesa, a polyethnic city, is exceptionally dynamic in reflecting the de facto language policy in the city. The effects of globalization and language commodification were marked by compliance with the official policy on the central street, but proof of inhabitants’ identity with the Russian language as the lingua franca was evident as the data collection site moved away from the city centre. This synchronic and diachronic studies of languages in Odesa is compared with the languages spoken in four Ukrainian regions and marks a proportional increase in the presence of two main languages—Ukrainian and Russian—independent of the Ukrainization efforts of the state at the time of war. It also suggests that an increase in the use of English, as observed in Odesa, is a way to avoid using the state language.
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Oktiyadi, Rizky, Ahadi Sulissusiawan, Patriantoro, Hotma Simanjuntak, and Sesilia Seli. "Geografi Dialek Bahasa Dayak di Kecamatan Sepauk Hulu Kabupaten Sintang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat." Syntax Idea 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): 2241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v5i11.2727.
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This research on dialect geography applies a synchronic comparative linguistic approach with interpretations based on historical linguistic differentiation. The study, which focuses on phonological and lexical aspects, was conducted to determine the linguistic distance between the Dayak languages used by the people who identify themselves as Sekubang and Seberuang residing in the Sepauk Hulu District. The data presented and discussed in this study consist of responses from 21 research informants related to 829 lexical question glosses. This data was obtained through interviews conducted by the researcher with research informants in each observation area. The method used in data analysis is the synchronic comparative method, applying dialectometric formulas and inter-village triangles. The results of the data analysis, which disregards phonological differences between observation areas, show differences in dialect, subdialect, and speech. Based on the analysis and findings in this study, it can be concluded that the Sekubang and Seberuang languages are the same. However, locally, they identify themselves as separate languages. Therefore, to affirm the similarity between these two Dayak variants, the term "Seberuang language" is introduced as a replacement for the names of both languages. This designation is based on the schematic depiction of the broader Seberuang language usage area compared to the Sekubang language usage area.
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Meneses, Alexis, Yuichiro Yoshikawa, and Hiroshi Ishiguro. "Effect of synchronous robot motion on human synchrony and enjoyment perception." Interaction Studies 22, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 86–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18027.men.
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Abstract Enhancing synchronization among people when synchronization is lacking is believed to improve their social skills, learning processes, and proficiency in musical rhythmic development. Greater synchronization among people can be induced to improve the rhythmic interaction of a system with multiple dancing robots that dance to a drum beat. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the human–human synchrony between persons that participated in musical sessions with robots. In this study, we evaluated: (a) the effect of the number of robots on a subject’s ability to synchronize with an experimenter; (b) the effect of the type of robot synchrony, namely, whether the robots did or did not represent the subject’s rhythm; (c) the effect of an in-sync and out-of-sync robot on a subject’s behavior. We found that: (a) three robots increased the level of synchronization between the subject and experimenter and their enjoyment level; (b) robots may induce greater synchronization between the subject and experimenter by reproducing the rhythms of not only the experimenter but also of the subject compared to when only the experimenter’s rhythms had been reproduced; (c) the robots in-sync had greater influence on the natural rhythm of the subject.
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Maseko, Busani, and Liqhwa P. Siziba. "Continuities or Change?: A Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis of Documented Language Policies of Selected Universities in South Africa." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 14, no. 2 (March 2, 2023): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1402.05.
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In line with the requirements of Department of Higher Education and Training’s language policy framework, universities in South Africa have crafted language policies that commit to promote multilingualism and contribute to the transformation of higher education. This article is an analysis of previous and current revised language policies of North-West University and Stellenbosch University in South Africa. By focusing on the wording and framing of language policy provisions in the past and present policy documents, we show that language policies of the two institutions have been characterised by continuities than change. Through a theorisation of language policy as a function of ideologies, practices and management, the article exposes how the institutions’ language policies perpetuate the marginalisation and exclusion of indigenous language as languages of instruction and continue to legitimatise Afrikaans and English in varying degrees. While the language policies of the two institutions are full of promise to foster inclusive multilingual education, the wording of the policy provisions betrays the fallacy of this promise by the inclusion of caveats and conditions to be met for indigenous African languages to be used in teaching and learning. The article however notes the positive steps taken by the two historically Afrikaans medium universities to commit to multilingual education by the inclusion of African languages as potential languages of instruction. We conclude that further policy revisions are imperative to eliminate vague and escapist terminology that militates against the implementation and realisation of multilingualism as envisaged in the language policies of the two universities.
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Utkina, L. N. "Linguocultural influence of Spanish (Latin American varieties) on American English." Язык и текст 6, no. 2 (2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2019060208.
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The article shows the interaction of two languages (Spanish and English) in diachrony and synchrony (the influence of Latin American Spanish on the American version of English in the last decades). The language situation in the USA is described in connection with the large number of immigrants from Latin America, as well as their cultural influence on the lifestyle of the southern and southwestern US states. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and newspaper publications, videos and Internet sites, the influence of the Spanish language and culture on the American version of the English language and the culture of the southern states of the USA is demonstrated.
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Patten, Elena, Linda R. Watson, and Grace T. Baranek. "Temporal Synchrony Detection and Associations with Language in Young Children with ASD." Autism Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/678346.
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Temporally synchronous audio-visual stimuli serve to recruit attention and enhance learning, including language learning in infants. Although few studies have examined this effect on children with autism, it appears that the ability to detect temporal synchrony between auditory and visual stimuli may be impaired, particularly given social-linguistic stimuli delivered via oral movement and spoken language pairings. However, children with autism can detect audio-visual synchrony given nonsocial stimuli (objects dropping and their corresponding sounds). We tested whether preschool children with autism could detect audio-visual synchrony given video recordings of linguistic stimuli paired with movement of related toys in the absence of faces. As a group, children with autism demonstrated the ability to detect audio-visual synchrony. Further, the amount of time they attended to the synchronous condition was positively correlated with receptive language. Findings suggest that object manipulations may enhance multisensory processing in linguistic contexts. Moreover, associations between synchrony detection and language development suggest that better processing of multisensory stimuli may guide and direct attention to communicative events thus enhancing linguistic development.
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Meakins, Felicity. "Which Mix — code-switching or a mixed language? — Gurindji Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.03mea.
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Gurindji Kriol is a contact variety spoken in northern Australia which has been identified as a mixed language. Yet its status as an autonomous language system must be questioned for three reasons — (i) it continues to be spoken alongside its source languages, Gurindji and Kriol, (ii) it has a close diachronic and synchronic relationship to code-switching between Gurindji and Kriol, and (iii) its structure bears a strong resemblance to patterns found in this code-switching. Nonetheless in this paper I present criteria which support the claim of ‘language-hood’ for Gurindji Kriol. I demonstrate that Gurindji Kriol (i) is a stable language variety (it has child language learners and a high degree of inter-speaker consistency), (ii) has developed independent forms and structural subsystems which have not been adopted back into the source languages, and (iii) contains structural features from both languages which is rare in other language contact varieties including Kriol/Gurindji code-switching. I also present a number of structural indicators which can be used to distinguish Gurindji Kriol mixed language clauses from code-switched clauses.
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Koverienė, Indrė. "Lip Synchrony of Bilabial Consonants in the Lithuanian Dubbed Live-Action Film a Dog's Way Home." Sustainable Multilingualism 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2023-0020.
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Abstract This article explores the intricate nature of lip synchrony in dubbing as an audiovisual translation mode, highlighting its significance beyond aesthetic considerations. Often overlooked during the translation process for dubbing, the mismatch between auditory and visual signals caused by unsynchronized lip movements can have a negative impact on speech perception. Moreover, with the constant rise of audiovisual content, achieving satisfactory lip synchrony remains a crucial challenge that demands attention. Although scholars such as Fodor (1976) and Chaume (2012) have recognized the importance of bilabial consonants in maintaining lip synchrony, there is a notable research gap specifically focusing on this aspect within the Lithuanian dubbed industry. To address this gap, this study investigates the lip synchrony of bilabial consonants in the Lithuanian dubbed version of the live-action film A Dog's Way Home (2019). By employing a comparative research approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative analyses, the study draws on theoretical perspectives presented by McGurk and MacDonald (1976), Fodor (1976), Chaume (2004, 2012), and Koverienė (2015). The analysis of the cinematographic shots reveals that only a small percentage (19%) of the bilabial phonemes in the source language utterances were visually prominent instances, and consequently chosen for detailed examination of lip synchrony. This finding suggests that strict adherence to lip synchrony may not be crucial in numerous instances, allowing translators to have greater flexibility in their approach. The target language utterances demonstrate a relatively high percentage (approximately 76%) of synchronous cases for bilabials, particularly in proper names and international words. However, the research also reveals additional 94 instances of bilabials in the target language that were not found in the source language utterances, leading to dischronemes. Therefore, audiovisual translators are urged to consider not only how to maintain the lip synchrony of bilabial consonants in the target language, but also how to avoid the emergence of new bilabials.
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Greimas, Algirdas J. "Inédit 1 (1964): Réflexions sur les possibilités d’une description de l’histoire de la linguistique." Semiotica 2017, no. 214 (January 1, 2017): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0218.
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AbstractThe Wenner-Gren Foundation symposium “Revolution vs. Continuity in the Study of Language” invites speakers to discuss the applicability of Thomas Kuhn’s 1962 essay to linguistics. Kuhn does well to posit an autonomous epistemological plane, to take account of the sociology of knowledge, and to focus on the history of structures rather than of fleeting events. On the other hand, he presents each science as essentially stagnant throughout most of time, and offers an atemporal and harmonious view of how one “paradigm” replaces its predecessor; Kuhnian history emerges as a succession of synchronies. The portrayal ignores that if paradigms emerge at successive moments, old and new overlap and coexist in tension. Constructing each science as an independent system, it also neglects dynamics that cross or connect disciplines, including generalized systems of thought, and outlooks common to an entire society at a given era.Whereas sciences today are familiar with synchronic systems, effective models of those structures’ diachronic transformation are lacking. Rather than Kuhn’s or Hegel’s a priori and overly general schemas, inductive approaches based on the linguistic analysis of scholarship or researchers’ autobiographical testimonies could provide better results. In the interim, adopting Braudel’s concept of history as encompassing events belonging to three distinct chronological orders ranging from quotidian to multi-secular, we can see that a Kuhnian revolution alters views characteristic of a discipline during a given period, but only changes portions of the overall field as it has developed throughout time. This conception reconciles synchrony and diachrony. Rather than prolonged periods of inactivity, we observe a constant scientific praxis which transforms paradigms defined as open, their possibilities always exceeding their extant realizations. Such paradigmatic variations cannot account for exceptional scientific revolutions which exceed their scale, such as the invention of writing, and which represent instead breakthroughs in a model’s effectiveness, in its ability to transform reality and human experience. The contemporary project for a structural semantics aims to achieve a second linguistic revolution by constructing a new language which can serve as the science of humanity, an anthropology comparable to the mathematics used in the life sciences.
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Giorgi, Alessandra. "The Comparative Method in Synchronic Linguistics: The Case of Word Order." Armenian Folia Anglistika 16, no. 1 (21) (April 15, 2020): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2020.16.1.009.
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In this article I discuss the comparative method in formal linguistics when applied to word order phenomena in Italian, English and German. I argue that the comparison has to rest on sound theoretical basis in order to reach interesting conclusions. These languages might prima facie all look Subject- Verb-Object – SVO – languages, with some puzzling issues arising in German. At a closer look however, I will show that English and Italian pattern together as their basic word order – i.e., SVO – goes, as opposed to German, an SOV language. Conversely, English and German pattern together with respect to a property typical, even if not exclusively so, of Germanic languages, i.e. Verb Second.
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Huber, Loreta, and Airidas Kairys. "Culture Specific Items in Audiovisual Translation: Issues of Synchrony and Cultural Equivalence in the Lithuanian Dub of “Shrek the Third”." Studies about Languages 1, no. 38 (July 13, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.38.24743.
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Audiovisual translation encompasses a number of dissimilar areas. To quote Frederic Valera Chaume, AVT “covers both well-established and new ground-breaking linguistic and semiotic transfers like dubbing, subtitling, surtitling, respeaking, audiosubtitling, voice-over, simultaneous interpreting at film festivals, free-commentary and goblin translation, subtitling for the deaf and the hard of hearing, audiodescription, fansubbing and fandubbing” (2013, p. 105). This paper analyses the importance of culture-specific elements in audiovisual products and strategies of their transfer to the target culture. Practical investigation is based on a case study of an animated film “Shrek the Third” and its Lithuanian dub. The choice for the case study was determined by the fact that the history of dubbing animated movies in independent Lithuania started with “Shrek,” the first Hollywood film dubbed into Lithuanian, which has achieved unprecedented success and become an example for further dub localizations. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between types of synchrony that should be maintained in dubbing and culture-specific items that should be localized in the target text. The study is complemented with a research survey that questions the importance of different types of synchronies in translation. As there is no consensus about the importance of lip synchrony in dubbing, and some scholars (Doane, 1980; Chaume, 2012) claim that it plays a dominant role in dubbing, whereas others (Herbst, 1994; Jüngst, 2010) declare its overestimation, the survey research attempts to answer this debatable question.
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Husin, Misyana Susanti, Kamisah Ariffin, Geraldine De Mello, Nur Hidayatulshima Omar, and Aini Andria Shirin Anuardin. "Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur." International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 3, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v3i2.7362.
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Abstract: Linguistic landscape (LL) refers to the visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region. The highest density of signs can be found in cities and towns, particularly in the main shopping streets and industrial areas. This study is a synchronic analysis of digitally photographed commercial shop signs in three selected regions of Kuala Lumpur that focuses on the patterns of the language use. Findings reveal bilingual shop signs dominated the shopping streets in the areas adjacent to and within Kuala Lumpur and English being more prevalent than the national language or other languages. There was also visibility of foreign languages that offers linguistic diversity in the cityscapes. In summary, multilingualism in the areas boils down to different languages being used and functioning in differing ways.
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Mikhalchenko, V. Yu, E. A. Kondrashkina, and S. V. Kirilenko. "Educational Planning in Context of Yakut, Kalmyk, and Karelian Languages." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 6 (August 31, 2023): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-6-88-106.
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This article examines one component of language planning — educational planning. The main elements and indicators of this type of planning were identified. The authors discuss issues related to educational planning in three republics of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted based on the materials of the Kalmyk, Karelian, and Yakut languages. The aim of the research was to analyze educational planning as a set of existing opportunities for language learning. One of the objectives was to determine the scope and directions of activity in educational language planning. The second objective was to provide an overview of educational planning based on the materials of the Karelian, Kalmyk, and Yakut languages in synchrony and diachrony. The third objective was to analyze educational language planning according to our identified criteria and clarify the prestige of languages in the perception of speakers as a motivational factor for their study. To achieve this, the results of field research conducted in the three republics in 2021-2022 were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the ethnic self-awareness of respondents is at a high level, and the symbolic significance of national languages is significant. However, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the number of individuals interested in studying their native (national) language in school education.
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Brody, Parker L. "Morphological exceptionality and pathways of change." Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.18037.bro.
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Abstract This paper explores the notion of analyzing cross-linguistically uncommon morphosyntactic structures in terms of their historical development. What may seem extraordinary in the synchronic snapshot of a language can often be clearly accounted for through diachronic considerations. To illustrate this, the current study examines the typologically uncommon phenomenon of multiple exponence, the realization of the same grammatical information in multiple places within an inflected word, in the Kiranti (Tibeto-Burman) languages. Typologically speaking, we do see a strong tendency cross-linguistically towards encoding grammatical information once within an inflected word, and against multiple exponence. Yet the phenomenon of multiple exponence is attested in a number of languages. This paper presents comparative evidence from the Kiranti languages that supports the claim that multiple exponence in synthetic verbs in the modern Kiranti languages comes as a result of the interaction between language(family)-specific typology (multiple agreement in periphrastic verbs) and an uncontroversial language change process (coalescence of periphrastic forms into synthetic forms).
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Kelemen, Attila. "Some Aspects of Language Planning in the Scandinavian Countries." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2019-0034.
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AbstractThe present study deals with language planning and language policy in the Scandinavian countries and aims to sketch their peculiarities. The investigation is both diachronic und synchronic, using the historical-comparative method and making use of the research results of linguistic disciplines as language history, sociolinguistics, etc. Language planning and language policy in the Scandinavian countries are very powerful. In spite of the strong resemblances between the Scandinavian languages and the strong pan-Scandinavian tendencies, the language planning and the linguistic policy of each individual Scandinavian country show differing tendencies. Most consequently, language planning is carried out in Iceland. In Icelandic, purism has gone the furthest. Danish is the most conservative language, but it is also most tolerant towards the foreign words.
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Budilova, Olexandra, and Maryna Volkova. "MULTILINGUAL APPROACH TO TEACHING THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH: PROS AND CONS." English and American Studies, no. 20 (June 23, 2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/382309.
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The history of the English language is a compulsory subject included into the curriculum of students majoring in English. As a theoretical course, it focuses students’ attention on the English language development from both diachronic, and synchronic perspective, spots the differences between Old, Middle and Modern English, guides them through the changes English has experienced over history. Obviously, English is not the only language whose structure has changed over time, and our idea was to highlight the similarities and differences between English as the major language and French, German and Spanish as minor languages our students learn as part of their compulsory curriculum. Despite belonging to different language groups, the four languages can be compared in terms of various grammar structures, thus giving students an opportunity to practice not only English, but also other languages they learn at university.The aim of this article is to show the ways to incorporate the multilingual approach to teaching the history of English and to emphasize its advantages and disadvantages from both teacher, and student perspective.
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Murillo, Eva, Carlota Ortega, Alicia Otones, Irene Rujas, and Marta Casla. "Changes in the Synchrony of Multimodal Communication in Early Language Development." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 2235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0402.
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Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the changes in temporal synchrony between gesture and speech of multimodal communicative behaviors in the transition from babbling to two-word productions. Method Ten Spanish-speaking children were observed at 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of age in a semistructured play situation. We longitudinally analyzed the synchrony between gestures and vocal productions and between their prominent parts. We also explored the relationship between gestural–vocal synchrony and independent measures of language development. Results Results showed that multimodal communicative behaviors tend to be shorter with age, with an increasing overlap of its constituting elements. The same pattern is found when considering the synchrony between the prominent parts. The proportion of overlap between gestural and vocal elements at 15 months of age as well as the proportion of the stroke overlapped with vocalization appear to be related to lexical development 3 months later. Conclusions These results suggest that children produce gestures and vocalizations as coordinated elements of a single communication system before the transition to the two-word stage. This coordination is related to subsequent lexical development in this period. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6912242
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Machinyise, Elliot, Martin Chabu, and Mercy Zemba. "The Birth and Sociolinguistic Features of Sala Language of Zambia. To What Extent is Sala Language Related to Bantu Botatwe Group of Languages?" International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VIII (2023): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7875.
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The central theme of this study is language contact, ethnic and linguistic construction. The purpose of this paper is therefore, two folds: Firstly, to describe the birth and evolution of Sala language of Central Zambia, both at synchronic and diachronic levels. Secondly, to investigate the sociolinguistic aspects of Sala language in terms of language contact and revitalisation, language maintenance, and geographical variations linked to multilingualism within the speech communities. Much of the bulky data was elicited from interviews through semi-structured interview schedules. Library literature, oral tales, and songs were some of the secondary sources that were used to gather vital and relevant information for this study.
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Šinkūnienė, Jolanta. "Reformulation markers in academic discourse." Jezikoslovlje 20, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 531–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/jez.2019.19.
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Using quantitative and qualitative approaches alongside contrastive analysis, this paper investigates distribution frequency and functions of reformulation markers employed in academic discourse in two languages (English and Lithuanian) and three science fields (humanities, medicine, technology). The English language data is taken from the academic language sub-corpus of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, while the Lithuanian language data comes from the Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum, a specialised synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian. The results show that it is the humanities scholars who employ reformulation markers most frequently in both languages. They also employ a wider range of reformulation markers and use them in more diverse ways than scholars in the hard fields. The most frequent function of reformulation markers irrespective of language and science field is the interpretation of explicit content. The analysis highlights the importance of the discipline and genre in the distribution and use of reformulation markers.
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Ino, La. "The Reconstruction of Protolanguage Muna and Kambowa." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v2i3.265.
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This article is the result of research that talks about language Muna and language Kambowa in the study of historical linguistics. This article has been shown in an international seminar in Padang with the theme of Language and civilization. But the text only contains a quantitative approach three languages: the language Muna, language Kambowa, and language Busoa. The article will be devoted to the qualitative approach and reconstruction of proto-phonemes and proto words in two languages, the muna language, and the kambowa language. This is done in order to find appropriate and accurate reconstruction. Data sought a more complete by adding data derived from previous writings. Muna language is the language used by the people in the district Muna and Kambowa language is the language used by the people in the north Buton regency. The two districts in the province of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research is done in the hope that the status of these two languages can be clearer. This is due to that during this time there is some presumption that both of these is the same language that sets it apart is the dialect. Using the approach synchronic comparative and diachronic comparative and with lexicostatistics method for quantitative data found that the percentage of both languages is 52%. based on the results of the analysis can be found that the Proto-Austronesian language reflected in muna and kambowa as proto-language Muna Kambowa as a proof unifying group is apacope, syncope, Metathesis, Split.
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Zanasi, Lorenzo, Arianna Bienati, and Chiara Vettori. "Sulla definizione di coerenza testuale. Dizionari e ricerca a confronto verso un modello operativo per le classi del ciclo superiore." Ladinia 48 (2024): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.243-256.
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This study presents reflections on developing a grammar of Val Badia Ladin. For minority languages undergoing processes of standardisation and normalisation primarily based on the synchronic system of the language, the creation of a normative grammar for the linguistic community necessitates a discussion on the interplay between the norm and linguistic variation. Furthermore, the paper casts some light on the significance of acquiring both written and oral data to comprehensively analyse language use within various communicative contexts. Lastly, three examples are provided to delineate the challenges concerning variation and normativity within a mainly normative grammar.
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Videsott, Ruth. "Proporre una grammatica per una lingua di minoranza: l’esempio del ladino della Val Badia." Ladinia 48 (2024): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54218/ladinia.48.221-242.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents reflections on developing a grammar of Val Badia Ladin. For minority languages undergoing processes of standardisation and normalisation primarily based on the synchronic system of the language, the creation of a normative grammar for the linguistic community necessitates a discussion on the interplay between the norm and linguistic variation. Furthermore, the paper casts some light on the significance of acquiring both written and oral data to comprehensively analyse language use within various communicative contexts. Lastly, three examples are provided to delineate the challenges concerning variation and normativity within a mainly normative grammar.
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Aselderova, Rumaniyat Omarovna. "Historical Memory of Derivational and Form-building Affixes of Dagestanian Languages." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-2-286-296.
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The article deals with the role of scientific etymology in restoring the origin of the word. The historical patterns, nature, and nature of the changes, development, and improvement of the language are analyzed. Attention is paid to the process of restoring historical memory as a powerful tool of knowledge. The article deals with the etymological semantics of the formants of the case system, the genesis of the ergative system, the historical memory of the class indicators of Avar language in correlation with the materials of other Dagestan languages. The paper examines the inner essence of language development in a comparative aspect. The importance of the concept of language development and the reconstruction of the forms of language units in both diachronic and synchronic terms is noted.
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Melnik, Nurit. "Existentials and possessives in Modern Hebrew." Studies in Language 42, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 389–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17041.mel.
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Abstract This paper considers the relationship between synchronic variation and language change in the context of the existential and possessive constructions in Modern Hebrew, which exhibit a normative – colloquial alternation. The study examines usage patterns across age groups and time periods, as represented in spoken-language corpora. It shows that the non-normative construction is used extensively in the contemporary speech of adults. Moreover, a comparison of the use of the normative – colloquial alternations by two populations, children and adults, in different time periods, provides evidence to suggest that these constructions are undergoing language change. A cross-linguistic perspective lends additional support: across languages the expression of existence involves non-canonical structures, which are particularly susceptible to language variation and, possibly, language change.
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Ma, Qinghua, and Zhiguang Wang. "Compensation:A Synchronic Dynamic Mechanism in Language." Macrolinguistics 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 14–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2008.2.2.2.
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Vandana Lakra, Alisha, and Md Mojibur Rahman. "Reduplication in Kurukh: A Study in Word-formation Processes and Vocabulary Acquisition." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 4 (May 2, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.4p.120.
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Change is the nature of every living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication in acquiring vocabulary.
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Petek, E. K., and М. Е. Adilov. "Historical Development of the /j-/ Sound at the beginning of the words in Kazakh Language." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 134, no. 1 (2021): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2021-134-1-130-143.
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One of the most emphasized issues of the Turkish language, which also causes differences of opinion among Turcologists,is the state of the sound / y- / at the beginning of the words.This sound varies in terms of both historical Turkish dialects and contemporary Turkish dialects and is met with a different sound. For those who accept the Altaic hypothesis, it is known that the Proto-Turkic language, which developed as an independent language after the era of the Proto- Altaic language, was divided into two branches as Oghur languages (West Old Turkish) and Common Turkic (East Old Turkish). In Turcology, the terms Lir Turkic for Oghur languages and Shaz Turkic for Common Turkic are also used. In order to classify the Turkic languages, the sounds /l, /ş/ and /r/, /z/ sounds, and also the / y- / sound at the beginning ofthe words were used as criteria. This article will focus on thedevelopment of the / y- / sound at the beginning of the words in Turkic languages, which corresponds to the / j- / sound at the beginning of the words in the Modern Kazakh language through diachronic and synchronic comparisons. It will be mentioned that whether the /y-/ sound can be seen since the Orkhon Turkic, which is one of the historic periods of the East Old Turkic, or the /j-/ sound in the Kazakh language is more archaic.