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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Language laboratory

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Academic literature on the topic 'Language laboratory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Language laboratory"

1

Tambile, Rajendra K. "Language Laboratory and English Language Learning." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2013/10.

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Capretz, Pierre J. "The Language Laboratory." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v4i1.8736.

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Ciceran, A. J., and R. G. Dahms. "Language Laboratory Administration." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 12, no. 3-4 (January 25, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v12i3-4.9010.

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Sheehan, Joseph H. "The Language Laboratory." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v15i1.9073.

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Dr.Vishalakshi K K, Dr Vishalakshi K. K. "Significance of Language Laboratory in Learning English as a Second Language." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/50.

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K. Eliah, K. Eliah. "Language Through Literary Text in the Engineering Language Classroom and Laboratory." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/81.

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Halsted, Lily, and Aimee Taylor. "Laboratory-induced Language Code-switching in Four languages." Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 27, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2018/44400.

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Yonker, Francis H. "Multi-Flexible Language Laboratory." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 7, no. 4 (January 18, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v7i4.8876.

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Van der Walt, C. "Monitoring language laboratory work." Literator 6, no. 3 (May 9, 1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v6i3.917.

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Barely six years after the establishment of the first language laboratory at the University of Utah and five years after a similar language lab had been introduced at Ohio State University, E.H. Schneck complained that students who were supposed to stamp time-slips as evidence of their attendance "(got) someone else to stamp a time-slip; or a student might stamp one when entering, leave the laboratory, and come back to stamp it several hours later" (1930:31).

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Hochhauser, Herbert. "The Living Language Laboratory." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v10i2.8956.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Language laboratory"

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Cheng, Leung Wai-lin Winnie. "An evaluation of a laboratory report writing unit for medical laboratory science students." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38626500.

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Dickins, David. "Stimulus equivalence : a laboratory artefact or the heart of language?" Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26942/.

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This thesis surveys some of the implications of the presented collection of publications, all of which address the phenomenon of stimulus equivalence. Stimulus equivalence (SE) is first operationally defined in terms of Sidman’s trio of criteria: symmetry, transitivity, and reflexivity (Sidman & Tailby, 1982). Then some of its main features – the phenomenon of delayed emergence, the effects of nodes, and the influence of properties of the stimuli used, including nameability and meaningfulness - as exemplified in the empirical studies presented, are evaluated in the light of recent literature. The variety of ways in which SE classes may be formed are described, and the question of when SE relations take effect – during the training of the base relations, or subsequently, or only in the course of unreinforced testing for derived relations – is discussed. The effects of nodal number in multi-nodal linear classes are examined and contrasted with those in serial learning. Some methods of chronometric and protocol analysis, as developed in some of the collected studies, are described, and the outlines of a model of SE class formation they might help to form is presented. The role of naming and of language in general is discussed as a sufficient route to SE class formation, but not one that is perhaps necessary for its laboratory demonstration. The role of SE in the opposite direction, in the ontogeny and phylogeny of language, is considered. Here, besides learned speculation, more empirical studies are awaited, of children, and some new developments in comparative cognition. Highlights are described of the few brain imaging studies implicating SE, following the pioneering empirical study and the earlier review in the presented collection. The survey ends by again extolling the relevance of Tinbergen’s (1963) four levels of explanation in behavioural biology to see the phenomena of SE in appropriate perspective.

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Cheng, Winnie, and 鄭梁慧蓮. "An evaluation of a laboratory report writing unit for medical laboratory science students." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38626500.

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Wolverson, Nicholas. "Game semantics for an object-oriented language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3216.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between object-oriented programming languages and game models of computation. These are intuitively well matched: an object encapsulates some internal state and presents some behaviour to the world via its publicly visible methods, while a strategy for some game represents the possible interactions of a program with its environment. We work with a simple and well-understood game model. Rather than tailoring our model to match some existing programming language, we view the simplicity of our semantic setting as a virtue, and try to find the appropriate language corresponding to the model. We define a class-based, stateful object-oriented language, and give a heapbased operational semantics and an interpretation in our game model. At the heart of this interpretation lies a novel semantic treatment of the phenomenon of data abstraction. The model closely guides the design of our language, which enjoys an intermediate level of expressivity between that of first-order and general higher-order store. The agreement between the operational and game interpretations is verified by a soundness proof. This involves the development of specialised techniques and a detailed analysis of the relationship between the concrete and abstract views. We also show that definability and full abstraction hold at certain types of arbitrary rank, but are problematic at other types. We conclude by briefly discussing an extended language with a control operator, along with other extensions leading to a possible core for a more realistic programming language.

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Oliver, Joshua M. L. "Environmental analysis of pathology laboratory patient service centers a pattern of language approach /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4293.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (December 18, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.

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Kupriianov, Yevhen, and Nunu Akopiants. "Developing linguistic research tools for virtual lexicographic laboratory of the spanish language explanatory dictionary." Thesis, Ruzica Piskac, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42372.

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The present article is devoted to the problems of creating linguistic tools for the virtual lexicographic laboratory of Spanish explanatory dictionary (DLE 23). The goal of the research is to consider some issues related to the development of linguistic tools for the virtual lexicographic laboratory. To achieve this goal the dictionary was analyzed to define the peculiarities of linguistic facts representation, its structure and metalanguage. On the basis of the dictionary analysis and the theory of lexicographic systems the formal model of DLE 23 was developed and its main components, including their relationships, were determined to ensure their availability via linguistic tools for accessing linguistic information. The range of research activities to be performed by using the linguistic tools was outlined.

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Brown, Vincent Jay. "Audience factors in the collaborative writing, cycling, and revision of a technical report at a contract research and development laboratory." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1287420794.

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Maple, Marilyn. "A descriptive analysis of nonverbal status displays demonstrated by dental educators in clinical and/or laboratory settings." Gainesville, FL, 1985. http://www.archive.org/details/descriptiveanaly00mapl.

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Kristiansen, Susann. "Betydelsen av rapportskrivning : Gymnasieelevers frågor och språkanvändning vid diskussion om kemisk bindning." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för matematikämnets och naturvetenskapsämnenas didaktik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171244.

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Vid ett laborativt arbete i undervisningen får eleverna möjlighet att samtala med varandra och dela med sig av tidigare erfarenheter, vilket har en positiv effekt på elevernas lärande. Att skriva i undervisningen har också visat sig ha en stor effekt på elevernas lärande, då de får utveckla och strukturera om sina tankar. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur elevernas kunskap inom kemisk bindning utvecklas, samt hur elevernas språk utvecklas vid kursmoment med laborativt inslag och laborationsrapportskrivning. För att undersöka detta har kommunikationen hos fyra elever, som gick första året på gymnasiet och läste kemi, spelats in och sedan transkriberats, när eleverna genomförde och efteråt presenterade en laboration. Det här materialet tillsammans med elevernas laborationsrapporter blev sedan analyserade dels med PEA, dels med fokus på ämnesspråk och vardagsspråk. Resultatet visar att under alla delar i kursmomenten finns det ett fokus på laborationsrapporten och hur den ska skrivas där eleverna får möjlighet att utveckla sina kunskaper inom kemisk bindning samt utveckla sitt ämnesspråk.
Laboratory work in science education gives students opportunity to have a conversation and share knowledge with other classmates, which have a positive effect on students learning. To be able to communicate by writing in science education, has also been proven to have an enhanced the learning process by helping students to organized and challenged their thoughts. Therefore, this study objective is to explore how students’ knowledge about chemical bonding and their scientific language develops with laboratory work and laboratory report writing. To explore this, the communication of four students in their first year of high school, studying chemistry were recorded and later transcribed, while they performed and afterwards presented a lab. This material together with the students’ final laboratory report has been analyzed with regards to PEA and the language used by students. The study indicates that the use of laboratory report writing has helped students to develop their knowledge about chemical bonding, but also their scientific language.

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Smith, Bridget J. "The Interaction of Speech Perception and Production in Laboratory Sound Change." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374116504.

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Books on the topic "Language laboratory"

1

Struk, Danylo Husar. Ukrainian for undergraduates: Laboratory drills. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1989.

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Conference in Laboratory Phonology (8th 2002 New Haven, Conn.). Laboratory phonology 8. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006.

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Edwards, Mary Louise. Introduction to applied phonetics: Laboratory workbook /by Mary Louise Edwards. San Diego, Calif: College-Hill Press, 1986.

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Dale, Nell B. A laboratory course for programming with Java. 2nd ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 2009.

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Dale, Nell B. A laboratory course in C++. 2nd ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 2000.

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Stone, LeeAnn. Task-based activities: A communicative approach to language laboratory use. [Philadelphia, PA]: IALL, 1988.

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Jarvis, Ana C. Workbook/laboratory manual for Como se dice--? 3rd ed. Lexington, Mass: Heath, 1986.

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Saleva, Maija. Now they're talking: Testing oral proficiency in a language laboratory. Jyväskylä [Finland]: University of Jyväskylä, 1997.

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Adshead, Dave. Birmingham University Language Laboratory course in Russian for social scientists. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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J, Piriou Jean-Pierre, ed. Workbook / laboratory manual for Rapports: Language, culture, communication, fourth edition. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Language laboratory"

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Lysne, Olav, and Are Magnus Bruaset. "Simula — The Language." In Simula Research Laboratory, 113–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01156-6_11.

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Bigham, Douglas S. "The evolutionary-emergence model of language change." In The Dialect Laboratory, 33–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.128.02big.

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McComas, William F. "Laboratory and Science Teaching." In The Language of Science Education, 55–57. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-497-0_50.

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McComas, William F. "Micro-computer Based Laboratory." In The Language of Science Education, 64. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-497-0_56.

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Riedewald, Günter. "The LDL — Language development laboratory." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 88–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55984-1_10.

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Troike, Rudolph C. "Memory and the Language Laboratory." In Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language, 105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.22.18tro.

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Gibson, Maik. "The role of implicational universals in language change." In The Dialect Laboratory, 107–20. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.128.05gib.

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Arsham, Marilyn S., and Lisa G. Shaffer. "ISCN: the universal language of cytogenetics." In The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual, 359–428. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119061199.ch8.

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Baum, Beate, and Peter Forbrig. "The system FLR ( Fast laboratory for recomposition )." In Programming Language Implementation and Logic Programming, 427–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54444-5_121.

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Kretzschmar, William A. "Roswell Voices: Community Language in a Living Laboratory." In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, 159–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-38645-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Language laboratory"

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Lemone, Karen A. "A multi-purpose language processing laboratory." In the eighteenth SIGCSE technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/31820.31803.

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Hao Yuqiu and Zhong Rongjie. "Exploring language laboratory management modes to create a good language learning environment." In 2011 International Symposium on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itime.2011.6132075.

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Luo, Ying, and Miaomiao Li. "On the Popularization of Digital Network Language Laboratory." In 2015 International conference on Applied Science and Engineering Innovation. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/asei-15.2015.207.

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Richardson, Fred, Pedro Torres-Carrasquillo, Jonas Borgstrom, Douglas Sturim, Youngjune Gwon, Jesus Villalba, Jan Trmal, Nanxin Chen, Reda Dehak, and Najim Dehak. "The MIT Lincoln Laboratory / JHU / EPITA-LSE LRE17 System." In Odyssey 2018 The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/odyssey.2018-8.

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Tian, Li, Qiang Chi, and Yonghua Zhu. "A novel model of constructing virtual laboratory environment." In 2010 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2010.5685016.

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Rozsypal, Anton J. "Wavelet speech synthesizer in the classroom and speech laboratory." In 2nd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1992). ISCA: ISCA, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1992-156.

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Gigley, Helen M. "Speech and human language technology at the Naval Research Laboratory." In the workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1075812.1075880.

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Ariadi, N., Y. Bandung, and A. Z. R. Langi. "Delay measurement of remote presentation in digital language laboratory system." In 2012 International Conference on Cloud Computing and Social Networking (ICCCSN). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccsn.2012.6215718.

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Xiaohu Zhang and Bojun Heng. "Research and practice on constructing the new digital language laboratory." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2011.5974989.

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Buska, Wahyudi, Yogia Prihartini, Nurhasnah Nurhasnah, and M. D.S. "Arabic Learning Based on Language Laboratory to Improve Student Proficiency." In Proceedings of the 2nd EAI Bukittinggi International Conference on Education, BICED 2020, 14 September, 2020, Bukititinggi, West Sumatera, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2020.2305682.

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Reports on the topic "Language laboratory"

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Daniels, Jody J., and Helen W. Hastie. The Pragmatics of Taking a Spoken Language System Out of the Laboratory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460942.

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Weischedel, Ralph M., Edward Walker, Damaris Ayuso, Jos d. Bruin, Kimberie Koile, Lance Ramshaw, and Varda Shaked. Out of the Laboratory: A Case Study with the IRUS Natural Language Interface. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460591.

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Chang, Ke-Vin. Sonoelastography for Evaluating Plantar Fasciitis: a Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0019.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the utility of sonoelastography in diagnosing plantar fasciitis. Condition being studied: To examine the usefulness of sonoelastography for the assessment of plantar fasciitis. Information sources: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Clincial.gov. and Web of Science databases will be searched for the relevant studies without language restriction. Case reports, case series, conference abstracts, animal studies or those performed in laboratory settings will be excluded from the present meta-analysis.

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Chang, Ke-Vin. The Role of Suprascapular Nerve Release in Rotator Cuff Repair: a Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0029.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate whether additional suprascapular nerve (SSN) release can improve functional outcomes and shoulder pain more than rotator cuff repair only. Condition being studied: To examine the usefulness of SSN release in patients undergoing rotator cuff tendon repair. Information sources: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Clincial.gov. and Web of Science databases will be searched for the relevant studies without language restriction. Case reports, case series, conference abstracts, animal studies or those performed in laboratory settings will be excluded from the present meta-analysis.

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Chang, Ke-Vin. Preoperative Lung Ultrasound for Confirmation of Double-lumen Endotracheal Tube for One Lung Ventilation: a Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0021.

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Review question / Objective: The meta-analysis aims to investigate the performance of lung ultrasound for assessing the double-lumen tube position for one lung ventilation. Condition being studied: To examine the usefulness of ultrasound in the evaluation of the double-lumen tube position for one lung ventilation. Information sources: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases will be searched for the relevant studies without language restriction. Case reports, case series, conference abstracts, animal studies or those performed in laboratory settings will be excluded from the present meta-analysis.

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Salter, R., Quyen Dong, Cody Coleman, Maria Seale, Alicia Ruvinsky, LaKenya Walker, and W. Bond. Data Lake Ecosystem Workflow. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40203.

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The Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory’s (ERDC-ITL’s) Big Data Analytics team specializes in the analysis of large-scale datasets with capabilities across four research areas that require vast amounts of data to inform and drive analysis: large-scale data governance, deep learning and machine learning, natural language processing, and automated data labeling. Unfortunately, data transfer between government organizations is a complex and time-consuming process requiring coordination of multiple parties across multiple offices and organizations. Past successes in large-scale data analytics have placed a significant demand on ERDC-ITL researchers, highlighting that few individuals fully understand how to successfully transfer data between government organizations; future project success therefore depends on a small group of individuals to efficiently execute a complicated process. The Big Data Analytics team set out to develop a standardized workflow for the transfer of large-scale datasets to ERDC-ITL, in part to educate peers and future collaborators on the process required to transfer datasets between government organizations. Researchers also aim to increase workflow efficiency while protecting data integrity. This report provides an overview of the created Data Lake Ecosystem Workflow by focusing on the six phases required to efficiently transfer large datasets to supercomputing resources located at ERDC-ITL.

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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.

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Bank's Functions - PNG Division - Educational Facilities for Indigens - PNG Bankers College - Room Language Laboratory - 1968. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-006412.

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Bank's Functions - PNG Division - Educational Facilities for Indigens - PNG Bankers College - Trainee in Language Laboratory - 1968. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-006413.

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