Journal articles: 'Language object'

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Landau, Barbara, and Ray Jackendoff. "“What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 1993): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00029733.

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AbstractFundamental to spatial knowledge in all species are the representations underlying object recognition, object search, and navigation through space. But what sets humans apart from other species is our ability to express spatial experience through language. This target article explores the language ofobjectsandplaces, asking what geometric properties are preserved in the representations underlying object nouns and spatial prepositions in English. Evidence from these two aspects of language suggests there are significant differences in the geometric richness with which objects and places are encoded. When an object is named (i.e., with count nouns), detailed geometric properties – principally the object's shape (axes, solid and hollow volumes, surfaces, and parts) – are represented. In contrast, when an object plays the role of either “figure” (located object) or “ground” (reference object) in a locational expression, only very coarse geometric object properties are represented, primarily the main axes. In addition, the spatial functions encoded by spatial prepositions tend to be nonmetric and relatively coarse, for example, “containment,” “contact,” “relative distance,” and “relative direction.” These properties are representative of other languages as well. The striking differences in the way language encodes objects versus places lead us to suggest two explanations: First, there is a tendency for languages to level out geometric detail from both object and place representations. Second, a nonlinguistic disparity between the representations of “what” and “where” underlies how language represents objects and places. The language of objects and places converges with and enriches our understanding of corresponding spatial representations.

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Ozolinya, L. V. "Indirect object in Manchu-Tungus languages: structural and semantic aspect (in the Orok language)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/19.

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For the first time, the paper provides the analysis of the Oroc language object as a syntactic unit combining the semantic and functional aspects of transitive or non-transitive verbs. In the Manchu-Tungus languages, the object is found to be expressed in the morphological forms of the case: direct – in the accusative case and the possessive forms of the designative case, indirect – in the forms of oblique cases. Constructions with indirect objects, the positions of which are filled with case forms of nouns, designate the objects on which the action is aimed, objects from which the action is sent or evaded, objects-addresses, objectsinstruments, etc. Both transitive or non-transitive verbs can take the position of the predicate. The necessary (direct object) and permissible (indirect object) composition of objects in the verb is determined by its valences: bivalent verbs open subjective (subject) and objective (direct object) valences; trivalent verbs reveal subjective, subjective-objective (part of the subject or indirect subject) and objective (indirect object) valences.

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Schulz-Rosengarten, Alexander, Steven Smyth, and Michael Mendler. "Toward Object-oriented Modeling in SCCharts." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 4 (June 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453482.

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Object orientation is a powerful and widely used paradigm for abstraction and structuring in programming. Many languages are designed with this principle or support different degrees of object orientation. In synchronous languages, originally developed to design embedded reactive systems, there are only few object-oriented influences. However, especially in combination with a statechart notation, the modeling process can be improved by facilitating object orientation as we argue here. At the same time the graphical representation can be used to illustrate the object-oriented design of a system. Synchronous statechart dialects, such as the SCCharts language, provide deterministic concurrency for specifying safety-critical systems. Using SCCharts as an example, we illustrate how an object-oriented modeling approach that supports inheritance can be introduced. We further present how external, i.e., host language, objects can be included in the SCCharts language. Specifically, we discuss how the recently developed concepts of scheduling directives and scheduling policies can be used to ensure the determinism of objects while retaining encapsulation.

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Dryer, Matthew S. "Tlingit: An Object-Initial Language?" Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 30, no. 1 (1985): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100010653.

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A number of early grammatical descriptions of Tlingit, a non-Athapaskan Na-Dene language spoken in southeast Alaska and in adjacent areas of Canada, describe the language as being OSV. Evidence is presented in this paper that Tlingit is not OSV.Until recent years, it was thought that of the six logically possible word orders of subject, verb, and object, only SOV, SVO, VSO, and VOS existed. (See for example Pullum 1977). Since then, however, evidence for the existence of object-initial languages has been presented by Derbyshire (1977) and Derbyshire and Pullum (1981). Almost all of the object-initial languages discussed by Derbyshire and Pullum are spoken in or near the Amazon basin in South America. There is to date no clear case of an object-initial language spoken outside of South America.

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Evered, M., A. Schmolitzky, and M. Kolling. "A Flexible Object Invocation Language Based on Object-Oriented Language Definition." Computer Journal 38, no. 3 (January 1, 1995): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/38.3.181.

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Castagna, Giuseppe. "A meta-language for typed object-oriented languages." Theoretical Computer Science 151, no. 2 (November 1995): 297–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(95)00071-4.

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MARIAN, VIORICA, and MICHAEL SPIVEY. "Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6, no. 2 (August 2003): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728903001068.

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Two eye-tracking experiments examined spoken language processing in Russian-English bilinguals. The proportion of looks to objects whose names were phonologically similar to the name of a target object in either the same language (within-language competition), the other language (between-language competition), or both languages at the same time (simultaneous competition) was compared to the proportion of looks in a control condition in which no objects overlapped phonologically with the target. Results support previous findings of parallel activation of lexical items within and between languages, but suggest that the magnitude of the between-language competition effect may vary across first and second languages and may be mediated by a number of factors such as stimuli, language background, and language mode.

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Boutonnet, Bastien, Benjamin Dering, Nestor Viñas-Guasch, and Guillaume Thierry. "Seeing Objects through the Language Glass." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00415.

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Recent streams of research support the Whorfian hypothesis according to which language affects one's perception of the world. However, studies of object categorization in different languages have heavily relied on behavioral measures that are fuzzy and inconsistent. Here, we provide the first electrophysiological evidence for unconscious effects of language terminology on object perception. Whereas English has two words for cup and mug, Spanish labels those two objects with the word “taza.” We tested native speakers of Spanish and English in an object detection task using a visual oddball paradigm, while measuring event-related brain potentials. The early deviant-related negativity elicited by deviant stimuli was greater in English than in Spanish participants. This effect, which relates to the existence of two labels in English versus one in Spanish, substantiates the neurophysiological evidence that language-specific terminology affects object categorization.

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Alhajj, R., and ME Arkun. "Object-oriented query language facilitating construction of new objects." Information and Software Technology 35, no. 9 (September 1993): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(93)90019-y.

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Reedy, Carlyle, and Alaric Sumner. "Language Image Sound Object." PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 21, no. 1 (January 1999): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3245988.

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Pandey, R. K. "Object constraint language (OCL)." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 36, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1921532.1921543.

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Hennen, Dennis S., Suresh Ramachandran, and Sandra A. Mamrak. "The Object-JavaScript language." Software: Practice and Experience 30, no. 14 (2000): 1571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-024x(20001125)30:14<1571::aid-spe351>3.0.co;2-n.

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Chen, Sau-Chin, Bjorn B. de Koning, and Rolf A. Zwaan. "Does Object Size Matter With Regard to the Mental Simulation of Object Orientation?" Experimental Psychology 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000468.

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Abstract. Language comprehenders have been arguing to mentally represent the implied orientation of objects. However, compared to the effects of shape, size, and color, the effect of orientation is rather small. We examined a potential explanation for the relatively low magnitude of the orientation effect: Object size moderates the orientation effect. Theoretical considerations led us to predict a smaller orientation effect for small objects than for large objects in a sentence–picture verification task. We furthermore investigated whether this pattern generalizes across languages (Chinese, Dutch, and English) and tasks (picture-naming task). The results of the verification task show an orientation effect overall, which is not moderated by object size (contrary to our hypothesis) and language (consistent with our hypothesis). Meanwhile, the preregistered picture–picture verification task showed the predicted interaction between object size and orientation effect. We conducted exploratory analyses to address additional questions.

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Zelinsky, Gregory J., and Gregory L. Murphy. "Synchronizing Visual and Language Processing: An Effect of Object Name Length on Eye Movements." Psychological Science 11, no. 2 (March 2000): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00227.

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Are visual and verbal processing systems functionally independent? Two experiments (one using line drawings of common objects, the other using faces) explored the relationship between the number of syllables in an object's name (one or three) and the visual inspection of that object. The tasks were short-term recognition and visual search. Results indicated more fixations and longer gaze durations on objects having three-syllable names when the task encouraged a verbal encoding of the objects (i.e., recognition). No effects of syllable length on eye movements were found when implicit naming demands were minimal (i.e., visual search). These findings suggest that implicitly naming a pictorial object constrains the oculomotor inspection of that object, and that the visual and verbal encoding of an object are synchronized so that the faster process must wait for the slower to be completed before gaze shifts to another object. Both findings imply a tight coupling between visual and linguistic processing, and highlight the utility of an oculomotor methodology to understand this coupling.

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MICH, L. "NL-OOPS: from natural language to object oriented requirements using the natural language processing system LOLITA." Natural Language Engineering 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324996001337.

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This paper describes NL-OOPS, a CASE tool that supports requirements analysis by generating object oriented models from natural language requirements documents. The full natural language analysis is obtained using as a core system the Natural Language Processing System LOLITA. The object oriented analysis module implements an algorithm for the extraction of the objects and their associations for use in creating object models.

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Vatakis, Argiro, Katerina Pastra, and Panagiotis Dimitrakis. "Acquiring object affordances through touch, vision, and language." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646857.

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We often use tactile-input in order to recognize familiar objects and to acquire information about unfamiliar ones. We also use our hands to manipulate objects and utilize them as tools. However, research on object affordances has mainly been focused on visual-input and, thus, limiting the level of detail one can get about object features and uses. In addition to the limited multisensory-input, data on object affordances has also been hindered by limited participant input (e.g., naming task). In order to address the above mention limitations, we aimed at identifying a new methodology for obtaining undirected, rich information regarding people’s perception of a given object and the uses it can afford without necessarily viewing the particular object. Specifically, 40 participants were video-recorded in a three-block experiment. During the experiment, participants were exposed to pictures of objects, pictures of someone holding the objects, and the actual objects and they were allowed to provide unconstrained verbal responses on the description and possible uses of the stimuli presented. The stimuli presented were lithic tools given the: novelty, man-made design, design for specific use/action, and absence of functional knowledge and movement associations. The experiment resulted in a large linguistic database, which was linguistically analyzed following a response-based specification. Analysis of the data revealed significant contribution of visual- and tactile-input in naming and definition of object-attributes (color/condition/shape/size/texture/weight), while no significant tactile-information was obtained for object-features of material, visual-pattern, and volume. Overall, this new approach highlights the importance of multisensory-input in the study of object affordances.

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Chen, Juan, and David Tarditi. "A simple typed intermediate language for object-oriented languages." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 40, no. 1 (January 12, 2005): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1047659.1040309.

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Erbach, Kurt. "Predicting object mass nouns across languages." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4698.

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The hypothesis explored in this paper is that the amount of object mass nouns (e.g., furniture, jewelry) in a given language is related to the amount of morphosyntax that indicates the countability of nouns (e.g., many, much) in that language. This hypothesis, together with the analysis of Sutton & Filip (2016) best captures the occurrence of object mass nouns across languages. The analysis of Sutton & Filip (2016) accurately predicts which class of nouns will have object mass nouns across languages—collective artifacts—and the novel hypothesis provides a means of predicting the amount of object mass nouns in a given language: languages with many morphosyntactic reflexes of the mass/count distinction will likewise have many object mass nouns—e.g. English—and languages with few morphosyntactic reflexes of the mass/count distinction will likewise have few object mass nouns—e.g., Greek, Hungarian, and Japanese.

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Dar, Sadhvi. "De-Colonizing the Boundary-Object." Organization Studies 39, no. 4 (June 15, 2017): 565–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840617708003.

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What role does language play in disciplining subjects in the international development sector? Previous critiques of international development organizations have focused on the role of knowledge tools, such as reports, in reproducing dichotomies between developed and under-developed subjects. In this paper, I de-colonize NGO reporting through a reappraisal of the boundary-object concept. I utilize Ngugi’s (1986) problematization of language and translation to demonstrate how the boundary-object is experienced differentially across stakeholder groups and caste/class structures. Using findings garnered from a multi-sited ethnography of an international NGO in India, I examine the prominence of English language in NGO reports over indigenous languages. This paper therefore contributes to contemporary understandings of neo-colonial power relations as sustained by the English language within India.

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Westermann, Gert, and Denis Mareschal. "From perceptual to language-mediated categorization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1634 (January 19, 2014): 20120391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0391.

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From at least two months onwards, infants can form perceptual categories. During the first year of life, object knowledge develops from the ability to represent individual object features to representing correlations between attributes and to integrate information from different sources. At the end of the first year, these representations are shaped by labels, opening the way to conceptual knowledge. Here, we review the development of object knowledge and object categorization over the first year of life. We then present an artificial neural network model that models the transition from early perceptual categorization to categories mediated by labels. The model informs a current debate on the role of labels in object categorization by suggesting that although labels do not act as object features they nevertheless affect perceived similarity of perceptually distinct objects sharing the same label. The model presents the first step of an integrated account from early perceptual categorization to language-based concept learning.

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Izzudin Mustafa, Tubagus Kesa Purwasandy, and Isop Syafe'i. "Kata Kerja Transitif dan Intransitif dalam Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Indonesia (Studi Linguistik Kontrastif)." Studi Arab 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/sa.v11i1.1891.

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This research aims to determine contrastive linguistic, transitive dan intransitive verb in arabic language and Indonesian language, and to determine similarities and differences between both of them. This research uses descriptive analytic method with contrastive linguistic approach. Subject of this research is contrastive linguistic contrastive theory and transitive and intransitive verb. Data collection technique is carried out through documentation studies, while the data analysis technique is done by selecting the data obtained, then collected for analysis and conclusions. The results of this research are the contrastive linguistic is method for analyzing language to find similarities and differences in order to find principles that can be applied practically. In Arabic and Indonesian language, transitive verb is verb that has objects and complement, while intransitive verb is verb that does not have objects and complement. The equation between the two is that both languages have one-object and two-object transitive verb, while the difference is that Indonesian has semitransitive sentence type but Arabic language does not have, Arabic language has three-object verb but Indonesian language does not have, Arabic language has different between transitive verb and preposition but Indonesian language does not have.

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Carey, Susan, and Fei Xu. "Infants' knowledge of objects: beyond object files and object tracking." Cognition 80, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 179–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00154-2.

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Ibrahim, Mamdouh H. "REFLECTION IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 01, no. 01 (March 1992): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213092000156.

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Recently, the notion of having programming languages and computational systems that allow their programs to reason about themselves and reflect on their computations has attracted the attention of many researchers. These systems, called "Reflective Systems", promise many advantages over conventional systems. For example, dynamic program stepping, execution tracing, and code analysis and modification at run time are few of the reflective operations that can be easily implemented in reflective systems. Reflectivity of programming languages allows the language users to extend the language to support other programming paradigms. Reflective systems can also play an important role in programming solutions for non-conventional domains. Artificial intelligence applications, particularly learning systems, benefit from the reflectivity of a programming language. A learning system must be able to modify itself at run time to incorporate its learned behaviors. The goal of this article is to define reflection and its components, introduce the appropriate terminology, and present briefly some reflective applications in object-oriented systems.

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Yee, Lee Ruo, Hazalila Kamaludin, Noor Zuraidin Mohd Safar, Norfaradilla Wahid, Noryusliza Abdullah, and Dwiny Meidelfi. "Intelligence Eye for Blinds and Visually Impaired by Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN)." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 5, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.5.4.735.

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Intelligence Eye is an Android based mobile application developed to help blind and visually impaired users to detect light and objects. Intelligence Eye used Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) to recognize objects in the object recognition module and a vibration feedback is provided according to the light value in the light detection module. A voice guidance is provided in the application to guide the users and announce the result of the object recognition. TensorFlow Lite is used to train the neural network model for object recognition in conjunction with extensible markup language (XML) and Java in Android Studio for the programming language. For future works, improvements can be made to enhance the functionality of the Intelligence Eye application by increasing the object detection capacity in the object recognition module, add menu settings for vibration intensity in light detection module and support multiple languages for the voice guidance.

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Montrul, Silvina, Rejanes Dias, and Hélade Santos. "Clitics and object expression in the L3 acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Structural similarity matters for transfer." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386649.

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This article addresses the role of previously acquired languages in the acquisition of a third language (L3) in two experimental studies on object expression in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Participants were English-speaking learners of BP as L3 with knowledge of Spanish as a second language (L2) and Spanish-speaking learners of BP with knowledge of English as L2. Like Spanish, BP has object clitic pronouns, but there are important differences between the two languages with respect to the rates of clitics used in spoken and written registers, null objects and the position of clitics with respect to the verb. English, by contrast, lacks object clitics. Study 1 tested use of clitics and other objects in an oral production task. Study 2 tested knowledge of clitic placement in a written acceptability judgment task. The general results of the two studies show that acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese object expression is not very problematic but there are transfer effects from Spanish (as L1 and L2) in the two experimental groups. This result suggests that structural similarity or cross-linguistic correspondences matter in L3 acquisition.

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ACHEE, B. L., and DORIS L. CARVER. "OBJECT EXTENSIONS TO Z: A SURVEY." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 06, no. 03 (September 1996): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194096000211.

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Formal specification languages provide assistance to solving the problem of high maintenance costs caused by ineffective communication of a system’s requirements. Using a sound mathematical basis, a formal specification language provides a precise and definitive system description that can serve as a binding contract. Additionally, the integration of the object-oriented paradigm with a formal specification language provides increased potential for software reuse, conceptually cleaner specifications and a framework for defining interfaces. To this end, there has been significant work done to extend existing specification languages to allow object-oriented specifications. This paper provides a comparison of such object-oriented specification languages, specifically, those extending Z. The paper is organized into five major sections. After a brief introduction to the concepts of formal specification languages and Z, a simple library system is defined and used as an example throughout the paper. Each of the object-oriented specification languages is introduced and classified as either using Z in an object-oriented style or providing a true object-oriented extension of Z. For each language, the specification of the example library system is presented following a brief overview of the language’s features. An in-depth comparison is made of each of the languages which provide a true object-oriented extension of Z.

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Terrell, Brenda Y., and Richard G. Schwartz. "Object Transformations in the Play of Language-Impaired Children." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 53, no. 4 (November 1988): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5304.459.

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The play behavior of 10 language-impaired children was observed. Their performances in play were compared to those of 10 normal-language children matched for chronological age as well as to those of 10 normal-language children matched for mean length of utterance. The children were observed as they played spontaneously with a standard group of toys and as they played with objects that required object transformations for successful play. The chronological age-matched normal subjects showed a trend toward performance of more object transformations in play than either the language-impaired or younger normal-language children. Additionally, although object transformations were observed in both segments, all children performed more object transformations with objects than with toys.

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Roessler, Eva-Maria. "Differential object marking and object scrambling in the Guaraní language cluster." Differential objects and datives – a homogeneous class? 42, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00028.roe.

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Abstract The parallel data discussed in this article suggest that in Guaraní languages differential objects seem far from being exclusively highlighted in morphology. Instead, the Guaraní dom systems exhibit a differential treatment of certain direct objects within narrow syntax. Focusing on [+animate] direct objects, I supply evidence that [+dom] direct objects scramble out of their base position into a higher, vP-internal, projection, namely αP (following López 2012). This short DO scrambling is derived including data from simple transitive, ditransitive, and applicative constructions as well as from object conjunction. The short scrambling within vP is followed by further direct object dislocation into a higher functional domain, an operation described in literature as triggered by φ-feature under T° and targeting a specifier in an expanded functional domain (Freitas 2011b). DOs that move out of their base position may be marked with the overt case marker, homophonous with dat case. The homophony between dat and dom is conceived as morphological opacity in the Guaraní case. Syntactically, however, [+dom] DOs pattern together with their zero-marked acc counterparts, rather than with indirect objects.

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Dimitrov, V. M., A. V. Voronin, and Iu A. Bogoiavlenskii. "Laconic Object Query Language Using Features of Object Model." PROGRAMMNAYA INGENERIA 8, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/prin.8.112-119.

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Dimitrov, V. M. "Laconic Object Query Language Using Features of Object Model." PROGRAMMNAYA INGENERIA 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2017): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/prin.8.456-462.

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Naser, Samy S. Abu. "SL5 Object: Simpler Level 5 Object Expert System Language." International Journal of Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2015): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14810/ijscmc.2015.4403.

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Koshkareva, Natalya B. "Paradigm of actional sentences in Khanty and Nenets." Philology 18, no. 9 (2020): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-9-102-126.

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Actional sentences describe certain ways in which the subjects affect the objects while the object's position in space does not change. The plane of content is the actional proposition, which contains the three necessary components, namely the subject, the object, and the predicate; the plane of expression is the model of the elementary simple sentence where the object position is prototypically expressed by a name in accusative. In the Khanty and Nenets languages, the actional elementary simple sentences tend to express the same types of relations but differ in their potential for paradigmatic variation. In Tundra Nenets, the communicative variants are related to variation in the choice of accusative, nominative, dative, or instrumental cases in order to express the thematic or rhematic objects and instruments/addressees. In the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language, the accusative form is only used in the system of pronominal declination; in the object position, nouns in nominative case are used. Therefore, to express the thematic-rhematic articulation, verb categories of conjugation (opposition of subject and object conjugation types) are used, as well as genus, because the case system is contracted. In the Nenets language, the communicative paradigm is related to the variation in name categories, whereas in Khanty, it is related to variation in verb categories.

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YU, SHENG, and QING ZHAO. "SC-EXPRESSIONS IN OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, no. 06 (December 2007): 1441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005479.

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In this paper, SC-expressions are developed, based on automata theory, for specifying synchronization constraints in parallel object-oriented languages. The predecessor of SC-expressions, the synchronization expressions, was introduced in the ParC parallel programming language in the early nineties [19]. However, ParC is not an object-oriented language and also a number of basic features of synchronization expressions are inadequate for object-oriented languages. SC-expressions are developed for object-oriented environment. They are different from synchronization expressions in basic ideas and assumptions. Here we describe the basic ideas of SC-expressions and their applications in object-oriented languages. We also study the problem of inheritance of the SC-expressions.

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Teubner, David. "A Primer for Object Language." International Journal of Designed Objects 6, no. 2 (2013): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1379/cgp/v06i02/38658.

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Béguin, Marie. "Object Pragmatics and Language Development." Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 50, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-016-9361-7.

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Bristol, E. H. "Batch object modeling and language." ISA Transactions 36, no. 3 (January 1997): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-0578(97)00024-4.

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Sasada, Koichi. "Object-Oriented Scripting Language Ruby." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 65, no. 1 (2011): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.65.55.

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Scheibe, Kevin P., James C. McElroy, and Paula C. Morrow. "Object language and impression management." Communications of the ACM 52, no. 4 (April 2009): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1498765.1498800.

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Correa, Alexandre, and Cláudia Werner. "Refactoring object constraint language specifications." Software & Systems Modeling 6, no. 2 (July 21, 2006): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10270-006-0023-y.

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Gentilucci, Maurizio. "Object motor representation and language." Experimental Brain Research 153, no. 2 (November 1, 2003): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1600-8.

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Caseau, Yves. "An object-oriented deductive language." Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 3, no. 2-4 (June 1991): 211–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530926.

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Nicholas, Katrina, Mary Alt, and Ella Hauwiller. "Variability of input in preposition learning by preschoolers with developmental language disorder and typically-developing language." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 35, no. 1 (February 2019): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659019830455.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of variability in teaching prepositions to preschoolers with typical development (TD) and developmental language disorder (DLD). Input variability during teaching can enhance learning, but is target dependent. We hypothesized that high variability of objects would improve preposition learning. We also examined other characteristics (e.g. vocabulary skills) of children who responded to treatment. We used a case series design, repeated across children ( n = 18) to contrast how preschoolers learned prepositions in conditions that manipulated variability of objects and labels across three treatment sessions. We contrasted a high versus low variability condition for objects and labels for one group of typically-developing (TD) children ( n = 6). In other groups (TD, n = 6; DLD, n = 6), we contrasted high versus low object variability only. Visual inspection and descriptive statistics were used to characterize gains. Half ( n = 3) of TD participants showed a low variability advantage for the condition that combined object and label variability. In the condition that only contrasted object variability, the majority ( n = 4) of TD participants showed a high variability advantage, compared to only two participants with DLD. In the high object variability condition, high receptive vocabulary scores were significantly correlated with high performance of learning prepositions ( rs = 0.71, p < 0.05). Combining high variability for objects and labels when teaching prepositions was not effective. However, high variability for objects can create a learning advantage for learning prepositions for children with typically developing language, but not all learners. Characteristics of different learners (e.g. receptive vocabulary scores) and language status (impaired or unimpaired) should be taken into consideration for future studies.

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Barreña, Andoni, and Margareta Almgren. "Object–verb and verb–object in Basque and Spanish monolinguals and bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 17, no. 3 (April 26, 2012): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006912438993.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the acquisition of object–verb/verb–object word order in Spanish and Basque by monolinguals (L1), early simultaneous bilinguals (2L1) and successive bilinguals, exposed to their second language before ages 5–6 (child L2). In this study, the second language (child L2) is acquired naturalistically, in a preschool setting with no formal instruction for the Basque L2 speakers and by environmental contact for the Spanish L2 speakers. Spanish and Basque are differentiated by their canonical word order as subject–verb–object and subject–object–verb, respectively. In Spanish, the subject–verb–object order is predominant (almost exclusive) in narrative contexts, whereas in Basque, both object–verb and verb–object word orders are possible in these contexts for pragmatic reasons, with a similar use in everyday language. The productions of a few L1 and 2L1 subjects are analysed longitudinally within the 1;06–3;00 age span. Cross-sectional data from 49 subjects who developed a child L2 are analysed at ages 5 and 8. The results reveal that the bilingual children apply the same syntactic patterns as the monolinguals in their respective languages independently of 2L1 or child L2 acquisition.

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Emmorey, Karen, Stephen McCullough, Sonya Mehta, Laura L. B. Ponto, and Thomas J. Grabowski. "The Biology of Linguistic Expression Impacts Neural Correlates for Spatial Language." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 4 (April 2013): 517–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00339.

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Biological differences between signed and spoken languages may be most evident in the expression of spatial information. PET was used to investigate the neural substrates supporting the production of spatial language in American Sign Language as expressed by classifier constructions, in which handshape indicates object type and the location/motion of the hand iconically depicts the location/motion of a referent object. Deaf native signers performed a picture description task in which they overtly named objects or produced classifier constructions that varied in location, motion, or object type. In contrast to the expression of location and motion, the production of both lexical signs and object type classifier morphemes engaged left inferior frontal cortex and left inferior temporal cortex, supporting the hypothesis that unlike the location and motion components of a classifier construction, classifier handshapes are categorical morphemes that are retrieved via left hemisphere language regions. In addition, lexical signs engaged the anterior temporal lobes to a greater extent than classifier constructions, which we suggest reflects increased semantic processing required to name individual objects compared with simply indicating the type of object. Both location and motion classifier constructions engaged bilateral superior parietal cortex, with some evidence that the expression of static locations differentially engaged the left intraparietal sulcus. We argue that bilateral parietal activation reflects the biological underpinnings of sign language. To express spatial information, signers must transform visual–spatial representations into a body-centered reference frame and reach toward target locations within signing space.

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PIRVULESCU, MIHAELA, ANA-TERESA PÉREZ-LEROUX, YVES ROBERGE, NELLEKE STRIK, and DANIELLE THOMAS. "Bilingual effects: Exploring object omission in pronominal languages." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000631.

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This article assesses the impact of bilingualism on the acquisition of pronominal direct objects in French and English (clitics in French and strong pronouns in English). We show that, in comparison to monolingual children, bilingual children omit more pronominal objects for a longer period in both languages. At the same time, the development in each language spoken by the bilinguals follows the developmental asymmetry found in the language of their monolingual counterparts: there are more omissions in French than in English. It is also shown that language dominance affects the rate of omissions as there are fewer omissions in the language in which children receive more exposure, i.e. the dominant language. We analyze these results as reflecting a bilingual effect based on the retention of a default null object representation. This in turn is supported by reduced overall input for bilingual children and by language-internal input ambiguity.

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ACKERMAN, FARRELL, ROBERT MALOUF, and JOHN MOORE. "Symmetrical objects in Moro: Challenges and solutions." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 1 (November 2, 2015): 3–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000353.

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This paper examines the syntactic and semantic behavior of object arguments in Moro, a Kordofanian language spoken in central Sudan. In particular, we focus on multiple object constructions (ditransitives, applicatives, and causatives) and show that these objects exhibit symmetrical syntactic behavior; e.g., any object can passivize or be realized as an object marker, and all can do so simultaneously. Moreover, we demonstrate that each object can bear any of the non-agentive roles in a verb’s semantic role inventory and that the resulting ambiguities are an entailment of symmetrical object constructions of the type found in Moro. Previous treatments of symmetrical languages have assumed a syntactic asymmetry between multiple objects and have developed theoretical analyses that treat symmetrical behaviors as departures from an asymmetrical basic organization of clausal syntax. We take a different approach: we develop a Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar account that allows a partial ordering of the argument structure (arg-st) list. The guiding idea is that languages differ with respect to the organization of theirarg-stlists and their consequences for grammatical function realization: there is no privileged encoding, but there is large variation within the parameters defined byarg-storganization. This accounts directly for the symmetrical behaviors of multiple objects. We also show how this approach can be extended to account for certain asymmetrical behaviors in Moro.

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Makharoblidze, Tamar. "Indirect object markers in Georgian Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.18.2.03mak.

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This paper presents one of the first studies on Georgian Sign Language (gesl), a sign language that has not previously been taken into consideration in typological research on sign languages. We focus on three types of indirect object markers, that is, auxiliary-like elements that introduce an additional argument. We discuss four markers in total. Interestingly, three of these markers do not only introduce an argument but also come with additional semantics, namely respect, disrespect, and causation. It will further be shown that the presence of an indirect object marker frees the word order in the sentence.

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Georgopoulos, Carol. "Direct Object Definiteness Effects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 307–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100024506.

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AbstractThis article examines the effects of direct object definiteness in Austronesian (AN) and relates these effects to marking for transitivity. Definite objects often correlate with a high degree of transitive marking in the verb phrase, while indefinite objects correlate with or trigger intransitive marking, even in transitive sentences. The primacy of goal/object orientation over actor/subject orientation is another widespread tendency in AN languages. In some languages, a definite goal/object must be marked as the focus of the clause, either overtly or via the obligatory indefiniteness of other arguments, or by making it the syntactic subject, or in other ways. The article thus shows how definiteness restrictions on various arguments in AN languages can be explained against the background of historical focus systems. Data come primarily from Muna (Celebes), in which, it is argued, the historical object focus function is continued in verb forms marked explicitly for definite objects.

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Gavarró, Anna. "L1 variation in object pronominalisation, and the import of pragmatics." Probus 31, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2016-0011.

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Abstract Much work on referential expressions in monolingual and bilingual acquisition rests on the assumption that early grammars licence null objects even when they are not possible in the corresponding target grammar, in virtue of discourse-pragmatic licencing. This proposal has been made mainly with reference to third person object pronominalisation. Less attention has been given to other pronouns. Here, I show how the pragmatic account of third person object pronouns (along the lines of Serratrice et al. [2004, Crosslinguistic influence in the syntax-pragmatics interface: Subjects and objects in English-Italian bilingual and monolingual acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(3). 182–205], in the spirit of Hulk and Müller [2000, Bilingual first language acquisition at the interface between syntax and pragmatics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3(3). 227–244], Müller and Hulk [2001, Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4(1). 1–21]) does not extend to clitics instantiating other person specifications or other grammatical functions. I present an alternative analysis, in terms of the Unique Checking Constraint (Wexler [1998, Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation for the optional infinitive stage. Lingua 106. 23–79]) that offers a generalisation over other clitics, in particular indirect object clitics and first person object clitics, which are generally preserved in child grammar – as witnessed by two experiments run on Catalan L1 reported here.

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Lieberherr, Karl J., and Cun Xiao. "Customizing adaptive software to object-oriented software using grammars." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 05, no. 02 (June 1994): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054194000104.

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Although numerous researchers have pointed out that object-oriented software is easier to extend than software that is not written in an object-oriented style, object-oriented software is still rigid to adapt and maintain. This paper builds on an extension of object-oriented programming which is called adaptive programming. Adaptive programming allows the programmer to write more extensible software called adaptive software without committing to a specific input language. After writing an adaptive program, the programmer selects a specific input language and partially evaluates the program into an executable program. This paper formally studies class dictionaries and informally describes how adaptive programs are partially evaluated by freezing class dictionaries. A class dictionary is mapped into classes of an object-oriented programming language, for example, C++, CLOS etc. A class dictionary defines both a set of objects and a set of sentences (a language). We derive a set of restrictions on class dictionaries which permit a simple printing algorithm and its inverse, a parsing algorithm, to be bijection functions between objects and sentences of the same class. We review propagation patterns for describing adaptive object-oriented software at a higher level of abstraction than the one used by today’s object-oriented programming languages. A propagation pattern is an adaptive program which defines a family of programs. From the family, we can select a member by choosing a class dictionary. The theory presented in this paper has been successfully implemented and used in the Demeter Tools/C++. The system consists of a set of tools that facilitate software evolution.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Language object'

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