Journal articles on the topic 'Language policy'
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1
Pool, Jonathan. "The Official Language Problem." American Political Science Review 85, no. 2 (June 1991): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963171.
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Polities and organizations use and require particular languages for official business. The choice of official languages is a vexing issue. Theorists, convinced that a fair language policy cannot be efficient, have despaired of an elegant solution. To investigate this apparent dilemma, I mathematically model the problem of choosing an efficient and fair language policy for a plurilingual polity. The policy designates official languages and taxes the language groups to pay for translation among the official languages. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, this model implies that a fair language policy can be efficient. But what if language groups rationally misrepresent the costs of using a nonnative official language? Even then, the policy maker can discover a fair language policy and, under some conditions, can use a cost-revelation procedure that discovers a fair and efficient language policy. The results challenge the claim that efficiency and practicality excuse the inferior treatment of language minorities.
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Walter, Stephen L., and Kay R. Ringenberg. "Language Policy, Literacy, and Minority Languages." Review of Policy Research 13, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1994.tb00611.x.
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Kużelewska, Elżbieta. "Language Policy in Switzerland." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2016-0020.
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Abstract Switzerland is often referred to as a success story for handling its linguistic and cultural diversity. Traditionally four languages have been spoken in relatively homogeneous territories: German, French, Italian and Rhaeto- Romanic (Romansh). The first three have been national languages since the foundation of the Confederation in 1848; the fourth became a national language in 1938. In effect, The Law on Languages, in effect since 2010, has regulated the use and promotion of languages and enhanced the status of Romansh as one of the official languages since 2010. While Swiss language policy is determined at the federal level, it is in the actual practice a matter for cantonal implementation. Article 70 of the Swiss Federal Constitution, titled “Languages”, enshrines the principle of multilingualism. A recent project to create legislation to implement multilingualism across the cantons, however, has failed. Thus Switzerland remains de jure quadrilingual, but de facto bilingual at best, with only a handful of cantons recognizing more than one official language (Newman, 2006: 2). Cantonal borders are not based on language: the French-German language border runs across cantons during most of its course from north to south, and such is also the case for Italian.
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Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan. "Family Language Policy." Sociolinguistic Studies 18, no. 1-2 (April 29, 2024): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/sols.26345.
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This commentary outlines the key contributions of the issue. Addressing various language attitudes and ideologies held by family members, the commentary highlights the major themes of the collected articles, addressing important issues in the maintenance of home languages and development of minoritised languages as well as interactions between families and the wider society. In particular, it looks into why heritage and minoritised languages are difficult to maintain and develop in multilingual contexts. The commentary emphasises how families constantly interact with broader sociocultural, sociohistorical, and sociopolitical contexts and outlines the agentive role of family members in accommodating or resisting language change. It highlights the key topics, theoretical contributions, and methodological issues in this issue.
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Meylaerts, Reine, and Gabriel González Núñez. "No language policy without translation policy." Language Problems and Language Planning 42, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 196–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00028.mey.
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Abstract A major challenge for authorities in the modern world is the linguistic integration of minorities. In this context, language policies play a key role as authorities are increasingly faced with the challenge of adjusting their language policies in order to secure the linguistic rights and thus the integration of their multilingual populations. In multilingual democracies, these language policies must include choices about the use or non-use of translation. These choices, when they are systematic, become policies of their own in terms of translation. Thus, translation policies arise in part as a consequence of language policies, and there can be no language policy without an attendant translation policy. This article sheds light on the role of translation policies as part of language policy. Specifically, it shows that translation policies can be a tool for integration and recognition or exclusion and neglect of speakers of minority languages and therefore deserve special attention. This is done by comparing the translation policies adopted in Flanders and Wales, both as applied to autochthonous linguistic minorities and allochthonous linguistic minorities. Lessons can be learned from the similarities and differences of translation policies in these two regions.
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Spolsky, Bernard. "Language policy." International Journal of Applied Linguistics 17, no. 2 (July 2007): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2007.154_2.x.
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Krausneker, Verena. "Language Policy and Planning for Sign Languages." Sign Language Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2011.0022.
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Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.
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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
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Abasilov, A., and A. Kenes. "Language policy: cis and kazakhstan experience." Bulletin of the Karaganda university Philology series 3, no. 107 (September 30, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022ph3/56-64.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of the language policy experience in the CIS countries and the Republic of Kazakhstan. To understand the current language situation in Kazakhstan, the achievements and shortcomings of the language policy of the countries coming from the Soviet system are demonstrated. To improve the state language policy, models that exist in the CIS countries and proposals that are useful for Kazakh science were presented. Taking into account the current state of the state language, the peculiarities of the development of the language situation in multiethnic countries, including the methods adopted by the CIS countries to solve the problems of forming the state language policy, the need for a new language policy is determined in Kazakh society. This indicates the relevance of the study. The study describes the impact of the difficult language situation in Kazakhstan after gaining independence on the state language policy. Based on the current language situation, the direction of further progress of language policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined. The article takes into account the experience of language policy in the Baltic states when the language situation was similar to Kazakhstan, and significant phenomena in the course of their implementation allow Kazakhstan to develop and implement a more effective language policy concerning national and foreign languages. Within the framework of the specifics of language policy in these countries, issues of functioning and Status feature, a review of legislation will be conducted. As an example, the reforms in the field of language that prompted Alash figures to do this, as well as the works of scientists who were engaged in systematic improvement of the use of the native language in life, both in the later and modern periods, are given. Data on the language policy of Kazakhstan in the Soviet system and documents on the state language policy in modern Kazakhstan are analyzed. Looking at historical and social factors affecting the policy, activity, and development of the state language from the point of view of social linguistics, the authors make proposals for the development of the status and policy of the state language.
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Rogers, Rosemarie. "Language Policy and Language Power." Language Problems and Language Planning 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.11.1.07rog.
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Lingua politiko kaj lingua potenco: Publikigajoj en Souet-Unio Malgraŭ lingva diversegeco kaj aliaj kondiĉoj malhelpaj al la egaleco de lingvoj, la politiko de Sovet-Unio oficiale egalecas. Ĉu tiu politiko vere celas aŭ povas egaligi ciujn lingvojn estas tamen disputaĵo. Mi analizas unu atestajon pri la principoj kaj rezultoj de la lingva politiko: librojn, ĵurnalojn kaj gazetojn publikigitajn en la sovetaj lingvoj inter 1959 kaj la 1980oj. Mi hipotezas ke la lingvoj publikigaĵe mal egalas; ke lingvaj, politikaj kaj ekonomiaj malsamoj inter la lingvoj kaj inter ties uzantoj klarigas grandparte la malegalojn; kaj ke la malegaleco kreskas. Mi provas tiujn hipotezojn per sovetaj publikigaĵaj kaj demografiaj statistikoj. Oni uzas pli ol 70 (t.e. preskaŭ ĉiujn skribeblajn) sovetajn lingvojn ĉe libra, libreta, jurnala kaj gazeta publikigado. Malmultaj lingvoj havas gazetojn sen havi jurnalojn kaj neniu havas jurnalojn sen havi librojn. Laŭ statistika analizo, ju pli altrangas politike (t.e., teritori-administre) nacia grupo, des pli oni publikigas per ĝia lingvo. Tio validas por publikigajaj speeoj, por la elektebleco de publikigaĵoj (la kiomo de titoloj) kaj por la kvanto de publikigaĵoj (la hompoa kiomo de ekzempleroj). Laŭ ĉiuj tiuj mezuroj la rusa lingvo unike fortas kaj la dek-kvar aliaj lingvoj de la uniaj respublikoj multe superas la ceterajn. Tiuj malsamecoj kreskas. Laŭ multopa regresanalizo, se oni konstantigas la politikan rangon ankaû la grandeco de la lingvanaro grave helpas prognozi la uzatecon de lingvoĉe publikigaĵoj. Kromaj prognoziloj por la malplej uzataj lingvoj estas la edukitecoj kaj la ruslingvaj sciantecoj de la respektivaj lingvanaroj. Tiuj fenomenoj influas la postulatecojn de diverslingvaj publikigaĵoj, pro kio iuj lingvoj servas pli ekonomie ol aliaj kiel publikigiloj. La soveta lingva politiko ne nuligas la rezultajn malegalecojn.
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Patthey-Chavez, G. G. "Language Policy and Planning in Mexico: Indigenous Language Policy." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 200–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002890.
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Mexico's multilingual and multicultural character predates European contact. In its long history, it has generated many communicative challenges as well as interesting language planning efforts to deal with them (Heath 1972). Most recently, official acknowledgments of Mexico's multicultural and multilingual character are raising a series of complex language planning and policy issues even as they are leading to important constitutional and material gains on the part of indigenous Mexicans.
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Fitzsimmons-Doolan, Shannon. "Language ideologies of institutional language policy: exploring variability by language policy register." Language Policy 18, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9479-1.
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Sabi Kazeem, Ahmed, and Muritala Imam Suleiman. "Prospects and Problems of Language Policy." Britain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal 2, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biolae.v2i1.203.
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Indigenous languages in Nigeria have been relegated to the background at the expense of foreign languages. Official language policies have variously been enunciated in documents such as the National Policy on Education. Yet, there are problems facing indigenous language is Nigeria. This study examined prospects and problems of language policy to indigenous languages in Nigeria. Scholars and researchers were of the opinion that indigenous languages in Nigeria should incorporate socio-cultural activities. Problems facing the growth and development of indigenous languages were identified and prospects and possible solutions to the identified problems were proffered. It was therefore concluded that despite Nigeria is a multilingual society, there are few multilingual speakers of indigenous languages. It was however recommended that indigenous languages should be developed in order to enhance socio-cultural integration.
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Kalėdienė, Laima. "Evaluation of language policy in Lithuania." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2011): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.2.04.
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In order to assess whether the language policy implemented in Lithuania corresponds to the expectations of the language users, they were asked to provide their opinion as part of the sociolinguistic survey Cities and Languages. The total reluctance to learn languages was rather surprising: only one in five residents of cities expressed a desire to learn various languages. The fact that 14% of very young people consider themselves first and foremost citizens of the world and Europeans can only be seen as a manifestation of globalisation. The most surprising result of this survey is that half of all respondents would like their children to attend bilingual i.e. Lithuanian/English schools. Separate language policies are developed for the languages used in Lithuania. A common integrated programme which contains a forecast of the prospects of all languages more actively used in Lithuania and a vision on an integral language policy is required.
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Klimova, Ksenia A., and Elena S. Uzeneva. "Language Policy and Language Situation in Dynamics: Pomaks of Northern Greece." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 66 (2022): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-66-148-160.
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The paper comes up with a synchronous-diachronic analysis of the linguistic situation in one of the isolated cultural and linguistic enclaves of the Balkan Peninsula: the district of Xanthi in the region of Thrace in Northern Greece, on the Bulgarian-Greek border. Here, in a remote mountainous area, live Muslim Slavs, ethnic Bulgarians, representing a minority ethnolinguistic and cultural-confessional group that has existed for a long time in a foreign language and other religious environment among Orthodox Greeks. In the historical past, this community formed a single whole with the Muslim Bulgarians who now live within the boundaries of the Republic of Bulgaria. This minority is the object of the language and cultural policy of three states: Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. Note that the Greek authorities for a long time 1920s–1990s (excluding the period of Bulgarian rule in 1941–1944) pursued a policy of de-Bulgarization of this population. As a result, today the degree of its Turkicization (due to the influence of Islam, the study of the Koran in Turkish and the active position of Turkey) is quite high. It should be noted that the Bulgarian-speaking communities in Northern Greece are not the object of the Bulgarian language policy, which is carried out by disinterested officials and politicians who ignore the opinions and assessments of Bulgarian dialectologists and sociolinguists. The study focuses on ethnonyms and exonyms as important factors in the formation of the Pomaks' linguistic identity: the self-name of the speakers of these dialects is Pomaks, Ahryans. The ethnonym Pomaks was introduced and continues to be actively used to discuss the new Greek policy towards the Bulgarian-speaking population of Greece; the linguonym Pomaks was also formed from it. Earlier in Greece, the term Slavophones ('speakers of the Slavic language') was used, cf. new pomakophones. In the 90s of the 20th century and early 21th century a number of scientists (V. Friedman, A. D. Dulichenko, A. Ioannidou, K. Voss, M. Nomati, M. Henzelmann, K. Steinke) considered Pomak to be one of the literary microlanguages of the southern Slavia, noting that it is characterized by the diversity of the script used and poor functionality. There were appropriate grounds for this (codification, publication of dictionaries and grammar, textbooks, etc.). But the impetus for the “creation” of the literary language of the Pomaks was the political task of the country's leadership. At present, Pomak (Southern Rodhopian, Bulgarian) dialects in Greece have an unwritten character (they are used exclusively for oral communication in the family and village, microsociety). Despite the presence of certain signs of the formation of the literary language among the Pomaks, the modern language situation and language policy do not contribute to its existence and functioning. We rely on both published sources and our own field materials collected during two ethnolinguistic expeditions carried out in 2018 and 2019, as well as online in 2021, and will try to present preliminary results of the study of the current state of the language and language policy. Let us note the importance of modern interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the phenomenon of intercultural communication, which are based on the dialogue of languages and cultures, and which necessitated the description of new linguistic conditions and consideration of the importance of not so much Greek as Turkish as a means of intra — and interethnic communication in the specific genre.
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Калкхоразова, Ф., and А. Садикова. "Language policy and planning." Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2023): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/xxia-ttipr-vol1-iss1-pp380-383.
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It is intended that this annotated bibliography be used as a stand-alone resource or in tandem with the related literature review about Language Planning and Policy: Factors that Impact on Successful Language Planning and Policy. A variety of literary sources, such as research reports and journal articles, are consulted in the bibliography. In order to give a summary of the main ideas and shared comprehension of the elements that influence successful language planning and policy, especially in relation to the revitalization of Indigenous and minority languages also upkeep. The goal was to find more modern works of literature, created about approaches and materials on language policy and planning (LPP). Although the literatures were based on the review’s body of work was expanded to include foundational works that addressed the major
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Azimova, M. "Language Policy Proposal." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/60/59.
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This article indicates some issues in educational establishment including Public school. It also illustrates varieties of levels of the pupils in this school and provides data about English textbooks. Also, this article demonstrates methods of the teachers as well as the aim of the curriculum. In addition, recommendations are provided in order to support students to achieve their goals.
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Ammon, Ulrich. "Language-Spread Policy." Language Problems and Language Planning 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21.1.05amm.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sprachverbreitungspolitik Sprachverbreitungspolitik (SVP) wird von zahlreichen Ländern praktiziert. Sie zielt ab auf die Verbreitung der eigenen Sprache auf Sprecher oder Domänen. Sie kann intern oder extern, als solche erklärt oder nicht erklärt, offen oder verdeckt und in unterschiedlicher Weise auf nationale Sprachenpolitik bezogen sein. Die Interessen der Empfanger divergieren meist von denen der Betreiber. Diese mochten ihren Muttersprachvorteil in der internationalen Kommunikation vergrößern, ihre Ideologie verbreiten, ökonomische Bande festigen oder vom Sprachunterricht wirtschaftlich profitieren. SVP basiert auf einer Macht- oder Marktauffassung von den Sprachen, wenn auch in aller Regel andere Motive bekundet werden. RESUMO Lingvodisvastiga politiko Lingvodisvastigan politikon (LDP) uzas multaj landoj. Ĝia celo estas disvastigi la propran lingvon al aliaj homoj aŭ komunikaj terenoj. Gi povas esti interna au ekstera, nomata tiel aŭ ne tiel, malkasa au kasa kaj rilatigita al la nacia lingvopolitiko en diversaj manieroj. La interesoj de la alcelatoj kutime malkoincidas kun tiuj de la agantoj. Ĉi-lastaj strebas plifortigi sian ge-patralingvan avantagon en internacia komunikado, disvastigi ideologion, firmigi ekonomiajn ligojn, aŭ ekonomie profiti el lingvoinstruado. LDP baziĝas sur potenca kaj merkata koncepto pri lingvoj, ec se oni plej kutime deklaras aliajn motivojn.
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Kaplan, Robert B., and Richard B. Baldauf. "Language policy spread." Language Problems and Language Planning 31, no. 2 (July 26, 2007): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.2.02kap.
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Except for a few large scale projects, language planners have tended to talk and argue among themselves rather than to see language policy development as an inherently political process. A comparison with a social policy example, taken from the United States, suggests that it is important to understand the problem and to develop solutions in the context of the political process, as this is where decisions will ultimately be made.
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Gacem, M. "Language Planning Policy." الإشعاع في اللسانيات و الترجمة, no. 1 (June 2014): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0010568.
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King, Kendall A., Lyn Fogle, and Aubrey Logan-Terry. "Family Language Policy." Language and Linguistics Compass 2, no. 5 (July 30, 2008): 907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00076.x.
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Mano, Pavan. "Language policy ambivalence." European Journal of Language Policy: Volume 14, Issue 2 14, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2022.10.
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This article focuses on historicising Singaporean English/Singlish and tracing its genealogy as a demotic language to understand the changing relationship between Singlish and the Singaporean state. It takes as an entry point a recent infomercial-style music video featuring the well-known fictive Singlish-speaking character Phua Chu Kang that was released by the Singaporean government in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. It encouraged residents to get vaccinated for their own protection and was widely circulated across mainstream news media as well as other platforms. Mining the character of Phua Chu Kang, previously fiercely criticised by the government for speaking Singlish, the article historicises Singlish and its shifting place in Singapore’s cultural politics and language policy. It demonstrates how the language has shifted from a previous position as a state antagonist to a demotic language now actively mobilised by the state. In so doing, it updates extant understandings of Singlish in relation to language policy and culture in Singapore where antagonism has given way to a relationship of ambivalence with the state. More broadly, it also highlights the instrumental value of mobilising a demotic language for its persuasive potential within speech communities that have an affinity for it.
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Lai, Rosangela. "Language planning and language policy in Sardinia." Language Problems and Language Planning 42, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00012.lai.
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Abstract In 1999, the Italian Republic acknowledged the status of Sardinian as a minority language. Since then the Autonomous Region of Sardinia has been committed to the development of language policies for Sardinian. A regional law approved in 1997 adopted the aim of promoting the different varieties of the languages spoken in Sardinia. The goals changed substantially when the Region adopted for its language planning activities the ideas of a cultural-political movement known as Movimentu Linguisticu Sardu, and appointed an activist Director of the Bureau of the Sardinian Language. This article presents and discusses the key steps in the last decade of language planning: the proposals, their development and consequences.
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Blanke, Detlev. "Communication in Europe – some language policy aspects." Język. Komunikacja. Informacja, no. 12 (March 28, 2019): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/jki.2017.12.4.
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The Council of Europe and the European Union (EU) together declared 2001 to be the „European Year of Languages”. Since then, September 26 of each year has been celebrated as the “European Day of Languages”. These initiatives are indications that the significance of European language policy and the complex problems related to it have been receiving more and more attention. For present purposes, European language policy should be understood as consciously realized public influence on the status, use and spread of languages spoken in the EU. In this study, it is only possible to touch upon a few problems of this very broad field, including legal solutions, the languages and language knowledge of Europeans, practical language transfer, the costs of mulitilingualism and various language policy models.
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Monaghan, Leila. "Linguistic Culture and Language Policy.:Linguistic Culture and Language Policy." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7, no. 2 (December 1997): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1997.7.2.245.
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Smolicz, J. J. "National Policy on Languages: A Community Language Perspective." Australian Journal of Education 30, no. 1 (April 1986): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418603000103.
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A brief historical review of language policies in Australia up to the publication of the Senate Standing Committee's Report on a National Language Policy in 1984 is given. The recommendations of the Report are discussed in the light of the ethno-cultural or core value significance that community languages have for many minority ethnic groups in Australia. Recent research findings on such languages are presented and their implications for a national language policy considered. It is postulated that the linguistic pluralism generated by the presence of community languages needs to be viewed in the context of a framework of values that includes English as the shared language for all Australians. From this perspective, it is argued that the stress that the Senate Committee Report places upon the centrality of English in Australia should be balanced by greater recognition of the linguistic rights of minorities and their implications for bilingual education. It is pointed out that both these aspects of language policy have been given prominence in recent statements and guidelines released by the Ministers of Education in Victoria and South Australia. The paper concludes by pointing to the growing interest in the teaching of languages other than English to all children in Australian schools.
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Grenoble, Lenore A., and Lindsay J. Whaley. "Language policy and the loss of Tungusic languages." Language & Communication 19, no. 4 (October 1999): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5309(99)00011-7.
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Smith, Peter. "The Effects of Language Policy on Minority Languages." European Journal of Linguistics 3, no. 3 (July 11, 2024): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ejl.2054.
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Purpose: The general objective of this study was to investigate the effects of language policy on minority languages. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to language policy on minority languages. Preliminary empirical review revealed that supportive and well-implemented language policies significantly contributed to the preservation and revitalization of minority languages. It found that bilingual education programs and media representation were crucial for maintaining linguistic diversity, but their success depended on adequate resources, trained educators, and community involvement. The study also emphasized the importance of community-driven policies, advocating for a bottom-up approach to ensure cultural sensitivity and sustainability. Overall, the research highlighted the need for comprehensive and inclusive language policies to protect and promote minority languages. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Linguistic Relativity Theory, Language Ecology Theory and Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effects of language policy on minority languages. The study recommended integrating sociolinguistic and ecological perspectives into theoretical frameworks, enhancing bilingual and multilingual education, and utilizing modern technology for language preservation. It emphasized robust legislative frameworks to support minority languages, continuous policy evaluation, and active community involvement in language planning. The study also suggested incorporating minority languages into economic and social spheres, promoting international cooperation, and including language preservation in global cultural agendas. These recommendations aimed to advance theory, practice, and policy for better preservation and revitalization of minority languages.
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Hancock, Andy. "Language education policy in multilingual Scotland." Language Problems and Language Planning 38, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.38.2.04han.
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Scotland is a small country yet it has a rich and complex linguistic makeup. The aim of this article is to analyse the current picture of the role of language education policy (LEP) in supporting and developing Scotland’s diverse languages drawing on policy documents, policy discourses and school pedagogies. The article begins with a historical account of multilingual Scotland in order to contextualize LEP and to dispel the myth of a monolingual country. This is followed by an examination of the three main language perspectives currently influencing LEP: regional languages, modern foreign languages and the languages of migrant communities. It will be illustrated that a post-devolutionary arena has provided opportunities for formulating and debating LEP which reflect a multilingual society, but significant imbalances and questions of equity still remain between the different categories of languages in terms of ideology, provision and practice. Finally, Lo Bianco’s (2007) taxonomy of language planning and action is modified to gain insights into the tensions and challenges that exist around a cohesive approach to LEP development in Scotland.
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R. Ahmed, Hawzhen, and Rashwan Salih. "Language Policy and Kurdish Identity since 2003." Twejer 2, no. 3 (August 2019): 967–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.1923.24.
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Shohamy, Elana. "Language tests as language policy tools." Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 14, no. 1 (March 2007): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09695940701272948.
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Macalister, John. "Language policies, language planning and linguistic landscapes in Timor-Leste." Language Problems and Language Planning 36, no. 1 (May 22, 2012): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.36.1.02mac.
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Timor-Leste is a nation where three exogenous languages (Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia, English) and one of many endogenous languages (Tetun) compete to be heard in public spaces. The constitution names both Tetun and Portuguese as co-official languages, and English and Bahasa Indonesia as working languages in the civil service; but official and de facto language policy are not necessarily the same. One mechanism that can mediate between ideology and practice, both as a way of imposing and of resisting official policy, is language in the public space. This paper demonstrates the insights that examining language in the public space can provide on language policy debates. It reports on the investigation of a linguistic landscape in Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste, and finds considerable difference between official language policy and language practices.
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Kosmajac, Vesna. "Language Policy of the Russian Federation." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 22, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil2022165k.
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This paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the current linguistic situation in the Russian Federation. Preservation and development of the Russian language represents the national interest of the state. The Russian language has the status of a state language, but, given the large number of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia, it must not jeopardise other national languages, as this could lead to inter-ethnic conflicts. Some of the key issues Russia is currently facing in this field are: the process of globalisation, the uncontrolled penetration of anglicisms into the Russian language, the adverse impact of the Internet and social networks on literacy, especially with the younger population. All valid rules of the Russian orthography are, in fact, prescribed by the Government of The Russian Federation. Laws regulating the area of language policy are the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, and the Law on the State Language of the Russian Federation.
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Templin, Torsten. "Language competition modeling and language policy evaluation." Language Problems and Language Planning 44, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00055.tem.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a framework for the analysis of effects of language policies on the competition between languages. At the core of this framework is a language competition model that takes into account four pivotal factors for the evolution of the linguistic composition of a society: intergenerational language transmission, formal language education, adult language learning and migration. In contrast to the majority of models available in the literature, our model operates with parameters that can be estimated from empirical socio-linguistic data. It allows the reconstruction of past and simulate future dynamics. Language policies can be modeled as changes in model parameters. Therefore, projections derived from the model can be utilized to compare the effects of different policy options. We use Basque and Spanish within the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain to illustrate the application of the model.
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Liddicoat, Anthony J., and Andy Kirkpatrick. "Dimensions of language education policy in Asia." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 30, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00043.kir.
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Abstract This paper will identify the major trends that can be determined from an overall study of recent language policies across Asia. The trends can be seen across three interrelated themes, namely: the promotion and privileging of one language as the national language as part of an attempt to create a nation state, often in polities that are linguistically extremely diverse; a decrease in the promotion of indigenous languages other than the national language and the neglect of these in education in many countries; and the promotion of English as the first foreign language in education systems, often giving other ‘foreign’ languages a minimal role in education. Possible reasons and motivations for these trends will be discussed and countries where exceptions to these trends can be identified will be illustrated. The aim of the paper will be to discuss these trends and to critically evaluate selected language policies. The paper will conclude with predictions for the future linguistic ecology of the region and for the interrelationships of respective national languages, indigenous languages and English
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Hornberger, Nancy H. "Language policy, language education, language rights: Indigenous, immigrant, and international perspectives." Language in Society 27, no. 4 (December 1998): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020182.
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ABSTRACTIndigenous languages are under siege, not only in the US but around the world – in danger of disappearing because they are not being transmitted to the next generation. Immigrants and their languages worldwide are similarly subjected to seemingly irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. This article discusses a number of such cases, including Shawandawa from the Brazilian Amazon, Quechua in the South American Andes, the East Indian communities of South Africa, Khmer in Philadelphia, Welsh, Maori, Turkish in the UK, and Native Californian languages. At a time when phrases like “endangered languages” and “linguicism” are invoked to describe the plight of the world's vanishing linguistic resources in their encounter with the phenomenal growth of world languages such as English, the cases reviewed here provide consistent and compelling evidence that language policy and language education serve as vehicles for promoting the vitality, versatility, and stability of these languages, and ultimately promote the rights of their speakers to participate in the global community on and IN their own terms. (Endangered languages, immigrant languages, indigenous languages, language revitalization, linguicism)
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Rahmi, Rahmi. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN INDONESIA." Englisia Journal 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v3i1.622.
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Indonesia has successfully implemented language policy by choosing Malay language as its national language which enables to unite ethnics from a variety of vernaculars’ background. However, Indonesia is not considered successful enough in preserving indigenous languages and promoting English as a crucial international language. In comparison with Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines faced some challenges when applying a language of majority as national language. Yet, both countries have more focuses to develop English in domestic level for global purposes. There are some sociolinguistic challenges for Indonesian policy makers in terms of local, national and international languages.
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Azhniuk, Bohdan. "Language Policy: European Criteria and Ukraine." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 49 (2019): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/49(2019).9-31.
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The article discusses a much-debated in Ukraine issue: what are the principles of language policy that can be labelled European, what are the major sources for the deduction of these principles and to what extent they could be implemented in Ukraine’s current language policy. It is argued that these principles can be deduced from the following major sources: national constitutions and legislative acts on language issues, international legal instruments (The European Charter of regional or Minority Languages), international declarations (The Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights) that are not legal instruments at the moment, expert opinions of international committees and other bodies like the Venice Commission, OSCE, etc, scientific publications on language policy and language planning. The analysis of these sources gives justification to the following principles as reflecting the mainstream European conception of language policy and language planning: 1) maintaining the leading role of the official state language as the backbone of national unity, 2) protection of endangered languages and preservation of language diversity, 3) promotion of the bilingualism with sufficient competence in the state language, 4) effective management of the enforcement mechanism. The ratification by Ukraine of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages called attention to its implementation in Ukraine. The comparison of Ukraine with most European countries shows that in terms of linguistic rights the country’s main language (Ukrainian) is in a rather underprivileged position. There is growing awareness in the society that the idea of official or semi-official Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism was designed as an instrument of Russian foreign policy and became one of the key factors that provoked political instability in the country. Nowadays Russian is associated with the annexation of Crimea and justification of further aggression and the official upgrading of its status is perceived as jeopardy for the Ukrainian national identity and statehood. The change of the popular attitude to the idea of the official bilingualism has modified the positions of the major political players.
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Sibanda, Lovemore. "Zimbabwe Language Policy: Continuity or Radical Change?" Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20355/jcie29377.
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The Zimbabwe government introduced a new language policy in education to change the colonial language policy seven years after attaining independence. So much was expected from the postcolonial language. The use of English as the media of instruction during the colonial era was problematic. It denied Africans to describe the world in their languages. Native languages were marginalized and neglected. Africans were robbed of their self-worth and identity. It is against this background that the Zimbabwean government African states after attaining independence and sovereignty pursued an agenda of linguistic decolonization. This paper evaluates the implementation of Zimbabwe's language policy after it gained independence from Britain in 1980. We argue that despite the claim by the Zimbabwe government that it is a revolutionary government which would completely overhaul all colonial structures, institutions, and policies, the implementation of the language policy is a continuity, rather a radical change. Colonial language policy fundamentals are intact and present in the current language policy. English is still the dominant language of instruction. Indigenous languages are considered inferior and on the verge of extinction. The policy failed where it matters most—decolonizing the mind. Zimbabwe needs a sound language policy in education to shake off vestiges of a colonial legacy, and allow children to go to school in their languages to achieve the overall goal of education for all. The language policy must be developed through a broad-based consultative process with specific implementation strategies and commitment by government and non-governmental agencies for funding its implementation.
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Hornberger, Nancy H. "Language Policy and Planning in South America*." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002907.
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South America, widely known as a “Spanish-speaking” part of the world, is in fact a region of great linguistic diversity and complexity (see Table 1). The history and hegemony of the colonial languages, Spanish and Portuguese; the elusiveness and elitism of immigrant languages such as German, Italian, Japanese, and English; and the variety and vitality of the indigenous languages have combined to pose continuing challenges to language planners and policy makers. For the colonial languages, which have long enjoyed official status, the pressing language planning issues are those concerning standardization vis-a-vis national and international varieties. Immigrant language concerns maintain a relatively low profile in the policy and planning arena.
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Savski, Kristof. "Language policy and linguistic landscape." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 7, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.20008.sav.
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Abstract Analysis of signage has traditionally represented a point of entry into examinations of language policy, with the visibility of different languages seen to be potentially indicative of repression of multilingualism, of struggles between different language regimes or of grass-roots resistance to top-down agendas. This paper argues for a more discursive approach to the nexus between linguistic landscape and language policy in investigations of multilingual spaces. I present two case studies of the interaction between language policy and linguistic landscape in the southern Thai city of Hat Yai, the first examining part of the central commercial district and the second the cafeteria of the main university located in the city. The findings highlight numerous points of interaction between language policy and public signage, though they also underline the complex and sometimes tenuous nature of this relationship.
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LAITIN, DAVID D., and RAJESH RAMACHANDRAN. "Language Policy and Human Development." American Political Science Review 110, no. 3 (August 2016): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000265.
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This article explores how language policy affects the socioeconomic development of nation states through two channels: the individual’s exposure to and (in reference to an individual’s mother tongue) linguistic distance from the official language. In a cross-country framework the article first establishes a robust and sizeable negative relationship between an official language that is distant from the local indigenous languages and proxies for human capital and health. To establish this relationship as causal, we instrument language choice with a measure of geographic distance from the origins of writing. Next, using individual level data from India and a set of 11 African countries, we provide microempirical support on the two channels—distance from and exposure to the official language—and their implications for educational, health, occupational and wealth outcomes. Finally, we suggest policy implications based on our findings.
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Modiano, Marko. "EU language policy under review." European Journal of Language Policy: Volume 14, Issue 2 14, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2022.14.
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The challenges caused by the dominance of English in many domains across the European Union (EU), the lack of a viable programme to promote plurilingualism, as well as the problematic nature of having three procedural languages, are scrutinised against the call for Europe to come to terms with its language policy. Issues such as official EU standards for documentation, as well as school guidelines for language education, are investigated from the perspective of envisioning a sanctioned second-language variety of European English. The increased use of English in higher education as a result of Erasmus+ is brought forward as an example of the EU providing funds to support English at the expense of all other indigenous European languages. Moreover, the current order of allowing standard British English special status is criticised as a position which acts as an obstacle to European identity building. It is argued that recognising the importance of the ongoing nativisation processes currently taking place in the use of L2 English in the EU can pave the way for the citizens of the EU to take responsibility for the forms and functions which English will have for mainland Europe. Here, the goal of language learning to facilitate European and global cross-cultural communication is explored, as is the claim that a rendition of a European variety of English bolsters the prospects of identity formation in the EU.
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Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr, and Iain Caimbeul. "Moving beyond Asocial Minority-Language Policy." Scottish Affairs 30, no. 2 (May 2021): 178–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2021.0360.
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This paper exams how asocial symbolic minority-language policy contributes to the social processes of language shift from the perspective of highly threatened languages, such as Scottish Gaelic. In introducing the concept of language shift through Asocial Minority-Language Policy, we argue that symbolic minority-language policy is detrimental to threatened language minorities in that it is ideologically implicated in language shift when it neglects the societal circumstances of minority-language decline. The prioritisation of the symbolic aspect of language policy also hinders a value-for-money approach to official provision for the minority group. This paper calls for a materialist/functionalist approach to minority-language societal regeneration to counter the social irrelevance of symbolic policy. We suggest policy options for moving beyond the symbolic focus on the minority-language condition.
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Kulyk, Volodymyr. "Language Policy in Ukraine." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 27, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 280–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325412474684.
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This article seeks to shed more light on Ukraine’s language problem by specifying popular views of policies the state should pursue in the language domain. Aiming at the delineation of possible ways to reconcile the preferences of main ethnolinguistic and regional groups, it analyzes their views of the valid and desirable legislative and institutional arrangements. The data come from a nationwide representative mass survey and twenty focus groups in different parts of Ukraine. The analysis shows that Ukrainian-speakers would like to see their language dominant in all domains but are ready to put up with the widespread use of Russian, provided that their own right to use Ukrainian is not questioned and the titular language retains the priority status and exclusive role in some symbolically important practices. In contrast, Russian-speakers prefer an upgrade of the status of Russian, which they present as a way to ensure the equality of speakers of the two languages but most of them actually want official bilingualism to let them remain unilingual in their capacities both as citizens and as employees. The best solution would be to adopt compromise legislation providing for a limited upgrade of the status of Russian and then facilitate its observance by both bureaucrats and citizens. However, the new language law adopted under President Yanukovych was widely perceived as endangering the use of Ukrainian and thus contributed to confrontation rather than compromise.
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Loos, Eugène. "Language policy in an enacted world." Language Problems and Language Planning 31, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.1.04loo.
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Increasingly, foreign contacts are a daily fact of life for many companies. It is therefore remarkable that little to no empirical research has been conducted into the language policy applied by such organizations. Companies with transnational contacts are generally assumed to use English throughout the world as a “lingua franca,” yet whether this is actually the case is questionable. In a multicultural Europe that is striving to unite, there may well be other languages that could qualify as the international language of choice. Research is needed to investigate which language or languages are chosen, by whom the choice is made and why, in certain situations, speakers switch to different languages. This article focuses on the report of an empirical study addressing these aspects. A case study of a Dutch parent company that runs a holiday centre in Germany is presented in order to analyse micro-level interactions which can only be understood by considering the language choice as a result of the way in which the environment is “enacted.” For this analysis, use was made of an interview conducted with the Dutch head of the human resources department, along with transcripts of audio-recorded conversations, and also documents such as the mission statement.
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Kraeva, Irina. "Language Policy in Humanities Universities." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, Special issue (December 31, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-si-59-72.
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The article considers theoretical and methodological foundations of language policies implemented in humanities universities, discusses measures that serve to maintain language and cultural security in different countries, and outlines the key objectives of Russian humanities universities with regard to digital learning and overall internationalization of education and science. Success in reaching these objectives depends on the polyfunctional nature of the proposed methodology since it is aimed at addressing both educational and research-related challenges. The polyparadigmatic character of the methodology lays the basis for further interdisciplinary studies and for initiating convergent educational programs adjustable to online and offline learning. Theoretical assumptions are based on the experience of implementing training programmes in the field of interlinguistic and intercultural communication with support of distance learning technologies. The article clarifies the terms distance learning technologies and online learning, which apply to the main concepts of the study, provides concrete examples to reveal the differences between these terms and specifies their usage, which is contributing for humanitarian knowledge in general and the learning space in particular. The article considers promotion of Russian as the language of ethnic and institutional interaction to be the main objective of language policies; views heritage languages as an integral part of cultural and historical legacy and discusses measures of their preservation; brings to the fore the importance of creating a barrier-free communicative zone. The article stresses the urgency of developing net cooperation with higher educational institutions both in and outside Russia, the importance of launching interdisciplinary programmes and creating conditions for inclusive education on a regular basis. Finally, it is emphasized that further scientific research in the field of language policy in higher education will contribute to language and cultural security. Language policy in higher education comprises four major directions responsible for science, learning and education in accordance with the concept of sustainable development and security of languages and cultures.
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Nhemachena, Nancy. "Situating the Family Language Policy in Language Policy and Planning: Micro-level language socialisation and its Effect on Language Policy and Planning." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2022/v3n2a8.
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Wilson, Isla. "Language Policy and Its Influence on Language Maintenance among Indigenous Communities in New Zealand." International Journal of Linguistics 5, no. 2 (June 2, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijl.2632.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the language policy and its influence on language maintenance among indigenous communities in New Zealand Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Research on language policy and its impact on language maintenance among Indigenous communities in New Zealand found that supportive policies, community involvement, and adequate resources were vital for preserving Indigenous languages. Active community participation in policy development was crucial, along with the availability of resources like bilingual education and cultural materials. Recognition of Indigenous languages as official languages alongside English also contributed to their preservation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Language ecology theory, critical language policy theory & language rights theory may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the language policy and its influence on language maintenance among indigenous communities in New Zealand. Educational practices should emphasize the importance of bilingual and multilingual education programs that incorporate Indigenous languages alongside dominant languages in formal schooling contexts. Policy recommendations should advocate for the recognition and protection of Indigenous language rights within national and international legal frameworks.
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Liddicoat, Anthony J. "Culture for language learning in Australian language-in-education policy." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.28.2.03lid.
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Abstract Australia’s language-in-education policy documents have consistently included references to the place of ‘culture’ in language teaching. This paper seeks to examine how the major national policies conceptualise culture and interculturality in relation to languages education. For each policy, this study will analyse the language focus, the conceptualisation of the relationship between language and culture, the contexts in which the policy envisages cultural knowledge will be relevant, and the overall educative vision for language and culture learning. From these analyses it can be seen that successive policy documents have shifted the domain and purpose of interculturality and have constructed views of interculturality that are increasingly instrumentaly focused. The policies show a transformation from a humanistically focused construction of education and a view of languages as relevant to diversity, to an economically focused construction of education and a view of languages as capital for economic deployment. At the same time, they have preserved a largely static, information-focused construction of culture which is not consistent with the user-oriented policy goals.